Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english
ASSIGNMENT ON INTEGRATED THEORY OF LANGUAGE Write about the Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, Criteria to classify Vowels, Affixation in English Notes: You should write in 1000-1200 words Your assignment should be in parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion Your writing should focus on some aspects: Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, Criteria to classify Vowels, Affixation in English You should give examples to illustrate your ideas Contents PART 1: INTRODUCTION PART 2: DEVELOPMENT I SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUN PHRASES Subject .4 Object Complement .5 Appositive: Adverbial II CRITERIA TO CLASSIFY VOWELS The position of the tongue in the mouth The openness of the mouth The shape of the lips The length of vowels .7 III AFFIXATION IN ENGLISH Affixes .8 Prefixes Suffixes PART : CONCLUSION 12 REFERENCES 12 PART 1: INTRODUCTION Rationale: Nowadays, English is considered the most popular language in the world Therefore, learning English has become a required task to many people How to the task well? That question has always been pondered by both language teachers and learners Every language itself provides attentive learners with a wide knowledge of the primary function, social nature as well as the important characteristic which is the system of symbols consisting of different levels from sound systems to meaning, such as phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics Only the unity of these four systems can form what is so-called language The scope of this assignment is focusing on three aspects, which are the Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, Criteria to classify Vowels, and Affixation in English The aim of the assignment is understanding of the Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, to be able to use those correctly Interested in affixation in English, learners could identify the meaning of affixes and their linguistic usage within a sentence The last issue mentioned is criteria to classify vowels, learner will able to reinforce phonemes PART 2: DEVELOPMENT I SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUN PHRASES Subject My coach is happy S V → Determiner (My) + Noun (coach) = NPs subject Small children often insist that they can it by themselves S V → Adjective (Small) + Noun (children) = NPs subject The man in car is Julia’s father S V → Determiner (The) + Noun (man) + PreP (in car) = NPs subject Object - Direct Object (Od): Will you put the cart? Od She kissed her children Od - Indirect Object (Oi): She gave the dog a bone Oi Od → She gave a bone to the dog She gave a bone to what? the dog: Oi The groom bought his new bride a wedding present Oi Od → The groom bought a wedding present for his new bride → The groom bought a wedding present for whom? => his new bride: Oi Complement - Subject complement (Cs): She was the devil in disguise Cs → The noun phrase "the devil in disguise" is a subject complement following the linking verb "was" The man was a nurse Cs → The noun phrase "a nurse" is a subject complement following the linking verb "was" He has just become a father → The noun phrase "a father" is a subject complement following the linking verb "become" - Object complement (Co): I consider Loki my favorite cat Co → The noun phrase "my favorite cat " is a object complement following the direct object "Loki" We elected you team leader Co → The noun phrase "team leader " is a object complement following the direct object "you" - Prepositional complement (Cp): The best defense against the atom bomb is not to be there when it goes off → There is a noun phrase within a noun phrase The noun phrase "the atom bomb" is the object of the preposition "against." The prepositional phrase "against the atom bomb" modifies "defense." I never learned from a man who agreed with me → The noun phrase "a man who agreed with me" is the object of the preposition "from" Appositive: My friend, a teacher, will come soon → The noun phrase “a teacher” is an appositive, modifying another noun phrase” my friend” My grandfather, the farmer, bought more farmland → The teacher, my uncle, assigns a lot of homework Adverbial Last week, we went to Sam Son beach → The noun phrase “last week” is an adjunct adverbial, providing additional information about time → The noun phrase “Sam Son beach” is an adjunct adverbial, providing additional information about place We decided to go home → The noun phrase “home” is an adjunct adverbial, providing additional information about place II CRITERIA TO CLASSIFY VOWELS Vowel sounds are classified according to: The position of the tongue in the mouth Front vowels are the ones in the production of which front part of the tongue is raised the highest such as /i:/ /i/ /e/ /æ/ When the central part of the tongue maintains its highest position, the vowels thus produced are central vowels such as /ɜ:/ / ə / / ʌ / If the back of the tongue is held the highest, the vowels thus produced are back vowels such as /u:/ /ʊ/ The openness of the mouth Close vowels: /i:/ /i/ /u:/ /ʊ/ Half – Close vowels: /e/ /ɜ:/ Half – Open vowels: /ɔ:/ / ə / Open vowels: /ɒ/ /ɑ:/ /æ/ /ʌ/ The shape of the lips Rounded vowels: All the back vowels in English rounded except /ɑ:/ Unrounded vowels: All the front vowels and central vowels in English are unrounded The length of vowels Long vowels: They are usually marked with a colon such as /i:/ /ɑ:/ Short vowels: other vowels in English are short vowels such as /e/ / ə / æ/ III AFFIXATION IN ENGLISH Affixation is the morphological process in which bound morphemes are attached to a root or stems to mark changes in meaning, part of speech, or grammatical relationships Affixes take on several forms and serve different functions In this tutorial, we will be looking specifically at affixation in Standard English Affixes An affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to a root or stem to form a new word, or a variant form of the same word In English we primarily see types Prefixes precede the root or stem, e.g., re-cover, while suffixes follow, e.g., hope-ful A third type of affix known as a circumfix occurs in the two words en-ligh-en and em-bold-en, where the prefix en/m– and the suffix –en/m are attached simultaneously to the root There are those who claim that infixation is also used as an emphasis marker in colloquial English This occurs when an expletive is inserted into the internal structure of a word, e.g., un-fricking-believable Derivational affixes derive new words by altering the definitional meaning or the grammatical category of a word, whereas inflectional affixes show grammatical relationships between words or grammatical contrast In English, both prefixes and suffixes can be derivational, but only suffixes can be inflectional Prefixes Prefixes are abundant in English Some are more commonly used (productive) than others As mentioned above, prefixes are only used to derive new meaning or part of speech Below is a list of those that are more common Prefixes DeExInAntiPreSubUnDisMisNonProReTransBiCo- Meaning Undo Non,out Negate Negate Before Under,below Negate Negate Wrongly Negate For Again, repeat Across Two, twice Along with Examples Derail Ex-president, extend Incapable Anti-social Predate Subway Undo Disengage Mistreat Nonsense Proclaim Reread Transatlantic Bilingual Co-author Table Commonly used prefixes in English Suffixes Suffixes can either be derivational or inflectional Below is a list of common derivational suffixes Suffix -ness -ly -able -er -ful -ment -less -ous -tion -age Meaning Like In the manner of To have the ability or quality Person carrying out action Having the quality of, full of Result of Negate Having the quality of To carry out Result of Example Happiness Likely Floatable Writer Hopeful Development Fruitless Joyous Education Outage Table Commonly used derivational suffixes in English In English there are inflectional suffixes As you will see, these are limited to showing some type of grammatical function Suffix -s -s -‘s -ed -en -ing -er -est Meaning Plural Third person singular verbal infection Possession Past tense Past participle Progressive verbal infection comparative superlative Example Horses Likes Mary’s Walked Eaten Reading Brighter Brightest Table Inflectional suffixes in English You may have noticed that -er appears as both a derivational and inflectional morpheme Although they share phonological form, they are two separate morphemes, having separate functions and must not be confused -er attached to a verb causes the derivation: verb noun, e.g., write - writer -er attached to an adjective shows inflection, i.e., the comparative form of an adjective: nice -nicer This is also true for –ing and – en A verb + -ing can derive a noun or inflect a verb for past or present progressive set + ing = noun The setting of the sun was covered by clouds set + ing + progressive verb I was setting the table when the phone rang verb + -en = past participle (freeze + en) The low temperatures had frozen all the crops noun + -en = verb (light + en) Mary decided to lighten her hair PART : CONCLUSION In short, to learn a language is not so much to memorize a set of sentences; rather, it is to familiarize oneself with a linguistic system in such a way and to such extent that one is able to construct sentences and other linguistic structures on one's own This assignment shows several respects in the Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, Criteria to classify Vowels, Affixation in English Yet, to some extent, the assignment has not extended all the vast knowledge in this field because I just try to focus on some very basic concepts and primary theories On the whole, I hope that it will be a useful material for those who share the same interest with me in how to improve the way we study our target language efficiently REFERENCES R Quirk et al (1972), A University Grammar of English, Longman R Quirk et al (1974), A University Grammar of English- Workbook, Longman Assoc Prof Dr Tran Huu Manh (2008), Fundamentals of English traditional syntax, NXB ĐHQGHN Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy (2002), An Introduction to English Morphology:Words and Their Structure, Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press Cường, Đặng Trần (2001) Lectures on Lexicology Tủ sách Viện Đại Học Mở Hà Nội Plag, Ingo, (2002) Word-formation in English, Universität Siegen, Cambridge University Press Ball, M J & Rahilly, J (1999) Phonetics Arnold Davenport, M & Hannahs, S J (1998) Introducing Phonetics & Phonology Great Britain: Arnold Gimson, A.C (1980) An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English Edward Arnold, London 10 Christiane Dalton and Barbara Seidlhofer (2001) Pronunciation Oxford University Press ... Criteria to classify Vowels, and Affixation in English The aim of the assignment is understanding of the Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, to be able to use those correctly Interested in affixation. .. defense against the atom bomb is not to be there when it goes off → There is a noun phrase within a noun phrase The noun phrase "the atom bomb" is the object of the preposition "against." The prepositional... II CRITERIA TO CLASSIFY VOWELS The position of the tongue in the mouth The openness of the mouth The shape of the lips The length of vowels .7 III AFFIXATION