Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english

Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english Syntactic functions of the non finite verb phrase, criteria to classify consonants, word composition in english

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Write about the Syntactic functions of the Non-finite verb phrase, Criteria to classify Consonants, Word-composition in English.

Contents

PART 1: INTRODUCTION 2

PART 2: DEVELOPMENT 3

1 The Syntactic functions of the Non-finite verb phrase 3

2 Criteria to classify Consonants 8

3 Word-composition in English 10

PART 3: CONCLUSION 12

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Learning a new language in general and English in particular requires a lot of effort

to study all aspect of that language such as: syntactic functions of words or phrases, their lexicology, pronunciations and word form, etc In this article, I will focus on three out of various aspects of language learning which are: Syntactic functions of the Non-finite verb phrase, Criteria to classify Consonants, Word-composition in English

PART 2: DEVELOPMENT

1 The Syntactic functions of the Non-finite verb phrase

One of the most specific issues that I have encountered is the phenomenon called the finite verbs One of the key reasons as to why this is so is the fact that non-finites are an intermediary element They are a hybrid between the verb and other parts of speech You cannot tell whether they belong to a certain group by just looking at them Maybe graphically they look like a verb would generally look, but when looking deeper at the morphological, semantic and syntactic level we can sort out that they are a special case on their own You cannot tell whether they are a verb, or perhaps a noun, an adjective or an adverb It is precisely this reason why I have decided to focus my study on the non-finite verbs

As we know Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs, words can move very easily from one word class to another Verbs are especially flexible in this way, and we very commonly find verb forms functioning as subjects, completers, or modifiers Take, for example, the following proverbs:

Teaching teaches the teacher

By writing, one learns to write

Let sleeping dogs lie

The finite verbs in these sentences are teaches, learns and let But, of course, teaching, writing, to write, sleeping, and lie are also verb forms, although they’re not finite verbs In the first proverb, teaching is the subject of teaches., and the completer, teacher, is a noun formed from the verb In the second

proverb, writing is the completer of the preposition by, and to write is the completer of learns In the third, sleeping modifies dogs, and lie is one of the completers of the imperative verb let (dogs is the other completer) Verb phrases like these, which do not function as finite verbs, are called non-finite verbs We’ll

look first at the forms that non-finite verbs can take and then continue to discuss their functioning

The main word of any non-finite verb phrase consists of one of three forms: The infinitive (including bare infinitive and to infinitive), the ing participle and the ed participle

The infinitive

a The bare infinitive

- Bare infinitives act as main verbs after the auxiliary verbs

E.g.: He can sing very well

- Bare infinitives can be used as noun phrases:

E.g.: What you should do is read the wikipedia article

b The to- infinitive

- To infinitive may function as a noun, it can come in the position of a subject,

an object, a subject complement or an object complement

E.g (as a subject) To become a teacher, you must learn hard

(as an object) We hope to complete the project soon

(as a subject complement) His job is to train new employees

(as an object complement) He taught me to play the guitar.

- A to-infinitive can follow a noun and function as an adjective modifying that noun

E.g I have a work to finish to day

It is an opportunity to meet new people

- A to-infinitive an function as an adverb modifying a verb, an adjective, another adverb or expressing a purpose

E.g We are pleased to announce that our sales figures have increased

To become a teacher, you must learn hard

c The ing- participle

- A gerund is a verbal ending in –ing and functions as a noun that can be the subject or object of a verb, the complement, or the object of a preposition And different from a noun, a gerund can have its own object or modifier E.g Learning English is not easy

He suggest going to the cinema

Who is responsible for maintaining the equipment?

My hobby is listening to music

- An ing- participle can be used as an adjective

E.g We are one of the leading companies in the business

d The ed- participle

- The ed-participle may be a part of a verb tense (perfect), be used as an adjective, or function as a complement

E.g The copy machine is broken

The mechanic had my car fixed

You need a written letter

This is the decision made at the board meeting

2 Criteria to classify Consonants

A consonant is a sound articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract A consonant can be an oral sound, nasal sound or voiced or voiceless sound There are 24 consonant sounds in English and they can be classified according to the place of articulation, the manner of articulation

or voicing

a Consonants classified by the place of articulation

- Bilabial: (upper lip +lower lip) /p, b, m, w/

- Labiodental (lower lip + upper teeth) /f, v /

- Dental: (tongue + teeth) / θ , ð/

- Alveolar: (alveolar ridge + tongue ) / t, d, s, z, l, n/

- Palato-alveolar: (hard palate + alveolar ridge + tongue) /ʃ, ʒ , tʃ ,

dʒ, r /

- Palatal: (hard palate + tongue) /j/

- Velar: (soft palate+ tongue) / k, g, ŋ/

- Glottal: (opening vocal folds) /h/

b Consonant classified by the manner of articulation.

- Plosive (Stop) : (complete closure + sudden release) /p, b,

t, d, k, g/

- Fricative: (narrow passage of airstream and slow separation of

articulators) / f, v, θ , ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ , h/

- Affricate: (closure + low separation) / tʃ , dʒ /

- Nasal: (complete closure + air escape through nose)

/ m, n, ŋ /

- Lateral : (Closure in mouth centre + air escape at tongue sides)

/l/

- Approximant : (slight narrowing but not enough to cause friction )

/w, j, r/

c Consonant classified by voicing

- Lenis (Voiced): / b, d, g, z, v, ð, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, l, w, j, r /

- Fortis (voiceless ): / p, f, θ, t, s, ʃ, tʃ, k, h /

3 Word-composition in English

In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or sign) that consists of more than one stem Compounding, composition or nominal

composition is the process of word formation that creates compound lexemes There are three main types of composition which are neutral compounds,

morphological compounds and syntactic compounds First, the neutral

compounds are created by joining two stems together without any connecting elements for example: scarecrow, goldfish The subtypes of neutral compounds including: simple neutral compounds which consist of simple affixless stems like: sunflower, bedroom, blackbird, etc… , derivational or derived compounds which have affixes in their structure such as: long-legged, broad-minded, etc., and contracted compounds which have a shortened stem in their structure like: TV-set (telelvision set), A-bomb (atomic bomb) or V-day (victory day) The second type of compound is morphological compounds This type of compound are component joined by a linking element such as: handicraft, craftsman, tragicomic, etc And the final type is syntactic compounds which are formed by the whole fragments of speech For example: mother-in-law, forget-me-not, one-year-old boy, etc

Another way to classify compounds is basing on their meaning According to the meaning, there are non-idiomatic compounds and idiomatic compounds The first type has meaning which can be described as the sum of the meanings

of their components: classroom, bedroom, homeland And the idiomatic

compound with the meaning can not be described as a mere sum of its

components: lady-killer, ladybird, tallboy, bluestocking

Besides, there are some minor types of word-building such as onomatopoeia: cock-a-doodle-doo, cuckoo, meow, reduplication: bye-bye, pind-pong, chit-chat, back-formation: baby sitter, beggar

In conclusion, three sub-aspects of language have been discussed The syntactic functions of non-finite verbs, the criteria to classify consonant and some types

of word composition in English have been referred in this writing It’s hoped to give some reference for learners of English as a second language

PART 3: CONCLUSION