SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES

SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES

A SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES Subject Lan is a teacher S V  Noun (proper noun Lan) = subject My coach is happy S V => Determiner (My) + Noun (coach) = NPs subject Small children often insist that they can it by themselves S V => Adjective (Small) + Noun (children) = NPs subject The man in car is Julia’s father S V => Deterniner (The) + Noun (man) + PreP (in car) = NPs subject Object (O) - Direct Object (Od) : Will you put the cart? Od She kissed her children Od - Indirect Object (Oi) She gave the dog a bone Oi Od => She gave a bone to the dog She gave a bone to what?the dog: Oi The groom bought his new bride a wedding present Oi Od => The groom bought a wedding present for his new bride => The groom bought a wedding present for whom? => his new bride: Oi - Object of preposition (Op): Hoa is looking after her cousin - Cognate Object (Ocog): is the object deriving from the verb Only intransitive verbs have their cognate object - I dream a wonderful dream last night - She lives a happy life Complement - Subject complement (Cs): The man was a nurse (Người đàn ơng y tá.) Cs => động từ kết nối (was) + bổ nghĩa chủ từ “the man” “a nurse” He has just become a father (Anh vừa trở thành ông bố.) Cs => động từ kết nối (become) + bổ nghĩa chủ từ “he” “a father” - Object complement (Co) cụm từ theo sau bổ nghĩa cho túc từ trực tiếp (direct object) I consider Loki my favorite cat (Tơi nghĩ Loki mèo mà tơi u thích nhất.) Od Co => “my favorite cat” cụm danh từ theo sau bổ nghĩa cho túc từ trực tiếp “Loki” We elected you team leader (Chúng bầu anh làm đội trưởng.) Od Co => “team leader” cụm danh từ theo sau bổ nghĩa cho túc từ trực tiếp “you” - Prepositional complement (Cp): The cat ran under the car  Danh từ đứng sau giới từ để bổ ngữ giới từ Cp I wrote on the paper Attribute : qualify another noun Appositive: Adverbial: in the phrases functioning as adverbs (almost go with preposition) B VERBS AND VERBS PHRASES Compare phrasal verbs to prepositional verbs: Phrasal verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words Phrasal verbs are made of: verb + adverb Phrasal verbs can be: *Intransitive (no direct object) *Transitive (direct object) Here are some examples of phrasal verbs: Phrasal Meaning Examples: verbs Direct object Intransitive Get up Rise from bed phrasal I don’t like to get up verbs Break down Cease function to He was late because car his broke down Transitive Put off Postpone phrasal We will have the meeting to put off verbs Turn down Refuse They turned my offer down Prepositional verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words Prepositional verbs are made of: verb + preposition Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct objects Here are some examples of prepositional verbs: Prepositional Meaning Examples: verbs Direct object Believe in Have faith in the I believe in God existence of Look after Take care of He is looking after the dog Talk about Discuss Did you talk about me? Wait for Await John is waiting for Mary * Prepositional verbs cannot be separated That means that we cannot put the direct object between the two parts For example, we must say "look after the baby" We cannot say "look the baby after" But It’s possible with phrasal verbs Prepositional verbs are Who is looking after inseparable the baby? This is possible Who is looking the This is baby after? possible not Exercise 4: Came down Check in Put up Take out Look after Turn down Take off Look into Cross over Found out Carry in Believe in Transitive Verbs A verb is transitive when the action is carried across to a receiver: The farmer grows potatoes Elvis sang ballads The receiver is called the direct object It answers the question “What?” or “Whom? after the verb Transitive verbs describe direct actions which impact on people or things (Ngoại động từ diễn tả hành động trực tiếp tác động lên người vật) Ví dụ: The cat killed the mouse (Con mèo giết chuột) Transitive verbs need foreign element which is a noun or pronoun to complete the sentence meaning (Ngoại động từ ln cần thêm yếu tố bên ngồi đại (danh) từ theo sau để hoàn thành nghĩa câu.) Ví dụ: Đúng: The cat killed the mouse (Con mèo giết chuột) Sai: The cat killed Nouns following the transitive verbs are the direct object It answers the question “what?” or “whom?” after the verb (Danh từ theo sau ngoại động từ tân ngữ trực tiếp.) (Trong ví dụ mouse tân ngữ trực tiếp killed) Some verbs are both transitive verbs and intransitive verbs Their mean can change (Một số động từ vừa nội động từ lại vừa ngoại động từ, nghĩa chúng thay đổi.) Answer, Ask, Help, Read, Touch, Wash, Write Ví dụ: Ngoại động từ Nội động từ She opened the door (Cô mở The door opened (Cửa mở) cửa) The bus stopped (Chiếc xe buýt The driver stopped the bus (Tài xế dừng lại) dừng xe buýt lại) He rings the bells (Ơng rung chng) The boy broke the glass (Cậu bé làm vỡ cốc) He began his work at 8pm (Anh bắt đầu công việc lúc 8h) I lit the fire (Tôi đốt lửa) They grow flowers in the garden (Họ trồng hoa vườn) Mary boiled the water for the The bell rings (Chuông reo) The glass broke (Cốc bị vỡ) His lecture bagan at pm (Bài giảng ông ta bắt đầu lúc 8h tối) The fire lit quickly (Lửa cháy nhanh) Flowers grow in their garden (Hoa mọc vườn) Water boils at 100 degree (Nước sôi 100 độ C) tea (Mary đun sôi nước để pha trà) On the other hand, many transitive verbs can have cognate object which has the same form with verb (Mặt khác, nhiều nội động từ có tân ngữ láy (cognate object); tân ngữ có hình thức với động từ.) Ví dụ: Mary laughed a merry laugh [to laugh ↔ a laugh] Mary nở nụ cười vui vẻ The old man lived a happy life [to live ↔ a life] Ông lão hưởng sống hạnh phúc The little boy slept a sound sleep [to sleep ↔ a sleep] Chú bé ngủ giấc ngủ ngon Furthermore, some transitive verbs are used as intransitive verbs, in which subject does not make the action of the sentence (Ngoài ra, số ngoại động từ lại dùng nội động từ, chủ từ không làm chủ hành động câu.) Allow (cho phép ) Blame (trách ,đổ lổi ) Enjoy (thích thú ) Have (có ) Like (thích) Need (cần ) Name (đặt tên ) Prove (chứng tỏ ) Remind (nhắc nhỡ ) Rent (cho thuê ) Select (lựa chọn ) Wrap (bao bọc ) Rob (cướp ) Own (nợ ) Greet (chào ) Compare intensive verbs to extensive verbs; stative to dynamic verbs Intensive verbs are concentrated to one, fixed structure Words or phrases following an intensive verb function as subject complements; i.e., they complement the subject (they tell us about the subject), they work with the subject, not the verb Extensive verbs are not concentrated to a fixed structure Words or phrases following an extensive verb function as the verb's object; they work with the verb, not the subject Stative and Dynamic Verbs Introduction Verbs in English can be classified into two categories: stative verbs and dynamic verbs Dynamic verbs (sometimes referred to as "action verbs") usually describe actions we can take, or things that happen; stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change The difference is important, because stative verbs cannot normally be used in the continuous (BE + ING) forms This will explain the differences between the two types of verb, and give lots of examples of each kind Dynamic verbs There are many types of dynamic verbs, but most of them describe activities or events which can begin and finish Here are some examples: Dynamic Verb play melt hit Dynamic verbs, as you can see from the table above, can be used in the simple and perfect forms (plays, played, has played, had played) as well as the continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was playing, has been playing, had been playing) Stative verbs Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or unchanging They can be divided into verbs of perception or cognition (which refer to things in the mind), or verbs of relation (which describe the relationships between things) Here are some examples: Stative Verb hate believe contain own Note that we CANNOT use these verbs in the continuous (progressive) forms; you CAN'T say "*Yong is owning three cars." Owning is a state, not an action, so it is always in the simple form Example verbs Here some common stative and dynamic verbs The lists may help you to understand what types of verbs are likely to be stative and what types are commonly dynamic Stative Verbs love; hate; Dynamic Verbs eat; drink; Exercise 1 stative dynamic dynamic dynamic, stative dynamic stative, dynamic, dynamic stative, dynamic stative, dynamic stative 10 dynamic Exercise monotransitive complex transitive intensive intensive, dynamic intransitive intransitive ditransitive stative complex transitive 10 intensive Exercise (a) => It was admitted that a mistake had been made 2.(b) => The mistake was considered to be very serious 3.(a) => You are considered to be one of our most loyal supporters 4.(a) => It was recognized that you have had great difficulties 5.(b) => You are found to be innocent of all the changes 6.(b) => Your companion is known to be a trouble maker 7.(b) => Your story has been proved to be completely accurate 8.(b) => However, you are thought to be, at times, indiscreet 9.(b) => You are expected to show a little more tact 10.(a) => It is regretted that we must make this criticism 11.(b) => Two planes have been reported to be missing 12.(b) => You were meant to complete this form , and return it to the Town Hall  ... the two types of verb, and give lots of examples of each kind Dynamic verbs There are many types of dynamic verbs, but most of them describe activities or events which can begin and finish Here... broke down Transitive Put off Postpone phrasal We will have the meeting to put off verbs Turn down Refuse They turned my offer down Prepositional verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from... on the paper Attribute : qualify another noun Appositive: Adverbial: in the phrases functioning as adverbs (almost go with preposition) B VERBS AND VERBS PHRASES Compare phrasal verbs to prepositional