a Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ không rõ thời gian có thể kéo dài đến hiện tại hoặc tơng lai nếu chấm dứt trong quá khứ chúng ta phải dùng thì quá khứ đơn.. - VÝ dô: up to t[r]
(1)MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ RÚT GỌN 1) Dùng cụm Ving : Dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động 2) Dùng cụm Phân từ hai : dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động 3) Dùng cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (to Vinf) -Dùng danh từ đứng trước có các từ bổ nghĩa :ONLY,LAST,số thứ tự như: FIRST,SECOND… eg:He is the last man who left the ship = He is the last man to leave the ship -Động từ là HAVE/HAD eg:He had something that he could/ had to = He had something to -Đầu câu có HERE (BE),THERE (BE) eg: There are six letters which have to be written today.=There are six letters to be written today ->GHI NHỚ : Trong phần to inf này các bạn cần nhớ điều sau: - Nếu chủ ngữ mệnh đề khác thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf (We have some picture books that children can read.= We have some picture books for children to read ) -Tuy nhiên chủ ngữ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung we,you,everyone… thì có thể không cần ghi ra.( Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.) - Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu ( đây là lỗi dễ sai nhất).( We have a peg on which we can hang our coat We have a peg to hang our coat on) 4) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ ) Dùng mệnh đề tình từ có dạng: S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ Cách làm: -bỏ who ,which và be eg: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.=Football, a popular sport, is very good for health I.PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN: Khi học thì ta học từ dễ đến khó làm bài thì ngược lại phải suy luận từ khó đến dễ Bước 1: - Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào Bước này dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu WHO,WHICH,THAT… Bước : Bước này chủ yếu là giảm từ mệnh đề xuống cụm từ, nhiên cách suy luận phải theo thứ tự không làm sai Ví dụ: This is the first man who was arrested by police yesterday Mới nhìn ta thấy đây là câu bị động ,nếu vội vàng thì dễ dàng biến nó thành : This is the first man arrested by police yesterday sai Nhưng đáp án đúng phải là : This is the first man to be arrested by police yesterday đúng Vậy thì cách thức nào để không bị sai ? ->Các bạn hãy làm theo các bước sau: Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước who which… có các dấu hiệu first ,only…v v không ,nếu có thì áp dụng công thức (to inf ) lưu ý thêm xem chủ từ có khác không ( để dùng for sb ) Nếu không có trường hợp trên xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng VING hay P.P II.BÀI TẬP I- Rút gọn mệnh đề sau 1) We had a river in which we could swim 2) Here are some accounts that you must check 3) The last student that was interviewed was Tom 4) We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN 5) My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad 6) I was the only one who realized him 7) I have some homework which I must tonight 8) Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way -> 9) I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel (2) -> 10) There are six reports which have to be typed today -> BÀI II:Rút gọn mệnh đề sau 1) Dalat, which is best known for foreign travellers, has pleasant weather -> 2) Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild -> 3) Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America -> 4) She is the only woman who was appointed to the board 5) The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush with which I can sweep it -> 6) A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant 7) John, who is my friend, has studied English for ten years 8) There are many exercises that we have to finish before school -> 9) The mistakes which you have to correct are very important -> 10) We have a few exercises that we have to Present Participle và Past Participle ex1: Change the following complete sentences into simple ones by using Present Participle.(Thay đổi câu hoàn chỉnh sau đây cách sử dụng phân từ.) When she got there, she was welcomed by her friends As soon as I brushed my teeth, I went to bed We saw a boy who was running out of the house When she was going along the street, she saw a pickpocket I stood watching an old man who was playing with his grandchildren -> You should not kiss a baby that is sleeping She took a picture of a lady who was sleeping While he was going to the office, he met his old friend She found a drunkard who was lying by the roadside 10 We watched the schoolchildren while they were singing -> 11 I smelt something It was burning I smelt something burning 12 I went round to see her I was hoping for reconciliation 13 While he hated the job, he did it for many years 14 She came in She looked furious 15 I had plenty of time to spare so I had a good look round the town 16 He was wearing only a pair of shorts He walked out into darkness 17 I had been out all day so I was quite happy to stay in for the evening 18 The bedrooms that overlook the sea are the best ones in the hotel 19 We’re wasting time We are sitting here and doing nothing 20 I have changed my job since I last wrote to you 21 Before I make a decision, I need to discuss it with my partner 22 We had been friends for twenty years and suddenly we had a big argument and haven’t seen each other since -> 23 I had failed one of my exams so I couldn’t get into university 24 Because he loved her so much, he forgave her for everything 25.I left them They were doing the washing up ex2: Choose the correct answer in each of the following sentences according to meaning and tense.Chọn câu trả lời đúng câu sau If I had a bicycle, (I would / I will) ride it every day George (would have gone / would go) on a trip to Chicago if he had had time Marcela didn’t come to class yesterday She (will have had / may have had) an accident (3) John didn’t his homework, so the teacher became very angry John (must have done / should have done) his homework Sharon was supposed to be here at nine o’clock She (must have forgotten / must forget) about our meeting Where you think Juan is today? I have no idea He (should have slept / may have slept) late George missed class today He (might have had / might had had) an accident Robert arrived without his notebook He (could have lost / would have lost) it Thomas received a warning for speeding (He should have driven / shouldn’t have driven) so fast 10 Henry’s car stopped on the highway It (may run / may have run) out of gas ex3 :Choose between “must + have + Past participle” and “should + have + Past participle”(lựa chọn phải và nên) Hendry was deported for having an expired visa He (have) his visa renewed Julietta was absent for the first time yesterday She (be) _ sick The photos are black The X rays at the airport (damage) _ it Blanca got parking ticket She (not, park) in a reserved spot, since she had no permit Mary did very well on the exam She (study) _ very hard Jean did very badly on the exam She (study) _ harder German called us as soon as his wife had her baby He (be) very proud John isn’t here yet He (forget) about our meeting Alex failed the exam He (not, study) _ enough ex4: Rewrite the sentences below using a Past Participle Phrase or Being + Past Participle.(Viết lại câu đây sử dụng cụm từ Past participle Being + Past participle.) I was exhausted through lack of sleep and fell asleep at my desk Exhausted through lack of sleep, I fell asleep at my desk Peter was abandoned by his parents at an early age and took to stealing Although it was written many years ago, the book is still relevant today Since I was promoted, I’ve had no time to go out The boy was taken from his parents at an early age He had a very difficult life The money was hidden in the cellar It was not discovered for many years He was frequently criticized for his self-centered attitude but was nonetheless very popular After he was released from prison, Andy could not find a job anywhere The committee meetings, which were always dominated by the same people, were slow-moving and ineffectual 10 When he was caught, he confessed everything (On ) 11 When it is seen from the outside, the building looks a mess, but it is lovely inside 12 If we are elected, we will increase the value of pensions 13 Although he was ridiculed by everybody, he continued to persuit his bizarre projects 14 Unless it is destroyed, this material could have damaging consequences 15 Jennifer had been shoplifting for many years before she was found out EX5 Choose the correct verbal form in parentheses: (1) While walking down the street toward my dentist’s office, I muttered (encouraged, encouraging) words to myself (to keep, keeping) up my courage Like most people; I avoided (to face, facing) the dentist’s drill and endeavored (to postpone, postponing) the (feared, fearing) ordeal as long as possible But yesterday, when a molar started to ache, I decided it was time (to see, seeing) the dentist If I postponed (to keep, keeping) my appointment again, I would risk (to lose, losing) a tooth (2) The tennis champion has been asked (to play, playing) an exhibition game at the Tennis Club next Sunday Everyone (interested, interesting) in this sport should certainly plan on (to attend, attending) Watching a fine player is a good way of (improving, improve) one’s own game In addition, there is much pleasure in (seeing, see) someone something expertly I am certainly looking forward to (watching, watch) the champion (to play, play) (3) On a noon broadcast today I heard the news of a (damaged, damaging) earthquake in Greece (Hear, Hearing) that made me (wonder, to wonder) about how the people there might have acted during the earthquake I imagined men (to work, working) in factories and could see them (leave, leaving) their machines and (to rush, rushing) outside They would be worrying about whether or not their families were safe They would want (to get, getting) home, but they would find the buses not (to run, running) I could see mothers (to try, trying) (comforting, to comfort) their (frightening, frighten) children I could hear (excited, exciting) teachers (to tell, telling) the school children (to march, marching) outside calmly EX6: (4) Use Present Participle or Past Participle for the verb in parentheses Gold is a metal (dig) out of the earth There is now scent in the (fade) rose this morning He is a (bore) lecturer, and the audience is usually (bore) (Walk) along the street, I met a friend He found the fire (burn) brightly They found the house (burn) down I heard him (play) the “Moonlight Sonata” I heard the “Moonlight Sonata” (play) by Mr Smith It is really (surprise) news and we are (surprise) 10 That (escape) prisoner will be arrested again 10 That man was a famous teacher Now, he does not teach anymore He is a (retire) teacher (Admit) what you say, I still think that you make a mistake (Be) tired with the toil, he sat down to rest It is a picture of (fall) angels He is a good-(look) man It is an (excite) story We were (excite) when we read it The Labor candidate was not elected He was a (fail) candidate Our (depart) guest has just said good-bye to us That much-(praise) man proved to be a scoundrel The (return) soldier seemed to be sad TENSE Th× qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn: S + was, were + V-ing a) Diễn tả hành động diễn vào thời điểm xác định quá khứ b) Diễn tả hành động diễn thời điểm quá khứ thì có hành động khác chen vào - VÝ dô: When he arrived, I was watching T.V c) Diễn tả hai hay nhiều hành động xảy song song quá khứ (while, when, as, ), all/ the whole of + danh tõ chØ thêi gian d) Diễn tả hành động xảy và kéo dài suốt khoảng thời gian nào đó quá khứ - VÝ dô: I’m was studying all day yesterday *) Trong c©u thêng cã: from (Sunday) to (Tuesday), all (last month/ last week), the whole of (yesterday), between, … Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh: S + has / have + pII a) Diễn tả hành động xảy quá khứ (không rõ thời gian) có thể kéo dài đến tơng lai (nếu chấm dứt quá khứ chúng ta phải dùng thì quá khứ đơn) - VÝ dô: up to the present, we have done every exercise in this book - DÊu hiÖu: up to now, up to present, so far, for, since, just, lately, ever, never, already, recently, yet now (rèt cuéc ), before, it’s the 1st time b) Diễn tả hành động vừa xảy (just) c) Hành động đã xảy và đã hoàn tất quá khứ, nhng thời gian hành động không đợc biết rõ không đợc đề cập đến (today, this afternoon, this week/ month/ year,… vừa quá khứ, vừa tơng lai) d) Chỉ hành động xảy nhiều lần quá khứ và hđ này có thể lặp lại nhiều lần tơng lai (ever, never) e) Diễn tả hành động cha xảy từ trớc tới ( yet) (câu phủ định và câu hỏi) f) Diễn tả hành động đã hoàn tất trớc lúc nói (already) g) Diễn tả hành động hay việc đã đợc hoàn thành vào thời điểm cha qua hẳn hiên - VÝ dô: I have met him twice today h) Diễn tả kết có hành động quá khứ - VÝ dô: He has lost all his money in gambling Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn: S + has / have + been + V-ing a) Diễn tả hành động xảy quá khứ và tiếp diễn đễn b) Diễn tả hành động kéo dài quá khứ vừa chấm dứt - Ví dụ: He has been hunting bears (Việc săn tiếp tục gần đây) *) Lu ý: HTHT: nhấn mạnh vào kết hành động, các công việc đã thực đợc HTHTTD: nhấn mạnh vào tiếp diễn liên tục hành động bao lâu, thờng với for, since, all day, howlong (trong c©u hái),… Nã kh«ng dïng víi always, kh«ng dïng víi nh÷ng tõ chØ nhËn thøc tri gi¸c Th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh: S + had + PII a) Chỉ hành động đã xảy và đã hoàn tất trớc thời điểm quá khứ, trớc hành động khác đã kết thúc quá khứ VÝ dô: By 2.00 o’clock we had had lunch b) Hành động đã xảy nhng cha hoàn tất thì hành động khác, thời điểm khác đến (for) - VÝ dô: By december 1st last year, he had worked here for ten years *) DÊu hiÖu: before, after, when, till, until, as soon as,… Th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn: S + had + been + V-ing a) Diễn tả hành động xảy trớc và tiếp diễn lúc nói thời điểm quá khứ -VD: When I got home, I discovered she had been paiting the door (Khi tôi nhà, tôi thấy cô đã sơn c¸nh cöa) b) Diễn tả hành động đã tiếp diễn và đợc hoàn thành trớc lúc nói thời điểm qua khứ (5) *) Chú ý: Không dùng thì này với các động từ: know, like, realize, guess, believe, doubt, understand, hear, smell, sound, taste, belong to, love, Thì tơng lai đơn: S + shall, will + V (bare-infinitive) a) Diễn tả hành động xảy tơng lai b) DiÔn t¶ mét thãi quen t¬ng lai - VÝ dô: The birds will come back next spring c) Diễn tả việc định làm lúc nói d) Diễn tả đề nghị thỉnh cầu - Ví dụ: Shall we eat out tonight? *) Chú ý: - Không đợc dùng won’t sau “ I think ” - Không dùng thì tơng lai đơn sau các liên từ: when, before, after, as soon as,… sau mệnh đề “if” - Thì tơng lai đơn thờng đứng sau các động từ nh: be afraid, be/fell sure, believe, think, doubt, hope Th× t¬ng lai gÇn: S + be + going to + V (bare-infinitive) a) Diễn tả hành động làm gì đó tơng lai gần b) Diễn tả hành động xảy tơng lai gần Th× t¬ng lai tiÕp diÔn: S + shall, will + be + V-ing a) Diễn tả hành động xảy tơng lai xảy thì hành động khác đến - VÝ dô: We will be waiting for you at o’clock tomorrow Th× t¬ng lai hoµn thµnh: S + shall, will + have + PII a) Diễn tả hành động đợc hoàn tất trớc thời điểm tơng lai - VÝ dô: We will have paid the loan by August b) Diễn tả hành động đợc hoàn tất trớc hành động khác tơng lai *) DÊu hiÖu: by + mèc thêi gian, by then, by the end of (th¸ng), by (giê) 10 Th× t¬ng lai hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn: S + shall / will + have been + V-ing - Diễn tả hành động đã xảy và tiếp diễn đợc thời gian so với thời điểm khác tơng lai (By the end of …) Ýt sö dông 11 Th× t¬ng lai qu¸ khø: S + would + V (bare-infinitive) a) Diễn tả hành động xảy thời điểm tơng lai so với thời điểm nào đó qua khứ b) Diễn tả dự định quá khứ EXERCISES I Put these verbs into correct form 1.I (walk) to work everyday 2.She (work) in a bank two years ago 3.We (see) .him from time to time last year 4.Children(need) love 5.I(go) to town yesterday,and I(buy) .a new book 6.John(leave) for France tomorrow 7.He (leave) yesterday 8.He (work) here since August 9.We often(see) him on the way home 10.I seldom (go) to the cinema 11.I (read) .that book already 12.They just(come) 13.I (be) in the army during the Second World War 14.I (walk) .to school everyday last year 15.We(not be) there lately 16.This morning I(walk) to school 17.Please be quite.I(study) 18.The swimming pool(open) at 7.00 and (close) at 18.30 everyday 19.why (you/look) at me like that?Have I said something wrong? 20.I(not/work) .this week.I’m on holiday 21.How many cigarettes(you/smoke) .a day? 22.I(live) .with some friends until I can find a flat 23.Hurry up!The bus(come) I(not/want) to miss it 24.That machine(not/work) It broke down this morning 25.This machine(not/work) It hasn’t work for years 26.The River Nile(flow) into the Mediterranean 27.The river(flow) very fast today-much faster than usual 28.Can you drive?-No,but I(learn) .My father(teach) me 29.We usually(grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we(not/grow) any 30.You can borrow my umbrella.I(not/need) it at the moment 31.(At a party)I usually(enjoy) parties but I(not/enjoy) this one very much 32.George says he’s 80 years old but I(not/believe) him 33.Son is in London at the moment.He(stay) at the Hilton Hotel.He usually(stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he’s in London 34.A.What(your father/do) .? B.He’s a teacher,but he(not/work) .at the moment 35.I’m too tired to walk home.I think I(get) a taxi (6) 36.When I lived in Hanoi,I(work) in a bank 37.Lan (burn) her hand when she(cook) .the dinner 38.It(rain) when I got up 39.While I(work) in the garden,I hurt my back 40.I saw Jim in the park.He(sit) on the grass and(read) a book 41.Last night I(read) .in bed when suddenly I(hear) a scream 42.Tom is kooking for his key.He can’t find it.He(lose) his key 43.She(play) tennis since she was eight 44.It is raining now.It began raining two hours ago.It(rain) for two hours 45.Ann is looking for a job.She began looking six months ago.She(look) for six months II.Choose the correct answer Last Monday,William Murphy(1) a wallet on a street He picked up the wallet and(2) a ticket inside.He noticed the number on the ticket and immediately (3) that(4) .was the winning ticket in a big competition.The prize (5) million dollars Murphy(6) .the huge prize,however.He(7) .the ticket back to its owner,Laviqeur.Yesterday,Laviqeur got the prize and at once(8) Murphy a million dollars as a reward 1.a.sees b.has seen c.saw d.is seeing 2.a.find b.finds c.found d.founded 3.a.knows b.is knowing c.known d.knew 4.a.he b.she c.it d.one 5.a.is b.are c.were d.was 6.a.not collect b not collect c.did not collect d.no collected 7.a.take b.took c.takes d.taken 8.a give b.gives c.given d.gave (7) (8)