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2 enough + N for sb to inf Các bạn lưu ý sự khác nhau giữa 2 công thức này là : tính từ ,trạng từ thì đứng trước enough còn danh từ thì đứng s ex: he is strong enough to lift the box.an[r]
(1)CẤU TRÚC, CÁC DẠNG ÔN THI VÀO LỚP 10 2013-2014 GRAMMAR PRACTICE I/ CHO DẠNG ĐÚNG CỦA TỪ TRONG NGOẶC 1/ số công thức chuyển đổi tính từ sang danh từ: Các tính từ màu sắc, trạng thái hay tính chất đổi sang danh từ cách thêm -ness hay -ty eg : redness, whiteness, happiness, laziness, loneliness, honesty, safety, cruelty, ect Những tính từ tận cùng -ful hay -ly đổi sang danh từ cách thêm -ness eg : careful -> carefulness ugly-> ugliness *Những tính từ tận cùng -al, -ial, -id, -ile, ure đổi sang danh từ cách thêm -ity EX1 : mental ->mentality equal -> equality cordial -> cordiality partial -> partiality timid -> timidity solid -> solidity valid -> validity pure -> purity fertile -> fertility Những tính từ tận cùng -ant hay -ent đổi sang danh từ cách bỏ -t thêm -ce EX2 : importance, ignorance, confidence, intelligence Những tính từ tận cùng -ant hay -ent đổi sang danh từ cách bỏ -t thêm -cy eg : brilliant - brilliancy, redundant - redundancy, innocent - innocency, "ability" thay cho "able" cuối các tính từ tận cùng là "able" để tạo thành danh từ, các danh từ tạo thành cách này diễn tả tình trạng đặc tính mô tả tính từ N dùng vĩ ngữ hay cái đuôi thêm vào Gồm: –ness, –ment, –ity, –tion, –ion, –sion, –ance, –ence ’’Thêm : –Ment (cho từ hành động, tiến trình, nhân quả, ) thường lấy động từ thêm đuôi này Arrange—arrangement Refresh—refreshment Employ—employment Replace—replacement Merry—merriment ’’Thêm –Ness (dùng cho các từ trạng thái) lấy tính từ thêm đuôi này Happy—happiness Sad—sadness Dark—darkness Kind—kindness Weak—weakness Thêm : ’’–Ity ( cho từ trạng thái hay điều kiện) lấy tính từ để tạo chữ Possible—possibility Complex—complexity (2) Pure—purity Major—majority Superior—superiority Humane—humanity Insane—insanity ’’Đổi ra–Ance, –Ence (với từ hành động hay chất lượng) lấy tính từ tạo chữ Silent—silence Absent—absence Important—importance Arrogant—arrogance Relevant—relevance Assistant—assistance Penance (v)—penance Dependant—dependence ’’Thêm –Ship and –Hood ( dùng cho liên hệ, tình trạng, cấp bậc, quốc gia lấy danh từ tạo danh từ) Relation—relationship Member—membership Bachelor—bachelorhood Child—childhood Chairman—chairmanship Fellow—fellowship Citizen—citizenship Mother—motherhood Friend—friendship CÁCH NHÌN NHẬN N, ADJ,V,ADV danh từ thường kết thúc các đuôi như: ion(tion, sion), ics, ist, er, or, ant, ness, ity, ing, ment, age, ce, hood, ship, ian, y tính từ thường kết thúc số các đuôi như: ed, ing, ive, able, ful, al, ic, ous, ish, less, y, nt động từ thường có 'en', "en" có thể đứng đầu hay cuối động từ như: enlarge, widen, strengthen Đây là số sở: Noun (be+adj+N) - đứng sau giới từ (of, with, from, to ) - sau tính từ - làm chủ ngữ - sau a, an, the - sau động từ cần có object Adjective (be+adv+adj+N) - trước danh từ - sau trạng từ mức độ - sau động từ to be - mẫu câu "it's (ADJ) of someone to - sau seem, look, feel, - theo cấu trúc find someone/something + ADJ (3) Adverb - trước adj - theo cấu trúc S + V + O + Adv - đứng đầu hay cuối câu đầy đủ các thành phần V.ing - sau giới từ - sau số động từ ( suggest, mind, consider ) - làm chủ ngữ cho câu - trước danh từ và mang nhiệm vụ tính từ EXERSICES: The house is big but it is very to live in.(comfortable ) => uncomfortable John is still young but he is very ( rely ) => reliable He is ready to overcome any ( hard ) => hardly His .has been considered ( complain ) => complant The of the bridge was completed last year ( build )=> building The millionaire gave a lot of his to schools ( wealthy )=> wealth The president is deeply about the issue ( concern )=> concerned If you can give a seasonable for your bad behavior last night forgive you (explain) It's to eat too much sugar and fat (health) 9.Sa Pa is a wonderful resort in VN (mountain) 10.What it the correct of this word? (pronounce) 11.His parent are very of him (pride) 12.Our main to export are rice, coffe and rubber (profuce) 13.Most tourist like visiting villages (tribe) 14.You'll meet the tour guide on your at the hotel (arrive) Đáp án : 1)explanation-danh từ 2)unhealthy-tính từ 3)mountainous-tính từ 4)pronunciation-danh từ 5)proud-tính từ 6)profusion-danh từ 7)tribal-tính từ 8)arrival-danh II/ CÔNG THỨC CƠ BẢN S + V + too + adj/adv + (for someone) + to something: (quá làm gì ) e.g This structure is too easy for you to remember e.g He ran too fast for me to follow S + V + so + adj/ adv + that + S + V: (quá mà ) e.g This box is so heavy that I cannot take it e.g He speaks so soft that we can’t hear anything It + V + such + (a/an) + N(s) + that + S + V: (quá mà ) e.g It is such a heavy box that I cannot take it e.g It is such interesting books that I cannot ignore them at all (4) S + V + adj/ adv + enough + (for someone) + to something : (Đủ cho đó làm gì ) e.g She is old enough to get married e.g They are intelligent enough for me to teach them English Have/ get + something + done (past participle): (nhờ thuê làm gì ) e.g I had my hair cut yesterday e.g I’d like to have my shoes repaired It + be + time + S + V (-ed, cột 2) / It’s +time +for someone +to something : (đã đến lúc đó phải làm gì ) e.g It is time you had a shower e.g It’s time for me to ask all of you for this question It + takes/took+ someone + amount of time + to something: (làm gì bao nhiêu thời gian ) e.g It takes me minutes to get to school e.g It took him 10 minutes to this exercise yesterday To prevent/stop + someone/something + From + V-ing: (ngăn cản ai/ cái gì làm gì ) e.g He prevented us from parking our car here S + find+ it+ adj to something: (thấy để làm gì ) e.g I find it very difficult to learn about English e.g They found it easy to overcome that problem 10 To prefer + Noun/ V-ing + to + N/ V-ing (Thích cái gì/ làm gì cái gì/ làm gì) e.g I prefer dog to cat e.g I prefer reading books to watching TV 11 Would rather ('d rather) + V (infinitive) + than + V (infinitive: (thích làm gì làm gì) e.g She would play games than read books e.g I’d rather learn English than learn Biology 12 To be/get Used to + V-ing: (quen làm gì) e.g I am used to eating with chopsticks 13 Used to + V (infinitive): (Thường làm gì qk và bây không làm nữa) e.g I used to go fishing with my friend when I was young e.g She used to smoke 10 cigarettes a day 14 To be amazed at = to be surprised at + N/V-ing: ngạc nhiên e.g I was amazed at his big beautiful villa 15 To be angry at + N/V-ing: tức giận e.g Her mother was very angry at her bad marks 16 to be good at/ bad at + N/ V-ing: giỏi / kém e.g I am good at swimming e.g He is very bad at English (5) 17 by chance = by accident (adv): tình cờ e.g I met her in Paris by chance last week 18 to be/get tired of + N/V-ing: mệt mỏi e.g My mother was tired of doing too much housework everyday 19 can’t stand/ help/ bear/ resist + V-ing: Không chịu nỗi/không nhịn làm gì e.g She can't stand laughing at her little dog 20 to be keen on/ to be fond of + N/V-ing : thích làm gì đó e.g My younger sister is fond of playing with her dolls 21 to be interested in + N/V-ing: quan tâm đến e.g Mrs Brown is interested in going shopping on Sundays 22 to waste + time/ money + V-ing: tốn tiền thời gian làm gì e.g He always wastes time playing computer games each day e.g Sometimes, I waste a lot of money buying clothes 23 To spend + amount of time/ money + V-ing: dành bao nhiêu thời gian làm gì e.g I spend hours reading books a day e.g Mr Jim spent a lot of money traveling around the world last year 24 To spend + amount of time/ money + on + something: dành thời gian vào việc gì e.g My mother often spends hours on housework everyday e.g She spent all of her money on clothes 25 to give up + V-ing/ N: từ bỏ làm gì/ cái gì e.g You should give up smoking as soon as possible 26 would like/ want/wish + to something: thích làm gì e.g I would like to go to the cinema with you tonight 27 have + (something) to + Verb: có cái gì đó để làm e.g I have many things to this week 28 It + be + something/ someone + that/ who: chính mà e.g It is Tom who got the best marks in my class e.g It is the villa that he had to spend a lot of money last year 29 Had better + V(infinitive): nên làm gì e.g You had better go to see the doctor 30 hate/ like/ dislike/ enjoy/ avoid/ finish/ mind/ postpone/ practise/ consider/ delay/ deny/ suggest/ risk/ keep/ imagine/ fancy + V-ing e.g I always practise speaking English everyday 31 It is + tính từ + ( for smb ) + to smt VD: It is difficult for old people to learn English ( Người có tuổi học tiếng Anh thì khó ) (6) 32 To be interested in + N / V_ing ( Thích cái gì / làm cái gì ) VD: We are interested in reading books on history ( Chúng tôi thích đọc sách lịch sử ) 33 To be bored with ( Chán làm cái gì ) VD: We are bored with doing the same things everyday ( Chúng tôi chán ngày nào làm công việc lặp lặp lại ) 34 It’s the first time smb have ( has ) + PII smt ( Đây là lần đầu tiên làm cái gì) VD: It’s the first time we have visited this place ( Đây là lần đầu tiên chúng tôi tới thăm nơi này ) 35 enough + danh từ ( đủ cái gì ) + ( to smt ) VD: I don’t have enough time to study ( Tôi không có đủ thời gian để học ) 36 Tính từ + enough (đủ làm ) + ( to smt ) VD: I’m not rich enough to buy a car ( Tôi không đủ giàu để mua ôtô ) 37 too + tính từ + to smt ( Quá làm để làm cái gì ) VD: I’m to young to get married ( Tôi còn quá trẻ để kết hôn ) 38 To want smb to smt = To want to have smt + PII ( Muốn làm gì ) ( Muốn có cái gì làm ) VD: She wants someone to make her a dress ( Cô muốn đó may cho cô váy ) = She wants to have a dress made ( Cô muốn có váy may ) 39 It’s time smb did smt ( Đã đến lúc phải làm gì ) VD: It’s time we went home ( Đã đến lúc tôi phải nhà ) 40 It’s not necessary for smb to smt = Smb don’t need to smt ( Ai không cần thiết phải làm gì ) doesn’t have to smt VD: It is not necessary for you to this exercise ( Bạn không cần phải làm bài tập này ) 41 To look forward to V_ing ( Mong chờ, mong đợi làm gì ) VD: We are looking forward to going on holiday ( Chúng tôi mong nghỉ ) 42 To provide smb from V_ing ( Cung cấp cho cái gì ) VD: Can you provide us with some books in history? ( Bạn có thể cung cấp cho chúng tôi số sách lịch sử không?) 43 To prevent smb from V_ing (Cản trở làm gì ) (7) To stop VD: The rain stopped us from going for a walk ( Cơn mưa đã ngăn cản chúng tôi dạo ) 44 To fail to smt (Không làm cái gì / Thất bại việc làm cái gì) VD: We failed to this exercise (Chúng tôi không thể làm bài tập này ) 45 To be succeed in V_ing (Thành công việc làm cái gì) VD: We were succeed in passing the exam (Chúng tôi đã thi đỗ ) 46 To borrow smt from smb (Mượn cái gì ai) VD: She borrowed this book from the liblary ( Cô đã mượn sách này thư viện ) 47 To lend smb smt (Cho mượn cái gì) VD: Can you lend me some money? ( Bạn có thể cho tôi vay ít tiền không? ) 48 To make smb smt (Bắt làm gì) VD: The teacher made us a lot of homework ( Giáo viên bắt chúng tôi làm nhiều bài tập nhà ) 49 CN + be + so + tính từ + that + S + động từ ( Đến mức mà ) CN + động từ + so + trạng từ The exercise is so difficult that noone can it ( Bài tập khó đến mức không làm ) He spoke so quickly that I couldn’t understand him ( Anh ta nói nhanh đến mức mà tôi không thể hiểu ) 50 CN + be + such + ( tính từ ) + danh từ + that + CN + động từ VD: It is such a difficult exercise that noone can it ( Đó là bài tập quá khó không có thể làm ) 51 It is ( very ) kind of smb to smt ( Ai thật tốt bụng / tử tế làm gì) VD: It is very kind of you to help me ( Bạn thật tốt vì đã giúp tôi ) 52 To find it + tính từ + to smt VD: We find it difficult to learn English ( Chúng tôi thấy học tiếng Anh khó ) 53 To make sure of smt ( Bảo đảm điều gì ) that + CN + động từ VD: I have to make sure of that information ( Tôi phải bảo đảm chắn thông tin đó ) You have to make sure that you’ll pass the exam (8) ( Bạn phải bảo đảm là bạn thi đỗ ) 54 It takes ( smb ) + thời gian + to smt ( Mất ( ) bao nhiêu thời gian để làm gì) VD: It took me an hour to this exercise ( Tôi tiếng để làm bài này ) 55 To spend + time / money + on smt ( Dành thời gian / tiền bạc vào cái gì doing smt làm gì ) VD: We spend a lot of time on TV watching TV ( Chúng tôi dành nhiều thời gian xem TV ) 56 To have no idea of smt = don’t know about smt ( Không biết cái gì ) VD: I have no idea of this word = I don’t know this word ( TÔI không biết từ này ) 57 To advise smb to smt ( Khuyên làm gì not to smt không làm gì ) VD: Our teacher advises us to study hard ( Cô giáo khuyên chúng tôi học chăm ) 58 To plan to smt ( Dự định / có kế hoạch làm gì ) intend VD: We planed to go for a picnic intended ( Chúng tôi dự định dã ngoại ) 59 To invite smb to smt ( Mời làm gì ) VD: They invited me to go to the cinema ( Họ mời tôi xem phim ) 60 To offer smb smt ( Mời / đề nghị cái gì ) VD: He offered me a job in his company ( Anh ta mời tôi làm việc cho công ty ) 61 To rely on smb ( tin cậy, dựa dẫm vào ) VD: You can rely on him ( Bạn có thể tin anh ) 62 To keep promise ( Gĩư lời hứa ) VD: He always keeps promises 63 To be able to smt = To be capable of + V_ing ( Có khả làm gì ) VD: I’m able to speak English = I am capable of speaking English ( Tôi có thể nói tiếng Anh ) 64 To be good at ( + V_ing ) smt ( Giỏi ( làm ) cái gì ) VD: I’m good at ( playing ) tennis ( Tôi chơi quần vợt giỏi ) (9) 65 To prefer smt to smt ( Thích cái gì cái gì ) doing smt to doing smt làm gì làm gì VD: We prefer spending money than earning money ( Chúng tôi thích tiêu tiền kiếm tiền ) 66 To apologize for doing smt ( Xin lỗi vì đã làm gì ) VD: I want to apologize for being rude to you ( Tôi muốn xin lỗi vì đã bất lịch với bạn ) 67 Had ( ‘d ) better smt ( Nên làm gì ) not smt ( Không nên làm gì ) VD: You’d better learn hard ( Bạn nên học chăm ) You’d better not go out ( Bạn không nên ngoài ) 68 Would ( ‘d ) rather smt Thà làm gì not smt đừng làm gì VD: I’d rather stay at home I’d rather not say at home 69 Would ( ‘d ) rather smb did smt ( Muốn làm gì ) VD: I’d rather you ( he / she ) stayed at home today ( Tôi muốn bạn / anh / cô nhà tối ) 70 To suggest smb ( should ) smt ( Gợi ý làm gì ) VD: I suggested she ( should ) buy this house 71 To suggest doing smt ( Gợi ý làm gì ) VD: I suggested going for a walk 72 Try to ( Cố làm gì ) VD: We tried to learn hard ( Chúng tôi đã cố học chăm ) 73 Try doing smt ( Thử làm gì ) VD: We tried cooking this food ( Chúng tôi đã thử nấu món ăn này ) 74 To need to smt ( Cần làm gì ) VD: You need to work harder ( Bạn cần làm việc tích cực ) 75 To need doing ( Cần làm ) VD: This car needs repairing ( Chiếc ôtô này cần sửa ) 76 To remember doing ( Nhớ đã làm gì ) VD: I remember seeing this film (10) ( Tôi nhớ là đã xem phim này ) 77 To remember to ( Nhớ làm gì ) ( chưa làm cái này ) VD: Remember to your homework ( Hãy nhớ làm bài tập nhà ) 78 To have smt + PII ( Có cái gì làm ) VD: I’m going to have my house repainted ( Tôi sơn lại nhà người khác sơn, không phải mình sơn lấy ) = To have smb smt ( Thuê làm gì ) VD: I’m going to have the garage repair my car = I’m going to have my car repaired 79 To be busy doing smt ( Bận rộn làm gì ) VD: We are busy preparing for our exam ( Chúng tôi bận rộn chuẩn bị cho kỳ thi ) 80 To mind doing smt ( Phiền làm gì ) VD: Do / Would you mind closing the door for me? ( Bạn có thể đóng cửa giúp tôi không? ) 81 To be used to doing smt ( Quen với việc làm gì ) VD: We are used to getting up early ( Chúng tôi đã quen dậy sớm ) 82 To stop to smt ( Dừng lại để làm gì ) VD: We stopped to buy some petrol ( Chúng tôi đã dừng lại để mua xăng ) 83 To stop doing smt ( Thôi không làm gì ) VD: We stopped going out late ( Chúng tôi thôi không chơi khuya ) 84 Let smb smt ( Để làm gì ) VD: Let him come in ( Để vào ) DẠNG : BIẾN ĐỔI QUA LẠI GIỮA : ENOUGH , TOO TO , SO THAT , SUCH THAT Trước cụ thể vào cách biến đổi các bạn nên ôn lại công thức cấu trúc trên: TOO TO (quá không thể….) He is too young to go to school (nó quá trẻ đến không thể học ) The exercise is too difficult for me to do.(bài tập quá khó đến tôi không thể nào làm ) CÔNG THỨC : [TOO + adj/adv + (for sb) TO inf.] -3 NGUYÊN TẮC CẦN NHỚ KHI NỐI CÂU DÙNG TOO TO (11) Cũng giống enough, too to có các nguyên tắc sau -1)Nguyên tắc thứ : Nếu trước tính từ ,trạng từ có :too ,so ,very , quite ,extremely thì phải bỏ - 2) Nguyên tắc thứ hai: Nếu chủ từ hai câu giống thì bỏ phần for sb 3) Nguyên tắc thứ ba: Nếu chủ từ câu đầu và túc từ câu sau là thì phải bỏ túc từ câu sau ex: He is so weak He can't run -> He is too weak to run The coffee was very hot I could drink it -> The coffee was too hot for me to drink ( Bỏ it vì it đồng nghĩa với coffee ) ENOUGH (đủ) Enough có hai công thức : 1) adj/adv + enough (for sb) to inf 2) enough + N (for sb ) to inf Các bạn lưu ý khác công thức này là : tính từ ,trạng từ thì đứng trước enough còn danh từ thì đứng s ex: he is strong enough to lift the box.(anh ta đủ khỏe để nhấc cái hộp) strong là tính từ nên đứng trước enough He doesn't drive carefully enough to pass the driving test carefully là trạng từ nên đứng trước enough I don't have enough money to buy a car.(tôi không có đủ tiền để mua xe hơi) Money là danh từ nên đứng sau enough *Nếu chủ từ thực hành động (động từ chính và to inf ) là thì không có phần (for sb),còn là hai đố động to inf thể phần for sb ex: I study well enough to pass the exam.(tôi học giỏi đủ để thi đậu) câu này người thực hành động study là tôi và người pass the exam (thi đậu) là tôi nên không có ph The exercise is not easy for me to do.(bài tập không đủ dễ để tôi có thể làm ) Chủ từ is not easy là the exercise ,trong đối tượng thực hành động là tôi không giống nên phả *Khi chủ từ và túc từ động từ chính và túc từ to inf là thì túc từ đó hiểu nghầm ,không viết ex: The exercise is not easy for me to it.(sai) The exercise is not easy for me to do.(đúng) Túc từ là it đồng nghĩa với chủ từ The exercise nên không viết Tóm lại các bạn cần nhớ nguyên tắc sau đây NGUYÊN TẮC CẦN NHỚ KHI NỐI CÂU DÙNG ENOUGH: 1)Nguyên tắc thứ nhất: Nếu trước tính từ ,trạng từ có : too, so, very, quite ,extremely Trước danh từf, lots of thì phải bỏ He is very intelligent.He can it (12) ->He is very intelligent enough to it (sai) ->He is intelligent enough to it.(đúng) He has a lot of money He can buy a car ->He has enough a lot of money to buy a car.(sai) ->He has enough money to buy a car.(đúng) 2) Nguyên tắc thứ hai: Nếu chủ từ hai câu giống thì bỏ phần for sb ex: Tom is strong He can lift the box ->Tom is strong enough for him to lift the box.(sai) ->Tom is strong enough to lift the box.(đúng) The weather is fine Mary and her little brother can go to school ->The weather is fine enough to go to school.(sai) ->The weather is fine enough for Mary and her little brother to go to school.(đúng) Tuy nhiên chủ từ câu sau có ý chung chung thì có thể bỏ ex: The sun is not warm We can't live on it ->The sun is not warm enough to live on.(we đây chung chung, người) 3)Nguyên tắc thứ ba: Nếu chủ từ câu đầu và túc từ câu sau là thì phải bỏ túc từ câu sau ex: The water is quite warm I can drink it ->The water is warm enough for me to drink it.(sai) ->The water is warm enough for me to drink (đúng) SO THAT (QUÁ ĐẾN NỖI ) CÔNG THỨC : SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT + clause - Cách nối câu dùng so that + Trước adj/adv có too, so, very,quite thì bỏ + Nếu có a lot of ,lots of thì phải đổi thành much,many + Sau that viết lại toàn mệnh đề ex: He is very strong He can lift the box -> He is so strong that he can lift the box He ate a lot of food He became ill -> He ate so much food that he became ill He bought lots of books He didn't know where to put them ->He bought so many books that he didn't know where to put them SUCH THAT(quá đến nỗi… ) Công thức : SUCH( a/an) + adj + N + THAT + clause -Cách nối câu dùng such that + Trước adj/adv có too, so, very, quite thì bỏ + Nếu danh từ là số ít không đếm thì không dùng (a/an) + Nếu sau adj không có danh từ thì lấy danh từ đầu câu vào đại từ vào chủ từ (13) ex: He is a very lazy boy No one likes him ->He is such a lazy boy that no one likes him The coffee is too hot I can't drink it Sau chữ hot không có danh từ nên phải đem coffee vào, coffee không đếm nên không dùng a/an ->It is such hot coffee that I can't drink it Her voice is very soft Everyone likes her ->She has such a soft voice that everyone likes her + Nếu trước danh từ có much, many thì phải đổi thành a lot of ex: He bought many books He didn't know where to put them -> He bought such a lot of books that he didn't know where to put them info@123doc.org CÁC DẠNG ĐỀ THƯỜNG GẶP VỀ TOO TO , SO THAT, SUCH THAT , ENOUGH : 1) ĐỔI TỪ SO THAT SANG SUCH THAT : N + BE + SO + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE => ĐẠI TỪ + BE Cách làm : Thêm such ( a,an) đem tính từ xuống ,đem danh từ xuống ,từ that trở viết lại hết => ĐẠI TỪ + BE SUCH ( A,AN ) ADJ + N + THAT CLAUSE The book is so interesting that I have read it many times It is => It is such an interesting book that I have read it many times Nếu danh từ là số ít không đếm thì không có a, an 2) ĐỔI TỪ SO THAT SANG TOO TO : Đề có dạng : S + BE +SO + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE => S + BE + TOO Cách làm : Thêm tính từ vào , bỏ can't ,couldn't lấy từ động từ trở Nếu chủ từ câu khác thì thêm phần for sb Nếu túc từ câu sau giống chủ từ câu đầu thì bỏ túc từ đó => S + BE + TOO + adj +( FOR SB ) TO INF The water is so hot that I can't drink it => The water is too => The water is too hot for me to drink - Nếu đổi nguợc lại từ TOO TO sang SO THAT thì thường sai là việc quên thêm túc từ vào và chia sai thì (14) 3) ĐỔI TỪ TOO TO SANG ENOUGH : Đề thường có dạng : S + BE + TOO + ADJ + TO INF => S + BE NOT Cách làm : - Dùng tính từ phản nghĩa + enough - Viết lại hết phần sau He is too weak to run fast => He isn't => He isn't strong enough to run fast Ghi chú :Trong tất các cấu trúc trên chổ BE là V thì ADV thay cho ADJ 4) Although / though => despite / in spite of Nguyên tắc chung cần nhớ là : Although/ though + mệnh đề Despite / in spite of + cụm từ Các công thức biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm từ sau: 1) Nếu chủ từ mệnh đề giống nhau: - Bỏ chủ từ ,động từ thêm ING Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time => Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time 1) Nếu chủ từ là danh từ + be + tính từ - Đem tính từ đặt trứoc danh từ ,bỏ to be Although the rain is heavy, => Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, 3) Nếu chủ từ là đại từ + be + tính từ : - Đổi đại từ thành sỡ hửu ,đổi tính từ thành danh từ ,bỏ be Although He was sick, => Despite / in spite of his sickness, 4) Nếu chủ từ là đại từ + động từ + trạng từ - Đổi đại từ thành sở hữu, động từ thành danh từ ,trạng từ thành tính từ đặt trước danh từ Although He behaved impolitely, => Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior , (15) 5) Nếu câu có dạng : there be + danh từ - Thì bỏ there be Although there was an accident , => Despite / in spite of an accident, Công thức này áp dụng cho biến đổi từ BECAUSE -> BECAUSE OF CHUYỂN ĐỔI QUA LẠI GIỮA SO SÁNH HƠN / BẰNG / NHẤT Để làm phần này các bạn phải nắm vững công thức các dạng so sánh tính từ /trạng từ Các dạng đề thường cho là : 1) A B ==== > B không A Nguyên tắc : Nếu đề cho so sánh thì ta đổi thành so sánh + phủ định ví dụ : Tom is taller than Mary : Tom cao Mary Mary is => Mary is not so/as tall as Tom : Mary không cao Tom 2) không A ==== > A là Nguyên tắc : So sánh => so sánh ví dụ : No one in the class is as tall as Tom: không lớp cao Tom => Tom is => Tom is the tallest in the class Tom cao lớp BÀI TẬP VIẾT LẠI CÂU (CÓ ĐÁP ÁN) A.Mối quan hệ “ago-since-for” và thì quá khứ đơn và thì hoàn thành 1.We haven’t been to a concert for over a year -The last time………………………………… 2.Your birthday party was the last time I really enjoyed myself -I……………………………………………………………… 3.It’s nearly 20 years since my father saw his brother -My father……………………………………………… 4.Tom went to Scotland last Friday and is still there (16) -Tom has…………………………………………… 5.When did you last ride a bike? -How long is it………………………………………? 6.The last time I went swimming was when I was in France -I haven’t…………………………………………………… 7.You haven’t tided up this room for weeks -It’s………………………………………… 8.He was last in touch with me three weeks ago - He hasn’t……………………………………… 9.Mr John hasn’t visited France since 1990 -Mr John last……………………………………… 10.It last rained three weeks ago -It’s……………………………… 11.I haven’t eaten this kind of food before This is the first……………………………… B.Mệnh đề “wish” 12.What a pity you failed your driving test! -I wish……………………………………… 13.It’s a pity that you’re going away so soon -I wish………………………………………… 14.I’m sorry I didn’t phone him yesterday -I wish…………………………………… C.Mệnh đề so sánh 15.She knows a lot more about it than I -I don’t know……………………………… 16.Jane is a better cook than Betty -Betty can’t………………………………… 17.Tom is younger than he looks -Tom isn’t……………………………………… 18.I didn’t spend as much money as my friend did -My friend………………………………………… 19.He doesn’t know them as well as I -I know……………………………………… 20.It’s still cold but it was colder yesterday -It’s isn’t………………………………………… D.Mệnh đề nguyên nhân và kết 21.The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea was very rough -The sea was too……………………………………………………………… 22.We didn’t have enough money,so we didn’t go on holiday -If we…………………………………………………………… 23.We got lost because we didn’t have a map -If we…………………………………………………………… 24.The bridge was so low that the bus couldn’t go under it (17) -It was………………………………………………………… 25.It was so late that nothing could be done -It was too………………………………………… 26.He couldn’t afford to buy a car -The car…………………………………………………… 27.That restaurant is so dirty that noone wants to eat there -It is such………………………………………………… 28.The tast was too difficult for the pupils to -The test……………………………………………………… 29.Phone now or you will be late -You will…………………………………………………… E Một số mẫu câu khác 30.I advise you to put your money in a bank -You’d …………………………………………… 31.Why don’t you meet to discuss the price? -I suggest………………………………………… 32.I would prefer you to deliver the package on Monday -I’d rather…………………………………………………… ĐÁP ÁN A.1…I went to a concert was over a year ago 2…haven’t really enjoyed myself since your birthday party 3….hasn’t seen his brother for nearly 20 years 4….been in Scotland since last Friday ……gone to Scotland since last Friday 5…… since you rode a bike? 6………been swimming since I was in France./ ……… gone swimming since I was in France 7….weeks since you tided up this room 8… Been in touch with her for three weeks 9….visited France in 1990 10…three weeks since it rained 11….time I have eaten this kind of food B.12….you had passed/ hadn’t failed your driving test 13….you weren’t going away so soon 14… I had phoned him yesterday 15… as much about it as she does 16….cook as well as Jane 17… as old as he looks 18….spent more money than I did 19….them better than he does 20….as cold today as it was yesterday D.21…rough for the children to go swimming (18) 22….had had enough money, we could have gone on a holiday 23……had had a map, we couldn’t have got lost 24…such a low bridge that the bus couldn’t go under it 25… late for anything to be done./ … late to anything 26….was too expensive for him./ ……cost more than he could afford 27….a dirty restaurant that noone wants to eat there 28….was so difficult that the pupils couldn’t it 29….be late if you don’t phone now E.30… better put your money in a bank 31….that you should have a meeting./ …….that you should meet to discuss the price./ …….meeting to discuss the price 32…… you delivered the package on Monday ………… Phrase and Clause of Purpose I/ Clause of Purpose : Mệnh đề mục đích - So That/In Order That để mà Form : S + V1/s/es + O So That In S + can/will + V0 + O Order S + V2/ed + O S + could/would + V0 + O That Lưu ý:Thông thường không có NOT thì dùng can /could còn có NOT thì dùng won't / wouldn't ,trừ trường hợp có ý ngăn cấm thì dùng can't/couldn't ex1: I study hard so that I can pass the exam ex2: I study hard so that I won't fail the exam ex3: I hide the toy so that my mother can't see it ( tôi giấu món đồ chơi để mẹ tôi không thể thấy nó -> ngăn không cho thấy ) II/ Phrase of Purpose : cụm từ mục đích - In Order To/So As To/To để mà Form : + + Inf In Order To S+V+O So As To + V0 To Lưu ý: Nếu có NOT thì để NOT trước TO, nhiên mẫu TO không áp dụng trường hợp có NOT ex1: I study hard I want to pass the exam -> I study hard in order to / so as to /to pass the exam ex2: I study hard I don't want to fail the exam -> I study hard in order not to pass the exam đúng -> I study hard so as not to /to pass the exam đúng -> I study hard not to pass the exam sai III/ Cách nối câu : 1) Dùng SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT : (19) ex1: I’m studying hard I want to keep pace with my classmates I’m studying hard so that I can keep pace with my classmates S1 + V + O S2 + want/like/hope + to + V0 + O S1 + V + O so that S2 + can/could/will/would + V0 + O sau want/ like/ hope là to thì ta bỏ chúng thay can/could/will/would ex2: Alice prepares her lessons carefully She wants to get high marks in class ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……… -Nếu sau các chữ want, like, hope có túc từ thì lấy túc từ đó làm chủ từ ex3: I give you the book I want you to read it I give you the book so that you can read it S1 + V + O S2 + want/like/hope +O + to + V0 + O S1 + V + O so that O->S2 + can/could/will/would + V0 + O sau want/ like/ hope là O đến to thì ta bỏ chúng thay can/could/will/would sau đó đem O lên thay cho S2 ex4: Please shut the door I don’t want the dog to go out of the house ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 2) Dùng IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO : S1 + V + O S2 + want/like/hope + to + V0 + O S1 + V + O In Order To/So As To/To trước V0 + O ( S1 = S2 Bỏ S2, bỏ luôn want/like/hope + to thêm In Order To/So As To/To trước V0 + O ) I study hard I want to pass the exam -> I study hard in order to pass the exam S1 + V + O S2 + want/like/hope +O + to + V0 + O S1 + V + O In Order for O To/So As for O To + V0 + O ( S1 = S2 Bỏ S2, bỏ luôn want/like/hope + to thêm In Order for O To/So As for O To + O ) IV.Các dạng bài tập: 1.Dạng bài tập 1: sau want không có tân Nối câu có cùng chủ ngữ thành câu có cụm từ mục đích mệnh đề mục đích Ex: *Duy gets up early every morning He wants to learn his lessons >Duy gets up early every morning so as to learn his lessons (câu này đổi dạng Phrases of purpose) > Duy gets up early every morning so that he can learn his lessons (đổi dạng Clauses of purpose) * We learn English We want to have better communication with other people > We learn English in order to have better communication with other people > We learn English so that we will have better communication with other people * He was in a hurry He wanted to catch the bus > He was in a hurry to catch the bus > He was in a hurry in order that he would catch the bus 2.Dạng bài tập 2: Nối câu có cùng chủ ngữ sau “want” có tân ngữ túc từ Ex: * He gave me his address He wanted me to visit him (want + túc từ) > He gave me his address so that I would visit him (Clauses of purpose) (20) *They whispered They didn’t want anyone to hear their conversation (“want” + tân ngữ) > They whispered in order that no one could hear conversation *2 câu trên muốn use phrase of purpose, ta phải theo công thức sau: in order for + O (túc từ) + to-inf Ex: * He gave me his address in order for me to visit him > They whispered in order for no one to hear their conversation 3.Dạng bài tập 3: Đổi câu từ “phrase of purpose” sang “clauses of purpose” ngược lại Ex: * We hurried to school so as not to be late > We hurried to school so that she wouldn’t be late * Thao locked the door so that she wouldn’t be disturbed > Thao locked the door so as not to be disturbed * He studied hard in order to pass his exam > He studied hard so that he can pass his exam 3.Dạng bài tâp 4: Hoàn tất câu với “phrase of purpose” “clause of purpose” Ex: * I studied English so that … > They went to Ha Noi to…… (tự hoàn thành câu tuỳ ý thích các bạn) * Lưu ý: + Hoàn tất câu mệnh đề chính thì (present) thì ta dùng “will/ can” mệnh đề mục đích Ex: She needs a job so that she will support her old parents (cô cần công việc để nuôi bố mẹ cô ta) (Ở câu trên, mệnh đề chính “ She needs a job” là thì đơn “present simple” nên mệnh đề mục đích chúng ta phải dùng will “she will support her old parents”) + Khi động từ mệnh đề chính thì “past” thì ta dùng “would/ could” mệnh đề “would/ could” mệnh đề mục đích Ex: He hurried to the station so that he wouldn’t miss the train Exercise : Rewrite the following sentences using infinitive phrase / clause: 1) People use money so that they can buy things they need (in order to) 2) Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe (in order to) 3) Mr Brown is going to the bank to borrow some money (so that ) 4) Alice borrowed an eraser to erase a mistake in his composition (so that ) 5) I need to buy some laundry detergent so that I will wash my clothes (in order to) 6) I moved to the front of the room so as to see better (so that ) 7) I came to this school so that I could learn English (in order to) (21) 8) He gave her the key for her to open the door (so that ) 9) Mary took her brother to school for him to learn English (so that ) 10) Please arrive early for us to start the meeting on time (so that ) 11) He wrote to David of his interest in science to ask for work (so that ) 12) Kathy built a high wall round her garden for the fruits not to be stolen (so that ) 13) Tom was playing very softly so that he wouldn’t disturb anyone (in order not to) 14) They rushed into the burning house so that they could save the child (in order to) 15) Lan often attends English Speaking Club to practice speaking English (so that ) 16) He stood on the chair to see better (in order to) 17) Please shut the gate for the cows not to get out of the cowshed (so that ) (22) 18) The boy tiptoed into the room not to wake every body up (so that ) BÀI TẬP : Hãy nối câu sau đây dùng : SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT 1) The boys stood on the desks They wanted to get a better view …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 2) We learn English We want to have better communication with other people …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 3) We lower the volume We don't want to bother our neighbours …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 4) I will write to you I want you to know my decision soon …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 5) these girls were talking whispers They didn't want anyone to hear their conversation …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 6) The little girl feigned to be sick She hoped We didn't make her work …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 7) I spoke loudly I wanted everybody could hear me clearly …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 8) Mary often goes home as soon as the class is over She doesn't want her mother to wait for her …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 9) Tom gets up early He doesn't want to be late for school …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 10) Wellfrog hid the sweets under his pillow He didn't want his mother to see them …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… BÀI TẬP : Đổi câu sau đây sang mệnh đề ,dùng SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT 1) We hurried to school so as not to be late …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… (23) 2) He climbed the tree in order to get a better view …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 3) Some young people like to earn their own living in order to be independent of their parents …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 4) We should morning exercises so as to improve our health …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 5) We should take advantage of the scientific achievements of the world so as to develop our national economy …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 6) Every people in the world must unite their efforts to maintain and protect peace …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 7) She put on warm clothes so as not to catch cold …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 8) He hurried to the station so as not to miss the train …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 9) She locked the door in order not to be disturbed …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… 10) I tried to be on time so as not to make our teacher sad …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… BÀI TẬP :USE A CLAUSE OR PHRASE OF PURPOSE TO COMBINE EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES BELOW 1/ I’m studying hard I want to keep pace with my classmates ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2/ Alice prepares her lessons carefully She wants to get high marks in class ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/ Please shut the door I don’t want the dog to go out of the house ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4/ I wish to have enough money I want to buy a new house ……………………………………………………………………………………………… … 5/ You should walk slowly Your sister can follow you ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6/ They did their job well They hoped the boss would increase their salary (24) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7/ We turned on the lights We didn’t want to waste electricity …………………………………………………………………………………………… 8/ We lower the volume of the radio We don’t want to bother our neighbours ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 9/ The robber changed his address all the time He didn’t want the police to find him ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10/ The man spoke loudly He wanted every body to hear him clearly …………………………………………………………………………………………… BÀI TẬP : Choose the correct alternative The school boys are in a hurry not to/ in order not miss their school bus They were talking in whispers so that/ so as nobody could hear them My mother needs a tin opener to open/ for opening the bottles Advice is given in order that/ in order to students can choose the best course You may put your money in a small coin bank so that/ in order to keep it safe We wrote Katie’s name on the calendar so as not to/ so that not forget her birthday She stayed at work late in order to/ so that she could complete the report I need some new clothes I haven’t got anything nice to wear/ in order to wear They new paint is excellent to cover/ for covering walls with cracks in 10 Trees are being planted by the roadside so as to reduce/ in order that reducing tracffic noise BÀI TẬP : CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1/ “I spoke slowly The foreigner could understandme” Means a I spoke slowly so that the foreigner could understand me b I spoke slowly in order to the foreigner could understand me c I spoke slowly that the foreigner could understand me d I spoke slowly to make the foreigner could understand me 2/ He had to explain the lesson very clearly…………………… a in order that his student to understandit b so that his students could understand it c so as his students to understand it d so that his students to understand it 3/ He studies very hard …………………………………… a in order to fail the examination b so that to get knowledge c so as not to pass examination d in order that he could be illiterate 4/ We have to start early…………………………we won’t be late a so that b so as to c because d although 5/ They were talking in whispers………… nobody could hear them a in order to b so that c in order that d b and c arte correct (25) 6/ He hurried to the station He didn’t want to miss the train a he hurried to the station so that he couldn’t miss the train b he hurried to the station in order that he couldn’t miss the train c he hurried to the station not to miss the train d all are correct 7/ She went to the library in order that she could borrow some books a.she went to the library so as to borrow some books b.she went to the library that she could borrow some books c.she went to the library so that she could borrow some books d all are correct 8/ The schoolboys are in hurry………………….they will not be late for school a so as to b to c in order that d for 9/ We set off early………………… we wouldn’t get stuck in the traffic a although b so that c because d in case 10/ I shouted in order that I could warn everybody of danger a I shouted to warn everybody of danger b I shouted so as to warn everybody of danger c I shouted so that to warn everybody of danger d a and b are correct Choose the best answer for the following sentences: I moved to the front of the room _ I could see better A so as to B in order to C to D so that The boy tiptoed into the room _ wake everybody up A so as to B in order that C so as not to D in order to He turned out the light waste electricity A not B without C so that not D in order not to I am lighting the fire so that the house _ be warm when they return A would B wouldn’t C will D won’t Mary worked hard _ pass the examination A as so to B so as to C so that to D in order not to She is taking science course at school order to choose science for her profession A so B on C in D at She weighed herself _ know the pull of the earth exerting on her A for B so that B in order D to He hurried so that he miss the train A won’t B doesn’t C didn’t D wouldn’t He does morning exercises regularly _ to improve his health A not B without C so that not D in order 10 Mary took her brother to school for him English A to learn B learning C learns D learned BÀI TẬP : Match the sentences in the most appropriate way and then write two sentences as one using to-infinitive 1.Trees were planted along the street a He wants to look smart (26) I swept the broken glass off the path b This was done to reduce traffic noise He bought a truck c She wants to finance her studies Laura went to the bank d I wanted to prevent an accident The staff are working at weekend e He wanted to hear the football results Tom turned on the radio f I wanted to report that my car had been stolen Just this once Mike is going to wear a suit g They want to complete the project in time Jessica is borrowing some money h We wanted to buy some fruit We went to the market i He did this to carry out his business 10 I phoned to the police station j She wanted to cash a cheque CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF RESULT Mệnh đề cụm từ kết là thành phần phụ nêu lên kết hành động mệnh đề chính gây 1/ Clause of result : so/ such …………that - S + V+ SO + ADJ / ADV + THAT + S + V (…………………… quaù ………………….đến ………………….) - S + V + SUCH + ( A/ AN ) + ADJ + NOUN + THAT + S + V (………….quaù ……….đến nổi…………………) EX : It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home There are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one * NOTES : so many/ few + plural noun + that so much/ little + uncountable noun + that so + adj +a/an + singular noun + that Ex : The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseket ball team He has invested so much money in the project that he can’t abandon it now 2/ Phrase of result : TOO/ ENOUGH Câu có cụm từ kết có cấu trúc sau : - S + V+ TOO + adj / adv ( for + o ) + TO INFINITIVE (… Quá ……đến ( ) khoâng theå ……) - S + V+ adj / adv + ENOUGH + ( for +o) + TO INFINITIVE (………đủ ( cho ) laøm ñieàu gì …………) Ex: 1/ He is so short that he can’t play basketball He is too short to play baseket ball He isn’t tall enough to play baseket ball 2/ It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything It was too dark for me to see anything (27) It was n’t bright enough for me to see anything I Use SO or SUCH, TOO, ENOUGH : The sun shone _ brightly that she had to put on her glasses There were _ few students registered that the class was cancelled We had _ wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return It was a nice day that we decided to go to the beach The book looked _ interesting that we decided to read it Ray called at _ an early hour that we weren’t awke yet There were many people on the bus that we decided to walk The benefit was _ great a success that the promoters decided to repeat it I’ m not rich _ to help you 10 This room is _ dark for us to study II Rewrite the following sentences as directed: It was such an expensive house that nobody can buy it The house was so The food was so good that we ate all of it It was The patient was too weak to get up The patient was so This room is too dark for me to study This room is so _ This room is too small for us to take the meeting This room isn’t _ The test was so difficult that we couldn’t it The test was not The map is so old that I couldn’t read it The map is too He spoke so fast that we couldn’t hear him well He didn’t _ III.Choose the best option to complete each of the following sentence: These two girls _ that I can’t tell them apart a are so like b are so alike c are too like d alike enough I don’t think our daughter is _ to understand this matter a too young b is such young c not enough old d not age enough Mrs Harrions is _ he owns many places a so a rich man that b such an rich man that c such a rich man that d that so rich a man The ceiling is a too high for me to reach b too high for me to reach it (28) c so high for me reaching d enough high for me reaching The woman was so beautiful _ a that I couldn’t help looking at b that I couldn’t help looking at her c for me looking at her d that for me to look at It is _ that I would like to go to the beach a such a nice weather b too nice weather c such nice weather d such weather nice These are that I can’t finish them a a such long assignments b such long assignments c such a long assignments d too long assignments It is _ that I have read it twice a such an interesting book b so interesting a book c too interesting a book d a & b He I was scrared a drove too fast that b drove so fastly that c drove so fast that d drove such fast that 10 She dances _everybody adores her a such beatifully that b so beautiful that c so beautifully that d too beautifully that 11 It is _to go swimming a too cold b so cold c such a cold d enough cold that 12 Jane is to this exercise a no intelligence enough b not intelligent enough c not enough intelligent d so intelligent enough 13 I am a car a not rich enough to buy b too rich enough to buy c too poor to buy d a & c 14 It’s home from here a too far walking b too far for walking c far to walk, too d too far to walk 15 The bed isn’t clean enough a to lie in it b to lie in c for lying in d in which to lie 16 The piano was too heavy _ a for nobody to move b for nobody moving c for anyone to move d for anyone to moving 17 Have you got _ for everyone to moving? a enough food b food enough c too food d so food 18 He _ to be offered the job a was such in experienced b was too inexperienced c not experienced enough d b & c (29) 19 _ to go to the cinema a It was late so that b That it was late c It was too late d Such too late 20 We don’t to go there now a have time enough b enough time c have too time d have enough time 21 This song is simple enough for us to sing a This song is so simple that we can sing b This song is so simple that we can sing it c This song is so simple for us to sing d It is such a simple song that we can sing 22 The bag was too heavy for him to carry a The bag wasn’t enough light for him to carry b The bag was so heavy that h couldn’t carry c It was such a heavy bag for him to carry d It was such a heavy bag that he couldn’t carry it 23 The cake was too hot for him to eat a The cake was so hot that for him to eat b The cake was so hot that he could eat c The cake was so hot that he couldn’t eat it d The cake was so hot that he can’t eat it 24 Because they made too many mistakes, they failed in the exam a They made so many mistakes that they failed in the exam b They made so many mistakes as they failed in the exam c They made so much mistakes that they failed in the exam d They made too many mistakes that they failed in the exam 25 The story is short enough for her to read a It is such a short story that she can read it b It is such a short story that she can read c The story is too short for her to read d It is such a short story for her to read IV Identify one error: 1.She was such old that she couldn’t run A B C D These days aren’t enough long for a good holiday A B C D There were so much books on the shelves that I didn’t know which one to choose A B C D The soup was so hot for me to eat A B C D All the students in the class are enough good to pass the final exam A B C D (30) * LƯU Ý : S1 là vật mà O2 (tân ngữ MĐ sau that) nó nhắc lại dùng it - Trong cấu trúc: so/such … that, ta giữ lại từ “it” - Trong cấu trúc: too … to ; not … enough … to, ta bỏ từ “it” Ex: The water was so cold that the children couldn’t swim in it -> It was such cold water that the children couldn’t swim in it -> The water was too cold for the children to swim in -> The water is not warm enough for the children to swim in Ex: The bag was too heavy for him to carry -> It was such a heavy bag that he couldn’t carry it -> The bag was so heavy that he couldn’t carry it EXERCISE A1 : Conmbine these pairs of sentences using " sothat": 1/ That woman was very tall She could almost touch the ceiling - That woman was so tall that she could almost touch the ceiling 2/ This coat is very big I can't wear it - _ 3/ The coffee was so strong She couldn't go to sleep - _ 4/ That bag was very heavy None of us could carry it - _ 5/ The stadium is very large It can hold 60,000 people - _ 6/ Those lessons are very difficult He can't understand them - _ 7/ She was very busy She couldn't the housework - _ 8/ The clmate was very bad All the plants couldn't grow well - _ 9/ I'm very tired I couldn't keep my eyes open - _ 10/ That boy is very lazy He never does his homework - _ EXERCISE A2 : Combine these pairs of sentences using " tooto": 1/ The bag was very heavy She couldn't carry it - The bag was too heavy for her to carry 2/ He is very old He can't run - _ 3/ She is very young She can't go to school - _ 4/ Tom is very short He can't play volleyball - _ 5/ It's very late We can't go to the movies - _ 6/ The question was very hard We couldn't answer it - _ 7/ The TV programme is very exciting The children won't miss it - _ 8/ You're very young You can't drive that car - _ 9/ She was tired She didn't go anywhere (31) - _ 10/ These shoes are very small I can't wear them - _ EXERCISE A3 : Combine these pairs of sentences using " such.that": 1/ Tom was a tall man He could almost touch the ceiling - Tom was such a tall man that he could almost touch the ceiling 2/ Mary is a good swimmer She has won two gold medals - _ 3/ He drank strong coffee He couldn't go to sleep - _ 4/ It was a long walk The children got tired - _ 5/ He told interesting stories They all like him - _ 6/ The boy made rapid progress It surprised everybody - _ 7/ He had a difficult exercise He couldn't it - _ 8/ The speaker gave a long talk Most of the audience felt sleepy - _ 9/ We watched an exciting competition We didn't want to go home - _ 10/ It was an excellent show We all enjoyed it - _ EXERCISE A4 : Rewrite the sentences using " enough"instead of "tooto": 1/ He is too old to wear this coloured shirt - _ 2/ She is too weak to carry this box - _ 3/ This pen is too expensive for me to buy - _ 4/ Bill was too stupid to understand what I had said - _ 5/ This bag is too heavy for her to carry - _ 6/ The test was too difficult for them to - _ 7/ I'm too poor to help you with the money - _ 8/ This book is too dull to read - _ 9/ The room is too dark for us to study - _ 10/ The shelf is too high for her to reach - _ EXERCISE B1 : Combine into a sentence using " so that": 1/ The boys stood on the beach They wanted to get a better view - _ 2/ We lowered the volume of the radio We didn't want to bother our neighbours (32) - _ 3/ I will write to you I want you to know my decision soon - _ 4/ These men were whispering They didn't want anyboby to hear their conversation - _ 5/ The lecturer spoke loudly He wanted eveyone to hear him clearly - _ 6/ John gets up early He doesn't want to be late for class - _ 7/ Mary hid the novel under the pillow She didn't want her father to see it - _ 8/ They did their jobs well They hoped the boss would increase their salary - _ 9/ You should walk slowly Your sister can follow you - _ 10/ He hurried to the station He didn't want to miss the train - _ Exercise B2 : Rewrite the following sentences using infinitive phrase / clause: 1) People use money They want to buy things they need (in order to) 2) Banks are developed They want to keep people’s money safe (in order to) 3) Mr Brown is going to the bank They want to borrow some money (so that ) 4) Alice borrowed an eraser She wanted to erase a mistake in his composition (so that ) 5) I need to buy some laundry detergent I want to wash my clothes (in order to) 6) I moved to the front of the room I wanted to see better (so that ) 7) I came to this school I wanted to learn English (in order to) 8) He gave her the key for her He wanted to open the door (so that ) (33) 9) Mary took her brother to school She wanted him to learn English (so that ) 10) Please arrive early They want us to start the meeting on time (so that ) 11) He wrote to David of his interest in science He wanted to ask for work (so that ) 12) Kathy built a high wall round her garden She didn’t want the fruits to be stolen (so that ) 13) Tom was playing very softly He didn’t want to disturb anyone (in order to) 14) They rushed into the burning house They wanted to save the child (in order to) 15) Lan often attends English Speaking Club She wants to practice speaking English (so that ) 16) He stood on the chair He wanted to see better (in order to) 17) Please shut the gate for the cows I not want them to get out of the cowshed (so that ) 18) The boy tiptoed into the room He did not want to wake every body up (so that ) (34) EXERCISE C : Rewrite the sentences using " It takes / took": 1/ I go to school by bicycle in ten minutes - It takes me ten minutes to go to school by bicycle 2/ He did that exercise in an hour _ 3/ I need fifteen minutes to get to the post office _ 4/ He spent the whole morning writing the composition _ 5/ We needed two days to paint the house _ 6/ He will need three hours to this work _ 7/ He spends one hour reading newspapers _ 8/ They finished their work in three days _ 9/ Jane will need a lot of time to complete this report _ 10/ We spent a day cleaning the house _ EXERCISE D : Rewrite the sentences using the causative form : 1/ The Smiths are going to build a new house - The Smiths are going to have a new house built 2/ Please tell someone to take my luggage to the station _ 3/ We must find someone to add an extra room to the house (35) _ 4/ Order the porter to carry these boxes up to my room _ 5/ She has just asked the dressmaker to make a new dress for her daughter _ 6/ I paid a man to sharpen these knives and scissors yesterday _ 7/ My mother is going to pay a doctor to test her eyesight _ 8/ Did you order the boys to plant some trees in the garden? _ 9/ Bob doesn't pay anyone to cook his meals He cooks them hinself _ 10/ He will ask someone to mend his shoes _ (36) MỆNH ĐỀ SAU WISH CLAUSES AFTER WISH Động từ WISH thường dùng để diễn tả lời ao ước không thể nào xảy quá khứ, tương lai A Present wish : S1 + wish + (that) + S2 + past simple * ý nghĩa : Diễn tả lời ao ước trái với - I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework (= I don't have enough time) - They wish they didn't have to go to class today (= They have to go to class) - He wishes he was rich (= He is not rich.) B Past wish : S1 + wish + (that) + S2 + past perfect *ý nghĩa : Diễn tả lời ao ước trái với quá khứ - I wish that I had gone to the cinema last night (= I didn't go to the cinema.) - She wishes she had been here yesterday (= She wasn't here yesterday.) C Future wish : S1 + wish + (that) + S2 + could / would + verb * ý nghĩa : Diễn tả lời ao ước không thể nào xảy tương lai - We wish you could come to the party tonight (= You can't come.) - Mary wishes that she would come with us (= She won't come with us.) (37) EXERCISE I : Supply the correct tense of the verbs : 1/ I wish I (be) _ here yesterday You all seem to have had such a good time 2/ Tom wasn't able to come to the party.I wish he (come) _ to my party 3/ He wishes he (not tell) _ her the whole story yesterday 4/ I wish tomorrow (be) _ a holiday 5/ I wish I (learn) _ to play a musical instrument when I was young 6/ It's cold and I hate the cold weather I wish it (not be) _ so cold 7/ I wish he (be) _ with us now 8/ He didn't know anything He wishes I (let) _ him know earlier 9/ I didn't understand I wish he (speak) _ more slowly 10/ I'm sorry I can't help you I wish I (help) _ you EXERCISE II : Rewrite the following sentences : 1/ He wants to make a great fortune - He wishes _ 2/ She won't visit me again - I wish 3/ It was silly of me not to buy that dress - I wish 4/ I'm sorry I told him about it - I wish 5/ John didn't take your advice - He wishes 6/ She isn't a millionairess - She wishes 7/ I regret going to the party last night It was very boring - I wish 8/ He can't swim - He wishes 9/ You're making a lot of noise - I wish 10/ The washing machine broke down and I didn't know how to repair it - I wish EXERCISE III : Rewrite the following sentences using WISH : 1/ He's sorry that he isn't strong enough - 2/ She was disappointed that the thief had stolen the picture - 3/ I'm sorry that I don't live near my factory - 4/ They're sorry they didn't book their seats (38) - 5/ It's pity he didn't work hard - 6/ I'd like Tom to drive more slowly - 7/ I'm sorry I don't know his address - 8/ He spent much money on his expensive holidays and he regretted it - 9/ She is bored with doing the same things day after day - 10/ Tom didn't see the game last night He was vey sorry - MOÄT VAØI CAÁU TRUÙC THOÂNG DUÏNG (SOME COMMON ENGLISH STRUCTURES) A/ USED TO + Infinitive _ (đã từng) thói quen quá khứ - My father used to smoke a lot; but now he doesn't any more - When I was a little boy, I used to swim in the river B/ BE USED TO + V-ing / Noun _ (quen với) tương với Be accustomed to - My mother is used to getting up early - I have been used to the hot weather here C/ IT + Takes / Took + SOMEONE + TIME + TO + Inf _ (ai đó bao lâu để laøm vieäc gì) - It took me five minutes to walk to the post office - It takes us two hours to fly from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City D/ HAVE + Object + Past Participle _ (nhờ làm ) là hình thức sai khiến (causative form) - Mary is going to have her hair done - He had his car washed yesterday E/ IT + BE + Adj + (for someone) + TO + Inf - It is difficult for us to master a foreign language - It is dangerous to drive too fast F/ Cũng vậy: so, too S + be … -> So + be + S S + be, too S + modal (can, could…) -> So + modal + S S + modal (can, could…), too S + V (thường) -> So + do/does/did + Shoặc S + do/does/did, too G/ Cũng không: not … either, neither S + be + not … -> Neither + be + S S + be + not, either (39) S + can/could… + not -> Neither + modal + S S + can/could… + not, either S + do/does/did + not + V -> Neither + do/does/did + S S + do/does/did + not, either H/ : AS + Adj / Adv + AS • (cuõng nhö) so saùnh baèng (comparison of equality) - My book is as interesting as yours (Quyeån saùch cuûa toâi cuõng hay nhö quyeån saùch cuûa baïn.) - He is not as (so) tall as his father (Noù khoâng cao baèng ba noù.) - His car runs as fast as a race car (Xe hôi cuûa noù chaïy nhanh nhö xe ñua.) Nhöng : - My house is the same height as his (= My house is as high as his.) short Adj-ER + THAN _ (hôn) ñaây laø daïng so saùnh hôn (comparative) cuûa tính ngắn Tính từ ngắn là tính từ có vần nhö : hot, cold, sad và tính từ có hai vần tận cùng baèng -ow, -et, -y, er, -le nhö: narrow, quiet, happy, clever, gentle - Today is hotter than yesterday (Hoâm noùng hôn hoâm qua.) - This street is narrower than that one MORE + long Adj + THAN _ (hôn) ñaây laø daïng so saùnh hôn cuûa tính từ dài, thường có từ hai vần trở lên : careful, beautiful, dangerous - This chair is more comfortable than that one - She is more careful than him Ta có thể dùng far, much, a little, a bittrước so sánh - A water melon is much sweeter than a lemon - His watch is far more expensive than mine the short Adj-EST _ (nhất) là dạng so sánh cực cấp (superlative) tính từ ngaén - He is the oldest in his class (Nó là người lớn tuổi lớp) -Tom is the happiest man on earth (Tom là người hạnh phúc trên đời) the MOST + long Adj _ (nhất) là dạng so sánh cực cấp tính từ daøi (40) - His car is the most expensive - Air pollution is one of the most serious problems in the city Một số tính từ có hình thứ so sánh riêng : Good better best Bad worse worst Little less least Many/ much more most Far farther/further farthest/ furthest MORE + Adv + THAN _ ( hơn) là dạng so sánh trạng từ, trừ caùc trạng từ có vần :hard, fast, early, late - He speaks English more fluently than she does - She drives more carefully than he does - He works harder than I the MOST + Adv _ (nhất) là dạng so sánh cưc cấp trạng từ - Among his friends, he drives the most carefully - His car runs fastest Nhöng so saùnh cuûa : well better best badly worse worst The MORE, the MORE _ (caøng caøng) laø daïng so saùnh keùp (double Comparative) - The more you study, the smarter you will become - The sooner you take medicine, the better you will feel - The earth is getting hotter and hotter a I/ Liên từ: but, so, therefore, however, not only … but also, both … and, (n)either … (n)or Lưu ý: Đối với đề thi tốt nghiệp, dùng but, so, therefore, however cần lưu ý - Nghĩa - Dấu câu: + Trước but và so có dấu phẩy (,): S + V …, so/but + S + V … + Trước therefore và however có dấu chấm (.) chấm phẩy (;) và sau therefore và however có dấu phẩy (,): S + V … Therefore/However, S + V … S + V … ; therefore/however, S + V … Đề thi tốt nghiệp yêu cầu học sinh hiểu nghĩa câu (thường là vế nguyên nhân – kết vế ngược nhau) và nhận dạng (cho trước not only, both, either, neither tìm từ còn lại và ngược lại) để xác định đúng đáp án (41) EXERCISE E : Rewrite the sentences using " It + be + adj + to inf": 1/ Learning English is not easy - It is not easy to learn English 2/ Knowing a foreign language is necessary _ 3/ Swimming in the river is dangerous _ 4/ Doing that exercise is not hard for us _ 5/ Seeing you again is very nice _ 6/ Practising morning exercise is good _ 7/ Finding out the answer to that question is not easy _ 8/ Telling her the news now is unwise _ 9/ Working in that room was pleasant _ 10/ Thinking of what will happen is horrible _ EXERCISE J.1 : Use the proper form of adjectives (or adverbs) in parenthese Mary is (pretty) _ as her sister A new house is (expensive) _than an old one His job is (important) _than mine Of the four ties, I like the red one (well) _ Nobody is (happy) _ than Miss Snow Today English is the (international) _ of languages John is much (strong) _ than I thought Benches are (comfortable) _ than arm - chairs (42) Bill is (good) _ than you thought 10 Mr Bush is the (delightful) _ person I have ever known 11 Disk is the (careful) _ of the two workers 12 Sam's conduct is (bad) _ than Paul's 13 Thanks to the progress of science, human life is (good) _ and (good) _ 14 Bill is (lazy) _ and (lazy) _ 15 The teacher speaks English (fluently) _ than we 16 These boys are (ill - prepared) _ for employment than my children 17 The competition makes the price of goods (cheap) _ and (cheap) _ 18 Charles is (hard working) _ than Tom 19 Is this book (interesting) _ than the one you read last week ? 20 Of the two boys, Harry is the (ill - bred) _ EXERCISE J.2 : Complete the sentences using the structure " er and er"or " more and more" It's become to find a job (hard) That hole your pullover is getting (big) As I waited for my interview, I became (nervous) As the day went on, the weather got (bad) As the conversation went on, he became (talkative) EXERCISE J.3 : Complete the sentences with t"han"or " as" I can't reach as high as you You're taller He doesn't know much I know more We were very surprised Nobody was more She's not a very good player I'm a better They've been very lucky I wish we were ……………………………………………………………………… (43)