GIAO AN CHUYEN DE

Past Participle Phrase: V-ED phrases replace relative clauses Có thể dùng một ngữ tính từ V-ED để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể bị động?. The man wh[r]

PHẦN I - PRONUNCIATION CHART – BẢNG PHIÊN ÂM QUỐC TẾ Sounds Letters Words Vowel sounds (nguyên âm) /I/ i sit e pretty a village y happy /i:/ ea lead ee meet /e/ e send ea head a many / æ/ a land /o/ o pot a wash /o:/ or fork aw saw / / a cash u shut o some ou tough /a:/ ar card ear heart /u/ u pull ou could oo good /u:/ u pollution oe shoe oo moon ui fruit / ә/ er reader or actor / з:/ er prefer ir shirt ur hurt or word ear heard Diphthongs (chùm nguyên âm) / ei/ a case ei eight maid ay say / ai/ i kite y sky / oi/ oi soil oy employ / au/ ou mouse ow now / әu/ o cold ow slow ew sew / iә/ ear hear ere here / eә/ ere there Notes Sounds Letters Words Notes / t∫/ ch choice / k/ k kitchen c concert ch chemist q conquest / h/ h hike wh whoop Voiced consonants (phụ âm hữu thanh) / b/ b boy / v/ v visit f of // th them / d/ d done ed lived / z/ z zebra s visit s vision / Ʒ/ /dƷ/ g germ / g/ g gift /l/ l little /m/ m monk /n/ n name / ŋ/ n think ng sing /r/ r rural /w/ w with wh when /j/ j jam y young u music /ф/ h honest k knight b comb p pneumo Clusters of consonants (chùm phụ âm) /s+/ /sp/ spray /st/ start /sk/ school /sf/ sphere /sm/ small /sn/ snow /sw/ sweet /sj/ super /p+/ /pl/ plump /pr/ proud /pj/ pure /t+/ /tr/ train /tw/ twice /tj/ tube /k+/ /kl/ class /kr/ cream /kw/ quite are air our ire yre yer ower ower our ayer eyer oyer fare hair / uә/ tour /aiә/ tire tyre buyer / әuә/ slower / auә/ shower flour / eiә/ prayer greyer / oiә/ employe r oyal loyal Voiceless consonants (phụ âm vô thanh) / p/ p pen / f/ f five ph physics gh laugh // th throw / t/ t teach ed looked / s/ s site c centre /∫/ sh sheep ch machine s sugar Chú ý: - /b+/ /g+/ /d+/ /f+/ /+/ Các kết hợp khác /kj/ /bl/ /br/ /bj/ /gl/ /gr/ /dr/ /dw/ /dj/ /fl/ /fr/ /fj/ cure blow bring burial glass grow dream dwell duty flow fry furious /r/ /w/ /vj/ /mj/ /∫r/ /nj/ /spr/ /spl/ /skr/ /str/ /skj/ /stj/ /spj/ /skw/ throw thwart view mute shrimp nude spread splash scream stream scuba student spume square Các biểu tượng cấu âm các từ điển khác có khác biệt nhỏ Âm biến đổi phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh và chức từ vựng, chức biểu cảm âm Hiện tượng các từ khác phát âm giống gọi là đồng âm khác nghĩa “homonym” PRACTICE EXERCISE – BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group A candy B sandy C many D handy A earning B learning C searching D clearing A pays B stays C says D plays A given B risen C ridden D whiten A cough B tough C rough D enough A accident B jazz C stamp D watch A this B thick C maths D thin A gas B gain C germ D good A bought B naught C plough D thought 10 A spear B gear C fear D pear 11 A forks B tables C beds D windows 12 A handed B booked C translated D visited 13 A car B coach C century D cooperate 14 A within B without C clothing D strengthen 15 A has B bag C dad D made 16 A drunkard B postcard C remark D discard 17 A kites B catches C oranges D buzzes 18 A student B stupid C study D studio 19 A wealth B cloth C with D marathon 20 A brilliant B trip C tripe D tip 21 A flouride B hidden C arid D lid 22 A surgeon B agent C engine D regard 23 A feather B leather C feature D measure 24 A geology B psychology C classify D photography 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 A idiom A children A both A helped A name A blood A deaf A comb A thick A flour A dictation A dew A asked A smells A chooses A decided A head A blood A height A through A fought A moon A any A height A book A pan A table A host A there A dear A work A name A page A count A noon A how A harm A brought A call A measure A alone A timid A trousers A whisper A cleaned A churched A church A push A lamb A winding A machine A stay A find A wanted A booked A wants A rakes A briefcases A theme A hot B ideal B child B myth B booked B natural B food B of B plumb B though B hour B repetition B knew B helped B cuts B pauses B hatred B break B tool B fine B them B country B pool B apple B like B blood B woman B lady B most B chair B beard B coat B flame B game B sound B tool B town B wash B ought B curtain B decision B home B tidy B route B waste B played B chimney B choir B pull B comb B windy B washing B pay B style B provided B canned B says B boats B oranges B there B got C item C mild C with C hoped C native C moon C leaf C climb C thank C pour C station C sew C kissed C opens C rises C sacred C bread C moon C tidy C threaten C bought C door C hat C buy C look C sad C labor C cost C clear C beer C go C man C go C found C blood C power C call C thought C cell C pleasure C go C timer C shout C husband C snowed C check C choice C rush C lumber C finish C brush C cake C tonight C painted C begged C looks C pens C judges C thin C mode D identical D wild D sixth D waited D nation D pool D wife D disturb D think D sour D question D few D played D plays D horses D warned D breath D spool D cliff D thunder D ought D cool D cat D hair D foot D man D captain D post D hair D heard D know D fame D gift D shouted D spoon D slow D talk D though D contain D permission D foul D kite D amount D inspiration D brushed D cholera D chess D butcher D debt D spin D chin D quay D mid-term D opened D bottomed D laughs D traps D rules D thank D shot 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 A that A fat A name A bear A last A page A find A bush A clothes A wrong A food A why A cure A corn A brother A here B make B hate B fame B clear B fast B game B bite B push B gone B watch B look B myth B tube B cup B breathing B mere C take C had C man C fear C taste C go C since C pull C drove C shop C took C type C amuse C can C either C there D cake D mad D frame D hear D task D gift D drive D brush D ghost D love D good D psychology D pull D cede D death D atmosphere PHẦN II – STRESS – TRỌNG ÂM RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM Definitions: I Phoneme: The smallest part of sound (vowel and consonant sounds) Âm tố - là thành phần nhỏ âm (gồm nguyên âm và phụ âm) Syllable: The sound made when one or clusters of phoneme are articulated Âm tiết – là tiếng phát nhiều âm tố phát âm Stress: The degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced Độ lớn hay thống trị âm âm tiết chùm âm từ (có từ hai âm tiết trở lên) đọc, nói hay phát âm II Rules to mark stress: Di-syllable words: a Usually on the second syllable if it is a verb whose second syllable doesn’t contain the vowel sounds of /ә/, /I/, and /әu/, on the first syllable of the other words (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ động từ - trừ các âm tiết thứ chứa nguyên âm /ә/, /I/, /әu/, rơi vào âm tiết thứ các từ loại còn lại) As: mother, ready, color, palace, student, teacher, tonight, afraid, people, money, enjoy, paper, begin, provide, summer, abroad, noisy, success, enter,… b Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes(đối với từ có mang tiền tố, hậu tố, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết gốc) As: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, begin, failure, threaten, daily, treatment, ruler, unknown, builder, lately, quickly,… c Be careful with words with different word-class (đối với từ mà thân có nhiều chức từ vựng ta áp dụng qui tắc a) As Verb Other words Verb Other words Verb Other words rebel rebel record Record conflict conflict progress progress export Export permit permit suspect suspect conduct conduct 10 11 12 13 14 PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group A paper B tonight C lecture D story A money B army C afraid D people A enjoy B daughter C provide D decide A begin B pastime C finish D summer A abroad B noisy C hundred D quiet A passion B aspect C medium D success A exist B evolve C enjoy D enter A doctor B modern C corner D Chinese A complain B machine C music D instead A writer B baker C builder D career A provide B adopt C happen D inspire A result B region C river D robot A constant B basic C irate D obvious A become B carry C appoint D invent a b c 15 A engine B battle C career D rabies 16 A attract B destroy C level D occur 17 A spaceship B planet C solar D surround 18 A brilliant B daily C extreme D protein 19 A appoint B gather C threaten D vanish 20 A button B canal C failure D monster Words with more than two syllable: Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thư ba kể từ âm tiết cuối): As family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory, recognize, demonstrate, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility… Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ic”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “ion”(đối với các từ có tận cùng đã liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết liền trước các tận cùng này – thứ kể từ âm tiết cuối) As: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous, delicious, familiar,… (Except for: Television) Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “oo”, “esque” (đối với các từ có tận cùng liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào chính các âm tiết chứa các tận cùng này) As: Portuguese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequate, picturesque, cigarette,… PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH 3 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notes: - Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group A interesting B surprising C amusing D successful A understand B engineer C benefit D Vietnamese A aP.Plicant B uniform C yesterday D employment A dangerous B parachute C popular D magazine A beautifully B intelligent C redundancy D discovery A comfortable B employment C important D surprising A variety B irrational C industrial D characterize A colorful B equality C dictionary D vegetable A elegant B regional C musical D important A difference B suburban C internet D character A beautiful B effective C favorite D popular A attraction B government C borrowing D visit A difficulty B individual C population D unemployment A biology B redundancy C interviewer D comparative A conversation B isolation C traditional D situation A capital B tradition C different D opera A inventor B physicist C president D gardener A biology B interviewer C redundancy D America A encourage B consider C constitute D inhabit A industry B holiday C adventure D certainty Trên thực tế không có qui tắc bất biến cho việc xác định vị trí trọng âm từ - Việc xác định trọng âm cần thực cùng cách phát âm, dựa nhiều vào kinh nghiệm - Những bài tập cung cấp là bài tập có tần suất sử dụng lớn để soạn đề thi PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the word whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group: 10 11 12 13 14 15 A continue A altogether A professor A mathematics A evolution A another A evaporate A gravity A abandon A activity A disease A remedy A pneumonia A persuade A expression B disaP.Pear B capacity B digestion B biology B development B energy B temperature B professor B discover B epidemic B humor B exercise B activity B reduce B successful C imagine C eventually C mechanic C experiment C discovery C centigrade C impossible C pyramid C imagine C philosopher C cancer C pollution C psychiatrist C offer C physical D inhabit D particular D engine D philosophy D philosopher D gravity D experiment D remedy D satisfy D significance D treatment D surgery D ordinary D apply D prevention 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 A farmer A cattle A money A borrow A government A paper A interesting A element A damage A biology A ancient A person A eternal A ruler A revolution A sentence A bacteria A attack A pyramid A accompany A provide A cinema A design A exercise A excellent A beautiful A theatre A amuse A especially A policeman A advice A prepare A famous A vacation A theatre A picture A museum A performance A yesterday A memory A sorry A interest A policeman A vegetable A homework A uncle A every A produce A vegetable A coffee A eleven A preparation A leather A mirror A discovery A descendant A resounding A difference A devilish A arithmetic B farewell B country B machine B agree B condition B police B important B enormous B destroy B intelligent B attack B purpose B enormous B river B responsible B suggest B dangerous B defeat B pharaoh B responsibility B improve B telephone B garage B example B exactly B elephant B unknown B imagine B beautifully B performer B beauty B practice B curious B colleague B career B business B cinema B unknown B tonight B article B tractor B remember B semester B interesting B lesson B machine B evening B money B university B farmer B elephant B decoration B paper B invent B calculator B environment B recompense B deficit B transparent B aristocrat C factory C canal C many C await C parliament C people C increasing C animal C demand C environment C alive C possess C enemy C retire C renovation C species C government C believe C animal C environment C contain C department C market C holiday C dangerous C already C absence C interest C quickly C engineer C picture C prevent C anxious C pupil C cinema C stranger C hospital C visit C today C newspaper C police C assemble C exercise C volleyball C detect C rubber C potato C improve C Wednesday C paper C energy C television C iron C wallet C aero-plane C ornamental C reconcile C reference C glorify C artificial D fairy D cover D mother D prepare D fortunate D purpose D implying D elephant D deny D infrastructure D across D pirate D Egyptian D rapid D regulation D system D interesting D happen D possession D parliament D borrow D restaurant D village D stadium D wonderful D usually D dinner D surprise D lately D assistant D postcard D provide D delicious D teacher D gallery D return D concert D confirm D tomorrow D edition D fireman D resemble D attendance D detective D tennis D butter D factory D because D television D deliver D envelope D exhibition D ceramics D engine D difficulty D delivery D recognize D deficiency D luxury D argument 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 A honorable A militarism A suP.Port A apology A oblivious A librarian A architect A utterance A ferocious A occurrence PHẦN III B intimacy B infected B colleague B apparent B ferocious B respectable B pioneer B attendance B adventure B particular C participate C eventual C bilingual C adverbial C scandalous C terrific C military C performance C Orient C spectator D interviewer D community D evaluate D advocate D victorious D terrorist D principal D reluctance D achievement D preference - PARTS OF SPEECH – BỘ PHẬN NGÔN NGỮ (TỪ VỰNG) I NOUNS (N): DANH TỪ Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements… (dùng để gọi tên vật, tượng) Functions: (chức năng) Subject (S)(chủ ngữ): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school) Object (O)(tân ngữ): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party) Complement (C)(bổ ngữ): Make the complementation (She was a famous singer) Compounds (Co)(danh từ ghép): summer holiday, birthday cakes,… Possessive cases (Pc)(dạng sở hữu cách): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,… Noun phrases (Np)(cụm danh từ kết hợp tự do): Free words combination or compounds Plural forms: dạng thức biến đổi số nhiều 3.1 Adding “s” to almost count-nouns: thêm ‘s’ vào sau hầu hết các danh từ, đọc /s/ và /z/ a table a student tables a dog dogs an apple apples student an orange orange an umbrella umbrella s s s a house houses a cat cats an egg eggs 3.2 Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/ or /z/ sound: thê m ‘es’ a bus buses a potato potatoes a class classes a dish dishes a box boxes a wish wishes a watch watches a tomato tomatoe a torch torches s 3.3 Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants: them ‘ies’ singular plural Singular plural a lorry lorries a lady ladies a story stories a baby babies 3.4 Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”: đổi ‘f’, ‘fe’ thành ‘ves’ singular plural Singular plural a wife wives a leaf leaves a knife knives a loaf loaves 3.5 Irregular changes: dạng biến đổi bất qui tắc singular plural singular plural Singular plural a man men a louse lice a woman women a child children a medium medi an ox oxen a a tooth teeth a mouse mice a goose geese 3.6 Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(singular or plural form, either singular or plural verb) danh từ tổ hợp, có thể coi là số ít số nhiều, dùng động từ dạng số ít nhiều 3.7 Always plural form-nouns: luôn tồn hình thức số nhiều clothes police breeches Pants pyjamas trousers scissors pliers (kìm) binoculars glasses scales shears (kéo cắt cỏ) arms damages earnings goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort) spirits surroundings stairs valuables athletics ethics mathematics physics politics 3.8 Unchanged the names of creatures: deer, sheep, calf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs) hình thức số ít, nhiều không đổi 3.9 Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls – hình thức số nhiều sử dụng số ít Uncountable nouns: Danh từ không đếm 4.1 Substances: vật chất bread dust beer gin cloth glass coffee gold cream soap Ice Stone sand water wood jam wine oil paper tea 4.2 Abstract nouns: danh từ không đếm advice fear 4.3 beauty help courage hope death horror experience knowledge information mercy suspicion pity Others: số danh từ khác baggage camping damage Furniture luggage parking shopping work Weather 4.4 Notes: Particular sense of uncountable nouns: số danh từ không đếm lại có mạo từ 4.4.1 a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family) 4.4.2 a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study) 4.4.3 a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of history) 4.4.4 a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a great love for funny stories) 4.4.5 a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come) 4.4.6 a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion / suspicions that no one will agree to help Compound nouns: danh từ ghép 5.1 Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; hall-door; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes; 5.2 Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf5.3 Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving license;… 5.4 Free combination: kết hợp tự - shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;… - city street; corner shop; country lane; … - summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; … - steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…/ - coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;… - fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …/ - football match; beauty contest; pop music;… Suffixes: các hậu tố dùng để tạo danh từ 6.1 er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/…: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, aP.Plicant, employee,… 6.2 ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/…: government, difference, action, capitalism, assistance, marriage,… 6.3 hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/…: neighborhood, freedom, friendship, sadness, variety, 6.4 ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/…: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behavior, difficulty,… II VERBS (V) Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences Classification: phân loại động từ 2.1 Auxiliary verbs: động từ trợ 2.1.1 Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs) 2.1.2 Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/(These are sometimes functional verbs) 2.2 Lexical verbs: động từ mang nghĩa 2.2.1 Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish) 2.2.2 Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They are helpful) 2.2.3 Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without any complementation e.g She cried (noisily) It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cats and dogs) 2.2.4 Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation a Mono-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O) e.g She bought flowers Ann met her fiance’ yesterday b Di-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects (S+V+O+O) e.g She bought me some sweets (= She bought some sweets for me) They gave me a big cake (=They gave a big cake to me) c Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co” e.g He made me angry d Affixations: phụ tố để tạo động từ 3.1 en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to ) e.g danger…….to endanger wide…… to widen rich……… to enrich courage……to encourage length……to lengthen broad …… to broaden 3.2 ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify) e.g modern……to modernize industrial….to industrialize minimum….to minimize maximum….to maximize capital…… to capitalize natural…… to naturalize relief Sentence models: 4.1 S + V-intrans 4.2 S + V-monotrans + O 4.3 S + V-in/ extensive + Cs 4.4 S + V-intrans + A 4.5 S + V-ditrans + O + O 4.6 S + V-complex trans + O + C 4.7 S + V-intrans + A + A They laugh/ The wind is blowing He did his homework/ Harley carried an umbrella He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted He went abroad/ She arrives late She buys me presents/ That brings my father success The story made me bored/ You drive me mad She went to school early/ He came to the park in the early morning III ADJECTIVES (ADJ) Kinds (Classification): phân loại 1.1 Main kinds: phân loại chính a Demonstrative: this, that, those, these b Distributive: each, every, either, neither c Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers d Interrogative: which, what, whose e Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their f Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,… 1.2 Participles: phân từ a present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for objects) b past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings) c Notes: Present participles are different from gerund e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing Functions (Position): chức hay vị trí 2.1 Noun-subordinator: (bổ nghĩa cho danh từ) a new book, a kind lady, a large room,… 2.2 Verb-complementation: (bổ nghĩa cho động từ) Follow the certain verbs as be, become, seem aP.Pear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (aP.Pear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,… But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb: Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm) - He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd) Comparison forms: cấp so sánh 3.1 Positive degree: so sánh as + adjs + as Eg: - She is as tall as my wife - Peter was as hard-working as I was (me) 3.2 Comparative degree: so sánh 3.2.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết adjs-ER + than Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na - She was better at English than we were (us) 3.2.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết more + adjs + than Eg: - She was more hard-working than us - We are more intelligent than him 3.3 Superlative degree: so sánh 3.3.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết the adjs-EST Eg: - Nam is the best in our class - She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met 3.3.2 Multisyllable- adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết the most + adjs Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group - She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known Notes: For adjectives ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases: Adjective Comparative Superlative Adjective Comparative Superlative clever cleverer the cleverest bad Worse the worst pretty prettier the prettiest far Farther/ further the farthest/ furthest happy haP.Pier the haP.Piest little Less the least silly sillier the silliest man / More the most much good better the best old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest 3.4 Parallel: so sánh song song và so sánh thăng tiến - “The… the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become - And: It’s getting darker and darker She has now more and more free time - Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go alone 3.5 Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill Tom and Bill are alike 3.6 Like/ as: He swims like a fish You look like a ghost Do as I told you 3.7 Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave) He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact) 3.8 The adjectives: The rich, the poor,… Clauses: các mệnh đề danh tính ngữ 4.1 That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam./ It’s better that someone should tell him 4.2 find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V: I found that it is impossible to start now./ She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay 4.3 It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives: a Character: brave, careless, cowardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish b Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,… 4.4 Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives: Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculous (lố bịch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,… - That’s the amazing idea to show - It was an unreasonable result to accept 4.5 It’s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),… 4.6 It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitives: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe,… 4.7 S + be + adjs + infinitives : - Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,… ( S + be + glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad/… + to say/ tell/ inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…) - Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing, 4.8 Special cases: các cấu trúc đặc biệt - Due: (time) >The race is due to start in minutes (sắp xảy ra) - Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.(vì, bởi) - Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident (bởi vì, bởi) - Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action (chắc là – suy đoán) - Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher (chắc là – suy đoán) - Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.(quyêt tâm) - Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave - Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone - Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes - Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news - Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone - Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone - Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come - Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we weren’t late - S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book - Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer - Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature - Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was conscious that she would be late Suffixes: 5.1 able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/…: talkable, visible, whitish, bored, amusing, careful, hopeless,… 5.2 y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/…: wealthy, manly, golden, Chinese, poisonous, logical, effective,… 5.3 ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/…: adequate, humanate, dependent, worldwide, domestic, communist,… 5.4 like/ style/ type/…: childlike, Roman-type, German-style,… 5.5 Nationality: a an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mexican, African,… b ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Sudanese, Lebanese,… c i: Pakistani, Iraqi, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,… d ian: Argentinean, Australian, Brazilian, Italian,… e ish: English, Polish, Turkish, Danish, Finnish,… f others: Czech, French, Dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,… IV ADVERBS (ADV) TRẠNG TỪ Kinds (Classification): phân loại 1.1 Adv of manner: bravely/ haP.Pily/ quickly/ well/ …( She sings marvelously/ He worked very hard) 1.2 Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ … (She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the police) 1.3 Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ today/ yet/…(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return soon) 1.4 Adv of frequency: always/ once/ twice/…(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the leader) 1.5 Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ ( He was certainly the liar/ Luckily, she passed the exam) 1.6 Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ …(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see anything) 1.7 Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/… (When did you go?/ Where is she now?) 1.8 Adv of relative: when/ where/ why (He came when we were watching T.V) Same form with adjectives: tính từ và trạng từ có chung hình thức back deep* direct* early Enough little straight far fast hard* high* Ill near* well just* kindly late* left wrong* most* right* long low Much* more* short* till pretty Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings Positions (Functions): vị trí hay chức 3.1 Adv of manner: trạng từ thể cách Follow verbs: eg: He danced gracefully Before pres or follow objects in “V + pre + O”: eg: He looked at me carefully He looked carefully at me Follow Subject: eg: He suspiciously tasted the soup At the beginning or end: eg: Carefully he checks the suitcase He checks the suitcase carefully 3.2 Adv of time: trạng từ thời gian At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ at once/ since then/ till/… eg: He will returns soon Today we will learn lesson two Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as conjunctions at the beginning) eg: He went to the church immediately Immediately, he went to the church Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still eg: He still lives in the suburb of the city Split: just eg: He has just left the house 3.3 Adv of place: 3.3.1 At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here /there/ eg: Nowhere could we find him English is spoken everywhere 3.3.2 Administration: here/ there eg: He lives here/ She hasn’t gone there 3.4 Adv of frequency: 3.4.1 always/ continually/ frequently/ often/ once/ twice/ periodically/ repeatedly/ sometimes/ usually eg: She usually walks to school 3.4.2 Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarcely ever/ seldom eg: Never will she eat this kind of food 3.5 Inversion cases: các trường hợp đảo ngữ hardly…ever hardly…when in no circumstances neither…nor never no sooner…than not only not till nowhere on no account only by only in this way only then/ when scarcely ever scarcely…when seldom/ so * Phó từ đảo lên đầu câu Trong tiếng Anh có trờng hợp phó từ không đứng vị trí bình thờng nó mà đảo lên đứng đầu câu nhằm nhấn mạnh vào hành động chủ ngữ Trong trờng hợp đó ngữ pháp có thay đổi, đằng sau phó từ đứng đầu câu là trợ động từ đến chủ ngữ và động tõ chÝnh (c«ng thøc sau) hardly/ rarely/ seldom/ never/ only… + auxiliary + subject + verb Eg Never have so many people been unemployed as today Phó từ trợ động từ chñ ng÷ động từ (so many people have never been unemployed as today.) Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-away lands Phã tõ tđt chủ ngữ động từ (He had hardly fallen asleep when he dream of far-away lands.) Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven Phã tõ trợ động từ chủ ngữ động từ (we have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven.) Seldom does the class let out early Phã tõ trợ động từ chñ ng÷ động từ Only by hard work will Phã tõ we be able to accomplish this great task trợ động từ chủ ngữ động từ (We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.) * Một số các phó từ đặc biệt đứng đầu câu IN/ UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES : Dï hoµn c¶nh nµo còng kh«ng Eg In / under no circumstances should you lend him the money (dï bÊt cø trêng hîp nµo anh còng kh«ng nªn cho nã vay tiÒn.) ON NO ACCOUNT: Dï bÊt cø lý nµo còng kh«ng Eg On no account must this switch be toughed (dù với lý nào anh không đợc động vào ổ cắm này) SO + ADJ + AUXILIARY + S + V + THAT mà Eg So difficult did she get a job that she had to stay home for an year (Cô kiếm đợc việc làm cách khó khăn cô đã phải ngồi nhà năm trời) So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers (Những ngời chủ tàu đã quá tin tởng mà họ trang bị xuồng cứu đắm cho 950 số 3,500 hành khách mà tàu có thể tải đợc - chích bài đọc tàu Titanic) ONLY IN THIS WAY : ChØ cã b»ng c¸ch nµy Eg Only in this way could you solve the problem (Chỉ có cách này thì cậu giải đợc vấn đề hóc búa này.) NAGATIVE, , NOR + AUXILIARY + S + V ( mµ còng ch¼ng/ mµ còng kh«ng ) Eg He didn’t have any money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow ( Nó chẳng còn đồng nào mà nó chẳng biết mà nó có thể hỏi vay.) PRACTICE EXERCISE – BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Choose one word or phrase marked A,B,C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence He is interested dancing A at B in C by D of My mother is fed with doing the housework everyday A up B of C on D in Children enjoy cartoons A watch B watching C watched D to watch I am afraid of alone in dark A being left B left C to be interested D interest English people are in playing football A interested B interesting C to be interested D to be interesting John hasn’t got a job He has to live on benefit A employ B employing C unemployment D employment She’s proud of her A successful B success C succeed D succeeded Anna can’t get the job because there are too many for it A engineers B interviewers C applicants D workers There are many ways to learn English vocabulary A different B differences C differ D differing 10 Nam stopped two years ago A smoking B smoke C to smoke D smoked 11 A storm has swept a hundred of houses away A strong B heavy C hard D long 12 My child would rather read books than anything else A doing B to C did D 13 My friend doesn't like asking her mother money A to B in C for D with 14 Mrs Lan up being on a diet because it was not effective A gives B giving C to give D gave 15 Anna has just graduated from university She wants to apply a suitable job A at B for C to D in 16 He is unemployment He gets some unemployment A salary B card C benefit D currency 17 A long walk makes every body A tired B tiring C to tire D tire 18 My teacher is a smoker He smokes 30 cigarettes a day A much B heavy C many D big 19 Her parents can't stand her at home all day A to see B see C seeing D seen 20 I am tired watching the same program every day A in B on C with D of 21 While she , the phone rang A was cooking B cooked C cooking D cook 22 My mother is used to a speaker A to be B being C have been D been 23 She doesn't have time to go shopping because she's too with her work A busy B bored C get up D tired 24 His roof was broken by a wind two weeks ago A hard B big C strong D much 25 He has learned English for years, and she is good English now A by B at C for D in 26 They have grown roses here 1990 A for B since C during D in 27 You'll miss the train you don't hurry up A if B When C since D unless 28 He is my brother But he looks younger than me A elder B older C old D young 29 It took me forty five minutes to to office everyday A getting B get C get 30 I don't mind living my own in a big city A with B by C at 31 If you hear the fire , leave the building quickly A alarm B caution C notice 32 She remembered the correct address only _she had posted the letter A since B afterwards C following 33 Children enjoy cartoon film A watch B watching C watched 34 I am afraid of alone in dark A being left B left C leaving 35 Over the past two years the _of living has risen considerably A charge B cost C rate 36 He told his father a long and _story to explain his lateness A inconceivable B incredulous C unimaginable 37 We need _information before we can decide A further B furthest C far 38 Women workers wear hats in _their hair gets caught in the machinery A course B case C occasion 39 There are many ways to learn English vocabulary A different B differences C differ 40 I don’t mind living my own in a big city A with B by C at 41 She was filling in the form A applicant B application C apply 42 It was to listen to the story A exciting B excited C excite 43 My brother and my sister have many A different B difference C differ 44 It was to see my old friends again A surprised B surprise C surprisingly 45 Mr Brown gave a long about unemployment in Australia A lectures B lecturing C lectured 46 We had a discussion about the news A bore B boring C bored 47 She hates her mother for money A ask B asking C asked 48 My sister is bored washing the dishes A up B on C at 49 She doesn’t like cartoon film A to watch B watch C watching 50 During the trip to Ha Long, we a lot of photos A took B got C made PHẦN IV D got D on D publicity D after D to watch D to leave D price D unconvincing D farther D event D differing D on D appliance D excitement D differences D surprising D lecture D boredom D to ask D with D watches D did - SENTENCE ELEMENTS I SUBJECT (S): Definition: Gender to be the action doer or described or mentioned (là chủ thể hành động hay đối tượng miêu tả) Classification: a Subject pronouns: (đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ) First Person Second Person Third Person Singular form I You He, She, It Plural form We You They Eg He went abroad to study medicine They were killed in an accident b Nouns, or noun phrases: eg Love is a stage of feeling and can’t be recognized by senses Gain and loss go together c Gerunds: eg Fishing is his favourite pastime Getting good marks is not always difficult d Clauses: eg What we really wish is to be at the cinema All she can say is that he is a liar II COMPLEMENTS (C): Definition: Element to be described or mentioned usually follows the verb to be or link verbs (là thành tố hoàn thành câu, thường theo sau “to be” các link verbs) Classification: a Nouns, or noun phrases: eg She is a kind hearted lady They became the new employees b Gerunds: eg Her hobby is singing c Verbs: eg My dream is to become a teacher d Clauses: eg A full apology is what the boss wants now./ A smile is all he could and what he should Notes: Có loại bổ ngữ; bổ ngữ chủ ngữ (Cs) – She was exhausted – và bổ ngữ tân ngữ (Co) – The long walk made us exhausted III OBJECTS (O): Definition: Gender to be described or mentioned usually follows ordinary verbs to show the direct or indirect goals that the verbs aim at (là thành tố hoàn thành câu, thường theo sau động từ thường hướng hay đối tượng động từ) Classification: a Object pronouns: (đại từ nhân xưng tân ngữ) First Person Second Person Third Person Singular form me you him, her, it Plural form us you them Eg We met him yesterday She made us a big cake b Nouns, or noun phrases: eg She gave me a blank look We sent endless letters to the manager c Gerunds: eg The man loved telling funny stories / She was interested in going shopping on Sundays d Verbs: eg Jack wished to become an astronaut Kelvin loves to the crosswords e Clauses: eg We know how we should solve the problem She asked why we didn’t arrive on time Notes: Có loại bổ ngữ; bổ ngữ chủ ngữ (Cs) – She was exhausted – và bổ ngữ tân ngữ (Co) – The long walk made us exhausted IV ADVERBIALS (A): Definition: Element to be used to denote the stages, manner, methods, or to indicate time, places, purposes, or others (được dùng để miêu tả trạng thái, cách thức, phương pháp, mức độ, hay dùng để thời gian, nơi chốn, mục đích,… hành động) Classification: a Adverbs: eg We often go to work by bus She danced marvelously b Adverbials: eg In the past, people used to live in a large family c Clauses: eg When we came, they were fighting./ Billy tried hard in order that he could pass the exam V VERBS (V): Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences Classification: phân loại động từ 2.1 Auxiliary verbs: động từ trợ 2.1.1 Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs) 2.1.2 Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/ (These are sometimes functional verbs) 2.2 Lexical verbs: động từ mang nghĩa 2.2.1 Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish) 2.2.2 Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They are helpful) 2.2.3 Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without any complementation e.g She cried (noisily) It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cats and dogs) 2.2.4 Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation e Mono-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O) e.g She bought flowers Ann met her fiance’ yesterday f Di-transitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects (S+V+O+O) e.g She bought me some sweets (= She bought some sweets for me) They gave me a big cake (=They gave a big cake to me) g Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co” e.g He made me angry The female film star drove him mad Affixations: phụ tố để tạo động từ 3.1 en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to ) e.g danger…….to endanger wide…… to widen rich……… to enrich courage……to encourage length……to lengthen broad …… to broaden 3.2 ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify) e.g modern……to modernize industrial….to industrialize minimum….to minimize maximum….to maximize Sentence models: 4.1 S + V-intrans 4.2 S + V-monotrans + O 4.3 S + V-in/ extensive + Cs 4.4 S + V-intrans + A 4.5 S + V-ditrans + O + O 4.6 S + V-complex trans + O + C 4.7 S + V-intrans + A + A/ others capital…… to capitalize natural…… to naturalize They laugh/ The wind is blowing He did his homework/ Harley carried an umbrella He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted He went abroad/ She arrives late She buys me presents/ That brings my father success The story made me bored/ You drive me mad She went to school early/ He came to the park in the early morning PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Choose one word or phrase marked A,B,C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence Whenever he has free time, he goes swimming Swimming is his pastime A favor B favorable C favored D favorite Children eating sweets A want B like C need D prefer Young people hate , they prefer making questions A ask B asking C be asked D being asked Your sister will be ill if she doesn’t stop so much A to worry B worry C worried D worrying The word “fishing” in “Fishing is his favorite pastime” is a(n A noun B pronoun C gerund D adjective He loves lies, that’s why we call him “a liar” A telling B saying C speaking D talking The word “stopped” in “He stopped smoking years ago” can be replaced by A took up B came up C picked up D gave up She’s thirsty She’d like a cold drink A have B having C to have D to having She never gets up late She’s used to up early A get B getting C gets D got 10 One of those from Japan A students are B student are C students is D student is 11 Among those, I like the red one A more B best C better D much 12 We’ve got very milk left A little B a little C few D a few 13 He has been in hospital last Tuesday A for B when C from D since 14 I don’t really like An, but this time I’d like him A to meet B meet C met D meeting 15 The science classes at this difficult A schools are B school are C school is D schools is 16 Be quiet! I to listen to some important information A was trying B am trying C try D tried 17 The teacher made us hard for the final examination A learn B learning C to learn D learnt 18 Neither Bill nor Norris going to the play tonight A was B were C are D is 19 He used on time But this time he is terribly late A arriving B arrive C to arrive D to arriving 20 He found to live on his unemployment benefit A it B its C it’s D it is 21 My hobby is watching the whole city from the A sky-lift B skywalk C skydiver D skydiving 22 Kangaroos are merely found in A Asia B America C Australia D Austria 23 Opera, Jazz and Pop are sorts of A music B musical C musician D musicology 24 There are many thieves in the town Remember the door before you go out A lock B locking C to lock D locked 25 Jane has to live on her unemployment benefit She is now A out of work B out of order C out of date D out of office 26 Mt Everest is highest peak of Himalayas A a/ the B the/ a C the/ nothing D the/ the 27 Nothing in your room since you were sent to the hospital A have been moved B has been moved C have moved D has moved 28 Water plays a vital in developing agriculture A part B importance C vision D character 29 The weather in the South of Vietnam seems than in the North A more pleasant/ it B more pleasant/ that C pleasant/ the weather D more pleasant/ those 30 It’s more to use gas instead of electricity to warm up the house A economy B economic C economical D economist 31 Ha Long is a place is good for sightseeing A it B which C what D its 32 It is his return made her happy A which B this C that D it 33 He is 59 years old He next year A is going to retire B retires C retired D has retired 34.A dictionary is a book explains words A what B it C its D which 35 British Isles by speakers of Celtic language two thousand years ago A inhabited B are inhabited C were inhabited D were inhabiting 36 He is from Tokyo He speaks A Japan B Tokyo C Japanese D Chinese 37 He wore dark glasses so that nobody could him A recognize B recognition C recognized D recognizable 38 Modern English is different old English A of B in C from D on 39 It is necessary to learn a foreign A tongue B story C country D language 40 He arrived in Singapore Monday evening A in B from C on D at 41 Unless we hurry, we’ll the bus A miss B remember C catch D get in 42 I wish I here longer, but it’s time for me to go home A stay B can stay C will stay D could stay 43 We are going to watch “The English language” program will be on at p.m A it B what C which D they 44 It’s the flood sweeps away the house A that B this C these D those 45 English by about 700 million people around the world A is been spoken B is going to spoken C is spoken D will spoken 46 Would you mind me your address? A telling B tell C to tell D told 47 I won’t write him after finishing this test A for B to C from D A or B 48 I like the work which is easy A doing B to C done D for 49 Chinese is the only language with more than English A speakers B persons C pupils D many adults 50 They are interested in practicing A France B Spain C English D Russia PHẦN V - TENSES – ÔN TẬP VỀ NGỮ PHÁP I The simple present tense: The form (+) S + V (-) S + don’t/ doesn’t + V (?) Do/ Does + S + V? The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly (She never comes late) - To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord street) - To denote a true fact (The earth moves around the Sun) The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/… - always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/ occasionally/ … - the proof of constant truth Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00) - The division of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,… II The present progressive tense: The form: (+) S + am/ are/ is + V-ING (-) S + am/ are/ is + not + V-ING (?) Am/ Are/ Is + S + V-ING? The usage: - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking (She is teaching Maths) - To denote the intention/ prediction/ plan/…(She is coming soon) The recognition: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/… - follow a command, request,… Notes: - The ING-forms ( getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…) - The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as: be/ see/ hear/ understand/ know/ like/ want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…( use the simple present instead ) III The present perfect tense: The form: (+) S + have/ has + P.P (P2) (-) S + haven’t/ hasn’t + P.P (P2) (?) Have/ Has + S + P.P (P2) The usage: - To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still happening at present (We have lived here since 1990) - To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using “just” (She has just come from New York) - To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet” (He hasn’t come yet) - To denote past actions; no certain time expression, using “already” (We have already seen that film) The recognition: - just = recently = lately - ever/ never (comments) - already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present) Notes: - Past participles: (regular verbs adding “ed”./ irregular verbs “learn by heart”) - The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense - The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will happen The tense is often related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/… →“S + have/ has + been + V-ING” IV The simple past tense: The form: (pV = the past form of verbs) (+) S + pV (-) S + didn’t + V (?) Did + S + V? The usage: - To denote a finished past action (We went to the park together) - To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past (She did all the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.) The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/… - yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/… Notes: - The past form of the verbs: ( regular “V-ED”/ irregular (2nd column in the irregular verbs list)) - “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/ V The past progressive tense: The form: (+) S + was/ were + V-ING (-) S + was/ were + not + V-ING (?) Was/ Were + S + V-ING? The usage: - To denote past happening actions (She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night) - To denote past interrupting actions (She was watching T.V when I came) The recognition: - at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/… - time clause with “when”, “while = as” Notes: - actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only (When I heard a knock at the door, I came to open it When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)- this is a timed action VI The past perfect tense: The form: (+) S + had + P.P (P2) (-) S + had not (hadn’t) + P.P (P2) (?) Had + S + P.P (P2)? VII The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense) e.g: She had sold all the baskets before 9.00 yesterday She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday The recognition: - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/… - The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING” The simple future tense: The form: (+) S + will/ shall + V (-) S + will/ shall + V (?) Will/ Shall + S + V? - “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses - The negative forms “will not = won’t”, “shall not = shan’t” The usage: - To denote future actions (They will build more hospitals) - To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start in-time) The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…/ - next week/ month/ year/ Notes: “ shan’t” is not used in conditional sentences./ “ shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/… VIII Various forms of the future tenses: The future progressive tense: 1.1 The form: (+) S + will be + V-ING (-) S + won’t be + V-ING (?) Will + S + be + V-ING? 1.2 The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at” e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight./ We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning - To show the future happening actions with “when” Eg She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow The future perfect tense: 2.1 The form: (+) S + will have + P.P (P2) (-) S + won’t have + P.P (P2) (?) Will + S + have + P.P? 2.2 The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then” e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then - To show a future schedule-finished action e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn Other forms: a The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan… e.g: A: When does he leave? B: He leaves tonight b The present progressive: To denote an intention e.g: A: When are you leaving? B: I am leaving this afternoon c The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday They are going to get married C THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES Main clause Simple present tense Simple past tense Present perfect tense Past perfect tense Main clause Present tenses Past tenses Future tenses - Subordinate clause simple present tense./ - present perfect tense present progressive tense./ - simple future tense “be going to V” form./ - simple past tense (certain point of past time) simple past tense./ - past progressive tense past perfect tense./ - “would + V” form “be going to + V” past form./ - simple present tense (showing the truth) Simple present tense Simple past tense D ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Adverbial clauses (of time) Present tenses When/ whenever/ as/ while/ before/ after/ as soon as/… Past tenses When/ while/ as/ till/ until/ just as/ since/… Present tenses No sooner than/ hardly…when/ as long as/… PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Choose one word or phrase marked A,B,C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence It’s the pronunciation that causes me a lot of A difficult B difficulty C difficully D difficulties If you place a bowl of water in the sun, it will A evaporate B evaporated C evaporator D evaporation 350 million people speak English as their first language A approximaty B approximately C approximation D approximate “Gone with the wind” was by Mrs Margaret Mitchell A written B read C designed World population will continue to rise if we not try it A to increase B lower C to reduce I did all the work my own A by B on C for Every Sunday my father spends three hours English A practice B to practice C practiced I have learned English for years, and I am good English now A in B for C by Hoa’s brother enjoys to ghost stories at night A telling and listening B tell and listen C listen 10 Mr Minh has known me he left Ha Noi national university A until B since C when 11 How is that hotel? A long B length C high 12 How much does this hat ? A pay B spend C fix 13 The exhibition place once a year A does B has C takes 14 Sundays, I often go fishing with my father A in B on C over 15 It is to drive without a driving license in Viet Nam A good B danger C dangerously 16 Would you like him ? A coming B to come C come 17 My mother can play a lot of instruments A music B musical C musician 18 The girl spoke with a accent A southern B southwards C south 19 What’s the of Viet Nam? A popular B populate C populous 20 The bus takes than the train A more long B the longest C longer 21 His father works much than he does A harder B hardly C hard 22 May I your book? A give B C lend 23 Ha Long is one of the most famous tourist in Viet Nam A attractions B attract C attracted 24 people are not always happy A wealth B wealthily C wealthy 25 My bike _ last week A were stolen B was stolen C are stolen 26 He says he’s been to restaurant in Viet Tri town A all B most C every 27 The ability to work well for long hours is his A length B width C height 28 It is the English pronunciation that a lot of difficulties to Vietnamese pupils A makes B causes C does 29 I had no difficulty to your English A listen B to listen C to listening 30 I her as soon as she entered the room A recognized B had recognized C could recognized 31 You should to your uncle fore being rude to him A forgive B apologize C excuse 32 The rocket went into round the moon A track B orbit C path D drawn D reducing D at D practicing D at D to tell D during D height D cost D makes D for D dangerous D came D musically D southbound D population D long D more hardly D borrow D attracting D wealthiest D is stolen D many D strength D gets D listening D did recognized D regret D circle 33 She took of the fine weather to a day’s work in her garden A chance B interest C advantage D charge 34 Long speeches are really A bore B boring C bored D to bored 35 You shouldn’t him all the time A teased B tease C teases D teasing 36 We won’t have to import electricity if the solar energy is used A large B widely C widen D width 37 Mark Twain is the name of Samuel Longhorn Clemens A pen B new C career D writer 38 His friend him a lot in his career Without their suP.Port, he would not have been successful A told B encourage C taught D complained 39 He often tells me something about his village he was born and grew up A which B who C where D that 40 This is the man who me English A teach B teaches C are teaching D were teaching 41 He in love with her picture even before he met her A falls B has fallen C fell D had fallen 42 Hanoi is the city in he was born A where B which C that D who 43 This house is an old one was built long time ago A which B where C who D whose 44 Mark Twain’s last book was written in 1909, one year before his A died B dead C death D dying 45 His wife had great influence his books A in B at C for D on 46 James Watt was the of the steam engine A writer B inventor C engineer D worker 47 I live in a house has four rooms A which B where C in which D it 48 we can find new sources of energy, our life will come to an end A unless B when C if D B or C 49 The two books provide us an excellent picture of his era A about B with C for D to 50 Shakespeare Hamlet in 1600 and 1601 A writes B has written C wrote D had written PHẦN VI I- - ASPECTS OF SPEECH EMPHASIS: Kinds (Classification): 1.1 Pronunciation: using stresses and intonation e.g Are you free? Really? 1.2 Written forms (transformation): e.g She could hardly understand ~Hardly could she understand Styles: 2.1 Verbs: do/ does/ did + bare infinitives e.g He visited us yesterday ~ He did visit us yesterday Hoa loves romantic films ~ Hoa does love romantic films 2.2 Adjectives: It is/was + adjs + to infinitives e.g + Knowing your limitation is important ~ It’s important to know… + He found that learning English was difficult ~ He found that it was 2.3 Reflexive pronouns: myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ … e.g She did it ~ She herself did it He thought that ~ He himself thought that 2.4 Emphasis case: It is/ was …that …(cleft sentences) e.g I hated him ~ It was him who I hated I need a replacement not others ~ It is a replacement, not others that I need 2.5 Inversion case: here/ restricted adverbs e.g He could never find out the truth ~ Never could he find out the truth We seldom eat snails ~ Seldom we eat snails II- QUANTITIERS: Single verbs agreements: 1.1 each/ every/ either/ neither + N(s)/ of N(s) + singular V e.g Each person has his own thought Neither of my children gets up late 1.2 each/ every + N(s)/ each/ every + N + singular V e.g Each day and each night passes without me missing her./ Each of the boys has his own books of photos 1.3 every/ some/ no + singular V(s) e.g Someone was sitting outside No-one knows him 1.4 plural forms but singular verbs: news/ physics/ economics/ politics/ linguistics/ genetics/ athletes/ mumps/ the United States/ the PhiliP.Pines/ Wales/… e.g The United States was shock by the bombing on September 11th The Philippines is a developing 1.5 uncountable nouns: furniture/ water/ traffic/ progress/ homework/ knowledge/… e.g Water is composed by Oxygen and Hydrogen At this time of day, traffic is very heavy 1.6 distance/ time/ money: e.g Five miles is a relatively far distance Fifty billion dongs is a big sum of money 1.7 titles of books/ articles/ stories: e.g “Tom and Jerry” is well-known all over the world “The seven dragon pearls” is a picture book 1.8 subjective clauses: e.g All that he needed was a full apology What I really like is an ice cream Plural verbs agreements: 2.1 combination “and”: e.g Tom and his friends were walking to school 2.2 “the + adj(s)” form: e.g The English are cool The rich are not always happy 2.3 collective nouns: e.g Cattle are driven to the field 2.4 some/ a few/ a lot of/ both/… e.g Some boys are resigned Various agreements: 3.1 Either or Neither + N1 nor + N2 + V Not only but also (but ….as well ) e.g Either Tom or his friends are coming Neither the Prime Minister nor his ministers have been injured 3.2 The number of + N(s) + singular V A number of + N(s) + plural V e.g The number of attendants is poor A number of visitors are killed 3.3 Pronoun1/ N1 + pre + pronoun2/ N2 + singular V e.g A pair of shoes is cheaper than a table Two pairs of shoes is much more expensive than a table 3.4 All/ some/ plenty / a lot singular N(s) + singular V Half/ most/ the rest/ lots + of + plural N(s) + plural V e.g A lot of money is lost All of them have been arrested III- GERUNDS: Formation: V-ING Functions: 2.1 Subject (S): Fishing is his hobby./ Getting into the city centre at this time of day isn’t easy 2.2 Complement (C): (of to be) Her passion is studying What we really want is escaping from this terrible place 2.3 Compound nouns: 2.3.1 Gerund-noun: fishing-rod cooking-apple driving license wrapping paper writing paper cooking oil 2.3.2 Non-gerund: fruit-picking sky-diving bush walking time- counting 2.4 Object (O): 2.4.1 Direct objects: Follow these certain verbs admit continue finish prefer avoid delay keep miss appreciate deny mention practice begin enjoy mind quit consider escape like report postpone recall hate resent resume suggest recollect risk 2.4.2 Verb preposition: approve of complain of end in hesitate about mean by return to think of look forward apologize for confess to give up insist on persist in result in take to believe in consist of get to keep on plan on safe from threaten with count on depend on forget about lead to put off succeed in worry about care for dream of go back to long for rely on think about object to love resist to… 2.4.3 Adjective preposition: absorbed in accustomed to afraid of amused at skilled in (at) annoy at ashamed of aware of (in)capable of surprised at careful in careless of certain about clever at wrong in… content with delighted at different from embarrassed at excited about far from fond of fortunate in frightened of furious at given to good at grateful for happy in (at) slow in interested in keen on nice about proud of thankful for responsible for right in scared at (of) set on angry with pleased at sure of sorry for successful in (at) careful about sick of worried about tired of (from) upset at (un)conscious of 2.4.4 Idiom phrases: (phrases of words that have literal meanings) - can’t bear; can’t face; can’t stand; can’t help; feel like… - It’s no use / It’s (not) worth…/… 2.4.5 Adjectives: amusing hopeless comfortable lovely difficult Nice easy off great strange Pleasant useless/ wonderful 2.4.6 Noun preposition: choice of excuse for possibility of intention of reason for method for… 2.4.7 Complement of objects: Follow these below verbs call catch feel discover find leave watch… hear get imagine keep notice send set 2.5 Subjunctive subject “it” or noun phrases; - Find/ found + it + V-ING: He found the film annoying - When/ on /while / as + V-ING: When opening the case, he found his lost notebook While checking the case, we found banned drugs IV- stop INFINITIVES: Classification: Full infinitive: With “to’ e.g He go to Paris to learn French Bare infinitive: Without “to’ e.g My parent didn’t let me what I really liked Perfect infinitive: Form “have past participles” e.g He was believed to have escaped from the prison Positions: 2.1 Follow the verbs below: agree arrange ask attempt begin mean need neglect care cease choose claim come plan prefer pretend continue decide deserve demand determine propose refuse start desire expect fail fear forget strive tend threaten hate help hesitate hope intend offer omit Swear learn like long love manage prepare promise Seem try want wish… 2.2 Follow the idiomatic phrases: make up one’s mind/ take care/ take the trouble/ make sure/… e.g They couldn’t make up their mind to go or not 2.3 Follow the adjectives below: (un)able afraid amused annoyed anxious ashamed astonished boring careful certain content crazy curious dangerous delighted determined difficult distressed due eager easy hard fortunate free frightened furious good glad grateful happy hopeless horrified impatient safe sure lucky moved pleased (un)willing 2.4 Follow WH-words: what/ who/ whom/ which/ when/ where/ how e.g She didn’t know what to next We didn’t decided where to go interested (im)possible sorry usual worthy slow useless wonderful keen proud sufficient thankful wrong scared surprised (un)wise 2.5 Follow nouns pronouns of the verbs below: advise believe consider allow cause enable forbid force ask challenge encourag e get assume command expect beg compel find hate observe order suspect trust permit Wish persuade Tempt guess know teach tell warn imagine instruct intend invite think understand urge lead like love mean want prefer 2.6 To be demonstration, purposes, results: enough / save money/… e.g The house, to be demolished, is very old She has nothing to eat We haven’t got enough to have one each They saved money to go abroad 2.7 To form absolute phrases: To tell the truth; To cut a long short story;… e.g To tell the truth, she was a real liar 2.8 To form exclamation: e.g To think she met with such a death! Oh! To be young again! V- SPECIAL CASES: * Những động từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn rise/ lie/ sit Đó là động từ bảng sau: Nội động từ rose/ lay/ sat risen/ lain/ sat rising/ lying/ sitting Các động từ này dễ gây nhầm lẫn mặt ngữ nghĩa, chính tả phát âm, cần phân biÖt chóng b»ng ng÷ c¶nh c¸c c©u cô thÓ Ngoại động từ raise/ lay/ set raised/ laid/ set raised/ laid/ set raising/ laying/ setting TO RISE - từ dâng lên (động từ này không cần tân ngữ) Eg The sun rises early in the summer./ When the bell rings, the students rise from their seats When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top./ Jim rose early so that he could play golf It must be late; the moon has risen./ Prices have risen more than ten percent in a very short time TO RAISE (sb, st) - Nâng ai, cái gì lên - Động từ đòi hỏi tân ngữ Eg The students raise their hands in class./ The weighlifter raises the barbell over it’s head The crane raised the car out of the lake./ After studying very hard, John raised his grades greatly Mr Daniels has raised his tenants’ rent another fifteen dollars The OPEC have raised the price of oil TO LIE: ë t¹i , n»m - to lie in: ë t¹i n¬i nµo./ - to lie down: n»m xuèng/ - to lie on: n»m trªn §éng tõ nµy rÊt dÔ nhÇm lÉn víi to lie (nãi dèi) ph¶i ph©n biÖt nã víi to lie mÉu c©u: to lie to sb Eg The university lies in the Western section of town./ If they are tired, they should lie down for a nap Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing ( câu này hành động sunbath xảy song song với việc nằm trên bãi biển nên dùng sunbathing - nh phần lý thuyết trên đã trình bày) The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play ( hành động nằm và xem xảy đồng thời nên dùng watching ) Don’t disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the garage TO LAY (st, sb): đặt, để đó, cái gì lên trên bề mặt - to lay on: đặt trên - to lay in: đặt vào - to lay down: đặt xuống Lu ý: Nguyên thể và động từ này dễ nhầm lẫn với thời quá khứ động từ to lie, cần phân biệt chóng theo ng÷ c¶nh Eg Don’t lay your clothes on the bed./ The boy lays his books on the table every day The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons and surrendered = The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons surrendering The children laid their toys on the floor when they had finished using them The students had laid their composition on the teacher’s desk before the bell rang The nurse laid the baby in crib TO SIT: ngåi - to sit in: ngåi trong, ngåi ë./ - to sit on: ngåi trªn./ - to sit down: ngåi xuèng Eg We are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera./ Bullfight fans sit in the shade because it is cool Because the weather was nice, we sat on the patio./ After swimming, Bob sat on the beach to dry off Nobody has sat through as many boring lectures as Peter has They have sat in the same position for hours Lu ý: Không đợc nhầm lẫn động từ này với to seat ( có sức chứa, có chỗ ngồi) Eg This studium can seat 100.000 people TO SET: đặt để ( tơng đơng với to put) Động từ này dễ lẫn phát âm vói simple past to sit ( sat) Eg The little girl helps her father (to) set the table every night The carpenters set their tools in the box at noon and go to lunch The botanist set her plants in the sun so that they would grow After carrying her son from the car, the mother set him in his crib Don’t set the chocolate near the oven or it will melt No sooner had they set the roast in the oven, than the electricity went out ** Một số thành ngữ dùng với các động từ này - to lay off (workers, employees) - D·n thî, cho nghØ bít, cho t¹m nghØ - to set (broken bone) in: bã x¬ng gÉy vµo - to set one’s arlam for + time: để đồng hồ báo thức vào lúc Eg I set my alarm for am everyday - to set fire to (st): lµm ch¸y Eg While playing with matches, the children set fired to the sofa - to raise ( plants, animals) for a living: Trồng cây, nuôi gia súc để kiếm sống Eg That farmer raises chickens for a living *** Một số động từ đặc biệt khác - agree to st ( §ång ý lµm g×) - agree to sb’s doing st (§ång ý víi viÖc lµm g× cña ai) Eg He agrees to my leaving early tomorrow morning - mean to st: có ý định làm gì Eg I mean to get to the top of the mount before sunrise - It means doing st: bao gåm c¶ viÖc lµm g× Eg He is determined to get ticket for Saturday’s game if it means standing in the line all night - propose to st: có ý định làm gì Eg I propose to start tomorrow - propose doing st: §Ò nghÞ lµm g× Eg: I proposed waiting until the police came - go on doing st: TiÕp tôc lµm viÖc g× ( ®ang bÞ bá dë) Eg He goes on talking about his accident - go on to st: Tiếp tục làm gì (vẫn cùng chủ đề nhng chuyển sang khía cạnh khác) Eg He goes on to tell about his accident on the trip He shows the position of the Island on the map and goes on to talk about it’s climate - try to st: cè g¾ng lµm g× Eg He tries to improve his English - try doing st: thö lµm g× Eg They try putting wise netting all around the garden to stop entering of the livestock Either infinitives or gerunds: 1.1 stop: a stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work) e.g He stops to smoke (He stops his work and starts smoking) b stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit ) e.g He stops smoking (He no longer smokes) 1.2 try: a try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do) e.g He tried to lift the case (He managed to lift the case and succeeded) b try + gerunds (= to experience) e.g He tried lifting the case (He wanted to know whether he could lift it) 1.3 remember: a remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task) e.g He remembered to lock the door (He had to lock the door) b remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task) e.g He remembered locking the door (He was sure that he had locked the door) 1.4 forget: a forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task) e.g Sam forgot to buy food (Sam didn’t buy food) b forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten) e.g Sam forgot buying food (He bought food but he didn’t remember) 1.5 regret: a regret + to infinitives (not want to this task) e.g Kim regretted to say the truth (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to) b regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly) e.g Kim regretted saying the truth.(He said and he regretted what he’d done) Would: a conditional sentences: e.g If I were you, I would agree to come He would have passed if he had known the rules well b past habits: e.g I would sing romantic songs when I was young She would cry when she was too sad Used to: past habit not happen at present e.g She used to walk to school Be (get) used to: a get used to (= be acquainted with) e.g She has got used to walking to office b be used to (be familiar to) e.g He was used to walking to office Would rather V1 than V2: 5.1 would rather (not) + V: e.g She’d rather go to the meeting We would rather not mention that case 5.2 would rather + O (not) + p V: e.g I’d rather him brought there some cakes She would rather her husband not joined the army Prefer gerunds/Ns to gerunds/Ns: 6.1 prefer + gerunds = like + gerunds/ infinitives:e.g She preferred walking to driving She liked walking/ to walk 6.2 would prefer + infinitives = would like + infinitives: e.g She’d prefer to walk She would like to walk Could/ may/ might: possibility/ maybe = perhaps 7.1 in conditional sentences: e.g If it rains, we may cancel the trip We might go to the park if it were Sunday today 7.2 uncertain speculation: e.g It could/ may/ might rain tomorrow It will possibly rain tomorrow 7.3 perhaps/ maybe: e.g Perhaps he won’t come Maybe it will rain tomorrow Should: 8.1 command; request; obligation: e.g You should study harder / She should bring along an umbrella 8.2 an expectation/ a wish: e.g My letter should arrive next week Speculations/ deduction: 9.1 could/ may/ might + have + P.P: Past possibility e.g It may have rained last night./ He might have gone 9.2 should have + P.P: Past unfulfilled actions e.g He should have done his homework 9.3 must have + P.P: Logical thought about past events e.g (She passed the exam) She must have studied hard PRACTICE EXERCISE – BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Choose one word or phrase marked A,B,C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence Columbus America in 1492 A invented B found C discovered D saw A driver is a person who A drives a car B sells cars C has a car D makes cars A singer is a person who A composes music B writes songs C sings well D drives well Most of the in my school are under 30 years old A teachers B workers C artists D farmers Darwin, was an English physiologist, was born in 1809 and died in 1882 A which B that C who D where Is there anything I can for you ? A where B that C who D which Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn Twain’s best works A consider B considered C is considered D are considered He is working a taxi-driver A at B as C to D in A person who spends his/her whole life writing books is a A writer B teacher C singer D worker 10 G Washington, was the first president of the USA, was born in 1732 and died in 1799 A that B who C where D which 11 He dropped the vase and it broke pieces A into B down C off D in 12 When we travel in the streets, pay attention to traffic A sighs B sights C scenes D signs 13 I am on a diet I want to A over weighted B lose weight C gain weight D get fatter 14 Faraday is the great of all time A scientific B scientism C scientist D science 15 Mathematics an important part in our lives A lets B plays C applies D lays 16 The driver stopped a coffee because he felt sleepy A have B to have C having D had 17 Have you ever considered a pharmacist ? A to become B become C became D becoming 18 I would rather at home than out with him A stay/ go B staying/going C stayed/went D to stay/to go 19 She suggested a break for a while A took B take C taking D taken 20 It is likely that everybody at the age of 45 A retires B retired C are retiring D will retire 21 the water clock, Newton also made a sundial A On B After C Besides D Before 22 M Curie, _ discovered radium, was a famous French physicist A whom B who C that D whose 23 Newton’s first physical experiment was _ out in 1658 A carried B made C taken D done 24 Jane Eyre, which by Charlotte Bronte, is one of my favorite novels A wrote B written C was written D writes 25 the _ of the steam engine made J Watt famous throughout the world A invent B inventive C invention D inventor 26 M Faraday didn’t have much when he was young A school B scholar C schooled D schooling 27 A person who studies biology is a A scientist B physicist C biologist D mathematician 28 Einstein, _ study of the theory of relativity made him famous, was a German physicist A whose B whom C who D by whom 29 Most of the experiments are carried out in A schools B libraries C factories D laboratories 30 He was very good _ mathematics when he was at school A on B of C at D for 31 The steam engine was _ by J Watt A discovered B invented C cured D made 32 When he grew older, he became _ in mathematics and physics A interested B interest C interesting D interests 33 That’s the house uncle Ho was born A which B where C of which D that 34 Darwin was the father of the theory of _ A relativity B gravitation C evolution D electricity 35 When , Newton was more of a mechanic than a scholar A he was young B was young C be young D he is young 36 He was not interested in physics _ he grew older A when B and C even D until 37 He died the age of 85 A for B at C in D about 38 Faraday’s father worked very _, but he could feed the family A hard/ hard B hardly/ hard C hard/ hardly D hardly/ hardly 39 It was Professor H Davy’s lectures _ helped Faraday a lot in his later discoveries A that B which C who D whose 40 Scientists and doctors haven’t found the for AIDS A curable B curability C cure D curing 41 Gravity is the force of the earth to everything towards its center A attractive B attract C attraction D distract 42 He’ll go with us it rains A if B when C as long as D unless 43 We could visit Mercury – an outer space planet - in a A spaceship B ship C plane D train 44 Mercury can be seen after sunrise soon after sunset A neither /nor B either /or C not only /but also D none of A, B and C 45 You won’t pass your driving test unless you drive more A carelessly B dangerously C A or B D carefully 46 The sea lever will rise if the ice on the poles to melt A began B begin C start D begins 47 A journey which takes place every month is a journey A daily B weekly C monthly D yearly 48 you phone me when you come to England? A Do B Have C Will D Would 49 Liverpool won’t win unless they begin better A playing B played C having played D play 50 Life will be destroyed all our sources end A as long as B unless C if D whether PHẦN VII – PHRASES VS CLAUSES A SUBORDINATE CLAUSES The implication: Lèi nãi bao hµm- Lµ lèi nãi kÕt hîp ý c©u l¹i lµm mét th«ng qua mét thµnh ng÷ a Not only but also (không mà còn) Các thành phần sau thành ngữ này phải tơng đơng với mÆt ng÷ ph¸p, tøc lµ danh - danh, tÝnh tõ - tÝnh tõ not only _, but also = not only , but _ as well Hoặc: Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb Lu ý: Thông thờng thành phần sau but also định thành phần sau not only Eg He is not only handsome but also talented./ Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin tÝnh tõ tÝnh tõ Danh tõ danh tõ He writes not only correctly but also neatly./ Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science Adv adv Ng÷ giíi tõ ng÷ giíi tõ Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music §éng tõ động từ b As well as (cũng nh, nh là) Các thành phần đằng trớc và đằng sau thành ngữ này phải tơng đơng với vÒ mÆt tõ lo¹i theo c«ng thøc díi ®©y: subject + verb + as well as + verb Eg Robert is talented as well as handsome./ Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin TÝnh tõ tÝnh tõ ®anh tõ danh tõ He writes correctly as well as neatly / Marta excels in mathematics as well as in science phã tõ phã tõ Ng÷ giíi tõ ng÷ giíi tõ Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music động từ động từ Lu ý: Không đợc nhầm lẫn thành ngữ này với as well as tợng đồng chủ ngữ mang nghĩa cùng với Nó cùng với các thành phần đằng sau nó để tạo thành cụm từ, tách khỏi mệnh đề chính dấu phẩy và không ảnh hởng gì đến việc chia động từ Eg The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow c Both and ( c¶ lÉn ) C«ng thøc nµy dïng gièng hÖt nh trêng hîp Not only but also Lu ý: Both đợc dùng với and không đợc dùng với as well as Eg Robert is both talented and handsome./ Beth plays both the guitar and the violin TÝnh tõ tÝnh tõ ®anh tõ danh tõ He writes both correctly and neatly./ Marta excels both in mathematics and in science phã tõ phã tõ Ng÷ giíi tõ ng÷ giíi tõ Paul Anka both plays the piano and composes music động từ động từ The norminal clause: Mệnh đề danh từ (tương ứng danh từ, có thể làm S, C, O câu) a That – clauses: Theo sau các động từ có ngụ ý giải thích với that, có thể đảo lên đầu câu làm chủ ngữ Eg The reason she left was that she dissatisfied with her work = That she dissatisfied with her work was the reason she left b Wh – clauses: Đây là hình thái mệnh đề danh từ khá phổ biến, thường theo sau các ngoại động từ, ngoại động từ đa, đặc biệt cấu trúc câu gián tiếp Eg He didn’t know what to first They told them how to deal with the problem Ha asked where he was going She wanted to know what time the next train arrived c Whether/ if – clauses: Dùng với cấu trúc câu hỏi nghi vấn câu gián tiếp Eg She asked if I could answer the phone They wanted to know whether the train was any late B PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE The phrases of purpose: to V/ so as to V/ in order to V và dạng phủ định S + verb + to/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb = To/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb, S + verb Eg To be better at English, he attended an evening class = He attended an evening class to be better at English In order to be better at English, he attended an extra-class He attended an extra-class so as to be better at English The clause of purpose with “so/ therefore” Các mệnh đề mục đích đợc cùng với liên từ so that Sau so that là mệnh đề kết gồm chủ ngữ và động từ Thời gian mệnh đề kết phải t ơng lai mối quan hệ với thời gian mệnh đề mục đích S + V, so S + V hay S + V, therefore S + V Eg It rained so heavily, so we cancelled the trip He learned hard, therefore he got better and better grades C PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION Mệnh đề nhợng bộ: Là loại mệnh đề diễn đạt ý trái ngợc cùng câu thông qua số thành ngữ Phrases of concession with: despite / in spite of (mÆc dï) Đằng sau thành ngữ này đợc phép sử dụng ngữ danh từ, không đợc sử dụng câu hoàn chỉnh Despite/ In spite of + danh từ/ ngữ danh từ Eg Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades Clauses of concession with: although, even though, though Đằng sau thành ngữ này phải dùng câu hoàn chỉnh không đợc dùng ngữ danh từ Although/ Though/ Even though S + V, S + V = S + V although/ though/ even though S + V Eg Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades Lu ý: Nếu though đứng cuối câu, tách khỏi câu dấu phẩy Khi nói dừng lại chút, lúc đó nó tơng đơng với nghĩa “ nhiên” (however) Eg He promised to call me, but till now I haven’t received any call from him, though Mét sè thÝ dô bæ trî: In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep She attended the class although she did not feel alert Clauses of concession with: despite/ in spite of the fact that Despite/ In spite of + the fact that S + V S + V =S + V despite/ in spite of + the fact that S + V Mét sè thÝ dô bæ trî: In spite of the fact that the weather is bad, we are going to have a picnic The child ate the cookie despite the fact that his mother had told him not to D CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Conditional sentences type (real condition) – Câu điều kiện có thực: Kết có thể thực tương lai điều kiện ứng nghiệm (xảy ra) If + S + simple present + S + will/shall/ can/ may + [verb in simple form] If I have the money, I will buy a new car If you try more, you will improve your English We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten o’clock now If + S + simple present tense + S + + simple present tense Mẫu câu này còn đợc dùng để diễn tả thói quen Ví dụ: If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the afternoon (không có động từ khuyÕt thiÕu.) John usually walks to school if he has enough time If + S+ simple present tense + command form* * Nên nhớ mệnh lệnh thức dạng đơn giản động từ ( simple form) Mẫu câu trên có nghĩa là nhờ ai, lệnh cho lµm g× Eg If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me Please call me if you hear from Jane Eg Conditional sentences type (unreal present condition) – Câu điều kiện không có thực tại: Kết không thể thực tương lai điều kiện là giả định (không thể xảy ra) If + S + simple past + S+ would/should/ could/ might + verb in simple form Eg If I had enough money now, I would buy this house ( but now I don’t have enough money.) If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend (but I don’t have the time.) ( I’m not going to the beach with you.) He would tell you about it if he were here ( he won’t tell you about it.) ( He is not here) If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him (He speaks very quickly.) (You can’t understand him.) Lu ý: §éng tõ to be sau if ë mÉu c©u nµy ph¶i chia lµm were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i I they were Eg If I were you, I wouldn’t such a thing (but I’m not you.) Conditional sentences type (unreal past condition) – Câu điều kiện không có thực quá khứ: Kết không thể thực quá khứ điều kiện là giả định (không thể xảy ra) If + S + pastperfect + S + would/should/ could / might + have + P2 Eg If we hadn’t lost the way we could have been here in time (but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.) If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter (We didn’t know that you were there.) ( we didn’t write you a letter.) She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer (She didn’t sell the house.) (She didn’t find the right buyer.) If we hadn’t lost the way, we would have arrived sooner (We lost our way.) (we didn’t arrive early.) Câu điều kiện không phải lúc nào tuân theo đúng công thức trên, số trờng hợp vế câu điều kiện quá khứ còn vế lại thời gian mệnh đề quy định Eg If she had caught the flight she would be here by now Lu ý: Trong số trờng hợp câu điều kiện không thể thực đợc thời quá khứ, ngời ta bỏ if và đảo had lên ®Çu c©u nhng ý nghÜa vÉn gi÷ nguyªn Had + S + [verb in past participle ] Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house Hadn’t we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner Special uses of “if” clauses – Một số cách sử dụng mệnh đề “If” Eg Thờng động từ này không đợc dùng đằng sau if nhng đợc dùng nó mang ý nghĩa sau: If you will /would Thờng đợc dùng các yêu cầu lịch ( Would lịch hơn) Eg If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here (NÕu c« vui lßng chê mét chót, t«i sÏ xem liÖu «ng John cã ë ®©y kh«ng.) I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me If you could + verb in simple form Nếu ông vui lòng - Ngòi nói cho ngời đồng ý nh lẽ tất nhiên Eg If you could fill in this form If you could open your books If + S + will / would Nếu chịu - Diễn đạt ý tự nguyện Eg If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him NÕu nã chÞu nghe theo lêi t«i th× t«i cã thÓ gióp nã If + S + will DiÔn t¶ sù ngoan cè Eg If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you Nếu cậu mà học tiếng Anh theo cách này thì trợt kỳ thi TOFEL chắn chờ đón cậu If + S +should Diễn đạt hành động dù có thể đợc song khả ít và nói ngời nói không tin là việc lại có thể xảy Eg If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number NÕu anh kh«ng biÕt c¸ch sö dông chiÕc tivi nµy, h·y gäi ®iÖn cho t«i sè m¸y nµy (Nãi vËy nhng ngêi nãi kh«ng cho là lại không biết sử dụng tivi đó.) If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me (Ngời thầy không cho cậu học sinh lại không làm đợc bài tập đó - vì chúng dễ cậu học trò rÊt th«ng minh) - Trong số trờng hợp ngời ta bỏ if và đảo should lên đầu câu mà ngữ nghĩa không thay đổi Eg Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will suP.Posedly wander around for food - a sign that spring is near Nếu trời có nhiều mây và bầu trời xám xịt thì ngời ta cho là sóc đất lang thang kiếm ăn - đó là dấu hiệu mùa Xuân tới gần Thực ra, sử dụng cấu trúc này thì tác giả cho sóc đất chui th× rÊt hiÕm trêi l¹i cã nhiÒu m©y vµ bÇu trêi l¹i x¸m l¹i - cã thÓ lµ kÕt qu¶ thèng kª Special conditions: even if + nagative verb (cho dï ) You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready Whether or not + positive verb (dï cã hay kh«ng) He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god unless + positive verb = if not (trõ phi, nÕu kh«ng) If you don’t start at once, you will be late = You will be late unless you start at once But for that + unreal condition (nÕu kh«ng th× ) Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here) present ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë hiÖn t¹i My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë qu¸ khø otherwise + conditional sentence kÎo, nÕu kh«ng th× - Điều kiện có thể thực đợc We must be back before midnight, otherwise I will be locked out - Điều kiện không thực đợc Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here present ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë hiÖn t¹i I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë qu¸ khø Nhận xét Trong tiếng Anh hàng ngày, ngời ta dùng or else để thay cho otherwise Provided/ providing (that) (víi ®iÒu kiÖn lµ, miÔn lµ ) You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess Suppose/ supposing ? = what if ? (gi¶ sö v× sao, nÕu v× sao) SuP.Pose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late? - Từ nối này còn đợc sử dụng để đem lời gợi ý SuP.Pose you ask him = why don’t you ask him? What if I’m- tao thÕ th× nµo ®a sù th¸ch thøc Hy väng lµ If only + simple present / will V = hope that s will v If only he comes in time (hy vọng anh đến đúng giờ) If only he will head your advice Gi¸ mµ - tr¸i víi thùc tÕ If only + simple past/ past perfect = wish that If only he didn’t smoke (but he doesn’t) If only she had come in time (but she didn’t) if only + would verb - íc sao, mong dùng để diễn đạt ớc muốn If only he would drive more slowly (but he drive so fast) hoÆc mét íc muèn v« väng ë t¬ng lai If only it would stop raining Mong trời đừng ma - nhng thực tế thì trời ma to Mixed conditions: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp đạc biệt a For a true action: Với khả thực tế, câu mệnh lệnh Eg If she comes, call me (= Maybe she is coming or she has promised to come) If the weather stays fine, we can arrive on time (= The weather is now fine and there’s no sign of the bad changes) b For a suggestion: Với lời đề nghị, khuyên răn Eg If she comes, you should call me (= I suggest calling me when she comes) You’d better cancel the project if it is possible (= It’s best for you to cancel the project) c For a present subjunction but past unfulfilled result Với giả định mà kết không thể xảy quá khứ Điều giả định này luôn đúng Eg If I were you, I would have agreed with him yesterday (The action hadn’t been done in the past but the subjunction is at present Mãi mãi tôi không thể là cậu được, đây là thực tế nên không cần chuyển điều kiện quá khứ hoàn thành) c For a past subjunction but present unfulfilled result Với giả định quá khứ mà kết không thể xảy tai Điều giả định này coi là quá khứ quá khứ, kết là phi lý Eg If I had been there last time, I would agree to lend him the money (The action hasn’t been done up to now, this is only my regret Sự tiếc nuối tôi nghe bạn thuật lại vụ việc giả định tôi rơi vào hoàn cảnh quá khứ, kết này đã không xảy trước đó) - E PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON Because/ because of - Because ( không có of) đòi hỏi đằng sau nó là câu hoàn chỉnh (phải có chủ ngữ và động từ) Because S + V, S+ V = S + V because S + V - Because of đòi hỏi đằng sau nó là danh từ ngữ danh từ ( không đợc phép có động từ liên hợp) because of + danh tõ ( hoÆc côm danh tõ) Lu ý: Because of cã thÓ thay thÕ cho thµnh ng÷ due to Jan was worried because it had started to rain = Jan was worried because of the rain Subject verb noun The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam verb subject The students arrived late because of the traffic jam noun phrase We have to cut down on our driving because there is an oil shortage verb subject We have to cut down on our driving because of the oil shortage noun phrase §éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n Động từ gây nguyên nhân đợc sử dụng để ng ời gây cho ngời thứ hai làm việc gì đó cho ng ời thứ Một ngời có thể gây cho đó phải làm cái gì đó cho cho chị ta qua việc chi trả tiền, yêu cầu, c ỡng ép ngời đó Các động từ gây nguyên nhân là: have, get, make a have/ get / make Mệnh đề theo sau have get có thể dạng chủ động bị động (Sai ai, khiến ai, bảo làm gì) to have sb st = to get sb to st Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car) Mary got John to wash the car (John washed the car.) to have / get st done = (®a c¸i g× ®i lµm ) - Bản thân mình không làm đợc nên nhờ ngời khác làm Eg Mary got the car washed (The car was wash by somebody.) Mary had the car washed (The car was wash by somebody.) I have the laundry washed (the laundry is washed by someone) to want / like something done Mẫu câu hỏi động từ này là: - What you want done to Anh muèn lµm g× víi Eg - What you want done to your motorbike? - I’d like it repaired and cleaned hoÆc I want it repaired and cleaned ( buéc ph¶i lµm g×.) to make sb st = to force sb to st Eg The robber forced the teller to give him the money.= The robber made the teller give him the money Động từ to make vả to cause còn đợc dùng theo mẫu sau: (lµm cho ai, c¸i g× bÞ lµm sao) to make sb st = to cause st +P2 Eg Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged b Đằng sau động từ to make còn có thể dùng tính từ to make sb / st + adjective Eg Wearing flowers made her more beautiful Đi theo hớng này thì động từ to find có thể dùng theo công thức: to find + sb/ sth + adjective (P1- P2) Nếu là phân từ mang tính chủ động còn phân từ mang tính bị động Eg I found her quite interesting to talk to My sister found snakes frightening - rắn đáng sợ We found the boy frightened - b¶n th©n th»ng bÐ sî c Let Let thờng đợc bổ sung và danh sách các động từ gây nguyên nhân các sách ngữ pháp Nhng thực chất thì nó không phải là động từ gây nguyên nhân Nó nghĩa là allow hay permit Ta hãy lu ý khác mặt ngữ pháp sö dông to let vµ to allow hay permit let sb st = to allow/ permit sb to st = cho phép ai, để làm gì Eg John let his daughter swim with her friends (John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.) (John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.) The teacher let the students leave class early./ The policeman let the suspect make one phone call Dr Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday Mrs Binion let her son spend the night with a friend./ We are going to let her write the letter Mr Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings d Help Help thực chất không phải là động từ gây nguyên nhân, nhng nói chung đợc xem xét cùng với các động từ gây nguyên nhân các sách ngữ pháp Nó thờng với động từ dạng simple form (tức là động từ nguyên thể bỏ to), nhng có thể với động từ nguyên thể số trờng hợp to help sb do/ to st - gièng vÒ nghÜa = gióp lµm g× Eg John helped Mary wash the dishes Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials - Nếu tân ngữ sau help là đại từ vô nhân xng mang nghĩa ngời ta thì ngời ta bỏ và và bỏ luôn to động từ đằng sau Eg This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly - Nếu tân ngữ help và tân ngữ thứ động từ đằng sau trùng hợp thì ngời ta bỏ tân ngữ sau help và bỏ luôn to động từ đằng sau Eg The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation F SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES The use of “as if/ as though”(Có nghĩa là : dờng nh là, nh thể là) Mệnh đề đằng sau thành ngữ này thờng hay dạng điều kiện không thể thực đợc và chia làm thời: a The present sense: Nếu động từ mệnh đề trớc chia simple present thì động từ mệnh đề sau phải chia simple past, động từ to be phải chia là were tất các ngôi S + verb (simple present) + as if/ as though + S + verb (simple past) Eg The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer (It is not winter.) HiÖn t¹i qu¸ khø Angelique walks as though she studied modelling (She didn’t study modelling) HiÖn t¹i qu¸ khø He acts as though he were rich (He is not rich) HiÖn t¹i qu¸ khø b The past sense: Nếu động từ mệnh đề trớc chia simple past thì động từ mệnh đề phải chia past perfect S + verb (simple past) + as if/ as though + S + verb (past perfect) Eg Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize (She didn’t win the grand prize.) Past simple past perfect Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost (She didn’t see a ghost.) Past simple past perfect He looked as though he had run ten miles (He didn’t run ten miles.) Past simple past perfect Cả dạng chia đó sau as if diễn đạt điều kiện không thể thực đợc Lu ý: Trong số trờng hợp điều kiện là có thật thì công thức trên không đợc tuân theo Động từ lại trở d¹ng b×nh thêng theo diÔn biÕn cña c©u Eg He looks as if he has finish the test The use of with and hope: Hai động từ này đồng nghĩa nhng khác mặt ngữ pháp + Đằng sau động từ to hope là câu diễn biến bình thờng Eg I hope that they will come ( I don’t know if they are coming.) ( T«i hy väng lµ hä sÏ tíi.) We hope that they came yesterday ( We don’t know if they came.) + Nhng động từ to wish lại đòi hỏi đằng sau nó phải là điều kiện không thể thực đợc Điều kiện này chia làm thêi a The future sense: Động từ mệnh đề sau phải là Would / could + verb were + Ving S+ wish + (that) + S* + could/ would/ were + verb/ V-ing Subject* : có thể là cùng khác chủ ngữ với chủ ngữ mệnh đề chính Eg We wish that you could come to the party tonight (You can’t come.) I wish that you would stop saying that (You probably won’t stop.) She wish that she were coming with us ( She is not coming with us.) b The present sense: Động từ mệnh đề chia simple past Động từ to be phải chia làm were tất các ngôi S + wish + (that) + S* + verb in simple past Eg I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework ( I don’t have enough time.) We wish that he were old enough to come with us ( He is not old enough.) They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today ( They have to go to class.) c The past sense: Động từ mệnh đề sau phải chia Past perfect Could have + P2 S + wish + (that) + S + past perfect/ could have + P2 Eg I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday ( I didn’t wash the clothes yesterday.) She wish that she could have been there ( She couldn’t be there.) We wish that we had had more time last night ( We didn’t have more time.) Lu ý: Động từ wish có thể ảnh hởng đến mệnh đề đằng sau nó cách buộc mệnh đề đó phải điều kiện không thể thực đợc Nhng điều kiện đó thời nào lại thời gian mệnh đề đó định không phụ thuộc vào thời động từ to wish Eg He wished that he could come to the party next week Qu¸ khø §iÒu kiÖn ë t¬ng lai T¬ng lai The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now Qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn ë hiÖn t¹i hiÖn t¹i - Ph¶i ph©n biÖt víi to wish ë d¹ng c©u nµy víi nghÜa íc g×, mong g× víi to wish mÉu c©u sau: to wish somebody something Eg I wish you a happy birthday Ba động từ đặc biệt - Đó là động từ mà nghĩa chúng biến đổi động từ đằng sau tân ngữ nó lµ mét nguyªn thÓ bá to hay verbing hear to watch somebody something = Hành động trọn vẹn từ đầu tới cuối see hear to watch somebody doing something = Hành động có tính thời, không trọn vẹn see eg I didn’t hear the telephone ring I didn’t hear the telephone ringing I see her sing./ I see her singing Câu giả định đặc biệt với các động, tính, danh từ: a §éng tõ Lµ lo¹i c©u mµ ngêi thø nhÊt muèn ngêi thø lµm mét viÖc g× cho m×nh, nhng lµm hay kh«ng cßn tuú thuộc vào phía ngời thứ Bảng số động từ bắt buộc động từ sau nó phải dạng giả định advise demand prefer require ask insist propose stipulate command move recommend suggest decree Order request urge - Trong câu định phải có that - Động từ sau chủ ngữ dạng nguyên thể bỏ to S1 + verb + that + S 2+ [verb in simple form] Eg We urge that he leave now Nếu bỏ that chủ ngữ trở thành tân ngữ, động từ trở dạng nguyên thể có to, câu ý nghĩa giả định và trở thành câu bình thờng Eg We urge him to leave now Lu ý : Trong tiếng Anh ngời Anh (British English), trớc động từ nguyên thể bỏ to có should Nhng tiếng Anh cña ngêi Mü (American English) ngêi ta bá nã ®i Mét sè vÝ dô: The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately The university requires that all its students take this course The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking./ Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished We proposed that he take a vacation./ I move that we adjourn until this afternoon b Câu giả định dùng với tính từ: Các tính từ dùng câu giả định gồm các tính từ bảng dới đây advised necessary recommended urgent important obligatory required imperative mandatory proposed suggested Trong công thức sau, adjective định các tính từ có bảng trên It + be + adjective + that + S + [verb in simple form ] ( any tense) Mét sè vÝ dô: It is necessary that he find the books It was urgent that she leave at once./ It has been proposed that we change the topic It is important that you remember this question./ It has been suggested that he forget the election It was recommended that we wait for the authorities c Câu giả định dùng với danh từ: Trong số trờng hợp có thể dùng danh từ tơng ứng với các tính từ trên theo c«ng thøc sau It + be + noun + that + S + [verb in simple form ] ( any tense) Eg It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking d Dùng với số trờng hợp khác: Câu giả định còn dùng đợc số câu cảm thán, thờng bao hàm các lùc siªu nhiªn Eg God save the queen ! Chóa phï hé cho n÷ hoµng God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau) Curse this frog !: chÕt tiÖt cãc nµy - Dïng víi mét sè thµnh ng÷: Come what may: dï cã chuyÖn g× ®i n÷a Eg Come what may we will stand by you If need be : nÕu cÇn Eg If need be we can take another road - Dùng với if this be trờng hợp muốn nêu giả định từ phía ngời nói nhng không thật chắn khả n¨ng Eg If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent e Câu giả định dùng với it is time It is time (for sb) to st : đã đến lúc phải làm gì (thời gian vừa vặn, không đa giả định) Eg It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time) Nhng: It is time It is high time subject + simple past (đã đến lúc – giả định thời gian đến trễ chút) It is about time Nhận xét: High/ about đợc dựng trớc time để thêm vào ý nhấn mạnh Eg It’s high time I left for the airport (it is a little bit late) G PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT Phrase of result: Thường dùng với “TOO”/ “ENOUGH” theo cấu trúc sau: S + be (look/ seem/ get/ become/…) + too ADJ (for O) + to V S + V + too ADV (for O) + to V Eg He is too short to play football./ He ran too slowly to become the winner of the race Lưu ý: “TOO” mang hàm ý phủ định “quá…không thể’ “ENOUGH” lại có nghĩa “đủ…để” S + be + ADJ enough (for O) + to V hay S + V + ADV enough (for O) + to V Eg She ín’t old enough to drive a car / He spoke English well enough to be an enterpreter Clause of result: S + verb + so that / in order that + S + verb Lu ý: MÆc dï v¨n nãi cã thÓ chÊp nhËn kh«ng cã that nhng v¨n viÕt buéc ph¶i cã that He studied very hard so that he could pass the test (nó đã học chăm để có thể qua đợc kỳ thi) She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sister’s birthday Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next summer Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend? Cause and effect: Những cấu trúc sau đây đợc sử dụng để mối quan hệ nhân Subject + verb + so + adj/ adv + that + S + verb Lu ý: Kh«ng sö dông mét danh tõ sau so Cßn muèn dïng danh tõ th× xem c¸c cÊu tróc díi ®©y The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class Các cấu trúc chứa các bổ ngữ cờng độ: S + verb + so + few/ many + dt ®2 sè nhiÒu + that + S + verb Eg The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one S + verb + so + much/ little + dt kh«ng ®2 + that + S + verb He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat S + verb + such + a + adjective + dt ®2 sè Ýt + that S + verb + so + adjective + a + dt ®2 sè Ýt + that Lu ý: Such + a + adjec tive thờng đợc dùng nhiều cấu trúc trên It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors/ It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down/ It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down S + verb + such + adjective + N đếm số nhiều/ N không đđ+ that + S+ verb Eg She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her dt đếm đợc số nhiều They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one dt đếm đợc số nhiều Perry has had such bad luck that he’s decided not to gamble dt không đếm đợc This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it dt không đếm đợc Lu ý: Ta kh«ng thÓ sö dông so cÊu tróc trªn Ph©n tÝch nghÜa cña c¸c cÊu tróc trªn Eg It has been such a long time since I’ve seen him that I’m not sure if I will remember him ( Tôi không biết liệu tôi có nhận đợc nó không vì đã lâu tôi không gặp nó.) Nguyªn nh©n: It has been a long time KÕt qu¶ : I’m not sure if I will remember him He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel ( Thật là khó chuyện du lịch vì có nhiều công việc phải làm.) Nguyªn nh©n: He has a very heavy work load KÕt qu¶ : It is difficult for him to travel Peter has such long fingers that he should play the piano (Peter nên chơi đàn Piano vì nó có ngón tay dài.) Nguyªn nh©n: Peter has such long fingers KÕt qu¶ : He should play the piano Professor Sands gives such interesting lectures that his classes are never boring (c¸c giê häc cña gi¸o s Sands ch¼ng bao giê buån tÎ bëi v× «ng Êy thêng ®a nh÷ng bµi gi¶ng hÕt søc thó vÞ.) Nguyªn nh©n: Professor Sands gives very interesting lectures KÕt qu¶ : His classes are never boring This is such tasty ice cream that I’ll have another helping (T«i sÏ gäi mét suÊt kem n÷a v× nã rÊt ngon.) Nguyªn nh©n: The ice cream is very tasty KÕt qu¶ : I’ll have another helpin H RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative pronouns: Subject Object Possessive For persons who whom/who whose For things that which that that which that whose/of which a WHO: Là đại từ quan hệ người, dùng để thay cho danh từ người, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ Eg The man who told you I was out met me in the park The person who you wanted to see died days ago This is the lady who helped my mom That’s the one who we need to contact b WHOM: Là đại từ quan hệ người, dùng để thay cho danh từ người, làm tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ Eg That’s the one whom we need to contact The person whom you wanted to see died days ago The one to whom he wanted to talk was out Mr Ba, from whom we got news, was escaped yesterday c WHOSE: Là tính từ quan hệ người, dùng để thay cho tính từ sở hữu, kết hợp với danh từ, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ Eg This is the lady whose son cheated me The country whose people were struggling against floods announced the situation of disasters yesterday d WHICH: Là đại từ quan hệ vật, dùng để thay cho danh từ vật, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ Eg The book which you liked was sold This is the bike which is my birthday present The house, which was on fire, was built long ago e THAT: Là đại từ quan hệ thay thế, dùng để thay cho các đại từ quan hệ WHO, WHICH, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ, ngoài còn sử dụng câu chẻ Eg The book that you liked was sold This is the bike that I want to buy The one that told you I was out met me in the park./ The person that you wanted to see died days ago f WHEN: Là trạng từ quan hệ thời gian, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ thời gian Eg The day when she left was rainy The time when we reunite is uncertain g WHERE: Là trạng từ quan hệ nơi chốn, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ nơi chốn Eg This is the house where he lived in his childhood The place where we play football is a football ground h WHY: Là trạng từ quan hệ lí do, nguyên nhân, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ nguyên nhân Eg The reason why she left was unknown That’s why we are worrying now Relative clauses: a Restrictive Relative Clauses: Đây là loại mệnh đề cần thiết có mặt để câu có nghĩa, không có nó câu không đảm bảo ngữ nghĩa (Chủ từ chưa xác định) Eg The man who keeps the library is Mr Green (The man is Mr Green thì rõ, The man keeps the library thì không rõ là ai) That is the book that I like best (là mà tôi thích vô vàn sách) b Non- Restrictive Relative Clauses: Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết có mặt mà câu có nghĩa, không có nó câu đảm bảo ngữ nghĩa vì tiền ngữ (chủ từ) đã xác định Loại mệnh đề này thường cách mệnh đề chính các dấu phảy, thường có các tính từ hay đại từ định hay sở hữu như: this, that, these, those, his, my,… Eg That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike This is Mrs Jones, who helped me last week./ Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar Reduced clauses: a Present Participle Phrase: (V-ING phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng ngữ danh động từ V-ING để thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ động từ chính mệnh đề đó thể chủ động Eg The man who is sitting next to you is Mr Mike = The man sitting next to you is Mr Pike Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday? = Do you know the boy breaking ….? b Past Participle Phrase: (V-ED phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng ngữ tính từ V-ED để thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ động từ chính mệnh đề đó thể bị động Eg The man who was arrested by the police is Mr Mike = The man arrested by the police is Mr Pike Do you know the boy who was punished by the headmaster yesterday? = Do you know the boy punished by the headmaster yesterday? c Infinitive Phrase: (to V phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng ngữ động từ to V để thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ trường hợp mệnh đề có chứa các từ FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, LAST, ONLY có thể dùng với cấu trúc “for O + to V”, số mệnh đề mang tính rang buộc nhiệm vụ… Eg English is an important language which we have to master = English is an important language to master/ for us to master He is the only one who know the answer = He is the only one to know thư answer d Noun Phrase: : (Noun phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một cụm danh từ để thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề đó mang ngữ danh từ (thường nghề nghiệp) Eg Mr Ba, who is our new form teacher, is a B.A = Mr Ba, our new form teacher, is a B.A The man who is a new manager of the office is still young = The man - a new manager of the office is still very young I CLEFT SENTENCES Subject focus: Nhấn mạnh tới chủ ngữ, chủ thể hành động đối tượng đề cập S + V → It be S that/ who V Eg Nam helped me a lot → It was Nam who helped me a lot The book tells us a romantic story → It is the book that tells us a romantic story Object focus: Nhấn mạnh tới tân ngữ, chủ thể nhận hay chịu tác động hành động S + V + O → It be O that/ whom S + V Eg She bought the dictionary → It was the dictionary that she bought We saw Mai at the party → It was Mai who we saw at the party Adverbials focus: Nhấn mạnh tới trạng ngữ, đề cập tới thời gian, nơi chốn, cách thức, phương pháp hành vi S + V + A → It be A that S + V Eg We first met in this park → It was in this park that we first met She left on a rainy day → It was on a rainy day that she left PART VIII: INDIRECT SPEECH – CÂU TRỰC TIẾP, GIÁN TIẾP Trong câu trực tiếp thông tin từ ngời thứ đến ngời thứ Eg He said “ I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday” Còn câu gián tiếp, thông tin từ ngời thứ qua ngời thứ và đến ngời thứ Do có biến đổi mÆt ng÷ ph¸p Eg He said he had bought a new motorbike for myself the day before Phơng pháp chuyển đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp Khi chuyển đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp cần phải: Phá bỏ ngoặc kép, chuyển đổi toàn các đại từ nhân xng theo ngôi chủ ngữ thứ sang đại từ nhân xng ng«i thø Lùi động từ vế thứ xuống cấp so với mức ban đầu (lùi thời) Chuyển đổi tất các đại từ thị, phó từ thời gian theo bảng quy định a Bảng đổi động từ DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH simple present simple past present progressive past progressive present perfect (progressive) past perfect (progressive) simple past past perfect will /shall would / should can / may could / might b Bảng đổi các loại từ khác this, these that, those here, overhere there, overthere today that day yesterday the day before the day before yesterday two days before tomorrow the following day/ the next day the day after tomorrow in two days’ time next + thêi gian (week, year ) the following + thêi gian (week, year ) last + thêi gian (week, year ) the privious + thêi gian (week, year ) thêi gian + ago thêi gian + before/ the privious +thêi gian - Nếu là nói và thuật lại xảy cùng ngày thì không cần phải đổi thời gian Eg At breakfast this morning he said “ I will be very busy today” At breakfast this morning he said he would be very busy today - Việc điều chỉnh logic tất nhiên là cần thiết lời nói đợc thuật lại sau đó ngày Eg thø Jack nãi víi Tom: I’m leaving the day after tomorrow (tøc lµ thø Jack sÏ rêi ®i) NÕu Tom thuËt l¹i lêi nãi cña Jack vµo ngµy h«m sau (tøc lµ thø 3) th× Tom sÏ nãi: Jack said he was leaving tomorrow NÕu Tom thuËt l¹i lêi nãi cña Jack vµo ngµy tiÕp theo (ngµy thø 4) th× Tom sÏ nãi: Jack said he was leaving today §éng tõ víi t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp Trong tiếng Anh có loại động từ (trong bảng sau)có tân ngữ và đồng thời có cách dùng bring, build, buy find, get, give make, offer, owe promiss, read, sell cut, draw, feed, tell hand, leave, lend, write paint, pass, pay send, show, teach - Cách dùng gián tiếp đặt tân ngữ trực tiếp sau động từ đến giới từ for, to và tân ngữ gián tiếp S + V + Od + for/ to + Oi - Cách dùng trực tiếp đặt tân ngữ gián tiếp sau động từ và sau đó đến tân ngữ trực tiếp, giới từ to và for mÊt ®i, c«ng thøc sau: S + verb + Oi (t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp) + Od (t©n ng÷ trực tiÕp) - Nếu tân ngữ là đại từ nhân xng thì không đợc dùng công thức trực tiếp (tức là công thức thứ đợc sö dông) Eg Correct : They gave it to us./ Incorrect: They gave us it - Động từ to introduce và to mention không đợc dùng công thức trực tiếp mà phải dùng công thức gián tiếp to introduce sb/st to sb to mention st to sb Mét sè thÝ dô bæ trî John gave the essay to his teacher./ John gave his teacher the essay The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers I fixed Maria a drink./ I fixed a drink for Maria He drew a picture for his mother./ He drew his mother a picture He lent his car to his bother./ He lent his brother his car We owe several thousand dollars to the bank./ We owe the bank several thousand dollars PHẦN IX: SOME CONFUSED OR MISUSED WORDS TỪ DỄ GÂY HIỂU LẦM, DÙNG LẦM Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn lµ nh÷ng tõ rÊt dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa, chÝnh t¶ hoÆc c¸ch ph¸t ©m ANGEL (n): Thiªn thÇn vs ANGLE (n) : Gãc CITE (v) : TrÝch dÉn In her term paper, Janis had to cite many references SITE (n) : Khu đất ( để xây dựng) Eg The corner of North Main and Mimosa Streets will be the site of the new shopping center SIGHT (n) : 1- Khe ng¾m, tÇm ng¾m Eg Through the sight of the rifle, the soldier spotted the enemy (n) 2- c¶nh tîng Eg Whatching the landing of the space’s capsule was a pleasant sight (v) 3- ThÊy, quan s¸t thÊy Eg We sighted a ship in the bay COSTUME (n) QuÇn ¸o, trang phôc lÔ héi Eg It is a custom in Western Europe for little boys to wear shorts pants to school DECENT (adj) : 1- đứng đắn, tề chỉnh./ 2- t¬m tÊt, tèt Eg When one appears in court, one must wear decent clothing DESCENT (n) : 1- leo xuèng, trÌo xuèng Eg The mountain climbers found their descent more hazardous than their ascent Eg Vladimir is of Russian descent 2- nguån gèc, dßng dâi DESSERT (n): Mãn tr¸ng miÖng Eg We had apple pie for dessert last night DESERT (n): sa m¹c Eg It is difficult to live in the desert without water DESERT (v): bá, bá mÆc Eg After deserting the post, the soldier ran away from the camp LATER (adv): sau đó, sau đây, thì (thờng dùng với câu tơng lai) Ngợc nghĩa với nó là earlier (đợc dùng simple past) Eg We went to the movies and later had ice cream at Dairy Isle THE LATTER (C¸i thø 2, ngêi thø 2) >< THE FORMER (c¸i thø nhÊt, ngêi thø nhÊt) Eg Germany and England both developed dirigibles for use during World war II, the latter primarily for coastal reconnaissance (latter = England) LOOSE (adj): láng >< TIGHT: chËt Eg After dieting, Marcy found that her clothes had become so loose that she had to buy a new wardrobe LOSE (v) : 1- đánh mất, thất lạc Eg Mary lost her glasses last week 2- thua, thÊt b¹i Eg If Harry doesn’t practice his tennis more, he may lose the match PASSED (v - qu¸ khø cña pass) : 1- tr«i qua, qua ®i Eg Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict 2- ®i qua, ®i ngang qua Eg: While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us 3- thành công, vợt qua đợc PAST (adj) : Eg The students are happy that they passed their exams 1- đã qua, dĩ vãng Eg This past week has been very hectic for the students returning to the university Eg In the past, he had been a cook, a teacher, and a historian 2- tríc ®©y PEACE (n): hoµ b×nh, sù trËt tù, sù yªn æn, sù yªn lÆng, sù b×nh Eg Peace was restored to the community after a week of rioting PIECE (n): Mét mÈu, m¶nh PRINCIPAL (n): (adj) Eg Heidi ate a piece of chocolate cake for dessert 1- hiÖu trëng (trêng tiÓu häc vµ trung häc) Eg The principal called a faculty meeting 2- chÝnh, chñ yÕu Eg An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia, was the principal speaker at Friday’s luncheon PRINCIPLE (n): Nguyªn t¾c, luËt lÖ Eg Mr Connors is a man who believes that truthfulness is the best principle QUIET (adj): yªn ¾ng, yªn ¶, im lÆng,tÜnh mÞch Eg The night was so quiet that you could hear the breeze blowing QUITE (adv) : 1- hoµn toµn Eg Louise is quite capable of taking over the household chores while her mother is away 2- h¬i, mét chót QUIT (v): dõng Eg He was quite tired after his first day of classes Eg Herman quit smoking on his doctor’s advice STATIONARY (adj): cố định, không di chuyển, tĩnh Eg The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several days STATIONERY (n): Giấy viết đặc biệt, văn phòng phẩm Eg Lucille used only monogrammed stationary for correspondence THAN (liên từ) : đợc sử dụng câu so sánh Eg Today’s weather is better than yesterday’s THEN (adj) : sau đó ( đợc dùng sau thời điểm đã đợc đề cập) Eg First, Julie filled out her schedule; then, she paid her fees THEIR (adj): tÝnh tõ së h÷u sè nhiÒu Eg Their team scored the most points during the game THERE (adv): 1- đó, đằng Eg Look over there between the trees 2- đợc sử dụng với be để diện, có mặt, tồn Eg There is a book on the teacher’s desk THEY’RE (đại từ + động từ): viết tắt they are Eg They’re leaving on the noon flight to Zurich TO (giíi tõ) : ®i tíi, cho tíi, tíi tËn lóc Eg Go to the blackboard and write out the equation TWO (n/ adj) - hai incident Eg Two theories have been proposed to explain that TOO (adv) 1- qu¸ Eg This morning was too cold for the children go to swimming 2- còng, còng vËy Eg Jane went to the movie, and we did too WEATHER (n): thêi tiÕt Eg Our flight was delayed because of bad weather WHETHER (liªn tõ): nªn ch¨ng (chØ lùa chän) Eg Because of gas shortage, we not know whether we will go away for our vacation or stay home WHOSE (adj) - tính từ hay đại từ quan hệ sở hữu Eg The person whose name is drawn first will win the grand prize WHO’S ( re-pro + v) : viÕt t¾t cña who + is hoÆc who + has Eg Who’s (who is) your new biology professor? Scott is the attorney who’s (who has) been reviewing this case YOUR (adj) - së h÷u cña you Eg We are all happy about your accepting the position with the company in Baltimore YOU’RE (pro + v) - ViÕt t¾t cña you + are Eg You’re going to enjoy the panorama from the top of the hill C¸c tõ cã ®iÓm gièng dÔ nhÇm lÉn ACCEPT (v): chÊp nhËn Eg Professor Perez will accept the chairmanship of the humanities department EXCEPT (pre): ngo¹i trõ (1 vËt hay ngêi) Eg Everyone is going to the convention except Bob ACCESS (n): s½n cã, c¸ch truy cËp vµo Eg The teacher had no access to the students’files, which were locked in the principal’s office EXCESS (adj): 1- dåi dµo, phong phó, d thõa (n) 2- Lîng bæ xung, phô Eg We paid a surcharge on our excess baggage Eg The demand for funds was in excess of the actual need ADVICE (n) : lêi khuyªn, t vÊn Eg If you heed the teacher’s advice, you will well in your studies ADVISE (v) : khuyªn, hoÆc t vÊn Eg The Congress advised the president against signing the treaty at that time AFFECT (v): Tác động EFFECT (n): 1- KÕt qu¶ hoÆc hËu qu¶ Eg The children suffered no ill effects from their long plane ride (v) Eg The doctors wanted to see how the medication would affect the patient Eg To effect a change in city government we must all vote on Tuesday 2- T¹o hiÖu qu¶ AGAIN (adv): lần nữa, lặp lại ( hành động) Eg Mike wrote to the publishers again, inquiring about his manuscript AGAINST (pre) : 1- chống lại, phản đối đó cái gì đó Eg The athletic director was against our dancing in the new gym 2- kÒ bªn, bªn c¹nh ALREADY (adv): s½n sµng Eg The boy standing against the piano is my cousin Bill Eg Jan’s plane had already landed before we got to the airport ALL READY (noun + adj): Đã chẩn bị sẵn sàng để làm gì Eg We are all ready to go boating AMONG (pre): ChØ mèi quan hÖ (hoÆc sù lùa chän tõ) hay nhiÒu ngêi (nhiÓu vËt) - sè Eg It was difficult to select a winner from among so many contestants BETWEEN (pre): chØ mèi quan hÖ (sù lùa chän) gi÷a thùc thÓ Eg Between writing her book and teaching, Mary Ellen had litte time for anything else Lu ý : cấu trúc between and có thể đợc dùng để vị trí chính xác quốc gia nằm các quốc gia kh¸c Eg ViÖtnam lies between China, Laos and Cambodia BESIDE (pre): bên cạnh đó Eg There is a small table beside the bed BESIDES (pre/ adv): ngoµi ra, còng, h¬n n÷a Eg I have five history books here besides the four that I left at home ASIDE (adv): đặt sang bên Eg Harry sets money aside every payday for his daughter’s education COMPARE (V) + WITH: so với (để giống nhau, tơng đồng) Eg Sue compared her new school with the last one she had attended CONTRAST (V) + WITH: chØ sù t¬ng ph¶n (kh¸c nhau) Eg In her composition, Marta chose to contrast life in a big city with that of a small town CONSECUTIVE (adj): Liªn tôc ( kh«ng cã tÝnh ng¾t qu·ng) Eg Today is the tenth consecutive day of unbearable heat wave SUCCESSIVE (adj): liªn tôc Eg The United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic Games CONSIDERABLE (adj): đáng kể Eg Even thought Marge had considerable experience in the field, she was not hired for the job CONSIDERATE (adj): lịch sự, ân cần, chu đáo, hay quan tâm tới ngời khác Eg It was very considerate of Harry to send his hostess a bouquet of flowers CREDIBLE (adj): có thể tin đợc Eg His explanation of the rescue at sea seemed credible CREDITABLE (adj): vẻ vang, đáng ca ngợi, đáng khen Eg The fireman’s daring rescue of those trapped in the burning was a creditable deed Việc ngời lính cứu hoả dám xông vào cứu ngời bị nhốt đám cháy là việc làm đáng khen ngợi CREDULOUS (adj): c¶ tin, nhÑ da Eg Rita is so credulous that she will accept any excuse you offer DETRACT (v): lµm gi¶m (gi¸ trÞ, uy tÝn) Eg Molly’s nervousness detracted from her singing DISTRACT (v): lµm l·ng quªn, lµm mÊt tËp trung Eg Please don’t distract your father while he is balancing the chequebook DEVICE (n): mét ph¸t minh hay kÕ ho¹ch, thiÕt bÞ, dông cô, m¸y mãc Eg This is a clever device for cleaning fish without getting pinched by the scales DEVISE (v): nghÜ ra, s¸ng chÕ Eg The general devised a plan for attacking the enemy camp at night while the soldiers were celebrating ELICIT (v): rót ra, moi ra, thu håi l¹i, rót l¹i Eg The prosecutor’s barrage of questions finally elicited the truth from the witness ILLICIT (adj): bÊt hîp ph¸p Eg The politician’s illicit dealings with organized crime caused him to lose his government position EMIGRANT (n): ngời di c (động từ là Emigrate from : di c từ) Eg After world war II, many emigrants left Europe to go to the United States IMMIGRANT (n): ngời nhập c (động từ là Immigrate into ) Eg The United States is a country composed of immigrants EXAMPLE (n): thÝ dô, dÉn chøng Eg Picasso’s Guermica is an excellent example of expressionism in art SAMPLE (n): mÉu Eg Mike loves to go to supermarket because the dairy lady always gives her a sample of cheese FORMERLY (adv): tríc ®©y Eg He formerly worked as a professor, but now he is a physicist FORMALLY (adj) 1- tÒ chØnh (¨n mÆc) Eg At the resort we were required to dress formally for dinner every night nơi đông ngời ngời ta yêu cầu chúng tôi ăn mặc chỉnh tề vào tất các bữa ăn tối HARD (adj): 2- chÝnh thøc Eg She has formally requested a name change 1- khã Eg The test was so hard that nobody passed 2- cøng Eg The stadium’s seats were hard, so we rented a cushion 3- (adv) ch¨m chØ, rÊt nç lùc Eg They worked hard on the project HARDLY (adv): hÇu nh kh«ng Eg He had so much work to after the vacation that he hardly knew where to begin HELPLESS (adj): V« väng, tuyÖt väng Eg I could not speak their language, I felt helpless trying to understand the tourists’ plight USELESS (adj): v« dông Eg An umbrella is useless in a hurricane « sÏ trë nªn v« dông trËn b·o HOUSE (n) vs HOME (n): nhiều đợc sử dụng lẫn lộn, nhng có khác biệt ngữ nghĩa 1- House ¸m chØ tíi toµ nhµ hoÆc c«ng tr×nh kiÕn tróc Eg The Chapmans are building a new house in Buckingham Estates 2- Home ¸m chØ tíi bÇu kh«ng khÝ ng«i nhµ Home lµ n¬i tr¸i tim ë IMAGINARY (adj): Tëng tîng, kh«ng cã thËt Eg Since Ralph has no brother or sisters, he has created an imaginary playmate IMAGINATIVE (adj): phong phó trÝ tëng tîng, giµu trÝ tëng tîng Eg Star Wars was created by an highly imaginatve writer IMMORTAL (adj): bÊt tö Eg The immortal works of Shakespeare are still being read and enjoyed three centuries after their writing IMMORAL (adj): trái với luân thờng đạo lý, đồi bại Eg Their immoral behavior in front of the students cost the teachers their jobs IMPLICIT (adj): ngầm, ẩn tàng, tiềm tàng, tuyệt đối, hoàn toàn Eg Our supervisor has implicit faith in our ability to finish the project on time Ngời giám sát dự án có niềm tin tuyệt đối vào khả hoàn tất dự án đúng thời hạn chúng tôi EXPLICIT (adj): râ rµng, chÝnh x¸c Eg They gave explicit instructions for carrying out the research project INDUSTRIAL (adj): [thuéc] c«ng nghiÖp Eg Paul had an industrial accident and wa in the hospital for three months INDUSTRIOUS (adj): cÇn cï, siªng n¨ng Eg Mark was such an industrious student that he received a four-year scholarship to the university INFLICT (v): kÕt ¸n, b¾t ph¶i chÞu Eg Because the prisoners had created a riot and had assaulted several guards, the warden inflicted several punishments on all the participants AFFLICT (v): lµm sÇu n·o, lµm ®au khæ Eg During the Middle Ages, millions of people were afflicted by the plague (vào thời trung cổ, hàng triệu ngời đã bị ngã bệnh vì nạn dịch.) INSPIRATION (n): c¶m høng (s¸ng t¹o, häc tËp, kh¸m ph¸) Eg Thomas A Edison, inventor of the phonograph, said that an idea was ninety-nine percent perspiration and one percent inspiration (Thomas A Edison, nhµ ph¸t minh chiÕc kÌn, nãi r»ng ý tëng lµ 99% må h«i c«ng søc vµ chØ 1% c¶m høng s¸ng t¹o) ASPIRATION (n): 1- kh¸t väng, nguyÖn väng Eg Gail’s lifelong aspiration has been that of becoming a doctor Eg To pronounce certain words, proper aspiration is necessary 2- sù hÝt thë INTELLIGENT (adj): th«ng minh Eg Dan was so intelligent that he received good grades without ever having to study INTELLIGIBLE (adj): dÔ dµng, dÔ hiÓu Eg The science teacher’s explanations were so intelligible that students had no problems doing their assignments INTELLECTUAL (n): 1- trÝ thøc Eg Because Fabian is an intellectual, he finds it difficult to associate with his classmates who are less intelligent 2- (adj): kh«n ngoan, tµi trÝ, uyªn b¸c Eg John was involved in an intellectual conversation with his old professor INTENSE (adj): m¹nh, d÷ déi, m·nh liÖt Eg Last winter’s intense cold almost depleted the natural gas supply INTENSIVE (adj): m¹nh, s©u, tËp trung Eg Before going to Mexico, Phil took an intensive course in Spanish LATE (adj, adv): 1-không đúng giờ, muộn Eg Professor Carmichael hates to see his students arrive late 2- (adj) qu¸ cè Eg Her late husband was the author of that book LATELY (adv): gÇn ®©y LEARN (v): häc Eg I haven’t seen Burt lately He must be extremely busy with his research Eg The new cashier had to learn how to operate the computerised cash register TEACH (v): d¹y Eg The instructor is teaching us how to program computers LEND (v) và LOAN (v): cho vay - có thể dùng lẫn đợc Eg Jill loaned (lend) me her red dress to wear to the dance BORROW (v): vay Eg I borrowed Jill’s red dress to wear to the dance LIQUEFY (v): tan ra, ch¶y Eg The ice cream began to liquefy in the intense heat LIQUIDATE (v): trõ khö, to¸n, lý Eg The foreign agent tried to liquidate the traitor before he passed the information to his contacts LONELY (adj : cô đơn Eg After her husband’s death, Debbie was very lonely and withdrawn Sau cái chết chồng, Debbie cô đơn và khó tính ALONE (adj): mét m×nh Eg After losing in the Olympic tryouts, Phil asked to be left alone NEAR (pre/adv): gÇn Eg My biology class meets near the Student Union NEARLY (adv): hÇu hÕt, gÇn nh, suýt n÷a Eg We were nearly hit by the speeding car on the turnpike Chúng tôi suýt thì bị xe tốc độ cao húc vào trên xa lộ OBSERVATION (n): sù quan s¸t, sù theo dâi Eg The ancient Egyptians’ observation of the heavently bodies helped them know when to plant and harvest OBSERVANCE (n): sù tu©n theo, sù tu©n thñ, nghi thøc, nghi lÔ Eg There will be numerous parades and displays of the fireworks in observance of Independece Day PERSECUTE (v): ngợc đãi, hành hạ Eg Throughout history many people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs PROSECUTE (v): truy tè Eg Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law PRECEDE (v): đứng trớc Eg Weather Service warnings preceded the hurricane PROCEED (v): tiÕp tôc (mét c«ng viÖc bÞ bá dë) Eg After the fire drill, the teacher proceeded to explain the experiment to the physics class QUANTITY (n): số lợng (đợc dùng với danh từ không đếm đợc) Eg A large quantity of sand was removed before the archaeologists found the prehistoric animal bones NUMBER (n): số lợng (đợc sử dụng với danh từ đếm đợc) Eg A number of artefacts were found at the excavation site REMEMBER (v): nhí l¹i, nhí, nghÜ vÒ Eg I not remember what time he asked me to call You don’t remember, you? REMIND (v): nh¾c nhë ai, lµm cho nhí l¹i Eg Please remind me to call Henry at o’clock tonight Henry reminds me of my uncle SENSIBLE (adj): cã ãc ph¸n ®o¸n tèt Eg When it is raining hard, sensible people stay indoors SENSITIVE (adj): nhËy c¶m Eg Stephen cannot be out in the sun very long because he has very sensitive skin and burns easily SPECIAL (adj): đặc biệt Eg Meyer’s Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers ESPECIALLY (adv): đặc biệt Eg Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts She has a special talent for playing music by ear USE (n): ¸p dông, sö dông Eg The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier lawn USAGE (n): c¸ch sö dông Eg Norm Crosby’s usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious