Tài liệu The complete guide to the toefl ibt writing part 11 pptx

Writing Tutorial: Grammar Adjective Clause Marker Use Example who Subject (people) A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the nervous system whom Object (people) This is the patient whom the doctor treated whose Possessive (people/things) Mr Collins is the man whose house | rented which Subject/Object (things) The assignment, which was due last week, took me four hours to complete that Subject/Object Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by everyone (people/things) (that as subject) 709 The painting that Ms Wallace bought was very expensive (that as object) where Adverb That is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters (place) when Adverb (time) This is the hour when the children usually go to bed Like all clauses, adjective clauses must have a subject and a verb In some cases the adjective clause marker itself is the subject; in some cases, there is another subject The painting was very expensive Ms Wallace bought it The painting that Ms Wallace bought was very expensive The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the object of the verb bought In the joined sentence, the adjective clause keeps the subject—Ms Wallace—that it had in the original sentence Notice that the inclusion of the pronoun itin the joined sentences above would be an error INCORRECT: The painting that Ms Wallace bought it was very expensive The assignment took me four hours to complete It was due last week The assignment, which was due last week, took me four hours to complete The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the subject of the second original sentence In the joined sentence, the marker itself is the subject of the adjective clause 710 Section Guide to Writing In some adjective clauses, the relative pronoun that may be used in place of which or who These sentences are called identifying adjective clauses (also called restrictive adjective clauses) The information in the clause is needed to identify the noun This type of clause is not set off by commas The island that we visited was beautiful The people that moved next door are very friendly In other adjective clauses (called non-identifying or non-restrictive), the clause provides “extra” information It’s not needed to identify the head noun These clauses are always set off with commas Maui, which is one of the Hawaiian Islands, is quite beautiful The Smiths, who are our new neighbors, are very friendly The word that cannot be used to introduce this type of clause INCORRECT: INCORRECT: Maui, that is one of the Hawaiian Islands, is quite beautiful The Smiths, that are our new neighbors, are very friendly The adjective clause markers which and whom can also be used as objects of prepositions: That is the topic I will write on it That is the topic on which I will write Marie is the student The teacher gave the special assignment to her Marie is the student to whom the teacher gave the special assignment You may also see sentences with adjective clauses used in this pattern: quantifier* + of + relative clause He met with two advisors He had known both of them for years He met with two advisors, both of whom he had known for yeats I read a number of articles Most of them were very useful I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful GRAMMAR EXERCISE 2.1 DIRECTIONS: Join the two sentences below into a single sentence using adjective clause markers (who, which, that, whom, whose, and so on) The word in italics will be replaced The first one is done for you as an example *Quantifiers are words that show numbers or amounts, such as much, several, some, a few, both, many, most, all, each, one, two Writing Tutorial: Grammar 711 Most folk songs are ballads They have simple words and tell simple stories Most folk songs are ballads that have simple words and tell simple stories Abattery is a device It provides electricity by chemical means In May, the university will finish building a new wing of the library Rare books will be stored there The melting point is the temperature At this temperature, a solid changes to a liquid A keystone species is a species of plant or animal Jts absence has a major effect on an ecological system Active stocks are stocks They are frequently bought and sold There are many varieties of snakes Most of them are harmless to humans Charlotte Gilman's best-known book is Women and Economics In this book she urges women to become financially independent =a = Zz GRAMMAR EXERCISE 2.2 DrrecTIONs: Decide if the underlined word or phrase in the sentences below is used correctly If the phrase is used correctly, mark the sentence C If the sentence is used incorrectly, mark the sentence X and rewrite the underlined expression, correcting the mistake The first one is done for you as an example There are many species of plants and animals that they are peculiar to Hawaii that Diamonds are often found in rock formations called pipes that resemble the throats of extinct volcanoes There are thousands of kinds of bacteria, many of whom are beneficial Today meteorologists obtain the information that they use to make weather predictions chiefly from satellites & 712 Section Guide to Writing The Pritzker Prize is given every year to architects their work benefits humanity and the environment Pipettes are glass tubes, open at both ends, which chemists use them to transfer small volumes of liquid The size and shape of a nail depends primarily on the function which for it was intended Jakarta, that is the capital of Indonesia, is also the largest city GRAMMAR POINT 3: ADVERB CLAUSES An adverb clause consists of a connecting word, called an adverb-clause marker (also called a subordinate conjunction) and at least a subject and a verb The demand for economical cars increases when gasoline becomes more expensive In this example, the adverb-clause marker when joins the adverb clause to the main clause The adverb clause contains a subject (gasoline) and a verb (becomes) An adverb clause can precede the main clause or follow it When the adverb clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma When gasoline becomes more expensive, the demand for economical cars increases Adverb Clause Marker Use Example because cause Because the speaker was sick, the program was canceled since cause Since credit cards are so convenient, many people use them although opposition Although Mr Crane earns a good salary, he never saves any money even though opposition Even though Rosa was tired, she stayed up late while contrast Some people arrived in taxis while others took the subway if condition If the automobile had not been invented, what would people use for basic transportation? unless negative condition lwonft go uniess you time Your heart rate increases when you exercise when Writing Tutorial: Grammar while time Some people like to listen to music while they are studying as time One train was arriving as another was departing since time We haven't seen Professor Hill since she returned from her trip until time Don’t put off going to the dentist until you have a problem once time Once the dean arrives, the meeting can begin before time Before he left the country, Richard bought some traveler’s checks time Emily will give a short speech after she receives the award after 713 When the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause are the same person or thing, the adverb clause can be reduced (shortened) Reduced adverb clauses not contain a verb or a subject They consist of a marker and either a present or past participle If the verb in the full adverb clause is active, the present participle is used If the verb in the full adverb clause is passive, a past participle is used When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they don't feel the force of gravity (full adverb clause with an active verb) When orbiting the earth, astronauts don't feel the force of gravity (reduced clause with present participle) Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational (full adverb clause with a passive verb) Although damaged, the machine was still operational (reduced clause with a past participle) You will most often see reduced adverb clauses with the markers although, while, if, when, before, after, and until Reduced adverb clauses are NEVER used after because Don't use because in the expression reason because Use reason that INCORRECT: The reason Laura moved to Arizona is because she enjoys a warm, dry climate CORRECT: The reason Laura moved to Arizona is that she enjoys a warm, dry climate There are certain prepositions that have essentially the same meaning as adverb clause markers but are used with noun phrases or pronouns, not with clauses 714 Section Guide to Writing Preposition Related Marker Example because of because/since Roberto chose that university because of its fine reputation due to because/since The accident was due to mechanical failure on account of becquse/since Visibility is poor today on account of air pollution in spite of although/even though He enjoys racing motorcycles in spite of the danger despite although/even though Despite its loss, the team is still in first place GRAMMAR EXERCISE 3.1 DIRECTIONS: Join the two sentences below into a single sentence using the adverb clause marker or other words in parentheses (_) The first one is done for you as an example (if) Small sailboats can easily capsize They are not handled carefully Small sailboats can easily capsize if they are not handled carefully (although) Parrots are tropical birds They can live in temperate or even cold climates (since) Advertising has had an enormous effect on American life It is so widespread in the United States (as) A wave moves towards shore Its shape is changed by its collision with the shallow sea bottom (when) Use a reduced adverb clause It can be added to a liquid Antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid (while) Most bamboo blooms every year There are some species that flower only two or three times a century Writing Tutorial: Grammar 715 (once) Use a reduced adverb clause It is granted by the Patent Office A patent becomes the inventor's property GRAMMAR EXERCISE 3.2 Directions: Decide if the underlined word or phrase in the sentences below is used correctly If the phrase is used correctly, mark the sentence C If the sentence is used incorrectly, mark the sentence X and rewrite the underlined expression, correcting the mistake Although their light weight, aluminum alloys can be very strong Snake birds were not given their names because they eat snakes but because of their long, thin necks resemble snakes Although people are increasingly linked over long distances by electronic means of communication, but many of them still prefer face-to-face encounters 4, In spite of its frightening appearance, the octopus is shy and completely harmless Natural silk is still highly prized even though similar artificial fabrics are available Because of cheese is essentially a concentrated form of milk, it contains the same nutrients as milk ĐNILIIAA The reason large bodies of water never freeze solid is because the sheet of ice on the surface protects the water below it from the cold air 716 Section Guide to Writing GRAMMAR POINT 4: WoRD FORMS One common problem in test-takers’ writing is the incorrect use of one part of speech (a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb) in place of the correct part of speech Parts of speech can often be identified by their suffixes (word endings) Common Noun Endings -tion -sion -ence -ance -ity -hood -dom -th -age information provision existence acceptance creativity childhood wisdom health marriage -ery -ship -tude -ism -cracy -logy -ness -ment recovery scholarship multitude capitalism democracy biology happiness experiment -ee -ic -ian -ant employee comic technician attendant -ify -ate satisfy incorporate -y -ic -ical -ory -less -ive -ly -ful -ile sunny economic logical sensory hopeless competitive friendly colorful sterile -ally historically Endings for Nouns That Refer to Persons -er -or -ist -ent explorer sailor psychologist student Common Verb Endings -ize -en -er realize shorten recover Common Adjective Endings -ate -OUS -al -ial -able -ible -ish -ant -ent moderate dangerous normal remedial comfortable sensible foolish resistant different Adverb Endings -ly quickly Writing Tutorial: Grammar 717 The most common type of word form problem involves the use of an adverb in place of an adjective or an adjective in place of an adverb A few points to keep in mind: » Adjectives modify nouns, noun phrases, gerunds, and pronouns Hang up your wet clothes (adjective modifying the noun clothes) The two children were kind (adjective modifying the noun phrase the two children) We saw some wonderful acting in the play (adjective modifying the gerund acting) They were very brave (adjective modifying the pronoun they) ¢ Adjectives often come before words they modify an importanttest e aquietevening a longarticle Adjectives may also follow the verb fo be and other linking verbs The glass was empty That song sounds nice They look upset ¢ They often answer the question What kind? She is a brilliant scholar (What kind of a scholar is she? A brilliant one ) > Adverbs modify many types of words, including verbs, participles, adjectives, and other adverbs Ann eagerly accepted the challenge (adverb modifying the verb accepted) It was a rapidly changing situation (adverb modifying the present participle changing) She wore a brightly colored scarf (adverb modifying the past participle colored) Ted seemed extremely curious about that topic (adverb modifying the adjective curious) The accident occurred incredibly quickly (adverb modifying the adverb quickly) ¢ Sometimes adverbs are used at the beginning of sentences, usually followed by a comma These adverbs modify the entire sentence rather than one word in the sentence Generally, I like my classes Usually Professor Fowles’s lectures are more interesting than the one he gave today ¢ Adverbs of manner are formed by adding the suffix -ly to an adjective (or -ally if the adjective ends with the letter -c) quick quickly comfortable e comic comfortably historic comically historically Adverbs of manner answer the question How? Ms Lang treats her employees honestly (How does she treat her employees? Honestly ) = =>) = P2 lớn) G2 718 Section Guide to Writing e A few adverbs (fast, hard, and high, for example) have the same form as adjectives Charles bought a fast car (adjective) He was driving so fast that he got a speeding ticket (adverb) ¢ Wellis the irregular adverb form of the adjective good Juan is an exceptionally good student He did very well on the last test Besides adjective/adverb problems, there are many other word form problems Some examples are given here: Corn played an important role in the cultural of the Indians of the Southwest (The noun culture, not the adjective cultural, is needed.) The galaxy Andromeda is the most distance object visible to observers in the Northern Hemisphere (The adjective distant is needed in place of the noun distance.) Scientists belief that the continents once formed a single continent surrounded by an enormous sea (The verb believe is needed in place of the noun belief.) Bunsen burners are used to hot materials in a chemistry lab (The adjective hot is used incorrectly in place of the verb heat.) GRAMMAR EXERCISE 4.1 Directions: Underline the form that correctly completes the sentence Floods cause billions of dollars worth of property damage (annual/annually) Writer Ernest Hemingway is known for his (simple/simply) language and lively dialogue Most snails venture out to look for (feed/food) only after sunset or on (rain/rainy) days The Richter Scale measures the (severely/severity) of earthquakes (General/Generally), bauxite is found near the surface, so it is relatively (simple/simply) to mine By-products from chicken eggs are used by (industry/industrial) in manufacturing such (produces/products) as soap and paint Analgesics such as aspirin are used to (relieve/relief) pain and reduce fever Rose Han Lee wrote a number of (scholar/scholarly) accounts about the effects of (immigrant/immigration) on mining towns in the western United States Writing Tutorial: Grammar 719 Á gap in the Coast Range of California provides (easy/easily) access to the San Francisco Bay area 10 The Nassau grouper is a (tropics/tropical) fish that is noted for its (able/ability) to change color 11 Some airplanes have an automatic pilot that is connected to the airplane's controls and (automatic/automatically) keeps the plane on course 12 Alpha rays (loss/lose) energy (rapidity/rapidly) as they pass through matter 13 The cherry is one of the only fruits that will not (ripe/ripen) if it is removed from the tree 14 The tiny coral snake is (beautiful/beautifully) but deadly 15 Colorado shares with Wyoming the (distinction/distinctly) of having four (per- fect/perfectly) straight borders GRAMMAR EXERCISE 4.2 DIRECTIONS: Decide if the underlined word or phrase in the sentences below is used correctly If the phrase is used correctly, mark the sentence C If the phrase is used incorrectly, mark the sentence X and rewrite the underlined expression, correcting the mistake Goats are extremely destructive to natural vegetation and are often responsible for soil erosion One important branch of linguistics is semantics, which analysis the meaning of words Unlike folk dancers, which are the product of a single culture, ballet is an international art form Bears can move rapidly when necessary and are skillful tree-climbers for their size and weigh Peach trees grow good in a variety of soil types but best in sandy loam Achemical react that absorbs heat is called endothermic Some games rely mainly on skill and practice while others primarily involve luck To make candles, pioneers twisted string into wicks, dipped the wicks into hot fat, then the candles to cool and hard ĐNILIHAA Liberal arts colleges cultivate general intellectually abilities rather than technical or professional skills 720 Section Guide to Writing GRAMMAR POINT 5: VERBS Errors with verbs are common in test-takers’ writing You should automatically check all your verbs when you edit your response Some points about verbs to keep in mind: > A gerund, infinitive, or participle cannot be used alone as a sentence verb INCORRECT: The woman going to her office INCORRECT: The woman to go to her office INCORRECT: The woman gone to her office If the subject of the sentence performs the action, the verb must be in the active voice The architect designed the building (active verb) If the subject of the sentence receives the action, the verb must be in the passive voice The building was designed by the architect (passive verb) The verb must agree with its subject Singular subjects require singular verbs; plural subjects require plural verbs The class is The classes are The bicycle was The bicycles were The game has been The games have been The child likes The children like ¢ Asentence with two subjects joined by and takes a plural verb The chemistry lab and the physics lab are * Some words end in -s but are singular in form Many of these words are the names of fields of study (economics, physics, and so on) News is another word of this kind Economics is The news was ¢ Subjects with each and every take singular verbs (This includes compound words like everyone and everything.) Each state has Each of the representatives was Every person was Everyone wants * Singular subjects used with phrases such as along with, accompanied by, together with, as well as, and in addition to take singular verbs The mayor, along with the city council, is _ Together with his friends, Mark has * Quantities of time, money, distance, and so on, usually take a singular verb Five hundred dollars was Two years has Ten miles is Writing Tutorial: Grammar > 721 The appropriate tense must be used according to the time-related words or ideas in the sentence The simple present tense is a general time tense It usually indicates that a condition is always true or that an action always occurs It may also indicate that an action regularly occurs The atmosphere surrounds the Earth Karen often stays at this hotel Generally, the lectures in this class are very interesting ¢ The future tense is used for future time Next semester I will take a chemistry class ¢ The simple past tense indicates that an action took place at a specific time in the past They moved to Phoenix five years ago This house was built in the 1920's Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago ¢ The present perfect tense usually indicates that an action began at some time in the past and continues to the present It may also indicate that an action took place at an unspecified time in the past Mr Graham has worked for this company since 2003 Steven hasn't been to a doctor for over a year Jennifer has recently returned from Europe > The correct form of the main verb—base form, -ing form, past tense, past participle—must be used The base form follows all modal auxiliaries (verb forms such as can, could, and migh0 might be can remember should study must know could go may follow * Certain similar auxiliary verbs require infinitives (to + base form of the verb) ¢ ought to attend used to play have to hurry The past participle is used after a form of have in all perfect forms of the verb has done had called should have said have run will have read could have made * The -ing form is used after a form of be in all progressive forms of the verb is sleeping has been writing should have been wearing was working had been painting will be waiting ¢ The past participle is used after a form of be in all passive forms of the verb _is wom is being considered were told has been shown would have been lost had been promised might have been canceled will have been missed = = Fe @ 722 Secton Guide to Writing GRAMMAR EXERCISE 5.1 Directions: Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ) The first one is done for you as an example Physician Alice Hamilton (know) _ is known_ — today for her research on indus- trial diseases The business school at our university (ffound) ———————————— years ago For thousands of years, farmers (use) tect their crops from hungry birds NASA's space probe New Horizon (fly) Pluto in the year 2015 almost 100 scarecrows to proby the planet Before the late eighteenth century, most textiles (make) at home Sarah Knight (write) _ a fascinating account of a journey she made from Boston to New York in 1704 Each of the four types of human tooth (suit) _ purpose to a specific Since about 1980, computers and new methods of communication (revolution1ze) . oficework GRAMMAR EXERCISE 5.2 Directions: Decide if the underlined word or phrase in the sentences below is used correctly If the phrase is used correctly, mark the sentence C If the sentence is used incorrectly, mark the sentence X and rewrite the underlined expression, correcting the mistake The first one is done for you as an example Cans of paint must be shaking before use to mix the pigments with the medium in which they are suspended shaken Each of the Ice Ages were more than a million years long The white pine is the most commercially important forest tree in North America until the beginning of the twentieth century The first bicycle race on record in the United States taken place in 1883 Teeth are covered with a hard substance called enamel When scientists search a site for fossils, they begin by examining places where the soil has wore away from the rock Writing Tutorial: Grammar 723 The first seven American astronauts were chose in 1959 Medical students must to study both the theory and practice of medicine Ethics is the study of moral duties, principles, and values 10 In music, a chord is the sound of two or more notes that are playing together 11 Every one of the body’s billions of cells requires a constant supply of food and oxygen 12 The more or less rhythmic succession of economic booms and busts are referred to as the business cycle 13 In the late nineteenth century, many important theories in both the biological and the physical sciences have been produced 14 Chromium used to make stainless steel POINT 6: PARTICIPLES Participles are verbal adjectives There are two kinds of participles: present participles and past participles The present participle always ends in -ing The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed, but many verbs have irregular past participles Participial phrases (a participle and related words) are often used after nouns Participial phrases used this way are actually reduced (shortened) adjective clauses Present participles are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state (full adjective clause with an active verb) Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state (participial phrase with a present participle) Past participles are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs The College of William and Mary, which was founded in 1693, is the second oldest college in the United States (full adjective clause with a passive verb) The College of William and Mary, founded in 1693, is the second oldest college in the United States (participial phrase with a past participle) Participial phrases can also come before the subject of a sentence Joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state Founded in 1693, William and Mary College is the second oldest university in the United States ĐNILIMAA GRAMMAR ... That is the topic I will write on it That is the topic on which I will write Marie is the student The teacher gave the special assignment to her Marie is the student to whom the teacher gave the. .. beneficial Today meteorologists obtain the information that they use to make weather predictions chiefly from satellites & 712 Section Guide to Writing The Pritzker Prize is given every year to architects... in the cultural of the Indians of the Southwest (The noun culture, not the adjective cultural, is needed.) The galaxy Andromeda is the most distance object visible to observers in the Northern