Tài liệu The complete guide to the toefl ibt writing part 4 pdf

604 Section Guide to Writing Outline for Task Main topic: Main idea of the passage: Main idea of the lecture: Key Point + supporting information from the passage: Key Point + supporting information from the lecture: Key Point + supporting information from the passage: Key Point + supporting information from the lecture: Key Point + supporting information from the passage: Key Point + supporting information from the lecture: Conclusion (if any): Passage: Lecture: P LESSON 22 SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING, CITING, AND SYNTHESIZING FOR THE INTEGRATED WRITING RESPONSE (A) Summarizing When you give your response for Integrated Speaking Tasks, you should not simply repeat words from the passage or from lectures (see Lesson 20) The same is true when you write your response for the Integrated Writing Task You should shorten and simplify the material that you read and hear (summarize it) and write it in your own words (paraphrase it) As mentioned in Lesson 21, it is a good idea to take notes on both the passage and the lecture When you take notes, you automatically summarize the material that you take notes on because you are writing down only key ideas and important supporting information Therefore, when writing your response, you should use your notes and look back at the passage only when necessary Remember: When you write your response, you not have to use all the examples from the passage or the lecture Try to simplify sentences and condense information from two or three sentences into one Eliminate any sentences, phrases, or words that are not necessary to explain the important information in the passage or lecture (B) Paraphrasing You must also paraphrase the information in the passage and the lecture In other words, you must express the ideas in the passage in your own words and using your own sentence structures When you paraphrase information, you are really “translating” the author’s English into your own English Again, by using your notes rather than the passage itself, you are less likely to take information word for word from the passage Here are some techniques for paraphrasing information: Change word forms You can change nouns to verbs, verbs to nouns, nouns to adjectives, and so on This process usually involves making other changes in sentence structure as well Examples: When we look at a comparison between AandB When we compareAandB The noun comparison is replaced with the verb compare There are a variety of solutions to problem C There are various solutions to problem C The noun variety is replaced with the adjective various 605 == a iy J 606 Section Guide to Writing Replace words or phrases with synonyms Xis not allowed X is not permitted Permitted is a synonym for allowed Project Y was almost completed Project Y was nearly finished The phrase nearly finished is synonymous with almost completed Note: /t is not a good idea to use synonyms for concept words, technical terms, or “proper nouns” (words that begin with capital letters, such as names) Example: The International Science Foundation is investigating the effects of gamma rays In the sentence above, you would not paraphrase International Science Foundation (proper noun) or gamma rays (technical term) Change the grammar Trained scientists performed this research This research was performed by trained scientists The active verb performed is replaced by the passive verb was performed by (For more information on verbs, see the Writing Tutorial on Grammar, Point 5, pp 720-721.) Note: Try to avoid replacing too many active verbs with passive verbs; active verbs are preferable because they are stronger than passive verbs Several computer programs can be used to solve this problem There are several computer programs that can be used to solve this problem A there + to be pattern is used in place of a subject + verb pattern It’s easy to use A UsingA is easy The gerund using is substituted for the infinitive to use This A, which is one of the most powerful Zs in the world, has This A, one of the most powerful Zs in the world, has An appositive (noun phrase) is used in place of a relative clause Study Y, which was conducted by sociologists in 2004, shows that Study Y, conducted by sociologists in 2004, shows that A past participle is used to reduce (shorten) a relative clause (For more information on participles, see the Writing Tutorial on Grammar, Point 6, pages 723-724.) Lesson 22: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Citing, and Synthesizing 607 Reverse negatives Ais not as easy as Ais harder than A comparative phrase (harder than) is used in place of a not+ as as phrase It’s not uncommon to see Z It’s common to see Z A double-negative phrase such as (not uncommon) is replaced by a word with a positive meaning (common) The least expensiveB The cheapestB The negative superlative phrase least expensive is replaced by a superlative word with the same meaning, cheapest Change the word order For many years, people have believed A People have believed A for many years The prepositional phrase for many years is moved from the beginning of the sentence to the end of it After this problem has been solved, work on X can continue Work on X can continue after this problem has been solved The adverb clause after this problem has been solved is moved to the end of the sentence Change sentence connectors Although there is a lot of evidence to support theory Y, not all scientists believe it There is a lot if evidence to support theory Y; however, not all scientists believe it The transition word however is used in place of the adverb-clause marker although There are some dangers involved in B; therefore, researchers must be very cautious Because there are some dangers involved in B, researchers must be very cautious The adverb clause marker because is used in place of the transition word therefore Below are several sentences taken from the reading for the Preview Test and some notes from the lecture Following this selection are sentences from sample responses that summarize and paraphrase the information in the reading and lecture == =A a) 608 Section Guide to Writing Sample Read these sentences from the passage: The usefulness of animal testing has been shown over and over For example, the very basis of modern medicine, the germ theory—the idea that diseases are caused by micro-organisms—was proven by the great French scientist Louis Pasteur by experimenting on chickens and pigs and other farm animals The effectiveness of penicillin was tested on rabbits and mice, and insulin, which is used to treat diabetes, was tested on dogs Sample notes: O Usefulness shown over & over 2.g.,.germ.theory—Pasteur: chickens pigs penicillin: rabbits, mice insulin: dogs » Now start the Audio Program Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class @ Lesson 22: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Citing, and Synthesizing 609 Sample notes: O Maybe import drugs like penicillin used anim experi but maybe would have been discovered anyway and many drugs invented w/out anim iexperim e.g quinine and if some drugs had been tested on anim., ether _aspirin maybe never develop: e.g.,.morphine kills pain in humans but stimul cats Sample Summaries/Paraphrases Passage: Again and again, we've seen that animal testing is useful Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory, a foundation of modern medicine, by means of animai testing Important drugs such as penicillin and insulin were discovered by doing research on animals as well Lecture: Although some important drugs were first tested on animals, it is possible that these drugs would have been developed anyway And other useful drugs such as aspirin and quinine did not depend on animal research If some drugs had first been tested on certain animals, they probably would never have been approved for humans Consider morphine, for example For humans, morphine is a pain-killer, but it has the opposite effect on cats Notice that both summaries/paraphrases omit certain details and examples, and they are shorter than the original versions Notice also that both responses use some of the methods given above to paraphrase the material: different word forms (useful/usefulness, for example); replacing words and phrases with synonyms (over and overlagain and again); changing grammatical structures (The germ theory was proven by Louis Pasteur! Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory) 610 Section Guide to Writing (C) Citing When writing your response, it is important for you to cite information In other words, you need to clearly identify which information comes from the passage and which information comes from the lecture A number of structures can be used to cite information Structures for Citing According to + noun According to the passage, A is true B, according to the author, is also true According to the lecture, C is no longer generally accepted Yis a better method of solving this problem, according to the speaker The author's ideas may be correct, according to the professor, but they are misleading Subject + verbs of reporting + that clauses Clause, subject + verb of reporting Many verbs, including those listed below, are used to report information (Remember: You need to paraphrase the information in the that clause.) tell* report suggest explain conclude say argue state quote remind* claim discuss inform* mention admit indicate explain cite point out The author fells us that thatA The lecturer says thatB is always The article indicates thatC should probably The writer reports thatX may not Y is not necessarily true, the speaker argues The speaker concludes, therefore, that Z The speaker admits that the author has a good point, but he thinks that In her lecture, the speaker cites a study about X done by Professor Y The author quotes Doctor Z, who says in an article, “ „ *These verbs must be used with personal objects (the writer tells us that the professor informs us that the speaker reminds the class that .) Lesson 22: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Citing, and Synthesizing 611 Personal subject + verb of thinking (think, believe, know) + that clause The professor thinks that The lecturer believes that The author knows that The verbs ask and wonder are used with indirect questions, not statements beginning with that The professor wonders if C can really be true The author asks when Project X will be finished Some verbs can be used only for counterarguments (arguments against an original argument): not agree; disagree; reject; contradict; challenge; take a different view; dispute the fact that/the idea that/the theory that The author does not agree with idea A The speaker disagrees with point X He says that The speaker also disputes the idea that X causes Y The writer of the passage rejects the idea that Z is true In fact, the writer says that The professor challenges the author's theory about A (D) Synthesizing When writing your response, you must synthesize key points in the passage and key points in the lecture Because most of the passages and lectures contain opposing ideas, you will typically be bringing together and contrasting different points of view, There are various transition words, adverb clause markers, and other sentence patterns you can use to show contrast Transition Words Showing Contrast however; on the other hand; in contrast According to the paragraph from the textbook, A should sometimes be considered a Y; however, the professor indicates that A should always be classified as an X The journal article says that B makes things clear The speaker, on the other hand, believes that B actually makes matters more confusing The lecturer tells us that C is highly effective but very expensive; in contrast, the author says that C is a complete waste of money 612 Section Guide to Writing Adverb Clause Markers Showing Contrast although; even though; while Although the professor believes that A is a good idea, the author of the passage thinks that B is a better one According to the speaker, even though many experts agree that A is the best solution, there is some evidence that B will work too The lecturer supports the idea that A is true, while the author thinks B is true Because the passage and the lecture often provide more than one idea or example supporting a point, you may also need to use structures that show addition Transition Words Showing Addition Transition Words moreover; furthermore; in addition; besides The professor informs us that A is a problem; moreover, B is a problem as well The article indicates that X can be shown to be true in an experiment Furthermore, Y can also be shown to be true in a similar experiment There are many examples of Z, according to the passage In addition, there are a number of examples of A Adverbs too; also; as well The lecturer states that B is a common occurrence, and that C is too The passage points out one of the weaknesses of plan X It also points out several strengths According to the reading, there was a recent study on the subject of X done in Japan There have been some European studies done on this subject as well Verbs go on to say; add The speaker first tells us A She goes on to say that The author states that X is essential The author then adds that Lesson 22: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Citing, and Synthesizing 613 Sample Synthesis and Citations According to the author, we’ve seen again and again that animal testing is useful Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory, a foundation of modern medicine, by means of animal testing Furthermore, important drugs such as penicillin and insulin were discovered by doing research on animals However, the lecturer takes quite a different view of animal testing The lecturer says that, although some important drugs were first tested on animals, she believes it is possible that these drugs would have been developed anyway She goes on to say that other useful drugs such as aspirin and quinine did NOT depend on animal research Moreover, if some drugs had first been tested on certain animals, they probably would never have been approved for humans Consider morphine, for example According to the lecturer, morphine is a pain-killer for humans, but it has the opposite effect on cats Notice that the writer of this sample cites information from both the passage and the lecture The writer also uses an appropriate transition to contrast the information from the passage and the lecture (However, the lecturer takes quite a different view .) EXERCISE 22.1 Focus: Summarizing and paraphrasing key points from passages and lectures Directions: First, read the points taken from the reading passage and take notes Then listen to the corresponding point given in a lecture and take notes Use your notes to summarize and paraphrase the information that you read and hear The first one is done for you as an example Task Asteroids pose a great danger to every human on Earth It was almost certainly an asteroid crashing into the earth that made the dinosaurs extinct There have been several near-misses in recent years Right now, there are only a few programs designed to detect potentially dangerous asteroids, and they are almost all in the northern hemisphere Therefore, we need a huge international program to watch the skies at all times and from both hemispheres = pai = Tl F lđờ) 614 Section Guide to Writing Notes on the passage: O steroids = great danger Aster > dinos, extinct In_ recent urs, sev near-misses Now only few programs all in N Hemi need int’l prog; both hemis Summary/Paraphrase of the passage: Asteroids might be very dangerous to all the people living on our planet Probably the dinosaurs were killed off when an asteroid smashed into the earth Recently asteroids have come close to hitting the Earth There are no major programs designed to observe asteroids Because of the danger, we need a comprehensive international program » Now start the Audio Program Listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class @ Lesson 22: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Citing, and Synthesizing 615 Notes on the lecture: O Aster pose prob — but how much? large aster, global prob: Can’t see all aster No way per 100,000 urs _e.g., ones from direct, of the sun to destroy Summary/Paraphrase of the lecture: Asteroids pose a danger, but how serious is this danger? An asteroid capable of causing global damage strikes the earth only about once every 100,000 years With our current technology, we can’t see all asteroids We can’t see one, for example, coming from the direction of the Sun Even if we see one, there is no way to destroy it before it hits the Earth Task Two common forms of democratic government are the parliamentary system and the presidential system One way in which the parliamentary system differs from the presidential system is that, under this system, power is concentrated in the elected assembly—the parliament The executive branch is not separate from the parliament The prime minister and the other ministers—the cabinet, in other words—are and must often meet with parliament Notes on the passage: members of the assembly, =a = P2 lộ 616 Section Guide to Writing Summary/Paraphrase of the passage: » Nowstart the Audio Program Listen to part of a lecture in a political science class G) Notes on the lecture: Summary/Paraphrase of the lecture: Lesson 22: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Citing, and Synthesizing 617 Task Today, it is estimated that there are about 6,000 languages spoken in the world However, many of these languages are spoken by an increasingly small number of speakers Nearly half of them are considered endangered One of the principal causes of this is the rise of English as a global language English is increasingly the language of international entertainment (movies, television, and music) as well as technology, especially information technology Almost 75% of all Internet Web sites are in English English is a “killer language” that is forcing out the use of smaller languages Notes on the passage: Summary/Paraphrase of the passage: » Now start the Audio Program Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class @) 618 Section Guide to Writing Notes on the lecture: Summary/Paraphrase of the lecture: Task Most environmentalists agree that the best way to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels is to increase the use of renewable sources of energy According to many environmentalists, wind power is a promising method of producing energy And it’s true that when electricity is produced by wind, there is no air pollution, no toxic or radioactive wastes from wind power However, right now, we just can’t claim that wind energy technology causes no environmental damage Some wind energy sites—they’re called wind farms—are very harmful to birds The worst offender is a huge wind farm in California at a place called Altamont Pass—it’s actually the second largest wind farm in the United States Over 5,000 birds a year are killed by the hundreds of spinning blades These birds include golden eagles, red-tailed hawks, and other rare predators No more wind farms should be built until we can protect birds from the dangers of wind-powered generators  ... moved to the end of the sentence Change sentence connectors Although there is a lot of evidence to support theory Y, not all scientists believe it There is a lot if evidence to support theory... structures (The germ theory was proven by Louis Pasteur! Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory) 610 Section Guide to Writing (C) Citing When writing your response, it is important for you to cite... dispute the fact that /the idea that /the theory that The author does not agree with idea A The speaker disagrees with point X He says that The speaker also disputes the idea that X causes Y The writer