620 Section 4 Guide to Writing
Task 5
In the last few weeks, we’ve been seeing letters to the editors in the campus newspaper from some of the faculty of the astronomy department It seems that some of the astronomers who work nights at the Hodgkins Observatory are upset because the surrounding campus, as well as our city streets, are too well
lighted This makes it difficult, the astronomers say, for them to observe the stars
and conduct their experiments
Trang 3Notes on the lecture: Summary/Paraphrase of the lecture: Task 6
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Trang 5EXERCISE 22.2
Focus: Citing and synthesizing key points from passages and lectures
DirEcTIONs: For this exercise you will be using the summaries/paraphrases that you wrote for both the passages and the lectures in Exercise 22.1 Rewrite the summary and the paraphrases into one paragraph Using a variety of methods, cite informa- tion from the paragraph and lecture (In other words, make it clear whether the information in your response comes from the lecture or the passage.) Then, using a variety of methods, synthesize the information from the two sources The first one is done for you as an example
Task 1
According to the passage, asteroids are extremely dangerous The author
points out that the dinosaurs were probably killed off when an asteroid
smashed into the Earth The author says that, recently, asteroids have come close to hitting the Earth There are no major programs designed to observe
asteroids Because of the danger, we need a comprehensive international pro- gram However, in the lecture, the professor indicates that the danger from
asteroids might not be too serious because an asteroid capable of causing global damage only strikes the Earth about once every 100,000 years She goes on to say that, given our current state of technoloqu, we can’t see all
asteroids approaching the Earth We can’t see one, for example, coming from
the direction of the Sun Moreover, even if we can see an oncoming asteroid,
Trang 84 LESSON 23 WR
626
ITING THE INTEGRATED RESPONSE
After taking notes and writing an informal outline, you will be ready to write the Integrated Writing Response You should spend about fifteen minutes doing the actual writing, and you should try to produce at least a 200-word response
Remember: You must type the response on the keyboard of a computer You may not write your response with pen and paper
Most of the Integrated Writing Tasks that you see will consist of a passage expressing the author's point of view and three key points that develop the author’s point of view These key points are supported by examples, details, or reasons Then there is a lecture on the same topic, usually expressing an opposing point of view, with three points that correspond to the three in the passage These points are also supported by details and reasons
There are various ways to organize your response, but the clearest method is to follow the informal outline presented in Lesson 21 (pp 582-604) This outline provides for a five-paragraph structure: an introduction, three body paragraphs (one per key point), and a conclusion
Remember, you should work mainly from the informal outline that you make based on your notes And remember that you need to summarize, paraphrase, cite, and synthesize the information from the passages and lectures (see Lesson 22)
(A) Writing the Introduction
Your introduction for the Integrated Response should be simple and straightfor- ward You should begin the introduction by clearly stating the topic (the subject) of both the lecture and the passage (which will always be the same.) If other impor- tant information is given in the introduction to the passage or the lecture, you may summarize that information as well You should then give the point of view of the lecture and that of the passage As mentioned before, these two points of view will generally be in opposition
Here is a sample introductory paragraph based on an outline of the Preview
Test from Lesson 21 (p 588) Sample Outline Introduction ©
ntro: Main Topic: Anim.rsch
Trang 9Sample Introduction
The article and the lecture are about the use of animals in medical experi-
ments The author of the article, Professor White, claims that although there
have been protests and demonstrations, animal testing is needed to mini- mize people’s suffering However, the lecturer argues that this kind of research is just not ethical in any situation
(B) Writing the Body of the Response
The organization of the body of your response should usually follow that of the lec- ture Each of the three paragraphs of the body should focus on one of the points made in the passage and the corresponding point that is made in the lecture
Remember that you should not use any “outside” information in the body or anywhere else In other words, you should not bring in information about the topic that you may have read in a book, magazine, or Web site, or that you may have heard about in a class or on television or radio
Below are three sample body paragraphs based on the Preview Test Sample Outline Body Paragraphs © 1 Passage says important to minimize suffering Anesth clean conditions, etc Lect says: in practice, NOT humane terrible diseases, chemicals Inadeg_anesth, abuse 5 = Z a 2 Psge:.no substi for animal testing humans/chimps share most genes ather animals useful too Lect: many subs for anim testing growing tissue samples, etc
C j3 Psge: Important theories, drugs devel by anim rsch
Pasteur, germ theory penicillin etc
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Sample Body Paragraphs
The author states that laboratory animals should be protected from pain whenever possible and that that they should kept in sanitary, safe
conditions Experiments, the author claims, do not have to involve cruelty
The lecturer disputes this idea She says that the actual treatment of experi- mental animals is generally not compassionate Animals are deliberately infected with horrible sicknesses or treated with poisonous chemicals She says that laboratory animals are not given sufficient amounts of anesthetics to prevent pain and that they are frequently abused
The author of the article says that there really are no good substitutes for animal testing The author goes on to say that we can get a good idea of how humans will react to drugs by observing how animals react This is especially true of animals that are closely related to humans, such as chimpanzees The lecturer argues that animal testing is unnecessary today
because there now are, in fact, many alternative ways to do research She
mentions, for example, the use of human tissue samples
According to the author, we’ve seen again and again that animal testing is useful Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory, a foundation of modern medicine, by means of animal testing Furthermore, important drugs such as penicillin and insulin were discovered by doing research on animals However, the speaker takes quite a different view of animal testing The lecturer says that, although some important drugs were first tested on ani- mals, she believes it is possible that these drugs might have been developed anyway She says that the discovery of other useful drugs such as aspirin and quinine did not depend on animal research Moreover, if some drugs had first been tested on certain animals, they probably would never have been approved for humans Consider morphine, for example According to the lecturer, morphine is a pain-killer for humans, but it has the opposite effect
on cats
(C) Writing the Conclusion to the Response
The conclusion to the response should be brief—only a sentence or two Often the passage or the lecture or both will end with conclusions of their own This is true of the sample If so, you only need to summarize and paraphrase what the writer and the speaker say If not, you need to briefly summarize the main points of the passage and the lecture
Remember: You should not give your own opinion of the issue in the conclusion (or anywhere else in the passage)
Trang 11Sample Outline Conclusion O Conclu: Psge: Immoral to test humans when non-humans avail Lect Must give consent for rsch; anim can’t consent Sample Conclusion
In conclusion, the author’s opinion is that it is immoral to perform tests on humans when the same research can be done on non-humans, while the
lecturer believes that it is unethical to perform research on any creature that cannot give its consent
EXERCISE 23.1
Focus: Writing responses for Integrated Writing Tasks
DIRECTIONS: Write responses (five paragraphs each) based on Tasks 1, 2, and 3 that you read and heard in Exercise 21.1 (pp 588-594) You can use the outlines that you wrote for these tasks in Exercise 21.2 to write these responses You should give yourself about fifteen minutes to complete each of these responses
Note: Remember that you will need to write your response on the computer during an actual test If it is possible, you should practice writing these responses on a computer as well You can use any word processing program, but do not use the spell-check or grammar-check features If you use MSWord®, go to Tools > Options > Spelling And Grammar and be sure that the Check Spelling As You Type feature is
Trang 14632 Section 4 Guide to Writing EXERCISE 23.2
Focus: More practice writing responses for Integrated Writing Tasks
DIRECTIONS: Write five-paragraph responses based on Tasks 4, 5, and 6 that you read and heard in Exercise 21.1 (pp 594-598) You can use the outlines that you wrote for these tasks in Exercise 21.2 to write these responses You should give yourself about fifteen minutes to complete each of these responses