Tài liệu The complete guide to the toefl ibt writing part 5 ppt

Lesson 22: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Citing, and Synthesizing 619 Notes on the passage: Summary/Paraphrase of the passage: » Nowstart the Audio Program Listen to part of a lecture in an ecology class @) Notes on the lecture: Summary/Paraphrase of the lecture: 620 Section Guide to Writing Task In the last few weeks, we’ve been seeing letters to the editors in the campus newspaper from some of the faculty of the astronomy department It seems that some of the astronomers who work nights at the Hodgkins Observatory are upset because the surrounding campus, as well as our city streets, are too well lighted This makes it difficult, the astronomers say, for them to observe the stars and conduct their experiments Well, | am sorry for these scientists However, if you ask any of the in the department of criminology, I’m sure they will tell you that bright serve a useful purpose for all of the students and for all of the residents city Studies show that good lighting stops crime It’s as simple as that more nighttime light on our campus and on our streets, not less professors lights of our We need Notes on the passage: Summary/Paraphrase of the passage: » Nowstart the Audio Program Listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class Gp Lesson 22: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Citing, and Synthesizing 621 Notes on the lecture: Summary/Paraphrase of the lecture: Until the late 1950’s, protozoa were considered the simplest forms of animals (The name protozoa means “first animal.”) In some ways they resemble animals Some protozoa move about freely and can be seen eating food Other protozoa, however, have characteristics of plants Some cannot move on their own Some contain chlorophyll This created a problem for biologists Larger organisms can easily be classified into one of the two kingdoms, plant or animal With micro-organisms such as protozoa, the system breaks down However, since organisms had to be classified as either plants or animals, protozoa were considered animals Notes on the passage: ĐNILIHAA\ Task 622 Section Guide to Writing Summary/Paraphrase of the passage: » Nowstart the Audio Program Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class @ Notes on the lecture: Summary/Paraphrase of the lecture: Lesson 22: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Citing, and Synthesizing 623 EXERCISE 22.2 Focus: Citing and synthesizing key points from passages and lectures DirEcTIONs: For this exercise you will be using the summaries/paraphrases that you wrote for both the passages and the lectures in Exercise 22.1 Rewrite the summary and the paraphrases into one paragraph Using a variety of methods, cite information from the paragraph and lecture (In other words, make it clear whether the information in your response comes from the lecture or the passage.) Then, using a variety of methods, synthesize the information from the two sources The first one is done for you as an example Task According to the passage, asteroids are extremely dangerous The author points out that the dinosaurs were probably killed off when an asteroid smashed into the Earth The author says that, recently, asteroids have come close to hitting the Earth There are no major programs designed to observe asteroids Because of the danger, we need a comprehensive international program However, in the lecture, the professor indicates that the danger from asteroids might not be too serious because an asteroid capable of causing global damage only strikes the Earth about once every 100,000 years She goes on to say that, given our current state of technoloqu, we can’t see all asteroids approaching the Earth We can’t see one, for example, coming from the direction of the Sun Moreover, even if we can see an oncoming asteroid, she points out, there is no way to destroy it before it hits the Earth Task 624 Section Guide to Writing Task Task Task Lesson 22: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Citing, and Synthesizing 625 ĐNILIMAA Task LESSON 23 WR ITING THE INTEGRATED RESPONSE After taking notes and writing an informal outline, you will be ready to write the Integrated Writing Response You should spend about fifteen minutes doing the actual writing, and you should try to produce at least a 200-word response Remember: You must type the response on the keyboard of a computer You may not write your response with pen and paper Most of the Integrated Writing Tasks that you see will consist of a passage expressing the author's point of view and three key points that develop the author’s point of view These key points are supported by examples, details, or reasons Then there is a lecture on the same topic, usually expressing an opposing point of view, with three points that correspond to the three in the passage These points are also supported by details and reasons There are various ways to organize your response, but the clearest method is to follow the informal outline presented in Lesson 21 (pp 582-604) This outline provides for a five-paragraph structure: an introduction, three body paragraphs (one per key point), and a conclusion Remember, you should work mainly from the informal outline that you make based on your notes And remember that you need to summarize, paraphrase, cite, and synthesize the information from the passages and lectures (see Lesson 22) (A) Writing the Introduction Your introduction for the Integrated Response should be simple and straightforward You should begin the introduction by clearly stating the topic (the subject) of both the lecture and the passage (which will always be the same.) If other important information is given in the introduction to the passage or the lecture, you may summarize that information as well You should then give the point of view of the lecture and that of the passage As mentioned before, these two points of view will generally be in opposition Here is a sample introductory paragraph based on an outline of the Preview Test from Lesson 21 (p 588) Sample Outline Introduction © ntro: Main Topic: Anim.rsch Author of passage supports: reduce hum suffering Spkr opposes; unethic 626 Lesson 23: Writing the Integrated Response 627 Sample Introduction The article and the lecture are about the use of animals in medical experiments The author of the article, Professor White, claims that although there have been protests and demonstrations, animal testing is needed to minimize people’s suffering However, the lecturer argues that this kind of research is just not ethical in any situation (B) Writing the Body of the Response The organization of the body of your response should usually follow that of the lecture Each of the three paragraphs of the body should focus on one of the points made in the passage and the corresponding point that is made in the lecture Remember that you should not use any “outside” information in the body or anywhere else In other words, you should not bring in information about the topic that you may have read in a book, magazine, or Web site, or that you may have heard about in a class or on television or radio Below are three sample body paragraphs based on the Preview Test Sample Outline Body Paragraphs © Passage says important to minimize suffering Anesth clean conditions, Lect says: in practice, etc NOT humane terrible diseases, chemicals Psge:.no substi for animal testing humans/chimps C Inadeg_anesth, share most genes ather animals Lect: many subs for anim testing growing tissue samples, etc j3 Psge: Important theories, drugs devel by anim Pasteur, germ theory abuse useful too rsch penicillin etc Lect: Maybe discover drugs, etc anyway Many drugs devel w/out anim rsch e.g qspirin Some drugs, iƒ tested on_anims might NOT have been devel e.g morphine 5= Z a 628 Section Guide to Writing Sample Body Paragraphs The author states that laboratory animals should be protected from pain whenever possible and that that they should kept in sanitary, safe conditions Experiments, the author claims, not have to involve cruelty The lecturer disputes this idea She says that the actual treatment of experimental animals is generally not compassionate Animals are deliberately infected with horrible sicknesses or treated with poisonous chemicals She says that laboratory animals are not given sufficient amounts of anesthetics to prevent pain and that they are frequently abused The author of the article says that there really are for animal testing The author goes on to say that we of how humans will react to drugs by observing how is especially true of animals that are closely related to chimpanzees The lecturer argues that animal testing no good substitutes can get a good idea animals react This humans, such as is unnecessary today because there now are, in fact, many alternative ways to research She mentions, for example, the use of human tissue samples According to the author, we’ve seen again and again that animal testing is useful Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory, a foundation of modern medicine, by means of animal testing Furthermore, important drugs such as penicillin and insulin were discovered by doing research on animals However, the speaker takes quite a different view of animal testing The lecturer says that, although some important drugs were first tested on animals, she believes it is possible that these drugs might have been developed anyway She says that the discovery of other useful drugs such as aspirin and quinine did not depend on animal research Moreover, if some drugs had first been tested on certain animals, they probably would never have been approved for humans Consider morphine, for example According to the lecturer, morphine is a pain-killer for humans, but it has the opposite effect on cats (C) Writing the Conclusion to the Response The conclusion to the response should be brief—only a sentence or two Often the passage or the lecture or both will end with conclusions of their own This is true of the sample If so, you only need to summarize and paraphrase what the writer and the speaker say If not, you need to briefly summarize the main points of the passage and the lecture Remember: You should not give your own opinion of the issue in the conclusion (or anywhere else in the passage) Here is a sample of a conclusion from the Preview Test Lesson 23: Writing the Integrated Response 629 Sample Outline Conclusion O Conclu: Psge: Immoral to test humans when non-humans avail Lect Must give consent for rsch; anim can’t consent Sample Conclusion In conclusion, the author’s opinion is that it is immoral to perform tests on humans when the same research can be done on non-humans, while the lecturer believes that it is unethical to perform research on any creature that cannot give its consent EXERCISE 23.1 Focus: Writing responses for Integrated Writing Tasks DIRECTIONS: Write responses (five paragraphs each) based on Tasks 1, 2, and that you read and heard in Exercise 21.1 (pp 588-594) You can use the outlines that you wrote for these tasks in Exercise 21.2 to write these responses You should give yourself about fifteen minutes to complete each of these responses Note: Remember that you will need to write your response on the computer during an actual test If it is possible, you should practice writing these responses on a computer as well You can use any word processing program, but not use the spell-check or grammar-check features If you use MSWord®, go to Tools > Options > Spelling And Grammar and be sure that the Check Spelling As You Type feature is turned off (not checked) Task = es) = Z @ 630 Section Guide to Writing Task Lesson 23: Writing the Integrated Response 631 ĐNILIIAA Task 632 Section Guide to Writing EXERCISE 23.2 Focus: More practice writing responses for Integrated Writing Tasks DIRECTIONS: Write five-paragraph responses based on Tasks 4, 5, and that you read and heard in Exercise 21.1 (pp 594-598) You can use the outlines that you wrote for these tasks in Exercise 21.2 to write these responses You should give yourself about fifteen minutes to complete each of these responses Note: Remember that you will need an actual test If it is possible, computer as well You can use spell-check or grammar-check > Spelling And Grammar and turned off (not checked) Task to write your response on the computer during you should practice writing these responses on a any word processing program, but not use the features If you use MSWord®, go to Tools > Options be sure that the Check Spelling As You Type feature is Lesson 23: Writing the Integrated Response 633 ĐNILIHAA Task ... Section Guide to Writing Task In the last few weeks, we’ve been seeing letters to the editors in the campus newspaper from some of the faculty of the astronomy department It seems that some of the. .. example According to the lecturer, morphine is a pain-killer for humans, but it has the opposite effect on cats (C) Writing the Conclusion to the Response The conclusion to the response should... Notes on the passage: ĐNILIHAA\ Task 622 Section Guide to Writing Summary/Paraphrase of the passage: » Nowstart the Audio Program Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class @ Notes on the lecture: