An analysis ò the most popular rhetorical devices in english and vietnamese=nghiên cứu về các biện pháp tu từ phổ biến nhất trong tiếng anh và tiếng việt

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ HOÀI THU AN ANALYSIS OF THE MOST POPULAR RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ CÁC BIỆN PHÁP TU TỪ PHỔ BIẾN NHẤT TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) B.A THESIS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE VINH-05/2014 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ HOÀI THU AN ANALYSIS OF THE MOST POPULAR RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ CÁC BIỆN PHÁP TU TỪ PHỔ BIẾN NHẤT TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) Supervisor: Phan THi Huong, M.A VINH, 05/2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the completion of this paper, I would like to express my very great appreciation to my supervisor, Phan Thi Huong, M.A, for her patient guidance, constant encouragement and useful critiques throughout the process of writing this graduate paper The blessing, help and guidance given by her time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to the other lecturers in Foreign Language Department in Vinh University for their enthusiastic transference of essential knowledge, their cordial support, valuable information and guidance, which help us to complete this task through various stages I would also like to extend my thanks to Ms Tran Thi Phuong Anh, who obtained Bachelor of English of Ho Chi Minh National University for providing me with the valuable information and advice in this field I am grateful for her cooperation during the period of writing this paper Lastly I thank my parents, brothers and friends for their constant encouragement without which this paper would not be possible i ABSTRACT This paper aims to help readers have a more specific and obvious understanding of rhetorical devices in English as well as in Vietnamese, especially for Vietnamese learners of English With the careful study in both English and Vietnamese Literature, we collect the most typical examples of seven rhetorical devices that are effectively used in some famous writing Moreover, misuse of some devices is analyzed to find out the tips to avoid misuse and misunderstanding of these rhetorical devices Basing on the similarities and differences in culture and customs of English and Vietnamese, we compare the characteristics and usage of rhetorical devices in writing as well as in daily communication of these two languages Through showing the examples of rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese, the paper highlights the importance of learning and practice of rhetorical devices in writing and daily conversations ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………… 1.1 RATIONALE ………………………………………………………………… 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES …………………………………………………… 1.2.1 Aims ………………………………………………………………………… 1.2.1 Objectives …………………………………………………………………… 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION ……………………………………………………… 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………………… 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………… CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 OVERVIEW …………………………………………………………………… 2.2 PREVIOUS STUDY …………………………………………………………… 2.3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND …………………………………………… 2.3.1 General knowledge of Literature …………………………………………… 2.3.1.1 Qualities of Literature ……………………………………………………… 2.3.1.2 Importance of Literature …………………………………………………… 2.3.2 Language and culture relationship …………………………………………… 2.3.2.1 Concept of Culture ………………………………………………………… 2.3.2.2 The Relation of Language and Culture …………………………………… 2.3.3 Rhetorical Devices …………………………………………………………… 2.3.3.1 What is Rhetoric? …………………………………………………………… 2.3.3.2 Definition of Rhetorical Devices …………………………………………… 2.3.3.3 Types of Rhetorical Devices ……………………………………………… 2.3.3.4 The Four Aims of Rhetoric ………………………………………………… CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY …………………………………… 3.1 METHOD DESIGN …………………………………………………………… 3.2 RESEARCH PROCEDURE …………………………………………………… 3.3 SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………… CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………… 4.1 THE MOST POPULAR RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE …………………………………………………………………… 4.1.1 Metaphor ……………………………………………………………………… 4.1.2 Parallelism …………………………………………………………………… 4.1.3 Hyperbole …………………………………………………………………… 4.1.4 Understatement ……………………………………………………………… 4.1.5 Antithesis …………………………………………………………………… 4.1.6 Rhetorical question …………………………………………………………… 4.1.7 Simile ………………………………………………………………………… 4.1.8 Summary …………………………………………………………………… 4.2 MISUSE OF SIMILE AND METAPHOR IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 4.2.1 Misuse of metaphor and simile ……………………………………………… 4.2.2 How to avoid misuse of metaphor and simile? ……………………………… 4.3 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND iii 1 2 2 3 4 5 8 11 12 12 13 14 18 21 21 21 22 23 23 23 27 30 31 32 34 36 38 39 39 41 43 ENGLISH CULTURE VIA THE USAGE OF RHETORICAL DEVICES 4.3.1 Similarities …………………………………………………………………… 4.3.2 Differences …………………………………………………………………… 4.3.3 Summary …………………………………………………………………… CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ………………………… 5.1 CONCLUSIONS ……………………………………………………………… 5.2 IMPLICATIONS ……………………………………………………………… 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY …………………………………………… 5.4 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ……………………………… 43 44 47 48 48 49 51 52 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………… APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………… 53 54 iv CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE Rhetoric, the art of persuasive written or spoken discourse, was developed in ancient Greece, and every one of the terms below stems from classical Greek or from Latin, the language of the culture that inherited the Greek oratory legacy But that should be no obstacle to adding these tried-and-true tools to your argumentative armamentarium, because brief definitions To aim to reach the reader needs of studying rhetorical devices and provide a more specific and obvious understanding for readers, we implement this paper in accordance with previous researchers and linguists Rhetorical device is one of the most interesting topics in literature nowadays It not only appears in poetry and prose but also figures in most of idioms There are many writings of famous writers in English and Vietnamese literature that effectively use rhetorical devices as the best way to express the author‘s thoughts and attract reader‘s attention Many researchers studied the others features of linguistics such as semantic features, syntactic features or types of rhetorical devices used in literature in general However, there are few research works to study the rhetorical devices, and no thesis of rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese Therefore, we collect data from many sources and linguists to describe and analyze some of the rhetorical devices used in English and Vietnamese famous writings and in daily life, especially in some familiar idioms In addition, we give out some more examples in English and Vietnamese literature to provide more complete knowledge of rhetorical devices Each nation‘s language has its own similar and different concepts on many fields of life such as humane values, ways of thinking, behavior standards, religious beliefs, customs and traditions, social convention, etc Words and expressions including idioms have formed the vocabulary system of a language Idioms and proverbs are regarded as special factors of a language‘s vocabulary system because they reflect cultural specific characteristics of each nation, including material and spiritual values Therefore, many researchers have long shown their concerns for idioms Follow the previous researchers; we analyze some of the most popular idioms in English and Vietnamese in order to make a clearer illustration of rhetorical devices The structure of this paper is organized following the form of an investigation We collect the data from English and Vietnamese dictionary as well as previous researches to complete the paper: ―An analysis of the most popular rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese.‖ 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims The study is expected to: - Investigate some typical rhetorical devices in some famous writing of Vietnamese and English - Help Vietnamese learners to be aware of the differences of various types of rhetorical devices - Provide Vietnamese learners of English with the basic knowledge of the field so as to help them take use of rhetorical devices into their works and use them in writing, listening, reading and speaking fluently and naturally 1.2.2 Objectives The paper is intended to achieve the following objectives: - Describe and identify some rhetorical types used in Vietnamese and English - Describe and compare some rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese works - Suggest some implications to aim to help learners overcome their difficulties in dealing with different types of rhetorical devices in English as well as in Vietnamese 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION The study attempts to seek answers to the following questions: - What are the rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese? What are types of rhetorical devices and their usage in some writing? - What are the similarities and differences between rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese? 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY As this study is a B.A graduate paper, it focuses on the rhetorical devices in some famous writing in both languages: Vietnamese and English Specifically, we collected the data from English and Vietnamese literature including some familiar idioms in order to provide a clearer and more interesting picture of rhetorical devices in context Especially, the writer would like to pay attention to the effective use of rhetorical devices of some famous writers in English and Vietnamese 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY The thesis is organized into five chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature review and theoretical background Chapter 3: Methodology and procedures Chapter 4: Findings and discussion Chapter 5: Conclusion and implications Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 OVERVIEW The prosperity of language in form and content not only brings the beauty of language but also deeply contributes to successful daily communications Every language in the world has a system of rhetorical devices that are used frequently in literature as well as in daily conversation Rhetorical devices make color for language and carry a large amount of nationally or culturally specific information with them It can be said that these are interesting and popular phenomena of every language Studying the rhetorical devices thoroughly and deeply can help learners be easier to approach and use them for the communication purposes as well as achieve the successful in their jobs Moreover, rhetorical devices contribute to expressing the unique and character of a culture Therefore, the studying and learning rhetorical devices in language are more and more important and popular There have been more and more research works in many languages 2.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES Up to now, there have been a number of writers making investigations into rhetorical devices in literature and daily speeches There are many dictionaries and books about rhetorical devices such as ―Rhetorical devices: A Handbook and Activities for Students Writers”, by Brendan McGuigan (2007), “A Handbook of Rhetorical Devices‖, by Robert A Harris (1980), ―Writing with clarity and style: a guide to rhetorical devices for contemporary writers”, by Robert A Harris (2002), “Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Devices for Justice‖, by Nachman Ben- Yehuda (1992), etc Besides, there are also some dissertations of Vietnamese learners about rhetorical devices which deal with certain type of rhetorical devices such as ―A study on Metaphors of Love in English‖, by D.T.T Nhan (2012), B.A Thesis of Vinh Example: Adam devoured the cheesecake like a tiger  Notice metaphor and simile in the writing you read What works and what does not work? The best way to improve your writing is to improve your reading Notice how successful authors employ metaphor and simile How might you the same? Mixed metaphor sometimes makes us confused and abused because it does make sense However, this sometimes provides a few laughs for us Nevertheless, mixed metaphors should not be used in writings because they will damage your works remarkably 4.3 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH CULTURE VIA THE USAGE OF RHETORICAL DEVICES Idioms are shaped in community after a long period living of the local people and it is the reflection and expression of the culture of a certain race, because of this, the differences on geography, history, custom and living habit will be reflected in the words used in idioms among cultures In this part, the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese cultures expressed in the images of rhetoric comparisons will be carefully analyzed 4.3.1 Similarities Vietnamese and English have a various system of rhetorical devices that are frequently used in daily conversation as well as in literature, especially in idioms Although there are some differences in cultures between the two languages, rhetorical devices in idioms in Vietnamese and English have some similarities Firstly, there is a similarity in the number of rhetorical devices in both Vietnamese and English Estimated, there are more than 50 rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese such as metaphor, anaphora, simile, antithesis, rhetorical question, parallelism, repetition, hyperbole, understatement, alliteration, and so on The amount of rhetorical devices reflects the diversity and prosperity of two languages It is the way of using rhetorical devices and the creation of the famous writers that languages have been more and more rich and useful This undoubtedly leads to the similarities in 43 the way of using rhetorical devices In fact, many idioms in English and Vietnamese use equivalent rhetorical devices, in both types of rhetorical devices and the meaning of these idioms To make this clear, let us see the comparison between rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese idioms below: Simile English idioms Vietnamese equivalents As black as coal Đen than As black as crow Đen quạ As black as ink Đen mực As bright as day Sáng ban ngày As brilliant as star Sáng As cold as ice Lạnh đá As dumb as an oyster Câm hến Moreover, because of the similarities in literature between English and Vietnamese is to follow the literature trend of the world, the definition and usage of these rhetorical devices are similar in both these two languages For example, metaphor is one of the most useful and popular device in both Vietnamese and English It is defined follow the linguists of the world It is used mostly in idioms, in poetry in the literature For examples, Vietnamese people have a very popular idiom: ―uống nước nhớ nguồn‖ or ―ăn nhớ kẻ trồng cây‖ Metaphor example in english is ―you are my sunshine‖ or ―man best friend.‖ In these example, some images are used to imply the other things that have the similar characteistics such as ―quả‖-implies the result, ―người trồng cây‖implies the one who create this result 4.3.2 Differences Rhetorical devices as well as the other features of languages, when we want to compare them between other languages, we have to put it in the text to consider its characters Therefore, if we want to find out the differences between rhetorical devices 44 in idioms of Vietnamese and English, we have to put them into images created by using these devices in context to analyze Although we have lots of idioms of comparison that have share the same equivalence between English and Vietnamese, linguists have found some differences that are originated from the differences among cultures as we have mentioned above As a result of that, it is better to have a look at some cultural factors Referring culture, we cannot deny its origin from history and geography of a country Culture does not naturally appear in people‘s lives, but exist in a good interaction with people It is rooted from some important events in history or a milestone that has changed a generation Moreover, topography or terrain has affected much the modification of culture through culture, for example, the idiom: ―as strong as an ox‖ is more popular in the agricultural country where some strong animals like ox or bull are used for agriculture Below is the table that tells the difference between two different cultures that we are discussing Vietnamese culture is mainly based on the wet rice production That is, in daily life, people deal with production tools and animals that either directly or indirectly serve their farming As a result, when using rhetorical devices, they often take the familiar things which regularly exist in their daily lives and their ways of thinking as images of comparisons or other usage of rhetorical devices This, firstly, can be found easily in the comparison of strength These are som idioms related to buffalos such as: ―khỏe trâu‖, ―đen trâu‖ Buffalos attach to a humid- warm ecological system during the whole lives Therefore, people on mentioning strength or hard work often refer to that of buffalos It is said that the image of a buffalo is constantly connected to wet-rice civilization That image can be found not only in idioms but also in many proverbs and folk songs of Vietnamese For instance: ―trâu ta bảo trâu Trâu ruộng trâu cày với ta ‖ 45 The folk song is a beautiful picture on agricultural production activities of Vietnamese in which the famer and his buffalo work together On the contrary, in nomadic culture, British people not liken human strength to that of a buffalo since they are familiar to horses rather than buffalos Horses can be used to pull ploughs and cards, to transport and to entertain They are energetic enough to be suitable for the life of moving from place to place of nomadic people If a person is compared to a horse, he must have a very good health: ―John is as strong as horse.‖ The difference is not because the English people think that buffalo is not as strong as horse, but it is the difference in the people‘s concept, the way they think or in another way: ―the culture view‖ The culture of each country has made people have distinguishable thinking about their lives Moreover, those are also revealed through many other idioms: ―As dumb as a statue‖ – ―câm hến‖, ―as gentle as a lamb‖- ― Hiền cục đất.‖ Obviously, Vietnamese people not know or are not familiar with those things such as ―statue‖, ‗lamb‖, ―butter‖ They are farmers, so they are much familiar with ―hến‖, ―lợn‖, ―bò‖,etc One more example is that ―as tough as leather‖-―dai đỉa‖ In England, they often move from one place to another in cold weather As a result of that, leather is very necessary for them to protect them the getting cold Furthermore, those things must be made as thick as possible so as to bring the best However, in a tropical country like Vietnam, we rarely use leather but simply thin clothes Vietnamese people are mostly farmers, so working in the fields is unavoidable, especially wet rice production needs farmers to work in water during too many hoursthe environment has a lot of kinds of animals like ―đỉa‖ The feature of this animal is that it sticks absolutely strongly Last but not least, let us have a look at the last component in idioms: human component It is not just borrowed from the animals or things in daily life but also the human image Certainly those are mostly the famous characters or people in history, literature or even real life They are so common with some special characteristics that 46 everyone can remember them when mention For instance, as describing a person who is very jealous, we often see the image of a woman named ―Hoạn Thư‖- a character in Thuy Kieu story of Nguyen Du This woman had extreme and terrible jealously, sometimes cruel So in Vietnamese idiom, we have ―ghen Hoạn Thư‖ On the other hand, in English, jealousy is compared with Othello- character in Shakespeare‘s play: ―as jealous as Othello‖ Moreover, on depicting the state of being happy, English people say ―As happy as a king‖ because according to them, King is the one who can enjoy the best thing in the world, from a needle to an elephant While in Vietnamese, happiness is compared with the fairy: As happy as a fairy‖ Although fairy is not real, she is just a product of Vietnamese imagination which is used to teach children to bring happiness to everyone Briefly, rhetorical devices are really effective in expressing and describing Deriving from different origins, rhetorical devices are to pride or admonish one‘s appearance or character or quality in a lively, and thus, effective way However, they sometimes cause difficulties to foreign learners 4.3.3 Summary Each language has its own ways in expressing ideas and behaviors that are suitable with their cultures and customs Therefore, it is very important to find out the differences and similarities between rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese This helps us to consider the relevant ways to use them in our works and serve our study 47 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 5.1 CONCLUSION Rhetorical devices play a very important role in expressing ideas and the meaning of idioms They contribute to give the rhyme for the idioms so that people can easily remember them and orally transmit them, which creates the diversity and prosperity of languages In addition, these devices also help to emphasize the ideas and express the meaning of idioms effectively and compendiously There are more than 50 types of rhetorical devices in English and the same in Vietnamese However, in this paper, we just describe some of the most popular and useful ones in daily conversations and literature, especially in idioms They are metaphor, parallelism, hyperbole, repetition, antithesis, rhetorical question, simile and understatement Although there are some differences between Vietnamese and English cultures, both of their works contain a diverse amount of rhetorical devices Basing on the culture concepts, there also have some similarities and differences between rhetorical devices usage in Vietnamese and English Both of these two languages have a variety of rhetorical devices (over 50 rhetorical devices) and similarities in definition and usage However, because of the differences in cultures, there are some differences in using rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese The Vietnamese usually use familiar things in their conductive activities to compare and imply the ideas These things connect closely to agricultural activities such as ―khỏe trâu‖, ―ngu bò‖, etc In English, on the contrary, they usually use images representative for their industrial activities such as ―as strong as horse‖ In English, horse is familiar to people there, but in Vietnamese, the familiar animal is the buffalo 48 Rhetoric is the art of persuasion; it helps a writer sway an audience in his or her favor Depending on each type of rhetorical devices, their functions are different of different types They arouse the reader‘s interests and catch the reader‘s attention, make the reader think, create vivid mental images, emphasize certain aspects, amuse or entertain the readers, criticize or evoke the associations In this paper, we mention to the three most popular rhetorical devices used in idioms of friendship: metaphor, parallelism and repetition They are the necessary devices of literature and culture The way of using these rhetorical devices help to enrich and diverse the language and cultural cachets Above is the briefly summary of the paper We hope that, with these specific analyses of rhetorical devices, you may have a general view of rhetorical devices in English and Vietnamese as well as the way they are used and how they affect the meaning of these expressions Learning rhetorical devices is not too difficult, however, you may misunderstand them because the variety and similarities in features of types of rhetorical devices However, we make sure that, if you invest much time in studying and analyzing them, you will significantly improve your knowledge 5.2 IMPLICATIONS According to Robert A Harris in A Handbook of Rhetorical Devices, (2005), ―good writing depends upon more than making a collection of statements worthy of belief, because writing is intended to be read by others, with minds different from your own‖ Accordingly, your reader does not make the same mental connections you make; he does not see the world exactly as you see it; he is already flooded daily with thousands of statements demanding assent, yet which he knows or believes to be false, confused, or deceptive If your writing is to get through to him or even to be read and considered at all it must be interesting, clear, persuasive, and memorable, so that he will pay attention to, understand, believe, and remember the ideas it communicates To fulfill these requirements successfully, your work must have an appropriate and clear thesis, sufficient arguments and reasons supporting the thesis, a logical and progressive arrangement, and, importantly, an effective style 49 While style is probably best learned through wide reading, comprehensive analysis and thorough practice, much can be discovered about effective writing through the study of some of the common and traditional devices of style and arrangement By learning, practicing, altering, and perfecting them, and by testing their effects and nuances for yourself, these devices will help you to express yourself better and also teach you to see the interrelatedness of form and meaning, and the psychology of syntax, metaphor, and diction both in your own writing and in the works of others The rhetorical devices presented here generally fall into three categories: those involving emphasis, association, clarification, and focus; those involving physical organization, transition, and disposition or arrangement; and those involving decoration and variety Sometimes a given device or trope will fall mainly into a single category, as for example an expletive is used mostly for emphasis; but more often the effects of a particular device are multiple, and a single one may operate in all three categories Parallelism, for instance, helps to order, clarify, emphasize, and beautify a thought Occasionally a device has certain effects not readily identifiable or explainable, so I have not always been able to say why or when certain ones are good or should be used My recommendation is to practice them all and develop that sense in yourself which will tell you when and how to use them Lots of practice and experimentation are necessary before you will feel really comfortable with these devices, but too much practice in a single paper will most assuredly be disastrous A journal or notebook is the best place to experiment; when a device becomes second nature to you, and when it no longer appears false or affected-when indeed it becomes genuinely built in to your writing rather than added on then it may make its formal appearance in a paper Remember that rhetorical devices are aids to writing and not ends of writing; you have no obligation to toss one into every paragraph Further, if used carelessly or excessively or too frequently, almost any one of these devices will probably seem affected, dull, awkward, or mechanical But with a little care and skill, developed by practice, anyone can master them, and their use will 50 add not just beauty and emphasis and effectiveness to your writing, but a kind of freedom of thought and expression you never imagined possible Practice these; try them out Do not worry if they sometimes ring false at first Play with them learn to manipulate and control your words and ideas and eventually you will master the art of aggressive instruction: keeping the reader focused with anaphora, emphasizing a point with an expletive, explaining to him with a metaphor or simile, organizing your work in his mind with metabasis, answering his queries with hypophora or procatalepsis, balancing possibilities with antithesis You will also have gone a long way toward fulfilling the four requirements mentioned at the beginning: the devices of decoration and variety will help make your reader pay attention, the devices of organization and clarification will help him understand your points, the devices of association and some like procatalepsis will help him believe you, and the devices of emphasis, association, beauty, and organization will help him remember Idiom is the best way to express one‘s ideas concisely and briefly Therefore, in order to achieve these particularities, rhetorical devices must be used correctively and effectively This means, if you want to understand an expression, you have to know what rhetorical devices are used first because one kind of rhetorical devices has its own way to express the ideas Then you will have to find out the meaning of the idiom by studying the features of each type of rhetorical devices Last but not least, practice makes success; you will have to try your best to practice and practice more about rhetorical devices, especially for English learners We really hope that, at least, this paper will guide you some useful ways of learning rhetorical devices as well as in your works in part 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Because of the limitation of time and data resources, we cannot cover all the rhetorical devices that are used in English and Vietnamese Therefore we focus on describing and illustrating some most popular rhetorical devices that are used effectively in both English and Vietnamese Moreover, the paper may not satisfy the reader‘s needs in analyzing all the famous writings that contain rhetorical devices because we just 51 concentrate on analyze some popular idioms, writings of Nguyen Du, To Huu, Thanh Hai in Vietnamese and W Shakespeare in English and some famous English speeches of some politicians Of course this paper still has some other shortcomings, so we will be very pleased if can received feedbacks or suggestions to perfect this paper 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Rhetorical devices in writings of English and Vietnamese is an interesting topic, so in order to give a guide for other researchers who want to make an investigation into rhetorical devices , we suggest some further research as follow: (1) An analysis of rhetorical devices in ―Truyện Kiều‖ of Nguyen Du (2) An investigation into rhetorical devices in idioms denoting death 52 REFERENCES [1] William J.Long (2004), English Literature: Its History and Its Significance for the Life of the English Speaking World PG Distributed Proofreaders [2] Brendan McGuigan (2007), Rhetorical Devices: A Hand Book and Activities for Student Writers Prestwick House, Inc [3] Robert A Harris (1980), A Handbook of Rhetorical Devices Virtual Salt [4] Nguyen Thi Minh Thu (2011) An Investigation into Syntactic and Semantic Features of Idioms denoting Work in English and Vietnamese M.A Thesis, Da Nang University 53 APPENDICES RHETORICAL DEVICES USED RANK VIETNAMESE EXAMPLES IN VIETNAMESE Thuyền có nhớ bến khơng? Bến khăng khăng đợi thuyền (Vietnamese folk song) Gần mực đen, gần đèn rạng ENGLISH TRANSLATION (IF ANY) who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl Rồng đến nhà tôm Ngực lép bốn ngàn năm trưa gió mạnh Thổi phồng lên tim hóa mặt trời (To Huu, in ―Huế Tháng Tám”) Kiếp hồng nhan có mong manh Nửa chừng xuân gãy cành thiên hương (Nguyen Du, in ―Truyện Kiều‖) ―Mọc dịng sơng xanh Một bơng hoa tím biếc Ơi chim chiền chiện Hót chi mà vang trời‖ (Thanh Hải, in ―Mùa xuân nho nhỏ‖) ―Sao anh không chơi thôn Vĩ?‖ (―Đây thôn Vĩ Dạ‖ of Hàn Mặc Tử) ―Trong tiếng hạc bay qua, Đục tiếng suối sa nửa vời, Tiếng khoan gió thoảng ngồi, Tiếng mau sầm sập trời đổ mưa.‖ (Nguyễn Du, in ―Truyện Kiều‖) ―Em rực rỡ muôn ngàn hoa sớm, Em đến đến tự thiên đường.‖ (Đinh Hùng) 10 Đen than As black as coal 54 11 Đen quạ As black as crow 12 Đen mực As black as ink 13 Sáng ban ngày As bright as day 14 Sáng As brilliant as star 15 Lạnh đá As cold as ice 16 Câm hến As dumb as an oyster 17 18 19 20 uống nước nhớ nguồn ăn nhớ kẻ trồng khoẻ trâu ―Trâu ta bảo trâu As strong as a horse Trâu ruộng trâu cày với ta ‖ Hiền cục đất ―Dai đỉa‖ 21 22 as gentle as a lamb as tough as leather RHETORICAL DEVICES USED IN ENGLISH RANK ENGLISH EXAMPLES VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION (IF ANY) Her presence is the shinning rays of the summer sunshine caressing my face Sự diện cô tia nắng lấp lánh mùa hè âu yếm khuôn mặt Man best friend Lồi chó Giàu sang bạn nhiều bè Like father, like son Easy come, easy go Cha Dễ đến dễ Whenever you need me, wherever you need me, I will be there for you‖ Bất lúc nơi đâu, em cần anh, anh đến bên em To err is human; to forgive divine A friend in need is a friend in deed Lend your money and lose your friend 10 Old friend and old wine are best 11 Ages have passed since I last saw you Con người ln phạm sai lầm, cịn thần thánh ln tha thứ cho họ Lúc hoạn nạn biết bạn Cho bạn mượn tiền tình bạn quen thuộc tốt Hàng kỉ không gặp bạn nhỉ! 12 Well now, one winter it was so cold that He that hath a full purse never wanted a friend 55 Và giờ, màu đông lạnh all the geese flew backward and all the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue Late at night, it got so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking about the night before (American folk lore, by Paul Bunyan) giá tới nỗi mà tất đàn ngỗng phải bay giật lùi cá phải di cư phía Nam, chí tuyết chuyển sang màu xanh Đêm khuya, trời băng tất lời nói phát bị đơng cứng lại trước nghe thấy Mọi người phải chờ nắng lên biết người ta nói chuyện vào đêm qua 13 ―I lost my temper‖ (Tamora Pierce, in ―Emperor Mage”) 14 That‘s one small step for [a] man, one gian leap for mankind (Neil Armstrong ) For what can war but endless war breed? (John Milton) ―O Wind, 15 16 Chỉ nóng giận thời thơi mà Đó khơng bược chân người, mà bước phát triền nhảy vọt nhân loại If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind‖ (Percy Bysshe Shelley, in ―Ode to the West Wind”) 17 ―Our soldiers are as brave as lions.‖ 18 ―Her cheeks are red like a rose.‖ (Quân lính dũng mãnh sư tử.) ( Đôi má cô thắm hoa hồng.) 19 ―He is as funny as a monkey.‖ (Anh ta vui nhộn y hệt khỉ.) 20 21 ―The water well was as dry as a bone.‖ ―He is as cunning as a fox.‖ 22 ―I am weaker than a woman‘s tear.‖ (W Shakespeare) 23 ―A violet by a mossy stone ( Giếng nước cạn róc.) (Anh ta xảo quyệt cáo già.) Tôi yếu đuối giọt lệ đàn bà Bông thảo kề bên tảng half-hidden from the eye đá fair as a star, when only one nửa khuất che mắt gian 56 is shining in the sky.‖ đẹp sao, (William Wordsworth ) long lanh sáng trời cao thẳm 57 ...MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ HOÀI THU AN ANALYSIS OF THE MOST POPULAR RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ CÁC BIỆN PHÁP TU TỪ PHỔ BIẾN... misuse and misunderstanding of these rhetorical devices Basing on the similarities and differences in culture and customs of English and Vietnamese, we compare the characteristics and usage of rhetorical. .. Therefore, the studying and learning rhetorical devices in language are more and more important and popular There have been more and more research works in many languages 2.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES Up