A study on metaphor marriage is a unity in english vietnamese=nghiên cứu ẩn dụ hôn nhân là một thể thống nhất trong tiếng anh và tiếng việt

VINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES TRẦN THỊ THU HIỀN A STUDY ON METAPHOR MARRIAGE IS A UNITY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU ẨN DỤ HÔN NHÂN LÀ MỘT THỂ THỐNG NHẤT TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) GRADUATION THESIS FIELD: LINGUISTICS NGHÊ AN – 2014 VINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES A STUDY ON METAPHOR MARRIAGE IS A UNITY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU ẨN DỤ HÔN NHÂN LÀ MỘT THỂ THỐNG NHẤT TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) GRADUATION THESIS FIELD: LINGUISTICS Student: TRẦN THỊ THU HIỀN, 51A_ENGLISH Supervisor: LÊ ĐÌNH TƯỜNG, ASSOC PROF NGHÊ AN – 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study has been accomplished with the support and encouragement of many people to whom I am grateful I would particularly like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc prof Le Dinh Tuong who has been a wonderful help to me with his profound knowledge and critical comments Thanks to his useful and very arresting lectures, I was inspired to enter conceptual metaphor in cognitive linguistics, an interesting but challenging field A further acknowledgement goes to my classmates for their useful ideas, materials and encouragement The final credit must go to my family, who supported me with love and gentle pushing Without all that support, I could not have finished the Thesis Nghe An, May 28, 2014 Tran Thi Thu Hien i ABSTRACT This study presents an investigation into metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in English and Vietnamese A discussion and comments on the three main concepts of this metaphor have been made very clearly in English and Vietnamese In the process of the study, marriage is cognized as a unity which includes two parts whose elements are opposite but share the same purpose Noticeably enough, the concept “Unity” bears an abstract meaning For example: LOVE IS A UNITY, FAMILY IS A UNITY, etc There are some similarities and differences of Unity metaphor in “Marriage” in particular and between English and Vietnamese in general Accordingly, the analysis on metaphor MARRIAGE has been made in turn so as to lead to the conclusion and implications at the end of the Study It also suggests some further studies on a larger population of data and the cultural aspects of Unity metaphor in English and Vietnamese so that teachers as well as students can gain a deeper insight into areas of conceptual metaphors ii APPROVED iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii APPROVED iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES vi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Purposes of the study 1.3 Scope of the study 1.4 Design of the study CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Literature review 2.1.1 Metaphor and culture 2.1.2 Dimensions of metaphor variation 2.1.3 Variation in metaphorical linguistic expressions 2.1.4 Metaphor and socio-cultural experience 2.2 Theoretical background 2.2.1 The Theoretical Framework of Cognitive Linguistics 2.2.2 Concept 11 2.2.3 Metaphor 13 2.2.4 Conceptual metaphor 15 CHAPTER 3: METHOD AND PROCEDURE 17 3.1 Aims and objectives of the study 17 3.2 Research methodology 17 3.3 Research questions 17 3.4 Description of population and sample 18 iv 3.5 Data collection 18 3.6 Data analysis 18 CHAPTER DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 20 4.1 Marriage is a unity of two complementary parts 20 4.1.1 Unity in cognitive linguistics 20 4.1.2 Data analysis 22 4.2 Being in marriage is being physically close 26 4.3 Being in marriage is being mentally close 31 4.4 Concluding remarks 34 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 37 5.1 A Summary of the study 37 5.2 A brief re-statement of the study 37 5.3 Implications for practical solutions 38 5.3.1 Some suggested activities for using metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in teaching and learning English 38 5.3.2 Some suggested exercises for using metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in teaching and learning English 42 5.4 Limitations 45 5.5 Suggestions for further research 45 REFERENCES 46 LITERATURE USED IN THE THESIS 47 v LIST OF FIGURES AND PICTURES Figure Mapping in metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in English 15 Figure Mapping in metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in Vietnamese 16 Picture Image of a Unity 20 vi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE First and foremost, language is universally acknowledged as the most powerful means of communication In modern society, English is an international language which plays an important role in our life It is the bridge to connect us to the global world We can have a deeper insight into the culture, education, science, etc of foreign countries thanks to our English proficiency In addition, Marriage is an eternal and immortal topic of human beings, no matter which community people belong to, which language they are speaking and which epoch they are living in It is considered to be one of the most important things in human life Noticeably enough, there are a lot of song lyrics and Vietnamese verses indicate very strongly the metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY which puts an impression on readers For example, in ancient China, a tyrannical emperor named Qin Shihuang burned The Book of Songs, one of the five classics of Chinese literature, to control people‟s minds However the section in it with the title Guan! Guan! Cry the Fish Hawks survives and wins a universal praise, especially the following two lines, “a mile-mannered good girl, fine match for the gentleman” (Waley,1960) That is the appeal of song l yrics in old times Recently, many cognitive linguistic studies have shown that metaphor plays an important role in the human conceptual system Metaphors are often grounded in culture and can hence serve as a good resource for the investigation of cultural beliefs expressed in language As a person who is very interested in metaphor and its effect on cultural beliefs I decide to choose the topic “A Study on Metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in English and Vietnamese” as the study of my graduation thesis Hopefully, the study, to some extent, can help Vietnamese learners of English understand conceptual metaphors more deeply so that they can use them more efficiently 1.2 PURPOSES OF THE STUDY This study has the purpose for analyzing metaphorical marriage expressions in song lyrics and Vietnamese verses and folklores to demonstrate how the conceptual metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY works Another important thing is, the author would like to find out how MARRIAGE IS A UNITY is reflected in song lyrics and Vietnamese verses and folklores, and to investigate different categories of the MARRIAGE IS A UNITY metaphor found in them By comparing marriage metaphors in Vietnamese and English, this paper aims at analyzing how these metaphors reflect the differences in Vietnamese and English marriage beliefs Moreover, studying about MARRIAGE IS A UNITY metaphor is a difficult and complex work In the trend of international integration, teaching folklores and proverbs is very important for the research and pedagogical workers To this task well, we cannot deny the indispensable role of theory and research findings of cognitive linguistics Last but not least, the author does this thesis with the hope of improving the quality in teaching and learning literature in general and metaphors in particular 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY To study about metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in English and Vietnamese, various activities can be used, and a number of things should be done However, due to the limitation of time and knowledge, it is impossible to cover all kinds of MARRIAGE IS A UNITY metaphors I only focus on some common MARRIAGE IS A UNITY metaphors in English and Vietnamese 1.4 DESIGN OF THE STUDY The study is divided into five chapters Chapter “INTRODUCTION” consists of the author‟s reasons for choosing the study, scope and design of the study Chapter entitled “Literature Review and Theoretical Background” provides some background knowledge about literature review, cognitive linguistics, concept, metaphor and conceptual metaphor Chapter named “Method and Procedure” tells us about aims and objectives, research methodology, research questions, description of population and sample, data collection and data analysis Chapter entitled “Discussion of Findings” In this chapter, the author mentions (49) Come and put our two hearts together Obviously the first person is willing to put his heart to be close to the second person, and he expects the second person to the same Finally, BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING MENTALLY CLOSE in connection with other concepts Here are examples with other concepts to describe the mental closeness of the spouses: (50) That you got a hold Down deep in my soul Example (50) is the positive one with the concept of the soul Though the soul and the heart are two different words, to some extent, they mean the same since there is a marriage representation I will love you heart and soul Then this example can be interpreted as you got a hold down deep in my heart, which means the first person‟s heart is close to the second person Example (51) is the negative one without a clear concept: (51) You turned down the light in me I think our time is over The light in me can be seen as the bright future of marriage inside the first person‟s mind In the beginning, the second person is in her mind However you turned down the light in me so that the second person‟s image on the first person‟s mind becomes darker and darker and accordingly, the mental distance of the two is farther and farther In Vietnamese, the boat and the shore are a combination of the two entities which requires the faithful attachment: - Thuyền có nhớ bến chăng? Bến d khăng khăng đợi thuyền - Thuyền dời bến có dời, Khăng khăng lời quân tử ngôn 33 Boat and shore are inanimate objects which are widely used by authors in metaphors of marriage Boat departs, passes through many ups and downs of the waves of the sea and does not know whether the shore remembers him or not Also, the shore is waiting and always puts the boat in her heart Talking about the faithfulness of the shore and the boat means mentioning about the true love of the Vietnamese boys and girls: - Gương khơng có thủy gương mờ, Thuyền khơng có lái lững lơ dịng Mong nghĩa thủy tình chung, Cho thuyền cập bến, gương ngàn đời Boats are guys (sometimes girls also) with strong will to pass over thousands of miles, over roads traveled for family life And shores are the girls (sometimes boys also) are always the waiting places, the mainstays for the boats to stop after strenuous and arduous days Steadfast loyalty of a young couple is shown very clearly They pray to be together in sorrow to come to the marriage They are the couples who can share with each other what is sweetest and the most beautiful: - Anh nói với em sơn thủy tận, Em nói với anh nguyệt khuyết băng 34 Đơi ta rồng lượn sông trăng Dẫu mà xa khăng khăng đợi chờ The gentle, loving and emotional words they have for each other that are proved to be a happy marriage and a stable future No matter how simple and rustic they are, they play as the red thread throughout the journey to marriage There is another example which shows the importance of mental closeness in marriage: - Ngồi cửa sổ ch m rồng, Chăn loan gối phượng, không chồng hư Even the happy life full of material cannot ease spiritual emptiness inside Loneliness, sadness when living alone không chồng hư of the girl confirmed the necessity of two people on their journey to marriage 4.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS Though the t h r e e categories in the analysis part have their own meaning focuses, they have some similarities and differences MARRIAGE IS A UNITY OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY PARTS can be seen as answering the question of what love is The MARRIAGE IS A UNITY OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY PARTS metaphor emphasizes the two parts themselves, while the BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING PHYSICALLY CLOSE and BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING MENTALLY CLOSE describe the action of the spouses in marriage The similarity of them clearly lies that both of them adopt the concept of CLOSENESS as the criteria of assessing whether two persons are in marriage or not However to some extent, they are not of same importance BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING PHYSICALLY CLOSE receives more examples in the thesis which might indicate that it is more conventional BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING MENTALLY CLOSE is more proper to be a criterion of assessing marriage Many lovers who are physically apart can still be in marriage, while no lover can say that he is in marriage with the one who is far away from him mentally Hence it is the mental closeness, not the physical closeness, the primary criteria to judge whether two persons are in marriage or not Besides, the number of the positive examples is far higher than the number of the negative examples In the first category, there are positive uses and negative use In the second category, there are 21 positives and negatives The last category has positives and negatives Hence all together there are 37 positive examples but 35 only 10 negative examples This finding is an evidence to prove Kövecses‟s point that “the UNITY metaphor suggests a perfect harmony, an idyllic state” (1986:63) Since the UNITY is a perfect harmony, most of the writers choose the positive aspect to portrait love As seen from the data analysis above, both of the congruent metaphors in Vietnamese and English are generic metaphors that are related to our embodied experience that are shared by all human beings The source domain of the common metaphors (i.e unity, thể thống nhất) comes from universal experiences that are not restricted by language and culture Accordingly, the question “Why marriage metaphorically understood and talked in such ways” will be addressed Vietnam is a nation which spends a long and hard history Especially, the feudalism has great influences on the development of the country as well as on the Vietnamese language Vietnamese culture and customs link to agriculture Because of the influence of culture, their marriages are exemplified as many familiar pictures of agriculture such as “thuyền – bến” , “rèm – chống”, “nón – quai nón”, “khóa – chìa”, etc: 1)- Đơi ta khóa với chìa, Trọn niềm chung thủy, đừng lìa hay (Vietnamese verses and folklores) 2) - Chịng chành nón khơng quai, Như thuyền không lái không chồng (Vietnamese verses and folklores) 3) - Thuyền có nhớ bến chăng? Bến d khăng khăng đợi thuyền (Vietnamese verses and folklores) These pictures are expressed in many Vietnamese marriage metaphors that cannot be found in English It can be seen clearly that Marriage in English is denoted by general idea and affected by Christianity That makes the Vietnamese metaphors and English ones different from each other 36 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 5.1 A SUMMARY OF THE STUDY In this essay the use of the metaphors of MARRIAGE IS A UNITY, the central metaphor in the MARRIAGE metaphor, has been analyzed in English and Vietnamese The metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY can be found in English song lyrics and Vietnamese verses and folklores as the following three sub-metaphors with more positive uses than negative uses The first sub-metaphor is MARRIAGE IS A UNITY OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY PARTS The positive use of this metaphor has two focused meanings, namely the importance of the unity and the uniqueness of the unity Both the two meanings explain that the beloved one is not replaceable The negative use of this metaphor conveys the meaning as BEING OUT OF MARRIAGE IS A DIVISION OF TWO ORIGINALLY COMPLEMENTARY PARTS The second sub-metaphor is BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING PHYSICALLY CLOSE, which is the one with the most examples It has four aspects The first one, only the first person is active, emphasizes on the meaning that the first person is eager to be in marriage The second one, only the second person is active, has the similar focused meaning as the first one The third one is that both the two persons are active, which focuses on the meaning that both of them are eager to come to marriage The fourth one is neither of the two persons is active It means that the two persons are already in marriage The negative uses of this metaphor are found in all the aspects except the first one BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING MENTALLY CLOSE is the last submetaphor Since marriage is something mental, the meaning of this metaphor is simple that the two persons are married 5.2 A BRIEF RE-STATEMENT OF THE FINDINGS The analysis of MARRIAGE IS A UNITY metaphor in the limited number of the song lyrics and folklore cannot represent the universal ones However, this study can at least be seen as offering a few commonplace remarks by way of inspiration so that others may come up with valuable opinions 37 5.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS As far as we are concerned, metaphor is an important aspect in language, especially because it is a lexical phenomenon which is common in everyday language Also, it is known to us that metaphor is the carrier of culture and reflects ways of cognizing the world, thus teaching and learning about metaphor help us understand more about culture and the world Because of the importance of English metaphors in language teaching and learning, I would like to give some activities and exercises for learners to practice 5.3.1 Some suggested activities for using metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in teaching and learning English 5.3.1.1 Picture description - Type: Group work - Teaching aids: Some pictures - Time: -6 minutes - Preparation: The teacher prepares some pictures downloaded from the Internet Alternatively, you may draw them on posters or ask a student to come to the board and describe what they are, the other draws for the class to see and start practicing - Procedure:  The teacher divides class into groups  Two groups are given different pictures  Each group chooses two representatives Then the teacher asks them to go to the board and their duties are to listen to remotes‟ description and draw the pictures on the board, other members in the group try to see the picture and explain why the pictures are called a Unity  Which group can draw the pictures and explain the reason which is the most reasonable will become the winner Notes: When students are discussing, the teacher should go around to provide the help if necessary Example for the MARRIAGE IS A UNITY metaphor: 38 Picture Picture Student 1: There are 10 people in the picture Here is the FAMILY UNITY They are embracing a Homeschooling, Home-centered lifestyle They are smiling together and seem to be very happy It makes me feel that the family is very cozy and united It is the FAMILY UNITY of many generations… ……………… 5.3.1.2 Finding new words - Type: Pair work - Teaching aids: Some pictures about career and colors - Time: -8 minutes - Preparation: The teacher prepares some pictures downloaded from the Internet or another source of magazines or newspapers He/she can show the pictures with big size or on the projector The students are responsible for eliciting the meaning of new words from the pictures dealing with colors or career - Procedure:  The teacher asks students to work in pairs  The class pays attention to different pictures on the board or on the projector  The teacher presents new words At the same time, he/she points at the pictures for the students to guess meanings Which pair can have the most true answers and explain the reason why will become the winner  The teacher asks students to listen and repeat  The teacher gets students to work in chorus and individually 39  Students copy down new words Notes: When students have any problems, teacher should be calm and try to explain more clearly for them to understand For example about new words related to metaphor “COLOR IS A UNITY” and “CAREER IS A UNITY”: Picture Picture Picture 1: - T points at each person and presents new words (blue, green, etc) and asks sts which color it is - Sts give answers (xanh da trời, xanh cây, etc) - T reads and Sts repeat - T explains that color is called a unity because a combination of colors makes a beautiful and lively life… ……………… Picture 2: - T points at each person and presents new words (doctor, workman, sodier) - Sts give answers (bác sĩ, công nhân, người lính) - T reads and Sts repeat - T explains that career is called a unity because different careers have united will form a stronger and systematic society………………………… 5.3.1.3 Interview a hot girl - Type: Whole class - Teaching aids: Some stars containing some hot girls‟ name - Time: minutes - Preparation: None - Procedure: 40  The teacher calls a student to go to the front of the class  This student picks any stars he/she likes  Then the class interviews her/him as that person in the term of his/her marriage unity Note: The teacher should control the class strictly so as not to make noise Also, the teacher punishes the students who are foul- mouthed For example, “Do you think that Elly Tran is a whore?, etc Example for the MARRIAGE IS A UNITY metaphor: A student picks a hot girl‟s name, Tam Tit, for instance, and goes to the front of the class Tam Tit: How you do! Class: How you do! Student A: Could I please ask you a question? Tam Tit: Of course so happy! Student A: It is rumored that you are still single Is it right? Tam Tit: It is really a difficult question to answer It is not absolutely right But now I am willing to make a date with who loves me with true heart Student B: What you think of marriage? Tam Tit: I think that it is an important event in my life So I want to learn about my partner more before marriage And when I get married, I will be always by my husband‟s side and help him anything if I can Student C: Do you think that marriage needs a unity? Tam Tit: Umm Everything in life should have a unity It is said: “Two are better than one” It will be stronger and more solid For marriage, it is necessary to have a unity because if so, your marriage will be unbreakable and long-lasting Student D: Could you tell me more about your MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in the next future? Tam Tit: It‟s my pleasure You know, marriage is a secret thing People can‟t guess in advance If I have any experience in the next future, I am willing to share with you, ok? ……………………… 5.3.1.4 Reading newspapers - Type: Whole class - Teaching aids: Some texts discussing about marriage as a unity - Time: 10 minutes 41 - Preparation: Handouts - Procedure:  Teacher introduces some articles in daily newspapers  Teacher asks students to look through newspapers to find the MARRIAGE IS A UNITY metaphor in the articles  Students reviews what they find and discuss the meaning of the metaphor  Teacher has students write their own metaphors and share them with the class  Teacher allows the class to vote on the best metaphor Note: The articles should be organized from easy to difficult ones so that students will not feel depressed from the beginning For example: Student 1: I see in the newspaper the metaphor “What God joins together; let no man separate” My own metaphor is “Civil marriage, not Civil war!” ……………………………… 5.3.2 Some suggested exercises for using metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in teaching and learning English 5.3.2.1 Brainstorming Which concepts are running on your mind when you think of the UNITY in MARRIAGE? Suggested answer: - Marriage is a unity of two complementary parts:  The importance of unity  The uniqueness of unity  Negative use of this concept - Being in marriage is being physically close:  Only the first person is active  Only the second person is active  Both the two persons are active  Neither of the two persons is active - Being in marriage is being mentally close:  Being in marriage is being mentally close in connection with the mind 42  Being in marriage is being mentally close in connection with the heart  Being in marriage is being mentally close in connection with other concepts 5.3.2.2 Distinguishing types of metaphors Read the two following versions of song lyrics about MARRIAGE and decide which denotes the metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY and explain why? VERSION 1:“ANNIVERSARY SONG” And I don‟t know how I survived those days Before I held your hand Well I never thought that I would be the one To admit that the moon and the sun Shine so much brighter when Seen through two pairs of eyes than When seen through just one VERSION 2: "STONE IN LOVE" Those crazy nights, I remember in my youth I recall, those were the best times, most of all In the heat with a blue jean girl Burnin' love comes once in a lifetime She found me singing by the rail road track Took me home, we danced by moonlight Suggested answer: Version expresses the metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY because they have captured the joy of marriage -the simple happiness that comes from walking through life, shoulder-to-shoulder, with his/her partner And version indicates the metaphor MARRIAGE IS A JOURNEY because we see the expression “The rail road track”… ……………………………………… 5.3.2.3 Rearranging expressions in suitable columns with given concepts Just can‟t live my life without you You and I combined I won‟t leave you You‟re always on my mind Baby come here, don‟t have no fear Kill me with your hugs I‟ll always be your girl Đơi ta khóa với chìa Vợ chồng đơi cu cu Đơi ta thể đơi chim Bến khăng khăng đợi thuyền Trai chưa vợ chợ chưa có đình Gương khơng có thủy gương mờ Chăn loan gối phượng, không chồng hư 43 Marriage is a unity of two Being in marriage is being Being in marriage is complementary parts physically close being mentally close ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… Suggested answers: Marriage is a unity of two Being in marriage is Being in marriage is complementary parts being physically close being mentally close Just can‟t live my life I won‟t leave you You‟re always on my mind without you Baby come here, don‟t Bến khăng You and I combined have no fear khăng đợi thuyền Trai chưa vợ chợ chưa Kill me with your hugs Gương khơng có thủy có đình Đơi ta khóa với chìa I‟ll always be your girl Vợ chồng đôi cu cu Đôi ta thể đôi chim gương mờ Chăn loan gối phượng, không chồng hư 5.3.2.4 Making up a story Writing about “Marriage” with the given topic “Do you confront your husband when he embarrasses you?” E.g: One day, I met a very handsome boy…………………………………… Suggested answer: One day, I met a very handsome boy After that, I decided to get married to King David Theoretically speaking, of course, maybe you‟ve heard people at church talk about having a “David Heart.” Yep I married that guy I find the historic King David to be fascinating David has a reputation of being an old testamentary man with a new testamentary heart He is known for his grace, patience, justice and sensitivity He is known for the way in which he worshiped God He loved the Lord with an uninhibited heart so much that his behavior was even called undignified, by his own wife But David was something else very important […] 44 5.4 LIMITATIONS Restricted by the scope, this study has only focused on one single MARRIAGE metaphor A Study of a larger scale and with a more profound perspective would be interesting to carry out in the future To sum up, because of the limitation of time, mistakes are unavoidable Thus, the authors would be very delighted to receive all your remarks, comments as well as advice to improve this study 5.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Within the scope of a graduation paper, the study only mentions about metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in English and Vietnamese in terms of MARRIAGE IS A UNITY OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY PARTS, BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING PHYSICALLY CLOSE AND BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING MENTALLY CLOSE For the further studies on this subject, I attempt to give some suggestions as follows:  A Contrastive Study on metaphor FRIENDSHIP IS A UNITY in English and Vietnamese  An analysis of the Relationship between Metaphors of Marriage and Metaphors of Love  A Study on the English and Vietnamese FAMILY IS A UNITY metaphor in novels 45 REFERENCES [1] Dirven, R & Radden, G (2007) Cognitive English Grammar Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company [2] Frederick, R (2004) A Brief History of Love Songs Retrieved October 27, 2009, from http://www.soundexp.com/history.html [3] Grant, D & Oswick, C (1996) Metaphor and organizations London: Sage [4] Publication Kövecses, Z (1986) Metaphors of anger, pride, and love: a lexical approach to the structure of concepts Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co [5] [6] [7] [8] Kövecses, Z (2000) Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Kövecses, Z (2002) Metaphor: a practical introduction Oxford: Oxford University Press Lakoff, G & Johnson, M (2003) Metaphors We Live By Chicago: The University of Chicago Press Lakoff, G & Johnson, M (1980) Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language TheJournal of Philosophy, Vol 77, No 8, pp 453-486 [9] [10] [11] [12] Lakoff, G (1993) The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor In A Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought (pp 202-250) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Loan, H.T (2013) Marriage is a Journey B.A thesis, Vinh University Nhan, Đ.T.T (2011) A Study on Metaphors of Love in English B.A thesis, Vinh University Waley, A (1960) The Book of Songs New York: Grove Press 46 Literature used in the thesis In English: [1] [2] A-Z Lyrics Universe (2000) [online] Available from: http://search.azlyrics.com/cgi-bin/azseek.cgi [Accessed November 2009] eLyrics.net (2000) [online] Available from: http://www.elyrics.net/ [AccessedDecember 2009] [3] Kingsoft Online Dictionary (2009) [online] Available http://dict.en.iciba.com/ [Accessed December 2009] In Vietnamese: Phan, Vu N (2004) Vietnamese verses and folklores, Publication: Ha Noi 47 from: ... the metaphors of MARRIAGE IS A UNITY, the central metaphor in the MARRIAGE metaphor, has been analyzed in English and Vietnamese The metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY can be found in English song... ideas of ? ?Unity? ?? in English and Vietnamese as follows 4.1.2 Data analysis MARRIAGE IS A UNITY OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY PARTS can be construed as a conceptual metaphor Marriage is something abstract...VINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES A STUDY ON METAPHOR MARRIAGE IS A UNITY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU ẨN DỤ HÔN NHÂN LÀ MỘT THỂ THỐNG NHẤT TRONG TIẾNG ANH