Translation strategies of cultural items in poems of ho xuan huong spoonerism, idioms = chiến thuật dịch các yếu tố văn hóa trong thơ hồ xuân hương nói lái, thành ngữ

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF CULTURAL ITEMS IN POEMS OF HO XUAN HUONG : SPOONERISM, IDIOMS Supervisor: Ms Nguyen Thi Hai Ha, MA Student: Pham Mai Hoa Course: QH2017.F1.E22.PDCLC HÀ NỘI – 2021 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP CHIẾN THUẬT DỊCH CÁC YẾU TỐ VĂN HÓA TRONG THƠ HỒ XUÂN HƯƠNG : NÓI LÁI, THÀNH NGỮ Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Nguyễn Thị Hải Hà, MA Sinh viên: Phạm Mai Hoa Khoá: QH2017.F1.E22.PDCLC HÀ NỘI – 2021 ACCEPTANCE PAGE I hereby state that I: Pham Mai Hoa, a student of QH2017.F1.E22PDCLC, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor (English Language) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I am of the opinion that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Hoa Pham Mai Hoa 30/04/2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowlegement………………………………………………………………… i Abstract………………………………………………………………………… ii List of abbreviations and figures………………………………………………… iii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………… 1.1 Research problem and rationale for the study 1.2 Research objectives and Research questions 1.3 Significance of the study CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………… 2.1 Previous research 2.2 Theoretical framework 2.3 Translation strategies CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………… 20 3.1 Research design 3.2 Selection of subjects 3.3 Sampling 3.3 Data collection CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION………………………………24 4.1 Research question 4.2 Research question CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH…………………………………………………………………… 31 Conclusion Limitations and suggestions for further research REFERENCES………………………………………………………………… 37 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to extend my most sincere gratitude toward my supervisor, Ms Nguyen Thi Hai Ha, MA - Lecturer of Faculty of English Language Teacher Education Her constructive suggestion and considerable encouragement were a springboard that uplifted me to conduct this study Moreover, I am filled with the huge gratefulness for my family and friends who have forever inspired me to devote my time and effort to completing this piece of thesis paper It is my sheer privilege that they have shouldered me with mental and financial burden and their love has empowered me considerably to muster enough bravery and dedication and passion for pursuing this tough path I am also thankful to the producer of the music piece named “Late night melancholy” which helped to sooth my soul a lot whenever the mental breakdown came at me during the research process Moreover, the magic music he/she made has stimulated the sense of creativity which was necessary for completing this task Furthermore, I would like to offer my warmest regards to myself, who decided not to give up on researching even though it seemed a daunting task to her Thank “you” for your effort to learning from mistakes and growing up this far Last but not least, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the readers who may spend their specious time working on this study All your constructive feedback is strongly appreciated and I owe all of you a deep debt of gratitude I hope that this thesis may share your burden in your academic work i ABSTRACT Idiom and spoonerism translation have long been the great concern of linguists and translators due to their distinctive linguistic features and aesthetic complexity Thus this research made an all-out effort to analyze all possible translation strategies that could be used in rendering idiomatic and spoonerized phrases appearing in Spring Essence by John Balaban based on the theoretical framework proposed by Baker With the set of data collected from 49 Ho Xuan Huong’s poems, the researcher mostly used the qualitative method to reach the final result The finding indicated that four out of five strategies which were introduced by Mona Baker were applied in the English version namely using an idiom of similar meaning and dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, translation by omission, translation by reduction The translator also adopted another strategy called literal translation due to its effectiveness of rendering almost all types of translation objects In respect to frequency, translation by paraphrase was dominantly used, followed by literal translation In contrast, the translator failed to apply the strategy of using an idiom of similar meaning and form ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Full form ST Source text TT Target text SL Source language TL Target language LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 4.1: Strategies used to translate idioms and spoonerism in 26-27 English translations of Ho Xuan Huong’s poems iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter specifies the statement and rationale for the research Moreover, the objectives and significance are also mentioned with detail 1.1 Statement of the research problem and rationale for the study 1.1.1 Statement of the research problem Translation can be described as a process of code-switching of at least two languages incorporating with cultural and linguistic transfer between them Accordingly, translation, as a means of transferring languages as well as cultures, is playing a significant role in today’s international communication It has already given a great impetus to the exchange of the cultures and the development of the mankind, without which the world would be a different one (Xuxiang, 2015) It is well-observed that cultural diversity among countries, to some extent, has led to many barriers and challenges in translation field Specifically, poetry translation is deemed a daunting task to both translator and researchers working on the literary translation field Accordingly, translation of poetry as a yet unanalyzed “black box” (Francis, 2006) has been intensely debated with lateral opposing ideas about faithfulness that the TT can achieve This is due to the high cultural prestige of poetry which requires time, effort, ingenuity to translate rhyme, rhythm, the figurative language involved (Hossein, Haadi, Zahra, 2008) Vietnamese Medieval poems are the quintessence of folk culture that was the ultimate embodiment of Vietnamese mind and creativity Meanwhile folk culture was a sophisticated incorporation between culture-rich contents and linguistic forms This leads to the situation where not all the aspects of a medieval poem are translatable due to the cultural void in inter-cultural context and the fact that each language has its own lexical structure Specifically, idioms and spoonerisms are vivid illustrations in this case Therefore, idioms and spoonerism applied in Vietnamese medieval poems are among troublesome figures of speech challenging a translator Consequently, not quite Translation by paraphrase Translation by omission Translation by reduction Literal translation 14 Total Table 4.1 The number of applied strategies in idioms and spoonerism translation in the target text In respect to idioms, translation by paraphrase was employed most frequently among five strategies identified in the TT (50%) John Balaban employed literal translation with the second high frequency in order to produce his work as this strategy was applied in translating three idioms, which constituted 21.4% Followed by it, translation by omission ranked the third popular strategy used in two idioms in John’s work Lastly, the frequency count of both translation by reduction and using an idiom of similar meaning and dissimilar form was 1, accounting for 0.7% The strategy of using an idiom of similar meaning and form was not adopted in the translation process Regarding spoonerism, the translator failed to render all poem lines containing spoonerism as merely out of spoonerized lines were translated to some extent This can be justified by some following reasons Firstly, the divergence between phonological constituents of two languages is the key factor leading to the translator’s failure to render spoonerized lines while maintaining their linguistic feature in the TT Secondly, Ho Xuan Huong with her sharp wit and excellence with word placed spoonerism in her poems to convey multi-layering meaning: the transparent expression and many implicit ones Given that, the translator stood no chance in rendering both of these two types of meaning, which drove to trade off the implicit meaning to at least 25 complete the mission of rendering the literal expression Five spoonerism lines were transferred into English by employing two main strategies namely translation by paraphrase and literal translation With regard to frequency, translation by paraphrase was dominantly used, the translator adopted this strategy in four spoonerized lines (100%) 4.2 What are the most frequently used strategies in English version? 4.2.1 Translation by paraphrase Mona Baker (2001) suggested this strategy be applied to translate idioms or linguistic devices in case there is no equivalent found in the TT It allowed the translator to render the meaning of source-language idioms by using a close or similar expression in the TL Some examples are illustrated as followed in order to justify the application of this strategy: Example ST Nghìn vàng khơn chuộc dấu bơi vơi TT …A pile of gold Cannot restore his pale painted warts Regarding the examined idiom “dấu bôi vôi”, its translated version was “his pale painted warts” which was believed to not fully convey the expected meaning interpreted by the image the author attempted to present From the research’s point of view, using paraphrase in this case was not a preferable strategy since it managed to render the explicit meaning but failed to grasp the metaphoric one on the basis of Ho Xuan Huong’s intention To be more specific, “dấu bôi vôi” presented in “Lament for Commissioner Coc” is not an exact idiom, however, it is influenced by a folk idiom illustrating an old-fashioned custom in the past: “Gọt gáy bôi vôi” The original idiom means 26 “cutting hair, painting lime”, which refers to a cruel punishment imposed on women in their community who are thought to have perpetrated dastardly deeds with a view to humiliating them This is considered among the most severe punishments under the feudal system Rumour had it that Ho Xuan Huong with her artistic temperature and insatiable desire for poems soly was defamed and unaccepted in her community which was heavily impacted by feudal etiquette Furthermore, she was married as the secondranked wife of Commissioner Coc Their marriage, consequently, came to an end under the pressure from social judgement Given that context, the meaning of “dấu bôi vôi” should be rendered as the sense of shamefacedness and humiliation that the author was filled with after the broken marriage with Commissioner Coc Moreover, considering the “Lament for Commissioner Coc” as a whole, it can be well-evident that translation paraphrase was not recommended to be applied ST TT “Chàng Cóc ơi! Chàng Cóc ơi! “Oh, Cóc Oh, dear Oh, dear Coc Thiếp bén dun chàng thơi All we had together came down to this: Nòng nọc đứt đuôi từ nhé, the tadpole’s lost his tail A pile of gold Nghìn vàng khơn chuộc dấu bơi vơi” cannot restore his pale painted warts.” Taking the third and the last line into consideration, the researcher witnessed the disconnectedness between the direct meaning carried by two images “the tadpole’s lost his tail” and “his pale painted warts” “The tadpole’s lost his tail” was placed to explain the status of the relationship between two discussed objects, which, apparently, was a failed one However, the symbolization of “his pale painted warts” seemed ambiguous and obscure in comparison to the poem flow The problem, therefore, was 27 “his pale painted wart” left a critical question on its purpose in exhibiting the author’s intention Meanwhile, in the original version, “dấu bôi vôi” was used exactly on point in secretly explaining the inappropriate “punishment” and harsh “judgement” that contemporary society expressed toward the author’s private life Example In this example, the applied strategy of translation by paraphrase in a spoonerized line is examined: ST TT Hỏi thăm sư cụ đáo nơi neo Ask for abbot, you get no one As scrutinized in depth, the phrase “đáo nơi neo” (traveling to somewhere) when spoken backward can be interpreted as “nơi đéo nào” meaning “where you at?” in obscene tone Taking the whole line into account, the author, in the first place, wished to inquire after the abbot traveling to some certain places In the second place, she appeared to question the abbot’s absence, or to be more specific, the abbot abandoning his temple in lowkey sarcastic tone Thus, the paraphrase strategy made an effort to rendering the implicit meaning of this line rather than focusing on transferring the original meaning Nevertheless, the translated version lacked the biting satire on the abbot and his suspicious behaviors, which seemed to be unsuccessful at showing Ho Xuan Huong’s critical attitude toward the degradation of Buddhism and its association For more back-ground knowledge, the late XVIII century witnessed the intertwined suppression of the feudalism of Le Emperor, Nguyen Lord in the Southern and Trinh Lord in the Northern In that context, Buddhism was taken into granted and ignored, furthermore, Buddhist were diamonds mixed with graphite2 Consequently, Buddhism and its association were devalued and distorted in the eye of cultured scholars, which became the flashpoint of satirizing literature 4.2.2 Literal translation or “vàng thau lẫn lộn” in Vietnamese 28 According to Hassan (2020), literal translation is a strategy in which the SL’s words are translated to their nearest equivalent in the TL including structure This may be the driven factor leading to the second-ranked high frequency of literal translation in John’s work The strategy might work effectively when the translator tried to render the explicit meaning while sustaining the structures and images that the author intended to use Example ST TT Đố biết vơng hay trốc Anyone can tell whether it’s ovule or [Lấy ý từ “Ngồi vơng, chổng mơng anther mít”] In the idiom “ngồi vơng, chổng mơng mít”, “lá vông” is a type of smoothfaced leaf that does no harm to your body if taken as a chair to take a seat, meanwhile, “lá trốc” has a rough skin which can irritate some parts of your body if it touches In other words, “vông” means advantage or best luck, however, “trốc” refers to bad luck in some situations or disadvantage of some events Looking into the translated version, “ovule” and “anther” were taken as the equivalent for “vông” and “trốc”, which hindered the translation work from being comprehensively achieved On the one hand, the translator used these terms in his work on the grounds that they were expected to be identical with other images relating to women’s vagina in the poem However, in the original version, the intended messages did not aim at referring to any particular part of women’s body, rather, they were placed to mention the advantage and disadvantage of being “a girl without sex” or losing sexual desire When considering the poem as a whole, this can be swiftly identified: ST TT 29 Mười hai bà mụ ghét chi nhau? Did the fairy midwives have a falling out and somehow misplace her maiden head? Đem xuân tình vứt bỏ đâu? The little father mouse squeaking about, doesn’t care, Rúc thây cha chuột lắt, nor the mother honeybee buzzing along, fat Vo ve mặc kệ ong bầu with pollen Đố biết vông hay trốc, Can anyone tell whether it’s ovule or anther? Còn kẻ hay cuống với đầu Can anyone tell if it’s stem or bud? Thơi thơi, được, Well, fine It’s really okay Since her whole life she’ll never have to hear “daughter-in-law! Nghìn năm khỏi bị tiếng nương dâu Therefore, literal translation applied, from the researcher’s perspective, seemed to work ineffectively in this case due to its failure to assist the translator to render the original meaning of the ST 30 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION This part emphasizes some major points of the findings, thus providing the research’s limitation and the researcher’s recommendation 5.1 Summary of the research The research was conducted with an aim to investigate Ho Xuan Huong’s poetry and the applied translation strategies adopted in its English version and moreover verify their usage frequency In the very first step, there are two research questions addressed in an attempt to reach the objective of the study The researching process started with the literature review to clarify some key terms and concepts that can be deemed the backbone for the further analysis It was followed by the methodology part in which the possible analysis methods and procedures were identified after all dimensions of the research had been taken into account Next, the research underwent several analysis steps to produce the research findings which were the favourable response to two research questions All in all, 14 idioms and spoonerized lines identified in 49 poems were examined meticulously throughout the process Therefore, the successful approach to two research questions can be attributed to this serious analysis process Accordingly, the findings showed that there are four strategies adopted in John’s translation work including using an idiom of similar meaning and dissimilar form, translation by omission, translation by paraphrase and translation by reduction Apart from these strategies according to Baker’s taxonomy, additionally, literal translation was also applied to render the ST’s meaning Regarding the frequency, translation by paraphrase was the most popularly used among all strategies mentioned The second rank was literal translation strategy with three times employed Meanwhile, there is no chance the strategy of using an idiom of similar form and meaning adopted in translating both idioms and spoonerism Furthermore, the application variety of translation strategies in idioms was much greater than that in spoonerism To be specific, there are five types of strategies employed in the 31 translation process of idioms meanwhile the translator only applied one strategy paraphrase in order to render the meaning of spoonerized lines In terms of the effectiveness of strategy usage, the researcher highly appreciated the translator’s effort to apply diverse strategies in an attempt to convey multi-layering messages and exhibit the cultural elements behind poems’ figurative systems, however, the effectiveness was sometimes not fully reached Not to mention, there were some spoonerized lines that the translator stood no chance to transfer their meaning and failed to express the author’s intention by using them 5.2 Limitations Albeit the success in tackling all the research questions, limitations are unavoidably witnessed in the research paper due to the time and resources limitation Firstly, the sampling size in this research is deemed narrow with 49 poems examined along with 14 idioms and spoonerized lines This small size obviously hindered the research from generalizing the result on the spectrum of all English idioms and spoonerism translation Secondly, arriving at the descriptive result merely can be considered a drawback of the research owing to the time pressure and resource constraint This is to say that the descriptive result obtained mostly depended on the researcher’s sole observation rather than diverse opinions from target participants including the potential readers and professional translator This, therefore, prompted the fact that the research is unable to bring about a comprehensive outlook on the research matter 5.3 Recommendations Linguistic devices such as idioms or spoonerism in Vietnamese literature have been the flashpoint of the academic experts due to the challenge they pose and diverse resources Vietnamese literature provides With that reason, some recommendations are proposed in order to encourage further research focusing on linguistic devices translation 32 Firstly, other researchers are strongly encouraged to carry out their study with a larger scope, which can be the number of poems, linguistic devices, translation strategies or translated versions and the amount of participants Given that, a larger scope of the research may enhance the objectivity and achieve the generalization in the field that the research concerns Secondly, it is suggested that apart from translation strategies, the researchers may desire to explore various aspects of the linguistic device translation such as translation quality assessment or the effectiveness of translation 5.4 Contribution of the research All things considered, the research is of significance for both researchers who desire to conduct further study in the relevant field and translators who attempt to upgrade their translation quality Regarding the research’s contribution to other researchers, this paper is expected to provide them with reliable information in respect to idioms and spoonerism translation Furthermore, this study may help to arouse the interest and passion of other researchers in analyzing Ho Xuan Huong’s poetry In terms of the influence on translators, the research may bring about diverse useful sources of translation strategies, which enables translators to have the best choice when it comes to different types of literature translation 33 APPENDIX APPENDIX 1: APPLIED STRATEGIES IN IDIOMS TRANSLATION No Idiom Bảy ba chìm với nước non (Trích “Bánh trơi nước”) Đừng xanh bạc vơi (Trích “Mời ăn trầu”) Đừng xanh bạc vơi (Trích “Bạc vơi”) Nịng nọc đứt từ (Trích “Khóc tổng cóc”) Năm mười họa hay (Trích “Lấy chồng chung”) translation (Huynh’s) Rising and sinking like mountains in streams” Lime won’t stay white, nor leaf, green Lime won’t stay white, nor leaf, green A pile of gold Every now and then, well, maybe or maybe not You try to stick to it like a (Trích “Lấy chồng chung”) fly on rice khơng cơng (Trích “Lấy chồng chung”) Strategy Reduction Omission Omission The tadpole’s lost his tail Literal Cố bám ăn xôi xôi lại hỏng Cầm làm mướn mướn English …You slave like maid, But without pay translation Use similar idiom dissimilar form Paraphrase Paraphrase Mỏi gối chồn chân muốn Gentlemen, lords, who could trèo refuse, though weary (Trích “Đèo Ba Dọi”) And shaky in his knees, to 34 but Paraphrase mount one more Tài tử văn nhân tá? Men of talent, learned men, (Trích “Tự tình II”) where are you? Bán lợi mua danh 10 kẻ (Trích “Chơi chợ chùa Tây”) Nghìn vàng khơn chuộc dấu bơi vơi 11 [Gọt gáy bơi vơi] (Trích “Khóc Tổng Cóc”) Buyers and sellers of fame and glory Paraphrase Paraphrase … A pile of gold Cannot restore his painted Paraphrase warts Đố biết vơng hay trốc 12 [Ngồi vơng, chổng mông Can anyone tell whether it’s Literal trốc] ovule or anther? translation (Trích “Quan thị”) Cịn kẻ hay cuống với 13 đầu Can anyone say if it’s stem Literal [Đầu trỏ xuống, cuống trỏ lên] or bud? translation (Trích “Quan thị”) Cái kiếp tu hành nặng đá đeo 14 [Nặng đeo đá] (Trích “Sư hoạnh dâm’) A life in religion weighs heavier than stone Paraphrase APPENDIX 2: APPLIED STRATEGIES IN SPOONERISM TRANSLATION No Spoonerized line Bơng chín bơng xanh để lộn English translation No English 35 equivalent Strategy phèo found (Trích “Chơi hoa”) Trái gió phải lộn lèo No English equivalent found (Trích “Sư hoạnh dâm”) Trái gió phải lộn lèo (Trích “Sư hoạnh dâm”) If only bad winds hadn’t turned me around Paraphrase Cái kiếp tu hành nặng đá đeo No English equivalent found (Trích “Sư hoanh dâm”) Hỏi thăm sư cụ đáo nơi neo (Trích “Chùa Quán Sứ’) Ask for the abbot, you get no one Paraphrase Chày kình tiểu để sng khơng đấm The monks no longer beat the temple drum Paraphrase (Trích “Chùa Quán Sứ) Khen đẽo đá tài xuyên tác No English equivalent found (Trích “Hang Cắc Cớ”) Tràng hạt, vải lần đếm lại đeo The nun just say their (Trích “Chùa Quán Sứ”) beads, and then are gone 36 Paraphrase REFERENCE A Macken, M., & T Nguyen, H (2006) NÓI LÁI AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABLE NÓI LÁI AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABLE, 29.2, 01– 62 http://sealang.net/archives/ltba/pdf/LTBA-29.2.1.pdf Amineh, A (2011) Theory and Practice in Language Studies Finland, FL: Academy Publisher Băockenhauer, H.-J., Hromkovic, J., Kralovic, R., Măomke, T., & Steinhăofel, K (2012) Efficient Algorithms for the Spoonerism Problem, 4475 Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 01–02 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72914-3_9 Baker, M (2001) In other words New York, NY: Taylor & Francis e-Library Hassan, Abdulkhaleq (2020) Translation Strategies Employed by EFL Learners and the Impact of That on Their Translation Skills Development International Journal of English Linguistics 10 34 10.5539/ijel.v10n4p34 Jääskeläinen, R (1996) Hard work will bear beautiful fruit A comparison of two think-aloud protocol studies Meta, 41 (1), 60-74 Kearns, J (2009) Strategies In M Baker and G Saldanha (Eds.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (pp 282-285) London: Routledge Larson, L M (1984) Meaning-based translation: A guide to cross-language equivalence New York, NY: University Press of America Lörscher, W (1991) Translation Performance, Translation Process and Translation Strategies: A Psycholinguistics Investigation Tübingen: Gunter Narr Lörscher, W (2005) The translation process: Methods and problems of its investigation Meta, 50 (2), 597-608 37 Lund F B (1929) Allusions to Medicine in Classical Literature Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 5(9), 845–859 Mai, T (2014) AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE STYLISTIC DEVICES COMMONLY USED IN HỒ XUÂN HƯƠNG’S POEMS AND THEIR ENGLISH VERSIONS AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE STYLISTIC DEVICES COMMONLY USED IN HỒ XUÂN HƯƠNG’S POEMS AND THEIR ENGLISH VERSIONS, 01–26 http://tailieuso.udn.vn/bitstream/TTHL_125/5481/2/TranHoangMai.TT.pdf Newmark, P (1988) A Textbook of Translation New York, NY: Prentice Hall Nguyễn Đình Hiền (2018) Tìm hiểu thành ngữ, tục ngữ tiếng Việt góc nhìn quy luật vận động phát triển Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Nước ngoài, 34(1), 91-105 Pham, T., & Pham, X (2018) Building a Spoonerism Detection System for Vietnamese PACLIC Spring Essence: The poetry of Ho Xuan Huong (2010) Retrieved March 21 from https://archive.org/details/springessencepoe00hx/page/112/mode/2up V Hiep, N (2013) Nói Lái Trong Ngơn Ngữ Và Văn Học Việt Nam Saigonocean https://saigonocean.com/gocchung2013/html/10-5.htm Vahid Dastjerdi, Hossein., Haadi Hakimshafaaii, Zahra Jannesaari (2008) Translation of Poetry: Towards a Practical Model for Translation Analysis and Assessment of Poetic Discourse Journal of Language & Translation 9.1, 740 Yen, H (2017) Đặc trưng tín hiệu thẩm mĩ thành ngữ so sánh tiếng Việt Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Nước ngồi, 33(5), 145-155 38 39 ... HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP CHIẾN THUẬT DỊCH CÁC YẾU TỐ VĂN HÓA TRONG THƠ HỒ XUÂN HƯƠNG : NÓI LÁI, THÀNH NGỮ Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Nguyễn Thị Hải Hà, MA Sinh viên:... hardly any insightful research lifting the veil of the art of using cultural items, especially idioms and spoonerism in Ho Xuan Huong poems albeit abundant studies working on many linguistic features... amount of works written in Nom language explains why Ho Xuan Huong was praised as “the goddess of Nom poems? ?? 1.1.2 Rationale There are some factors leading to my decision on choosing Ho Xuan Huong? ??s