1611 hien tuong ba chua kho va tin nguong tho mau o bac ninh

56 (16) - 2006 - Di s i n v8n h6a phi vat t h TS.lT2.k~D ~ N H LU~~N* ir thgp nien cu6i cung cba th2; kjl XX to" chirc don khach, ti6p nhgn c6ng dirc, q u i n de"n nay, d tinh Bac Ninh - xO Kinh Bac Iy tu bo" di tich, tuy6n truyen gidi thieu v6 ljch T xu'a, mi6n qu9 tigp giap phia B6c thfi d6 Hi NQi, no"i I6n hien tUdng Ba Chua Kho, khie"n nhi6u ngu'di quan t i m Tai d i y - ndi c6 ngbi d6n thd Ba Chua Kho n i m du'di c h i n nui Kho thuQc lang Co" Me, phlrbng V ~ Ninh, I ph6 B ~ Ninh C - mot di tich dudc Bo V i n hoa - Thbng tin cbng nhgn va ci'p bang di tich ljch sir v i n hoa dung vao thdi di6m Nha nu'dc Viet Nam thqc hien chinh sach ddi mdi va ma cira v6 kinh t6 dat nhi6u hieu q u i tich cqc, d i c6 r i t nhi6u ngu'di, d6 da phan la phu nacac thi', keo v6 cung Ie, xin Ioc, cau tai - c6 tdi 20 van IUdt nglldi Theo d6, cac hoat dong djch vu cba n h i n d i n dla phUdng va vung he"t sQc sbi dong, nao nhiet nham dap Ong nhu cau cba n h h g ngu'di tdi cung Ie - viec s i n x u i t va ban hu'dng hoa, vang m i , vigt sd, s i p 16, cung khin, r6i djch vu i n u6ng, trbng gia xe, * G I i h E& Sd V i k H~ - TH~NGTIN & NINH SO va cbng trang Ba Chua Kho , d i cu6n " va hut hang nghin ngu'di d i n lang ~ o M6 phu'dng VQ Ninh tham gia C i mot vung qu6 tru'dc yen i , t i p ngp, h6i hh va s6i dong khac thu'dng lVhd vgy, khu di tich du'dc b i o ve, tu bo", tbn tao cang khang trang, Iang x6m do"i mdi, ddi s6ng ngllai d i n du'dc n i n g cao nhanh ch6ng hlhu'ng cQng n i y sinh met s6 hien tu'dng ti& cqc, khie"n quy khach phan nan va mot s6 cd quan thbng tin dai chung 16n tie"ng n h i c nhd Chinh vi v$y, Ba Chua Kho d i trd mot hien tu'dug x i hei, khie"n nhieu nglldi, nhi6u cd quan quan t i m g i i i quye"t, tru'dc h6t la cac nha nghien ciru ljch sir, van hoa, nghien ciru v6 tbn giao, tin ngu'ang va cac cd quan q u i n Iy v6 v i n hoa 6' Trung u'dng va dja phu'dng Cuc V i n hoa - Th6ng tin Cd sd, thucc BQ Van hoa - Thbqg tin d i phdi hdp vdi Sd V i n hoa - Thbng tin Ha Bac (tru'dc day) to" chOc mot cuoc hoi thho tai khu di tich, vao ~rdn Dinh Luy en: Hi& tupng nam 1993, vdi s q tham gia c6a nhieu can bQ q u i n Iy va khoa hoc cac cd quan Trung u'dng va dja phu'dng, nham lam sang t6 hien tlrgng Ba Chua Kho, tr6n cd s6 giup cho viec quin Iy, hu'dng dsn cac hoat dong tirn linh, tin ngu'dng tai den Ba Chua Kho cang co tr$t tq, ne ngp, d i m b i o thgc hien dung chinh sach clja Nha n d c ve t6n giao va tin ngu'dng Tuy v$y, nhirng vgn d6 khoa hoc va thqc ti& ve tin ngu'ang Ba Chua Kho khbng phi; dii du'dc g i i i quye"t xong, ma sau cuQc hQithio, lai dgt nhieu van dk can tie"p tuc tim hi& va lam sang t6 Tirg6c dQ mot ngu'di quan t i r n nghi6n ciru ljch sit, van hoa, dQng thdi dang trqc tigp tham gia liinh dao qusn Iy nganh Van hoa Th6ng tin tinh Bbc Ninh, chung t6i xin n6u mot so" y kidn nham gop ph6n Iy g i i i hien tu'dng Ba Chua Kho va tin ngu'dng thd Msu b B$c Ninh hien - N h i n vgt Ba Chua Kho va tin nglrang Ba Chua Kho d6n ~6 M; Cho de"n nay, chung t6i chu'a tirn thay mQt tai lieu thu' tjch nao ghi chep vQ Ba Chua Kho Cac sach Viet dien u linh, Linh Nam chich quai - nhirng sach chep ve cac vj than linh, nhilng truyen thuye"t, co" tich nu'dc ta, v6'n la nhilng van b i n co tir thdi Ly - Tran, kh6ng th6y n6i tdi Ba Chua Kho va den ~ o M6 R6i nhirng c6ng trinh ljch sit, dja chi thdi L6 - Nguy6n ciing kh6ng c6 mQt dong ghi chep nao v6 n h i n v$t Ba Chua Kho va di tich den Ba Chua Kho Ke"t q u i nghi6n ciru di6u tra c6a chung t6i cho thgy, Ba Chua Kho chi du'dc lu'u truyen d i n gian va t6n thd b vung lu'u vqc s6ng Cau, s6ng Ngii Huyen Kh6 va s6ng Ti6u Tu'dng xu'a, d6 trung tirn thd t q la " den Ba Chua Kho thuQc lang ~ o M6, thuQc phu'dng Vii Ninh, ph6' Bbc Ninh C6 dieu, truyen tich d i n gian ve Ba Chua Kho b cac dja phu'ang vung, m6i ndi mot khac d lang Q u i C i m ( x i Hoa Long, huyen Yen Phong), n h i n d i n ke" r i n g : Ba Chua Kho la dirc Vua Ba - tirc Ha Giang c6ng chua, vd vua Tran Anh T6ng, du'dc Vua " Con b lang Ba cit xudng coi kho ~ o M6 Thu'dng DQng ( x i Van An, huyen Y6n Phong), n h i n d i n lai cho hay: Ba Chua Kho - tirc Ba Chua L2m, la mQt gia dinh lam Ah Chba Kha vh th ngu2ng nghe ngn gdm Ba vira dep ngu'di vira dep ndt, ngn dii trd vd vua, thu'dng ve que tham me the0 dong NgU Huyen Kh6 Khi mat, ba du'dc an tang tai quk, n h i n d i n I$p midu thd CUqg Q u i C i m , co truyQn tich ve ba Tran Thj Ngoc, mQt cung phi c6a vua Tran, ngu'di qu6 tai d i y , dii c6 cbng viec truyQn day va phat trie"n nghe lam g6m cho n h i n d i n vung, du'dc n h i n d i n t6n thd va goi la Ba Chua Sanh Lai c6 truyen thuydt vung Dinh B i n g - qu6 hu'dng nha Ly, ke" rsng, Ba Chua Kho ten th$t la Ly An Qudc - gai thir sau vua Ly Thanh T6ng, du'dc cit trbng q u i n kho binh lu'dng cfia trieu dinh dat C6 MB Trong cuQc khang chi& chdng Tdng tr6n phong tuydn Nhu' Nguyet dien C6 IV&, ba d i hy sinh viec b i o ve kho binh lu'dng, kh6ng de" lot vao tay giec hlhu' v$y, Ba Chua Kho kh6ng p h i i la mQt n h i n v$t du'dc ghi chep chinh sit, ma du'uc lu'u truyen d i n gian N h i n d i n nhd dn va t6n thd Ba vi Ba la ngu'di phu n i l co nhan s$c, lai d i m dang, tai gi6i, co cbng chi6u d i n dqng I$p lang xom vung Q u i C i m , C6 Me, Thu'dng E)6ng, giup moi ngu'di khai khzn ruQng d6ng, cay trQng lua ng6, tr6ng d i u , nu6i tam, mb mang ngh6 thlj c6ng lam " gdm, dem lai mua mang tu'di tdt, cuQc sdng no dh R6i Ba tr6 vj hoang h$u, giup vua giir gin kho lu'dng, sau hy sinh vi sq nghiep b i o ve dat nu'dc Nha vua va n h i n d i n thu'dng tidc phong Ba lam phuc thsn, cho I$p mi& thd qu6 nha va nhirng lang x6m ma Ba d5 c6 c6ng x i y dqng, do, trung t i m thd Ba la den C6 MB - ndi truyen rang, Ba d i hy sinh anh dung b i o ve kho lu'dng Vi v$y, ng6i den du'dc mang ten Ba va ngon nui ciing du'uc mang ten nui Kho Theo d i n lang cho bie"t, den Ba Chua Kho c6 tir thdi Lv, ban dau chi la ng6i midu nh6, goi la mie"u Ti6n C6, sau d6 c6 Ii2 vao thdi L6, midu du'dc tu bo", mb rQng ng6i den Idn Theo tri nhd va chi dgn clja n h i n d i n , cung dau ve"t lai cho thgy, den Ba C h ~ j aKho xu'a bao g6m nhieu c6ng trinh, dqng tir c h i n nui l6n su'dn nui Kho la: ~ n tam g quan ngoai, du'dng vao, den trinh, r6i de"n s i n dgn, g i i i vii, toa tien te", cung de nhj, h$u cung Vdi nhirng cbng trinh kidn truc kie"u "trung 56'3 (16) - 2006 - Di s i n v a n h6a phi v a t t h - thiem diep 6c", lai nhap nh6 rirng c6 thy xum xu6, khign khu d6n khbng chi la met ch6n thi6ng t i r n linh cac tin d6, ma la mot thing cinh Nhu'ng ti& thay, khoing nhCrng n8m 30 c i a th6 kg XIX, ng6i den Ba Chua Kho d i bj sup d6 hoan toan Cuoc dai trung tu clja d i n lang vao thdi vua T q Birc va d w c hoan vao n8m 1859 Nhu'ng cuoc khing chi& chdng thqc d i n Phap, ng6i d6n lai bj tan pha Sau du'dc Be V8n hoa - Thbng tin quygt djnh c6ng nhgn den Ba Chua Kho la di tich ljch sir v8n hoa (11989), khu den bat d6u du'dc n h i n d i n dja phu'dng tu b6, t6n tao, m6 rang vdi s q c6ng dirc clja khach th$p phu'dng Nhu'vay, Ba C h ~ j aKho khbng p h i i la mot n h i n vat ljch sir, ma la n h i n v$t t h i n thoai; vigc t6n thd Ba la mot hign tu'dng thuoc pham tru tin ngu'ang d i n gian, v6n c6 tir rst xu'a tr6n vung qu6 Bac Ninh - Kinh Bac Trong qua trinh phat tri6n clja ljch sir, tin ngu'ang thd Ba Chua K h o d i c6 sqchuye"n bie"n, p h i n anh ddi s6ng tirn linh, tin ngu'ang c6a d i n gian, tr6 mot nhCrng hien t m n g die"n hinh cba tin ngu'ang thd M6u clja n h i n d i n Bgc Ninh - Kinh Bac - Tin nguang Ba Chua Kho - hien tlqng diin hinh cGa tin nguang thd M ~ 6U B i c Ninh - Kinh ~ a c Tir hien tu'dng thd Ba Chua Kho, m6 rQng dign di6u tra, nghign ciru tr6n dja ban vung Bac Ninh, chung t6i thay viec thd ba chua, vua ba, M5u la hien tu'dng kha ph6 bie"n cac lang x i Virng Tien Du c6 truyen thuygt v6 ba T6 C6 - vj th6n d i hoa hdp vdi 6ng LQc CQc de" c6 sirc manh phi thu'dng tao sbng h6, d6i nui, ruQrrg d6ng, cho ngu'di lam 2n sinh s6ng: "0ng cho mu'a, ba.cho nang, 6ng tat bign, ba x i y non" R6i ba T6 C6 tung hat gi6ng c i y cb, chim chbc, hu'du nai; ba d& c6 ngay, c6 d6m, c6 thang Cac c6 t o i di day d i n lam 8n, m6i c6 trd vua Ba clja m6i vcng Vung Thu$n Thanh, Gia Binh c6 truy6n thuye"t va den thd M%U AU Cd - n g d i sinh 100 trirng, n6 100 Ba la me clja d i n tQc Viet R6i M ~ Man U Nu'dng - ngu'di d i sinh Tir Phap (miy, mu'a, sam, chdp), dem lai mira mang tu'di t6t, d i n an v$t thjnh Virng ph6 ~ a Ninh, c c6 truyen thuygt va den thd M ~ I JPhir 06ng ThiQn Vu'dng V i n M5u (Que" V6) co den thd Thanh Mau Tam Giang - ngu'di sinh Thanh Tam Giang - nhang ngu'di co c6ng giup Trieu Quang Phuc danh gigc nha Lu'dng R6i Tir Sdn c6 truy6n thuygt va den thd Thanh ~ Pham u Thj - ngu'di me cba vj vua khdi nghiep tridu Ly la Ly C6ng ~ a ' n6 ~ phong n co ba Chua Choa va den Choa ( x i Dong Liet) la vj t h i n m5u clja 11 lang Choa ven bd sbng C ~ U IVhin d i n 11 lang t6n thd v'i Ba la ngu'di giup d i n khai kha'n dat hoang, I$p n6n ruQng d6ng, giup d i n cay cgy, tr6ng d i u nu6i thm & lang Diem cb truyen thuygt va den thd Birc Vua Ba - thljy t6 clja d i n ca Quan ho, vdi c i u ca truy6n ddi: Thuf t Quan ho lang ta, NhOng ldi ca xudng Vua Ba sinh Xua nam nil, tr6 gia, Ai ma ca duqc at la hiQn vinh Con c6 the" ke" nhieu truyen thuygt, nhieu ndi thd cac vj t h i n M ~ 6U Bac Ninh, nhu' Ba Chua Che, Ba Chua B6m (Phu Lu'u), Ba Chua IVg6, hang chuc den thd cac nCr tu'dng clja Hai Ba Tru'ng va, h i u nhu' tat cA cac chOa lang tr6n vOng qu6 den c6 ban thd M%u,hogc dign M5u - ndi tap trung cac hoat dong tin ngu'ang clja gidi nCr vdi nhigu hinh thirc he"t sirc phong phu, sinh dcng Tim hi6u cac truyen thuygt, di tich va cac hoat dong tin ngu'ang cac den thd M5u v i ~ n gB i c Ninh - Kinh Bat, chung t6i c6 mot s6 nh$n xet sau d i y : - N h h g ndi co di tich va truyen thuygt ve cac vj M ~ deu U la n h h g vi tri trung tirn clja cac tuygn giao thbng xu'a (chlj ygu la tr6n bgn du'di thuyen), nhm vung dat c6 ljch sir I i u ddi, kinh te" trir p h ~ va j cac hoat dong giao thu'dng bubn ban tirxu'a d i kha s i m u6t U bie"u Bang chu y la, nhCrng di tich thd M ~ ti6u nhu' d6n Ba Chua Kho, den thd M5u Thhnh Gibng, M ~ Man U Nu'dng, M ~ U Cd, M%u Pham Thj deu nhang trung t i m chinh tri, kinh te", van hoa clja dat nu'dc hogc clja virng C ljch sir dat Bgc Ninh - Kinh B ~ - Truyen thuygt v2; c i c vj t h i n ~3~ c6 khac nhau, song tat cA chc vj d6u dgm chgt huy6n thoai va d6u chung mQt c6ng lao dirc dQ: La ngu'di khai sinh, mang dgn tho ngu'di d i n cuoc s6ng binh an, no dlj, giup d i n tri, tai, diet hoa, lam an, to" chQc cuQc s6ng cang t6t dep Vi v$y, ma n h i n d i n nhd dn t6n thd - Tin ngu'ang thd Ba Chua Kho noi riGng, tin ngu'ang thd Mau noi chung, d i c6 s q dung nap, hoa nhgp vdi cac tin ngu'ang d i n gian khac, vdi Ph$t giao, Dao giao , lam cho hoat dong tin ngu'ang cac d6n Mau cang da dang, phQc tap Ti, nhbrlg vj n b t h i n trb nhiing tien c6, tien nil, rBi Mau, ba chua, dQc vua ba, Ph$t Mau Va vi v$y, tai cac ban Mau, d6n thd M i u , ngu'di ta kh6ng chi co thd Mau - cljng vdi thd M i u , thd "Tam toa Thanh Mau", thd "TQ phlj c6ng d6ngU, r6i thd "Ngoc Hoang", "DQc Chua", "NgU Ho"", thd "6ng Hoang Bd, 6ng Hoang ~ a " y "va , dgc biet, ban Mau, dien Mau, dkn M i u nao cUng co ban thd "DQc Thanh Trin", nhu'ng trung tirn thd va di6n cac hoat dong t i r n linh tin ngu'dng van la ban thd Mau Qua doc dai ljch sB, d i di6n qua trinh ljch sB hoa vj than Mau va hoat dong tin ngu'dng thd Mau d i p h i n anh kha d$m net ddi s6ng x i hQi clja cu' d i n vung Ti, cac vj t h i n M i u , co phep mau "h6 phong hoan vU", co sac manh "ddi non, lap bie"n" trd nhbng ngu'di cu the", c6ng trang cu the", du'dc nha nu'dc phong kien phong s i c , bien soan th6n tich de" ghi nh$n c6ng trang, ban mE; t q cho cac ndi thd phung nhu' nhiing b$c danh than Ba Chua Kho du'dc phong la "Chlj kh6 linh t$', Ha Giang c6ng chua du'dc gia tang mE; ty' "DQc Vua Ba Thu'dng d%ng t6i linh", Ph$t Phap V i n du'dc phong la "Dai Phap V i n " , Ba Chua Choa du'dc phong la "Hoang Ha doan tiet phu U chi du'dc nhin" Cac vj t h i n M ~ kh6ng truy6n ke" d i n gian, t6n thd ngu'ang vong den, mi&, ma in hinh vao c i n h quan nui sang, lu'u danh ten goi Iang xom, d6i nui, canh d6ng, go b i i , s6ng h6 Dac biet, cac hoat dong tin ngu'ang, thd phung, I6 hQi lien quan den than Mau d i tr6 sinh hoat van hoa t i r n linh truy6n th6ng clja c i cQng d6ng d i n cu' vung, cu6n hut hang chuc van ngu'di tham gia vdi cac nghi I6 cang phong phu, phQc tap Tom lai, tin ngu'dng thd Mau Bac Ninh Kinh Bzc, ma ti& ti& la tin ngu'ang thd Ba Chua Kho, la tin ngu'ang d i n gian c6a vung que - mot vung di't co ljch sB I i u ddi va vai tro quan trong ljch sB dqng nu'dc, gib nu'dc cfia d i n tQc Viet Nam Cac ngu6n tai lieu va ket q u i nghien cQu khoa hoc d i xac djnh: Bac Ninh - Kinh Bat xu'a la dja ban quan clja qu6c gia V8n Lang - Au Lac, mot nhbng cai noi sinh d i n tQc Viet va van hoa Viet; trung tirn hQi nh$p, giao lu'u, tiep xuc kinh te, van hoa, tin ngu'ang, t6n giao giba Viet Nam vdi cac nu'dc khu vqc; dja ban quan de" thi trie"n cac chinh sach b i o ve va phat trie"n di't nu'dc, x i y dqng va phat trie"n kinh te - van hoa c i a h i u bet cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam Dac die"m ljch sB - x i hQi d i p h i n anh kha d$m net vao sinh hoat tin ngu'dng thd Mau Bac Ninh - Kinh Bac xu'a D i y la tin ngu'dng co" xu'a clja cong d6ng d i n cu' v6n s6ng bang ngh6 n6ng tr6ng lua nu'dc, co vai tro quan clja ngu'di phu nii Tin ngu'dng thd Mzu, vdi niem tin, khat vong cau mong mu'a gio thu$n hoa, mua mang boi thu, d i n an vat thjnh, du'dc bie"u hien bang viec t6n thd than Mau - t6n thd ngu'di phu nb Trong t i m linh tin ngu'ang va thqc ti$ ljch sB, thqc ti5 cuQc s6ng, ngu'di phu n b d i du'dc t6n vinh, bdi ho la ngu'di me, ngu'di sinh tat c i , dem lai tat c i Trong lam an, bu6n ban, nhi't la hoat dong sang tao, b i o t6n va phat trie"n cac gia trj van hoa, ngu'di phu n b lu6n gib vai tro v6 cung quan Vi v$y, ngu'di phu n i i d i tr6 cac vj t h i n Mau, la n h i n vgt trung tirn cac ban Mau, dien Mau, dkn Mau CUng do, nhiing ndi chinh la ch6n hoi tu clja phu nb, nham c i u mong cac vj t h i n IWau phu giup cho viec lam an bu6n ban phat tai, phat Ioc TrGn nen c i n h i'y, co the" coi tin ngu'ang Ba Chua Kho la tin ngu'ang thd Mau dign hinh vung Bac Ninh - Kinh Bac ljch sa - MQt s6 van db vb qusn 19, hubng dsn cac hoat dQng tin nguang den Ba Chua Kho Cac hoat dong tin ngu'ang va djch vu dkn Ba Chua Kho di6n su6t nam, nhu'ng s6i dong va s i m ui't nhi't la vao nhiing thang d i u nam va cu6i nam, vdi quan niem clja ngu'di tdi d i y hanh I6 la: Dau nam den xin IQc "vay" ti&, vang clja Ba Chua Kho de" v6 lam an, bu6n ban, den cu6i nam den den ... dao qusn Iy nganh Van hoa Th6ng tin tinh Bbc Ninh, chung t6i xin n6u mot so" y kidn nham gop ph6n Iy g i i i hien tu'dng Ba Chua Kho va tin ngu'dng thd Msu b B$c Ninh hien - N h i n vgt Ba Chua. .. thd - Tin ngu'ang thd Ba Chua Kho noi riGng, tin ngu'ang thd Mau noi chung, d i c6 s q dung nap, hoa nhgp vdi cac tin ngu'ang d i n gian khac, vdi Ph$t giao, Dao giao , lam cho hoat dong tin ngu'ang... phat Ioc TrGn nen c i n h i'y, co the" coi tin ngu'ang Ba Chua Kho la tin ngu'ang thd Mau dign hinh vung Bac Ninh - Kinh Bac ljch sa - MQt s6 van db vb qusn 19, hubng dsn cac hoat dQng tin nguang