INFORMATION IN VIETNAMESE YOUTH SENTENCING THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF A ‘RATIONALIST’ APPROACH TO DECISIONMAKING

The international youth justice framework is made up of a number of international and regional treaties, conventions and standards.58 Some of them are specified for children under 18, and others apply to all people but can be specifically relevant to children. Although the international community has developed child specific standards for children in conflict with the law, it is important that we do not forget that there is a comprehensive set of general standards governing criminal justice systems which can be used to evaluate youth justice systems and to strengthen the case for reform.

INFORMATION IN VIETNAMESE YOUTH SENTENCING THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF A ‘RATIONALIST’ APPROACH TO DECISION-MAKING CHAU XUAN HOANG A thesis submitted in partial fulfilments of the University of the West of England, Bristol for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Business and Law, University of the West of England, Bristol May 2011 This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement ABSTRACT In Anglo-American jurisdictions, the „rationalist tradition‟ in the field of criminal justice, exemplified by Bentham and Wigmore, has largely been applied and developed in the field of evidence at the trial stage of the criminal process This thesis argues that the „rationalist‟ approach to decision-making is applicable beyond its original setting to at least the sentencing stage, and to other jurisdictions than those that have a common law tradition It then seeks to apply a rational decision-making model to youth sentencing in Vietnam and in England and Wales, in the context of international norms applicable to youth justice The thesis argues that if compliance with international and domestic law and norms concerning the administration of juvenile justice is to be achieved other than by chance, sentencers‟ decision-making must follow a rational approach This means that sentencing decisions are only made in circumstances in which sentencers are able to maximize the probability of achieving appropriate sentencing objectives in each case on the basis of „relevant‟ and „reliable‟ information To this end, relevant and reliable information is a necessary pre-condition for rational sentencing The level of relevance and reliability of (a piece of) information depends on its nature, its source, and the form of communication The thesis develops and applies a rational decision-making model to the youth justice process up to, and including, the sentencing stage In principle this model is, and should be, universal and suitable for analysing and assessing the rationality of sentencing (in terms of available information necessary for rational decision-making) in different jurisdictions with different procedural traditions By applying the model to youth sentencing in Vietnam and in England and Wales, this thesis identifies problems in each A significant finding is that Vietnamese sentencers not have sufficient information for the purposes of rational sentencing decisions It is argued that an additional mechanism for providing relevant and reliable information to Vietnamese sentencers is therefore necessary Given that both Vietnam and England and Wales require a rational youth sentencing process in order to fulfil their international obligations, the thesis examines the English and Welsh experience in the field In particular, the thesis identifies the pre-sentence report as an appropriate a tool for providing sentencers with the information necessary for rational sentencing, and argues that suitably adapted it may assist Vietnam in complying with its international obligations i STATEMENTS OF OBJECTIVES The thesis aims to broaden knowledge of and interest in the field of comparative youth justice The thesis aims to explore the international law relating to children and state parties‟ obligation to comply with those rules and standards The thesis aims to argue that the „rationalist tradition‟ can also be applicable to decisionmaking at different stages of the criminal justice process in different jurisdictions The thesis aims to build up a model of information flows within criminal justice system The thesis aims to compare the youth justice system in Vietnam and in England and Wales, using the international law and the model of rational decision-making as comparative criteria The thesis aims to assess the level of rationality in sentencing in Vietnam and England and Wales in terms of sufficient information The thesis aims to assess the feasibility of applying the model of pre-sentence reports to Vietnamese youth sentencing The author would like to acknowledge the use of all of the materials listed in the bibliography He would also like to acknowledge the invaluable support and assistance of Professor Ed Cape and Dr Ben Pontin, the cooperation of the respondents surveyed and interviewed for the empirical framework, the financial support from Project 322 of the Ministry of Education and Training of the Vietnamese Government, and finally the enormous sacrifice and support from his family for the thesis to be completed ii ABBREVIATIONS ASBO Antisocial Behaviour Order ASSET Young Offender Assessment Profile CAT Convention Against Torture CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CERD Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CPCC Committee for the Protection and Care of Children ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ISSP Intensive Supervision and Surveillance Programme PSR Pre-sentence Report The Beijing Rules United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Youth Justice The CRC United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child The Havana Rules United Nation Rules for the Protection of Youths Deprived of their Liberty The Riyadh Guidelines United Nation Guidelines for the Prevention of Youth Delinquency The Tokyo Rules United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures UNICEF United Nations Children‟s Fund YJB Youth Justice Board for England and Wales YOT Youth Offending Team PCC(S) A 2000 Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 CJA 2003 Criminal Justice Act 2003 CPYA 1969 Children and Young Persons Act 1969 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND THE SCOPE OF THE THESIS METHODOLOGY AND METHODS .8 LIMITATIONS OF THE THESIS 10 CHAPTER SUMMARY 12 CHAPTER 15 THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL CONTEXT OF YOUTH JUSTICE AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS OF VIETNAM AND ENGLAND AND WALES 15 INTRODUCTION 15 THE NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW RELATING TO THE CHILD 15 2.1 The political context .17 2.2 Cultural pluralism 17 2.3 The vagueness of provisions 19 INTERNATIONAL YOUTH JUSTICE FRAMEWORK .21 3.1 An overview 21 3.1.1 Instruments and standards 21 3.1.2 Mechanism for implementation and enforcement of those international instruments 26 3.2 The issues of providing a normative framework across different jurisdictions 31 INTERNATIONAL LAW ON YOUTH SENTENCING .33 4.1 The aims of youth sentencing - rehabilitation/restorative approach in „the best interests of the child‟ .33 4.2 Youth sentencing alternatives - non-institutionalisation of children 36 4.3 Youth sentencing information - the child‟s circumstances and needs 40 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CRC IN VIETNAM AND ENGLAND AND WALES 41 5.1 The motivation and response of the two countries upon ratification 42 iv 5.1.1 Vietnam .42 5.1.2 England and Wales 43 5.2 The evolution of youth justice policy in Vietnam and England and Wales in the light of the CRC 46 5.2.1 The evolution of Vietnamese justice policy 46 5.2.1.1 Historical account of the Vietnamese youth justice prior to the CRC .46 5.2.1.2 The evolution of the Vietnamese youth justice system following ratification 49 5.2.2 The evolution of youth justice policy in England and Wales .54 5.2.2.1 Historical account of the youth justice in England and Wales 54 5.2.2.2 The evolution of the youth justice system in England and Wales following ratification 57 CONCLUSION 62 CHAPTER 64 THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM IN VIETNAM AND IN ENGLAND & WALES .64 INTRODUCTION 64 YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM IN VIETNAM 64 2.1 Preventive system and pre-administrative interventions 65 2.2 The handling of administrative violations (administrative system) 65 2.2.1 The administrative violations 66 2.2.2 Principles in handling of administrative violations 67 2.2.3 Competent individuals/agency(s) dealing with administrative cases 68 2.2.4 Administrative measures available for young offenders 68 2.2.5 Administrative procedure 71 2.3 Criminal justice system 72 2.3.1 Criminal offence 72 2.3.2 Principles in handling young offenders 74 2.3.3 Competent individuals/agency(s) dealing with criminal cases 76 2.3.4 Punishments and judicial measures available for young offenders 77 2.3.5 Criminal procedure .80 2.4 Interventions and Procedures by reference to age-range 81 v THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM IN ENGLAND & WALES .85 3.1 Preventive system and interventions available for those under the age of criminal responsibility 85 3.1.1 Prevention 85 3.1.2 Acceptable behaviour contract (ABC) 87 3.1.3 Intervention for children under 10 88 3.2 Civil Order 89 3.2.1 Anti-Social Behaviour .89 3.2.2 Anti-social Behaviour Order .89 3.3 The criminal system 91 3.3.1 Criminal offences 91 3.3.2 Diversion .92 3.3.3 Criminal court .94 3.4 Principles of youth justice .99 3.5 Institutions and tools .101 3.6 Interventions and procedures due to age range .103 THE COMPARATIVE POINTS BETWEEN THE TWO SYSTEMS 107 4.1 Age range 107 4.2 Notion of anti-social behaviours/offences 107 4.3 Principles in dealing with young offenders 108 4.4 Disposals available .110 4.5 Mechanisms available 111 CONCLUSION 112 CHAPTER 113 THE RATIONALIST APPROACH TO DECISION-MAKING AT THE SENTENCING STAGE OF THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM 113 INTRODUCTION 113 THE „RATIONALIST TRADITION‟ - SOME BASIC ASSUMPTIONS 114 THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION FOR RATIONAL DECISIONMAKING IN THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM 119 3.1 The nature of a decision 119 3.2 Decisions about persons in the youth justice system 121 3.3 The concept of rational decision-making in the youth justice system 123 vi 3.4 The importance of information for rational decision-making in the youth justice system 124 THE MEANING OF „RELEVANT INFORMATION‟ FOR RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING IN THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM .126 4.1 The meaning of „relevant information‟ 126 4.2 Relevant information for decision-making in the youth justice system .128 RELEVANT INFORMATION FOR RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING IN THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM .132 5.1 The risk management stage 132 5.1.1 Information about the circumstances of the young person - the notion of „risk/protective‟ factors 133 5.1.2 Information about options available 137 5.1.3 Information about probable outcome (efficiency feedback) .137 5.1.4 Information about public policy 138 5.2 The investigative stage 138 5.2.1 Information about the offence - the notion of seriousness 140 5.2.2 Information about the circumstances of the young person .143 5.2.3 Information about options available 145 5.2.4 Information about probable outcome (efficiency feedback) .145 5.2.5 Information about public policy 145 5.3 The prosecution stage 146 5.3.1 Information about the fact of the case .147 5.3.2 Information about options available - the criteria of justifying a charge 147 5.3.3 Information about probable outcome (efficiency feedback) .148 5.3.4 Information about public policy 148 5.4 The court stage 149 5.4.1 Determining of guilt 149 5.4.2 Determining of sentence 151 5.4.2.1 Information about the seriousness of the offence .151 5.4.2.2 Information about the circumstances of the young defendant 152 5.4.2.3 Information about sentencing options available 152 vii 5.4.2.4 Information about probable outcome (efficiency feedback) 153 5.4.2.5 Information about public policy 153 CONCLUSION 154 CHAPTER 156 THE YOUTH SENTENCING SYSTEM IN ENGLAND AND WALES - THE ROLE OF THE PRE-SENTENCE REPORT .156 INTRODUCTION 156 THE SENTENCING FRAMEWORK IN ENGLAND AND WALES 156 2.1 Procedure and the general communication of information 156 2.2 Sources and corresponding kinds of information available to sentencers 160 2.2.1 Information which must be taken into consideration in sentencing 160 2.2.2 Sources and kinds of information available at sentencing stage .163 2.2.2.1 Information from the prosecution .163 2.2.2.2 Information from the defence .165 2.2.2.3 Information from victims 165 2.2.2.4 Information from other participants at sentencing stage 166 THE PSR - A TOOL TO ASSIST THE COURT IN YOUTH SENTENCING 168 3.1 The concept of PSRs in England and Wales .168 3.1.1 The history of PSR 168 3.1.2 PSRs for young offenders 172 3.2 The role of PSRs in youth sentencing decision-making .177 CONCLUSION 181 CHAPTER 183 THE YOUTH SENTENCING SYSTEM IN VIETNAM AND THE NEED FOR AN ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PROVIDING MECHANISM .183 INTRODUCTION 183 THE VIETNAMESE SENTENCING FRAMEWORK 183 2.1 Procedure and general communication of information at court session .183 2.2 Sources and corresponding kinds of information available to sentencers 187 2.2.1 Information which must be taken into consideration in sentencing 187 2.2.2 Sources and kinds of information available in court sessions 188 2.2.2.1 Information from the prosecution .188 viii BIBLIOGRAPHY Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children (2010) Report of the multi-disciplinary conference ‘Best Interests of the Child: Meaning and Application in Canada’ held at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Law, on February 27-28, 2009, available at: http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/bic-report-eng-web.pdf, last access date: 03/11/2010 Cape, E., Mamoradze, Z., Smith, R and Spronken, T (2010) Effectiveness Criminal Defence in Europe, Antwerp: Intersentia Carlen, P and Powell, M (1979) „Professionals in the Magistrates‟ Courts: the Courtroom Lore of Probation Officers and Social Workers‟ in Parker, H (ed) Social Work and the Courts, London: Edward Arnold, 97-116 Carter, P (2003) Managing Offenders, Reducing Crime - A New Approach, London: Cabinet Office Cavadino, M and Dignan, J (2001) The Penal System: An Introduction, London: Sage Publications Chanenson, S L (2003) „Sentencing and Data: The Not-So-Odd Couple‟, Federal Sentencing Reporter, vol.16(1), Oct 2003 Cipriani, D (2010) Children’s Rights and the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility, Surrey: Ashgate CIVITAS Institute for the Study of Civil Society (2010) Factsheet - Youth Crime in England and Wales, available at: http://www.civitas.org.uk/crime/factsheetYouthOffending.pdf, last access date: 03/11/2010 Collins, H (1991) „Methods and Aims of Comparative Contract Law‟, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, vol.11, 396-406 Crawford, A and Newburn, T (2003) Youth Offending and Restorative Justice: implementing reform in youth justice, Portland: Willan Publishing Crown Prosecution Service (2010) the Code for Crown Prosecutors, London: the CPS, available at: http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/code2010english.pdf, last access date: 10/10/2010 Currie, I and De Waal, J (2007) The Bill of Rights Handbook, Lansdowne: Juta & Co Ltd Damaska, M R (1986) The Faces of Justice and State Authority: a Comparative Approach to the Legal Process, London: Yale University Press lxiv BIBLIOGRAPHY Damaska, M R (1994) „Propensity Evidence in Continental Legal Systems‟, 70 ChicagoKent Law Rev., 55-67 Dearling, A and Skinner, A (2002) Making a difference practice and planning in working with young people in community safety and crime prevention programmes compiled by Alan Dearling and Alison Skinner, Lyme Regis: Russell House Department of Health and Social Security (1983) „Further Development of Intermediate Treatment‟, Local Authority Circular, 83(3), London: DHSS Department of Health, Department for Children, Schools and Families, the Youth Justice Board and the Prison Service (2008) When to Share Information: Best Practice Guidance for Everyone Working in the Youth Justice System, London: DH Do, Q N (1999) The Vietnamese Criminal Procedure Law, Hanoi: People‟s Police Academy Doyle, M W and Luck, E C (eds) (2004) International Law and Organization: Closing the Compliance Gap, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Duff, R A (1994) A Reader on Punishment, Oxford: Oxford University Press Duff, R A (2001) Punishment, Communication and Community, Oxford: Oxford University Press Duong, T.M (2003) „Sentencing in Vietnamese Criminal Law‟ (PhD thesis), Hanoi Law University (in Vietnamese) Easton, S.M and Piper, C (2008) Sentencing and Punishment: the Quest for Justice, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press Ebbe, Obi N (2000) Comparative and International Criminal Justice Systems: policing, judiciary and corrections, 2nd edn, Boston, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Ebbesen, E B & Konecni, V (1975) „Decision Making and Information Integration in the Courts: The Setting of Bail‟, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.32(5), 805-821 Edwards, I (2004) „An Ambiguous Participant - The Crime Victim and Criminal Justice Decision-Making‟, British Journal of Criminology, vol.44, 2004, 967-982 Elster, J (ed) (1986) Rational Choice Oxford: Basil Blackwell Erez, E & Rogers, L (1999) „Victim Impact Statements and Sentencing Outcomes and Processes: the Perspective of Legal Professionals‟, British Journal of Criminology, vol.39(2), 216-239 lxv BIBLIOGRAPHY Evans, M D and Murray, R H (eds) (2008) The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights: The System in Practice, 1986-2006, 2nd edn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Eyres, J (1999) „Youth Justice in Vietnam: a Study in Theory and Practice‟ (PhD thesis), Arizona State University Farrington, D (1996) Understanding and preventing youth crime [Electronic Version], available at: http://www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/SP93.asp, last access date: 10/12/2010 Faulkner, D (2004) „The Reform of Sentencing and the Future of the Criminal Courts‟, in Sedgewick, P (ed) Rethinking Sentencing: A Contribution to the Debate: A Report from the Mission and Public Affairs Council, London: Church House Field, S (2006) „State, Citizen, and Character in French Criminal Process‟, Journal of Law and Society, vol.33(4), 522-46 Fionda, J (2005) Devils and Angels - Youth Policy and Crime, Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing Fionda, J (ed) (2001) Legal Concepts of Childhood, Oxford: Hart Publishing Fonagy, P., Target, M., Cottrell, D., Phillips, J and Kurtz, Z (2002) What Works for Whom? - a Critical Review of Treatments for Children and Adolescents, New YorkLondon: Guilford Freeman, M (2004) Children’s Rights, vol.1-2, Dartmouth: Ashgate Freeman, M (ed) (1996) Children’s Rights - A Comparative Perspective, Hants: Dartmouth Publishing Galligan, D J (1986) Discretionary Powers: a Legal Study of Official Discretion, Oxford, Clarendon Gelsthorpe, L and Padfield, N (eds) (2003) Exercising Discretion: Decision-making in the Criminal Justice System and Beyond, Cullompton: Willan Publishing Geraldine, V B (1998) The International Law on the Rights of the Child, London: Kluwer Gibson, B and Cavadino, P (2008) The Criminal Justice System - An Introduction, 3rd edn, Hampshire: Waterside Press Giller, H., Hagell, A and Rutter, M (1998) Antisocial Behaviour by Young People, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Goldsmith, J L and Posner, E A (2005) The Limits of International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press lxvi BIBLIOGRAPHY Goldson, B & Muncie, J (2006) „Rethinking Youth Justice: Comparative Analysis, International Human Rights and Research Evidence‟, The National Association for Youth Justice, vol.6(2), 91-106 Goldson, B (1999) „Youth Justice: Contemporary Developments in Policy and Practice‟ in Goldson, B (ed) Youth Justice: Contemporary Policy and Practice, Ashgate: Aldershot Goldson, B (2001) „A Rational Youth Justice? Some Critical Reflections on the Research, Policy And Practice Relation‟, Probation Journal 2001, vol.48, 76- Goldson, B (2002) „New Labour, Social Justice and Children: Political Calculation and The Deserving-Undeserving Schism‟, British Journal of Social Work, vol.32, 683-695 Goldson, B (2005) „Child Imprisonment: A Case for Abolition‟, Youth Justice 2005, vol.5, 77 Goldson, B (ed) (1999) Youth Justice: Contemporary Policy and Practice, Aldershot: Ashgate Goldson, B and Peters, E (2000) Tough Justice: Responding to Children in Trouble, London: The Children‟s Society Gomien, D (1990) „Whose Right (And Whose Duty) Is It - An Analysis of the Substance and Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child‟, New York Law School Journal of Human Rights, vol.7 Gottfredson, D M (ed) (1975) Decision-making in the Criminal Justice System: Review and Essays, Washington: DHEW Publication Gottfredson, M R and Gottfredson, D M (1988) Decision Making in Criminal Justice: toward the Rational Exercise of Discretion, 2nd edn, New York: Plenum Express Graham, J and Moore, C (2006) „Beyond Welfare Versus Justice: Juvenile Justice in England and Wales‟ in Junger-Tas, J and Decker, S H (eds) (2006) International Handbook of Juvenile Justice, Dordrecht: Springer Hagell, A., Hazel, N and Shaw, C (2000) Evaluation of Medway Secure Training Centre, London, Home Office Haines, K and Drakeford, M (1998) Young People and Youth Justice, London: Macmillan Halliday Report (2001) Making Punishments Work: Review of the Sentencing Framework for England and Wales, London: Home Office lxvii BIBLIOGRAPHY Halliday, S., Burns, N., Hutton, N., McNeill, F and Tata, C (2008) „Shadow writing and participant observation: a study of criminal justice social work around sentencing‟, Journal of Law and Society, 35 (2), 189-213 Halliday, S., Burns, N., Hutton, N., McNeill, F., and Tata, C (2009) „Street-level Bureaucracy, Inter-professional Relations and Coping Mechanisms: A Study of Criminal Justice Social Workers in the Sentencing Process‟, Law & Policy, vol.31(4), 2009, 405-428 Hanoi Law University (2001) Criminal Responsibility and Punishment, Hanoi: People‟s Police Publishing House (in Vietnamese) Hanoi Law University (2009) Administrative Law (textbook), Hanoi: HLU (in Vietnamese) Hanoi Law University (2009) Criminal Law (textbook), vol.1, Hanoi: HLU (in Vietnamese) Hanoi Law University (2009) Criminal Procedure Law (textbook), Hanoi: HLU (in Vietnamese) Hanoi Law University (2009) Criminal Procedure Law (textbook), Hanoi: HLU (in Vietnamese) Hanoi Law University (2009) Criminology (textbook), Hanoi: HLU (in Vietnamese) Harris, R (1992) Crime, Criminal Justice, and the Probation Service, London: Tavistock Publications Harris, R and Webb, D (1987) Welfare, Power, and Youth Justice, London: Tavistock Publications Her Majesty‟s Court Service (2005) A Guide on ASBOs for Judges Sitting in the Magistrates’, Crown and County Courts [electronic version], available at: http://www.yjb.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/398987C5-E79A-491E-B912DF3D4D762293/0/ASBOGuidanceforjudiciaryHMCSjune05_2_.pdf, last access date: 10/10/2010 Her Majesty‟s Inspectorate of Probation (2000) Towards Race Equality: A Thematic Inspection, London: Home Office Herron, L (1970) „The Science of Sentencing‟, Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1834-562X, vol.2(3), 1970, 80-90 Heyns, C H and Viljoen, F (eds) (2002) The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level, the Hahue: M Nijhoff lxviii BIBLIOGRAPHY HM Inspectorate of Probation (2005) From Arrest to Sentence: The Role of YOTs in the Safeguarding of Children, London: Home Office Holscher, L (1996) Recent Legal and Political Changes in Vietnam and the Role of the Court in the Vietnamese Criminal Justice System, International Criminal Justice Review 6, 56-77 Home Office (1961) Report of Inter-departmental Committee on the Business of the Criminal Courts, Cmnd 1289, London: HMSO Home Office (1981) Young Offenders, London: HMSO Home Office (1988) Punishment, Custody and the Community, London: HMSO Home Office (1990) Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public, London: HMSO Home Office (1991) Criminal Justice Act 1991: Custodial Sentence and Sentencing Framework, London: Home Office Home Office (1995) Strengthening Punishment in the Community, Cmnd 2780, London: HMSO Home Office (1997) No More Excuses: A New Approach to Tackling Youth Crime in England and Wales, Cm 3809, London: The Stationary Office Home Office (1999) „Guide to the Final Warning Scheme‟, Guides to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, Circular 9/1999, London: Home office Home Office (2001) Criminal Justice, the Way Ahead, Cm 5074, London: Home Office Home Office (2002), Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001: Section 130 Guidance Secure Remands, London: Home Office Home Office (2003) the White Paper, Respect and Responsibility, London: Home Office Home Office (2006) A guide to anti-social behaviour orders, London: HMSO Home Office (2007) Acceptable Behaviour Contracts and Agreements, London: HMSO Home Office (2007) Guidance on the Use of Acceptable Behaviour Contracts and Agreements, London: HMSO Hough, M and Roberts, J V (2004) Youth crime and youth justice, Bristol: Policy Press House of Commons Hansard Debates, cols 230-231, 18 Apr 1991 House of Commons Hansard Debates, cols 139-40, March 1993 House of Commons Hansard Debates, cols 73, Dec 1988 Hudson, B (1996) Understanding Justice, Buckingham: Open University Press Institute of Sociology (2001) Crime in Vietnam, Hanoi: People‟s Public Security Publisher (in Vietnamese) lxix BIBLIOGRAPHY Inter-departmental Framework document (1988) Youth Justice: the Statutory Principal aim of Preventing Offending by Children and Young People, London: Home Office Jacobson, J and Hough M (2007) Mitigation: The role of personal factors in sentencing, London: Prison Reform Trust James, A., Jenks C and Prout A (1998) Theorizing Childhood, Cambridge: Polity Press Kapardis, A (1983) A psychological study of magistrates’ decision-making (PhD thesis), Cambridge University Karnow, S (1991) Vietnam, A History, New York: Viking Keane, A (2008) The Modern Law of Evidence, 7th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press Le Mesurier, L (1935) A Handbook of Probation and Social Work of the Court, London: National Association of Probation Officers Lien, T H et al (1998) Vietnamese Policy and Law on Protecting Children and Preventing Youth Crime, Hanoi: Ministry of Justice, Legal Research Institution (in Vietnamese) Loeber, R and Farrington, D (2001) Child Delinquent: Development, Intervention and Service Needs, California: Sage Publications Lovegrove, A (1997) The framework of judicial sentencing: a study in legal decisionmaking, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Macdonald, R (1991) „A Canadian Perspective‟ in Alston, P and Brennan, G (eds), The UN Children’s Convention and Australia, Canberra: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Magistrates‟ Association (1995) Discretion to Dispense With a Pre-Sentence Report and the New National Standard, London: Magistrates‟ Association Mair, J (1997) Evaluating the effectiveness of community penalties, Aldershot: Avebury Martin, E (2003) A Dictionary of Law, 5th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press McConville, M and Wilson, G (eds) (2002) The Handbook of the Criminal Justice Process, Oxford - New York: Oxford University Press McConville, M., Sanders, A and Leng, R (1991) The Case for the Prosecution, London: Routledge McConville, S (ed) (2003) The Use of Punishment, Cullumpton: Willan Publishing Ministry of Justice, Department for Children, School and Family, and Youth Justice Board (2009) Referral Orders and Youth Offender Panels: Guidance for the courts, Youth Offending Teams and Youth Offender Panels [electronic version] available at: lxx BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/docs/referral-order-guidance.pdf, last access date: 10/08/2010 Monaghan, G (2005) „Children‟s Human Rights and Youth Justice‟, in Bateman, T and Pitts, J (eds) The RHP Companion to Youth Justice, Dorset: Russell House, 46-52 Moore, T and Wilkinson, T (2005) Youth Court Guide, 2nd edn, West Sussex: Tottel Publishing Mowbray, A (2007) Cases and Materials on the European Convention on Human Rights, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press Muncie, J (1999) Youth and Crime: A Critical Introduction, London: Sage Publications Muncie, J (2004) Youth and Crime, 2nd edn, London: Sage Publications Muncie, J (2005) „The Globalisation of Crime Control - the Case of Youth and Youth Justice‟, The Theoretical Criminology, vol.9, 35-64 Muncie, J., Hughes, G., McLaughlin, E (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Myers, S M (2002) Police Encounters with Juvenile Suspects: Explaining the Use of Authority and Provision of Support (PhD thesis), University at Albany NACRO (1987) Time for Change: a new Framework for Dealing with Youth Crime and Offenders, London: NACRO NACRO (2000) Pre-Sentence Reports and Custodial Sentencing, Youth Crime Briefing, London: NACRO NACRO (2000) Proportionality in The Youth Justice System, London: NACRO NACRO (2002) Proportionality in the Youth Justice System, London: NACRO NACRO (2002) Some Facts about Young People Who Offend - 2000, Youth Crime Briefing, London: NACRO NACRO (2003) A Failure of Justice: Reducing Child Imprisonment, London: NACRO NACRO (2003) Counting the Cost: Reducing Child Imprisonment, London: NACRO NACRO (2003) Looked after Children Who Offend, the Quality Protects Programme and Yots, Youth Crime Briefing, London: NACRO NACRO (2003) Pre-sentence Reports for Young People: A Good Practice Guide, 2nd edn, Youth Crime Section, London: NACRO NACRO (2003) The Sentencing Framework for Children and Young People, Youth Crime Briefing, London: NACRO NACRO (2003) Youth Crime, Section Update, September 2003, London: NACRO lxxi BIBLIOGRAPHY NACRO (2004) New Legislation - Impact on Sentencing, Youth Crime Briefing, London: NACRO NACRO (2004) Some Facts about Young People Who Offend - 2002, Youth Crime Briefing, London: NACRO NACRO (2005) A better Alternative: Reducing Child Imprisonment, London: NACRO NACRO (2006) NACRO Guide to the Youth Justice System in England and Wales, London: NACRO National Audit Office (2004) Youth Offending: The Delivery of Community and Custodial Sentences, London: H.M Stationery Office Ngo, T., Ly, Q and Hoang, C (2005) Criminology (textbook), Hanoi: HLU (in Vietnamese) Nijboer, J F (1993) „Common Law Tradition in Evidence Scholarship Observed from a Continental Perspective‟, The American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.41(2), 299338 Nijnatten, C V (1989) „Behind Closed Doors: Youth Hearings in the Netherlands‟, International Journal of Law and the Family 3, 177-184 Nixon, J., Blandy, S., Hunter, C., Jones, A and Reeve, K (2003) Developing Good Practice in Tackling Anti-Social Behaviour in Mixed Tenure Areas, Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University O‟Keeffe, S (2002) „Police Decision-Making in Investigations of Rape: an Explanatory Model‟ (PhD thesis), University of Surrey Padfield, N (2008) Text and Materials on the Criminal Justice Process, 4th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press Paris, A., and Prior D (2005) Preventing children’s Involvement in Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour: A Literature Review [Electronic Version], available at http://www.necf.org/core_files/RR623%5B1%5D(2).pdf, last access date: 10/08/2010 Perry, F (1974) Information for the Courts, Cambridge, University Institute of Criminology Perry, F G (1979) Report for Criminal Court, West Yorkshire: Owen Wells Philip L R (2005) Comparative Criminal Justice Systems - A Topical Approach, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc Phoenix, J (2010) „Pre-sentence reports, magisterial discourse and agency in the Youth Courts in England and Wales‟, Punishment & Society, vol.12, 348-366 lxxii BIBLIOGRAPHY Pickford, J (2000) „Introduction: New Youth Justice for a New Century‟ in J Pickford (ed) Youth Justice: Theory and Practice, London: Cavendish Pickford, J (ed) (2000) Youth Justice: Theory and Practice, London: Cavendish Pitts, J (1988) The Politics of Youth Crime, London: Sage Publications Pitts, J (2001) The New Politics of Youth Crimes, Basingstoke: Palgrave Pitts, J (2005) „The Recent History of Youth Justice in England and Wales‟, in Bateman, T and Pitts, J (eds) The RHP Companion to Youth Justice, Dorset: Russell House, 211 Radda Barnen & Vietnamese Ministry of Justice (1993) Vietnamese Legislation and Children in Conflict with the Law (summary record of the workshop), Hanoi: Institute of Law Research (in Vietnamese) Radda Barnen & Vietnamese Ministry of Justice (2000) Strengthening the Capacity of the Youth Justice System in Vietnam, Legal Information Bulletin, vol.1, Hanoi: Institute of Law Research (in Vietnamese) Radda Barnen (1997) Comparative Study on the Political and Legal Status of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in Europe, Radda Barnen Radda Barnen (1999) Report of the Evaluation of the Radda Barnen Supported Juvenile Justice Programme, Hanoi, People‟s Public Security Publisher (in Vietnamese) Radda Barnen (2001) Report of the Evaluation of the Radda Barnen Supported Juvenile Justice Programme, Hanoi: National Political Publishing House Rauschning, D., Wiesbrock K and Lailach, M (1997) Key resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly: 1946-1996, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Reamer, F G (1987) „Informed consent in social work‟, Social Work, 32(5), 425-429 Reichel, P L (1985), „Getting to Know You: Decision-Making in an Institution for Juveniles‟, Juvenile & Family Court Journal, 36, 5-14 Roberts, P & Zuckerman, A (2004) Criminal Evidence, Oxford: Oxford University Press Roberts, C., Burnett, R., Kirby, Hamill, H (1996) „A System for Evaluating Probation Practice‟, Probation Studies Unit Report No.1., Oxford: University of Oxford Centre for Criminological Research Roberts, P and Zuckerman, A (2010) Criminal Evidence, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press Rutherford, A (1996) Transforming Criminal Policy, Winchester: Waterside Press lxxiii BIBLIOGRAPHY Sanders, A., Young, R and Burton, M (2010) Criminal Justice, 4th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press Sedgewick, P (ed) (2004) Rethinking Sentencing: A Contribution to the Debate, A Report from the Mission and Public Affairs Council, London: Church House Sentencing Guidelines Council (2009) Overarching Principles - Sentencing Youths: Definitive Guideline, London: Sentencing Guidelines Council Shapland J (1981) Between Conviction and Sentence, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Shaw, M N (2008) International Law, 6rd edn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Sidel, M (1994) „The Re-Emergence of Legal Discourse in Vietnam‟, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol.43, 163-174 Smith, R (2007) Youth Justice: Ideas, Policy, Practice, 2nd edn, Devon: Willan Publishing Stockton, C H (1914) Outlines of International Law, Michigan: University of Michigan Strom-Gottfried, K J (1998) „Informed consent meets managed care‟, Health and Social Work, 23 (1), 25-33 Susan, E and Christine, P (2005) Sentencing and Punishment: The Quest for Justice Oxford: University Press Tata C (1998) „“Neutrality”, “Choice”, and “Ownership” in the Construction, Use, and Adaptation of Judicial Decision Support Systems‟, International Journal of Law and IT, 6(143) Tata C (2007) „Sentencing as Craftwork‟, Social & Legal Studies, vol.16(3), 425-447 Tata, C (2010) „A Sense of Justice: The Role of Pre-Sentence Reports in the Production (and Disruption) of Guilt and Guilty Pleas‟, Punishment & Society, vol.12, 239-261 Tata, C., Burns, N, Halliday, S., Hutton, N and McNeill, F (2008) „Assisting and Advising the Sentencing Decision Process The Pursuit of “Quality” in Pre-Sentence Reports‟, The British Journal of Criminology, vol.48, 835-855 Taylor, W., Earle, R and Hester, R (eds) (2010) Youth Justice Handbook - Theory, Policy and Practice, Devon: Willan Publishing Thayer, J B (1898) A Preliminary Treaties on Evidence at Common Law, Boston: (reprinted 1969) The Children‟s Legal Centre and Y Care International (2006) Youth Justice in Action, London: Y Care International The Children‟s Society (1993) A False Sense of Security, London: The Children‟s Society lxxiv BIBLIOGRAPHY The Committee on Population, Family and Children (2004) The Report of Children in Conflict with Criminal Law in Hai Phong Province, Hai Phong: the Committee on Population, Family and Children (in Vietnamese) Thornberry, T (1997) „Toward an interactional theory of delinquency‟, Criminology, vol.25, 863-891 Thorpe, D H., Smith, J D., Green, C J and Paley, J H (1980) Out of Care: the Community Support of Juvenile Offenders, London: Allen and Unwin Thorpe, J (1979) Social Inquiry Reports: a Survey, London: H.M Stationery Office Tien, V T (1998) Non-custodial sentences in Vietnamese Criminal Law and the Imposition of Such Kind of Sentence in Hatay Province (LLM dissertation), Hanoi: Hanoi Law University (in Vietnamese) Tomkins, A J (1990) „Dispositional Decision-Making in the Juvenile Justice System: An Empirical study of the Use of Offense and Offender Information‟, Nebraska Law Review, vol.69, 1990, 298-345 Tonry, M H and Doob, A N (2004) Youth Crime and Youth Justice: Comparative and Cross-national Perspectives (Conference: Youth Crime and Youth Justice - Oct 2001) Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press Tonry, M., Frase, R S (eds) (2001) Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Countries, Oxford: Oxford University Press Twining, W (1985) Theories of evidence: Bentham and Wigmore, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Twining, W (1994) Rethinking Evidence - Explanatory Essay, Illinois: North Western University Press UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (1992) Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention: Vietnam, CRC/C/3/Add.4 UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (1995) Concluding Observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, CRC/C/15/Add.34 UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2002) Experts to Examine Reports from Lebanon, Greece, Gabon, United Arab Emirates, Mozambique, Chile, Malawi, Bahrain and Andorra, 29th session UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2002) Periodic Reports of States parties Due in 1997: Vietnam, CRC/C/65/Add.20 lxxv BIBLIOGRAPHY UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2003) Concluding Observations: Vietnam, CRC/C/15/Add.200 UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2003) General Measures of Implementation for the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Articles 4, 42 and 44(6)), CRC/GC/2003/5 UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2007) Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice, CRC/C/GC/10 UN Committee on the Rights of The Child (2008) Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention: Concluding Observations on United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, CRC/C/GBR/CO/4 UNICEF & Vietnamese Ministry of Justice (2004) Summary Report of Project named: ‘Youth Delinquency and Youth Justice System in Vietnam’, Hanoi: Institute of Law Research (in Vietnamese) UNICEF (1998) Juvenile Justice, Innocenti Research Centre, UNICEF UNICEF (2009) The State of the World’s Children, Innocenti Research Centre, UNICEF Utting D and Vennard, J (2000) What works with young offenders in the community? Ilford: Barnardo‟s Van Koppen P J and Penrod S (eds) (2003) Adversarial vesus Inquisitorial Justice: Psychological Perspectives on Criminal Justice System, New York: Plemum Publisher Veerman, P (1992) The Rights of the Child and the Changing Image of Childhood, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Verhellen, E (1993) „Children‟s Rights in Europe‟, International Journal of Children’s Rights, vol.1 Verhellen, E (2006) Convention on the Rights of the Child: Background, Motivation, Strategies, Main Themes, 4th edn, Antwerpen: Garant Vetrop (1986) Preventing Law Violation Among Youth, Hanoi: National Political Publishing House Vietnamese Ministry of Justice (1995) Punishment in Vietnamese Criminal Law, Hanoi: National political Publishing House (in Vietnamese) Vietnamese Ministry of Public Security (1994) Crime in Vietnam: Status, Causes and Solutions (national project), Hanoi: People‟s Police Publishing House (in Vietnamese) lxxvi BIBLIOGRAPHY Vietnamese Ministry of Public Security (2002) Preventing, Educating Young Offenders and Protecting Children from Becoming Criminal Victims (training document), Hanoi: Criminal Police Bureau (in Vietnamese) Vietnamese National Committee for Care and Protection of Children & Radda Barnen (1999) Treating Children in Conflict with the Law (reference document), Hanoi: Vietnamese National Committee for Care and Protection of Children (in Vietnamese) Vo, V., Ngo, T., Ly, Q (1994) Criminology (textbook), Hanoi: HLU (in Vietnamese) Von Hirsch, A and Roberts J (eds) (1998) Principled sentencing: readings on theory and policy, 2nd edn, Oxford: Hart Publishing Von Hirsch, A and Roberts, J.V (2004) „Legislating Sentencing Principles: The Provisions of the CJA 2003 Relating to Sentencing Purposes and The Role of Previous Convictions‟ Crim L.R 2004, AUG, 639-652 Von Hirsch, A and Wasik, M (1988) „Non-Custodial Penalties and the Principles of Desert‟, Crim L.R 1988, 555-572 Vu, N B (1998) Selected International Documents on Child Protection, Hanoi: National Political Publishing House, (in Vietnamese) Walker, H and Beaumont, B (1981) Probation Work: Critical Theory and Socialist Practice, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Walker, N (1969) Sentencing in a Rational Society, Indiana University: Allen Lane Wandall, R (2008) Decisions to imprison, Aldershot: Ashgate Ward, R (2001) Young Offenders - Law, Practice and Procedure, Bristol: Jordan Weijers, I and Duff, R A (eds) (2002) Punishing Youths: Principle and Critique, Oxford: Hart Pub Wilkins, L T (1975) „Perspectives on Court Decision-making‟ in Gottfredson, D M (ed) Decision-making in the Criminal Justice System: Review and Essays, Washington: DHEW Publication, ch.5, 61- Wright, C (2003) „Asset: success proves it essential‟, Youth Justice Board News, July, Youth Justice Board (1998) Specification for the Design of a Risk Assessment Tool for Youth Offending Teams and Secure Establishments, London: Youth Justice Board Youth Justice Board (2000) ASSET: Explanatory Notes Version 1, London: Youth Justice Board Youth Justice Board (2000) ASSET: The Youth Justice Board’s Assessment Profile Guidance Note 1, London: Youth Justice Board lxxvii BIBLIOGRAPHY Youth Justice Board (2000) Factors Associated with Differential Rates of Youth Custodial Sentencing, London: Youth Justice Board Youth Justice Board (2001) Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Young Crime and Effective Interventions to Prevent it, London: Youth Justice Board Youth Justice Board (2004) National Audit Office Report on Youth Justice, Letter to YOT Managers From Mark Perfect, February 2004 Youth Justice Board (2005) A Summary of Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Youth Crime and Effective Interventions to Prevent It, London: YJB Youth Justice Board (2005) Sharing Personal and Sensitive Personal Information on Children and Young People at Risk of Offending: A Practical Guide, London: YJB Youth Justice Board (2006) CJA 2003, ‘Dangerousness’ and the New Sentences for Public Protection: Guidance for youth offending teams, London: YJB Youth Justice Board (2006) Risk Management Policies of Youth Offending Teams: Evaluation Overview, London: YJB Youth Justice Board (2006) The Common Assessment Framework, Asset and Onset: Guidance for Youth Justice Practitioners, London: YJB Youth Justice Board (2010) National Standards for Youth Justice Services, London: YJB Youth Justice Board (2010) The Youth Rehabilitation Order and other Youth Justice Provisions of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008: Practice Guidance for Youth Offending Teams, London: YJB Youth Justice Board, Ministry of Justice & Department of Health (2008) When to Share Information: Best Practice Guidance for Everyone Working in the Youth Justice System, London: Department of Health Zermatten, J (2010) Working Report: The Best Interests of the Child - Literal Analysis, Function and Implementation, Sion: Institut International Des Droits De L‟enfant Zvekic, U E (1994) Alternatives to Imprisonment in Comparative Perspective, workshop papers for the 8th Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, Chicago: Nelson-Hall Pub lxxviii ... system in Vietnam and in England and Wales, using the international law and the model of rational decision-making as comparative criteria The thesis aims to assess the level of rationality in sentencing. .. that have a common law tradition It then seeks to apply a rational decision-making model to youth sentencing in Vietnam and in England and Wales, in the context of international norms applicable... therefore can be used as a measurement to assess the rationality of decision-making in any youth justice system, including Vietnam and England and Wales Therefore, analysing the rationality of the Vietnamese