The international youth justice framework is made up of a number of international and regional treaties, conventions and standards.58 Some of them are specified for children under 18, and others apply to all people but can be specifically relevant to children. Although the international community has developed child specific standards for children in conflict with the law, it is important that we do not forget that there is a comprehensive set of general standards governing criminal justice systems which can be used to evaluate youth justice systems and to strengthen the case for reform.
INFORMATION IN VIETNAMESE YOUTH SENTENCING THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF A ‘RATIONALIST’ APPROACH TO DECISION-MAKING CHAU XUAN HOANG A thesis submitted in partial fulfilments of the University of the West of England, Bristol for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Business and Law, University of the West of England, Bristol May 2011 This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement ABSTRACT In Anglo-American jurisdictions, the „rationalist tradition‟ in the field of criminal justice, exemplified by Bentham and Wigmore, has largely been applied and developed in the field of evidence at the trial stage of the criminal process This thesis argues that the „rationalist‟ approach to decision-making is applicable beyond its original setting to at least the sentencing stage, and to other jurisdictions than those that have a common law tradition It then seeks to apply a rational decision-making model to youth sentencing in Vietnam and in England and Wales, in the context of international norms applicable to youth justice The thesis argues that if compliance with international and domestic law and norms concerning the administration of juvenile justice is to be achieved other than by chance, sentencers‟ decision-making must follow a rational approach This means that sentencing decisions are only made in circumstances in which sentencers are able to maximize the probability of achieving appropriate sentencing objectives in each case on the basis of „relevant‟ and „reliable‟ information To this end, relevant and reliable information is a necessary pre-condition for rational sentencing The level of relevance and reliability of (a piece of) information depends on its nature, its source, and the form of communication The thesis develops and applies a rational decision-making model to the youth justice process up to, and including, the sentencing stage In principle this model is, and should be, universal and suitable for analysing and assessing the rationality of sentencing (in terms of available information necessary for rational decision-making) in different jurisdictions with different procedural traditions By applying the model to youth sentencing in Vietnam and in England and Wales, this thesis identifies problems in each A significant finding is that Vietnamese sentencers not have sufficient information for the purposes of rational sentencing decisions It is argued that an additional mechanism for providing relevant and reliable information to Vietnamese sentencers is therefore necessary Given that both Vietnam and England and Wales require a rational youth sentencing process in order to fulfil their international obligations, the thesis examines the English and Welsh experience in the field In particular, the thesis identifies the pre-sentence report as an appropriate a tool for providing sentencers with the information necessary for rational sentencing, and argues that suitably adapted it may assist Vietnam in complying with its international obligations i STATEMENTS OF OBJECTIVES The thesis aims to broaden knowledge of and interest in the field of comparative youth justice The thesis aims to explore the international law relating to children and state parties‟ obligation to comply with those rules and standards The thesis aims to argue that the „rationalist tradition‟ can also be applicable to decisionmaking at different stages of the criminal justice process in different jurisdictions The thesis aims to build up a model of information flows within criminal justice system The thesis aims to compare the youth justice system in Vietnam and in England and Wales, using the international law and the model of rational decision-making as comparative criteria The thesis aims to assess the level of rationality in sentencing in Vietnam and England and Wales in terms of sufficient information The thesis aims to assess the feasibility of applying the model of pre-sentence reports to Vietnamese youth sentencing The author would like to acknowledge the use of all of the materials listed in the bibliography He would also like to acknowledge the invaluable support and assistance of Professor Ed Cape and Dr Ben Pontin, the cooperation of the respondents surveyed and interviewed for the empirical framework, the financial support from Project 322 of the Ministry of Education and Training of the Vietnamese Government, and finally the enormous sacrifice and support from his family for the thesis to be completed ii ABBREVIATIONS ASBO Antisocial Behaviour Order ASSET Young Offender Assessment Profile CAT Convention Against Torture CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CERD Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CPCC Committee for the Protection and Care of Children ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ISSP Intensive Supervision and Surveillance Programme PSR Pre-sentence Report The Beijing Rules United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Youth Justice The CRC United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child The Havana Rules United Nation Rules for the Protection of Youths Deprived of their Liberty The Riyadh Guidelines United Nation Guidelines for the Prevention of Youth Delinquency The Tokyo Rules United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures UNICEF United Nations Children‟s Fund YJB Youth Justice Board for England and Wales YOT Youth Offending Team PCC(S) A 2000 Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 CJA 2003 Criminal Justice Act 2003 CPYA 1969 Children and Young Persons Act 1969 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND THE SCOPE OF THE THESIS METHODOLOGY AND METHODS .8 LIMITATIONS OF THE THESIS 10 CHAPTER SUMMARY 12 CHAPTER 15 THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL CONTEXT OF YOUTH JUSTICE AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS OF VIETNAM AND ENGLAND AND WALES 15 INTRODUCTION 15 THE NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW RELATING TO THE CHILD 15 2.1 The political context .17 2.2 Cultural pluralism 17 2.3 The vagueness of provisions 19 INTERNATIONAL YOUTH JUSTICE FRAMEWORK .21 3.1 An overview 21 3.1.1 Instruments and standards 21 3.1.2 Mechanism for implementation and enforcement of those international instruments 26 3.2 The issues of providing a normative framework across different jurisdictions 31 INTERNATIONAL LAW ON YOUTH SENTENCING .33 4.1 The aims of youth sentencing - rehabilitation/restorative approach in „the best interests of the child‟ .33 4.2 Youth sentencing alternatives - non-institutionalisation of children 36 4.3 Youth sentencing information - the child‟s circumstances and needs 40 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CRC IN VIETNAM AND ENGLAND AND WALES 41 5.1 The motivation and response of the two countries upon ratification 42 iv 5.1.1 Vietnam .42 5.1.2 England and Wales 43 5.2 The evolution of youth justice policy in Vietnam and England and Wales in the light of the CRC 46 5.2.1 The evolution of Vietnamese justice policy 46 5.2.1.1 Historical account of the Vietnamese youth justice prior to the CRC .46 5.2.1.2 The evolution of the Vietnamese youth justice system following ratification 49 5.2.2 The evolution of youth justice policy in England and Wales .54 5.2.2.1 Historical account of the youth justice in England and Wales 54 5.2.2.2 The evolution of the youth justice system in England and Wales following ratification 57 CONCLUSION 62 CHAPTER 64 THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM IN VIETNAM AND IN ENGLAND & WALES .64 INTRODUCTION 64 YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM IN VIETNAM 64 2.1 Preventive system and pre-administrative interventions 65 2.2 The handling of administrative violations (administrative system) 65 2.2.1 The administrative violations 66 2.2.2 Principles in handling of administrative violations 67 2.2.3 Competent individuals/agency(s) dealing with administrative cases 68 2.2.4 Administrative measures available for young offenders 68 2.2.5 Administrative procedure 71 2.3 Criminal justice system 72 2.3.1 Criminal offence 72 2.3.2 Principles in handling young offenders 74 2.3.3 Competent individuals/agency(s) dealing with criminal cases 76 2.3.4 Punishments and judicial measures available for young offenders 77 2.3.5 Criminal procedure .80 2.4 Interventions and Procedures by reference to age-range 81 v THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM IN ENGLAND & WALES .85 3.1 Preventive system and interventions available for those under the age of criminal responsibility 85 3.1.1 Prevention 85 3.1.2 Acceptable behaviour contract (ABC) 87 3.1.3 Intervention for children under 10 88 3.2 Civil Order 89 3.2.1 Anti-Social Behaviour .89 3.2.2 Anti-social Behaviour Order .89 3.3 The criminal system 91 3.3.1 Criminal offences 91 3.3.2 Diversion .92 3.3.3 Criminal court .94 3.4 Principles of youth justice .99 3.5 Institutions and tools .101 3.6 Interventions and procedures due to age range .103 THE COMPARATIVE POINTS BETWEEN THE TWO SYSTEMS 107 4.1 Age range 107 4.2 Notion of anti-social behaviours/offences 107 4.3 Principles in dealing with young offenders 108 4.4 Disposals available .110 4.5 Mechanisms available 111 CONCLUSION 112 CHAPTER 113 THE RATIONALIST APPROACH TO DECISION-MAKING AT THE SENTENCING STAGE OF THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM 113 INTRODUCTION 113 THE „RATIONALIST TRADITION‟ - SOME BASIC ASSUMPTIONS 114 THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION FOR RATIONAL DECISIONMAKING IN THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM 119 3.1 The nature of a decision 119 3.2 Decisions about persons in the youth justice system 121 3.3 The concept of rational decision-making in the youth justice system 123 vi 3.4 The importance of information for rational decision-making in the youth justice system 124 THE MEANING OF „RELEVANT INFORMATION‟ FOR RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING IN THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM .126 4.1 The meaning of „relevant information‟ 126 4.2 Relevant information for decision-making in the youth justice system .128 RELEVANT INFORMATION FOR RATIONAL DECISION-MAKING IN THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM .132 5.1 The risk management stage 132 5.1.1 Information about the circumstances of the young person - the notion of „risk/protective‟ factors 133 5.1.2 Information about options available 137 5.1.3 Information about probable outcome (efficiency feedback) .137 5.1.4 Information about public policy 138 5.2 The investigative stage 138 5.2.1 Information about the offence - the notion of seriousness 140 5.2.2 Information about the circumstances of the young person .143 5.2.3 Information about options available 145 5.2.4 Information about probable outcome (efficiency feedback) .145 5.2.5 Information about public policy 145 5.3 The prosecution stage 146 5.3.1 Information about the fact of the case .147 5.3.2 Information about options available - the criteria of justifying a charge 147 5.3.3 Information about probable outcome (efficiency feedback) .148 5.3.4 Information about public policy 148 5.4 The court stage 149 5.4.1 Determining of guilt 149 5.4.2 Determining of sentence 151 5.4.2.1 Information about the seriousness of the offence .151 5.4.2.2 Information about the circumstances of the young defendant 152 5.4.2.3 Information about sentencing options available 152 vii 5.4.2.4 Information about probable outcome (efficiency feedback) 153 5.4.2.5 Information about public policy 153 CONCLUSION 154 CHAPTER 156 THE YOUTH SENTENCING SYSTEM IN ENGLAND AND WALES - THE ROLE OF THE PRE-SENTENCE REPORT .156 INTRODUCTION 156 THE SENTENCING FRAMEWORK IN ENGLAND AND WALES 156 2.1 Procedure and the general communication of information 156 2.2 Sources and corresponding kinds of information available to sentencers 160 2.2.1 Information which must be taken into consideration in sentencing 160 2.2.2 Sources and kinds of information available at sentencing stage .163 2.2.2.1 Information from the prosecution .163 2.2.2.2 Information from the defence .165 2.2.2.3 Information from 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