This page intentionally left blank The Liberal Project and Human Rights The ‘Liberal Project’ aims to transform society in accordance with liberal values and practices This volume argues that the United Nations regime on human rights is an attempt to realize this project on an international level The authors provide an engaging theoretical and historical context for this argument, defining the concept of liberalism, its origins and evolution, and identify it as a universal value that constitutes the very essence of the international human rights regime The book explores the possibility of a cross-cultural consensus on the issue being reached, but problems of sovereignty and nationalism are also discussed as potential obstacles to the liberal project’s completion This penetrating and insightful work will appeal to a wide range of scholars and students interested in liberalism and human rights from the fields of international relations, law, political theory and political philosophy j o h n c h a r v e t is Emeritus Professor of Political Science at the London School of Economics e l i s a k a c z y n s k a - n a y is a lawyer and researcher in economic development and international law The Liberal Project and Human Rights The Theory and Practice of a New World Order JOHN CHARVET AND ELISA KACZYNSKA NAY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521883146 © John Charvet and Elisa Kaczynska-Nay 2008 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-46541-3 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-88314-6 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-70959-0 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For our children and grandchildren Emma and Rosa, Vera and Oliver and in memory of Guy Contents List of abbreviations Preface xi Introduction: what is liberalism? Part I: page viii Liberal beginnings 17 The contextual origin of liberal thought and practice 19 The Westphalian society of sovereign states 42 The growth of liberal universalism 59 Part II: The UN regime on human rights The UN and regional declarations and covenants on human rights 79 81 The right of peoples to self-determination 110 The right to development and development assistance 136 Women’s international human rights 200 The implementation of international human rights 223 Part III: Critique and defence of liberalism Western critiques of liberal human rights 289 291 10 Liberalism and non-Western cultures 318 11 In defence of liberalism 350 Notes 365 Index 424 vii Abbreviations ACHPR ACtHPR ACHR ADF BLIHR CAR CCA CDF CEDAW CERD CESCR CHR CIS CMCOE COE CP DAC DAF DPI DRC E7 ECHR ECOSOC ECOWAS ESC FDI FRY G7 viii African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights American Convention on Human Rights African Development Fund Business Leaders Initiative on Human Rights Central African Republic Common Country Assessment Comprehensive Development Framework Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Commission on Human Rights Commonwealth of Independent States Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe Council of Europe Cultural and Political Development Assistance Committee Development Assistance Framework Department of Public Information Democratic Republic of Congo Seven largest emerging market economies (China, India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey) European Convention on Human Rights Economic and Social Council Economic Community of West African States Economic, Social and Cultural Foreign Direct Investment Federal Republic of Yugoslavia US, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy and Canada 420 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notes to pages 298–320 C Taylor, Philosophical Papers, Vol 1: Human Agency and Language; Vol 2: Philosophy and the Human Sciences (Cambridge University Press, 1985) and Sources of the Self (Cambridge University Press, 1990); M Walzer, Interpretation and Social Criticism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987) and Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994) R Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974) MacIntyre, After Virtue, pp 55–6, Chs 10, 15, passim This is above all true of Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, p 152 See also his ‘The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self’, Political Theory, 12 (1) (1984), 81–96 A MacIntyre, Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (London: Duckworth, 1988) I M Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton University Press, 1990); W Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995) For a powerful criticism of various multicultural theories, see B Barry, Culture and Equality (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001) For a fuller discussion of the feminist claims, see Chapter above D McLellan (ed.), ‘On the Jewish Question’ Karl Marx: Early Texts (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1971) Ibid., p 108 L Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity, translated M Evans (London: J Chapman, 1854) p 59 This section has been greatly influenced by S Holmes, The Anatomy of Antiliberalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993) J Lively (ed.), The Works of Joseph de Maistre (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1968), see especially pp 93–128 C Schmitt, The Concept of the Political (University of Chicago Press, 1996); Political Theology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985); The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985) M Mann, Fascists (Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp 13–17 F Nietzsche, ‘The Genealogy of Morals’, ‘Thus Spake Zarathustra’ and ‘Beyond Good and Evil’ in K Ansell-Pearson and D Large (eds.), The Nietzsche Reader (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006) For Strauss’s ideas, see S Drury, The Political Ideas of Leo Strauss (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1988) 10 Liberalism and non-Western cultures On this subject, see J Rachels, ‘The Challenge of Cultural Relativism’ in P Moser and T Carson (eds.), Moral Relativism (Oxford University Notes to pages 322–328 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 421 Press, 2001) See also the other essays in this volume as well as J Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, 2nd edn (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003), pp 89–106 www.alhewar.com/ISLAMDECL.html A A Mawdudi, Human Rights in Islam (Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1976), p 10 Donnelly, Universal Human Rights, pp 92–4 M Khadduri, ‘Human Rights in Islam’, The Annals, 243 (January 1946), 79 H Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought (London: Macmillan, 1982), pp 127–8; A E Mayer, Islam and Human Rights (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), pp 80–2; K Dalacoura, Islam, Liberalism and Human Rights (London: I B Tauris, 1998), p 44 The Sunna is the authentic record of the sayings and doings of the Prophet Mohammed and is generally taken to have the same sacred status as the Koran www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/Constitution.html www.religlaw.org/interdocs/docs/cairohrislam1990.htm See the English translation in the Arab Law Quarterly, (1993), 295–331 S H Hashmi, ‘Islamic Ethics in International Society’ in S H Hashmi (ed.), Islamic Political Ethics: Civil Society, Pluralism and Conflict (Princeton University Press, 2002), pp 151–2; M Ruthven, Islam in the World, 3rd edn (London: Granta Books, 2006), pp 135–44; Z Sardar, What Muslims Believe? (London: Granta Books, 2006), p 58 Dalacoura, Islam, Liberalism and Human Rights, pp 46–7 H Bielefeldt, ‘Western vs Islamic Human Rights Conceptions’, Political Theory, 28(1) (2000), 106–8 Bielefeldt, ‘Western vs Islamic Human Rights’, 108–11; C Kurzman, ‘Introduction’, in C Kurzman (ed.), Liberal Islam: A Source Book (Oxford University Press, 1998) A An Na’im, ‘Human Rights in the Muslim World’, Harvard Human Rights Journal, (1990), quoted in Henry J Steiner and Philip Alston, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp 390–5 See also his Towards an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights and International Law (Syracuse University Press, 1990), pp 161–87 One such contemporary who is made much of in Europe is Tariq Ramadan He claims that it is possible for European Muslims to endorse liberal principles of political association without abandoning traditional or conservative Islamic views He bases this claim on a definition of the Islamic social code in terms of core general principles and values which have to be interpreted appropriately ‘in light of every specific era and 422 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Notes to pages 328–335 environment’ Whether this view can be called traditional or conservative is surely doubtful See his book To Be a European Muslim (Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1999), p 75, passim The Koran at 4:34 translated by N J Dawood (London: Penguin Books, 1999): ‘Men have authority over women because God has made the one superior to the other, and because they spend their wealth to maintain them Good women are obedient.’ Koran, at 5:38 ‘As for the man or woman who is guilty of theft, cut off their hands to punish them for their crimes That is the punishment enjoined by God.’ Koran, 8:39; 9:5; 9:29 Hashmi, ‘Islamic Ethics’, pp 164–5; Dalacoura, Islam, Liberalism and Human Rights, p 47; Mayer, Islam and Human Rights, pp 93–8 Koran at 2:256 Hashmi, ‘Islamic Ethics’, pp 150–2; Ruthven, Islam in the World, pp 97–9 A Abd al-Raziq, ‘Message not Government, Religion not State’ in Kurzman (ed.), Liberal Islam, pp 29–36 On the East Asian Values debate, see A J Langlois, The Politics of Justice and Human Rights: South East Asia and Universalist Theory (Cambridge University Press, 2001), Ch 1; J R Bauer and D A Bell (eds.), The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights (Cambridge University Press, 1999); M Jacobsen and O Bruun (eds.), Human Rights and Asian Values (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000); Theodore de Bary, Asian Values and Human Rights (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998) For Lee Kuan Yew’s views see F Zakaria, ‘Culture is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew’, Foreign Affairs (March/April 1994), 109–26 Inoue Tatsuo, ‘Liberal Democracy and Asian Orientalism’, in Bauer and Bell (eds.), The East Asian Challenge, Ch Th de Bary, ‘Introduction’ in Th de Bary and Tu Wei-ming (eds.), Confucianism and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); J Paltiel, ‘Confucianism Contested: Human Rights and the Chinese Tradition in Contemporary Chinese Political Discourse’ in de Bary and Wei-ming (eds.), Confucianism, Ch 15; D A Bell and H Chaiborg, ‘Introduction’ in D A Bell and H Chaiborg (eds.), Confucianism for the Modern World (Cambridge University Press, 2003) M Goldman, ‘Confucian Influence on Intellectuals in the People’s Republic of China’, de Bary and Wei-ming (eds.), Confucianism, Ch 14 See also the already cited essays by de Bary and Paltiel in the above volume Notes to pages 335–363 423 29 Paltiel, ‘Confucianism Contested’ in de Bary and Wei-ming (eds.), Confucianism 30 This picture is drawn from the following works: A Waley (ed.), The Analects of Confucius (London and New York: Routledge, 2005), first published 1938; J Chan, ‘A Confucian Perspective on Human Rights for Contemporary China’ in Bauer and Bell (eds.), East Asian Challenge, Ch 9; Lusina Ho, ‘Traditional Confucian Values and Western Legal Frameworks: The Law of Succession’ in Bell and Chaiborg (eds.), Confucianism for the Modern World; Julia Ching, ‘Human Rights: A Valid Chinese Concept?’ and Wegen Chang, ‘The Confucian Theory of Norms and Human Rights’ in de Bary and Wei-ming (eds.), Confucianism 31 Wei-ming, ‘Epilogue: Human Rights as a Confucian Moral Discourse’ in de Bary and Wei-ming (eds.), Confucianism 32 J Chan, ‘A Confucian Perspective on Human Rights for Contemporary China’ in Bauer and Bell (eds.), East Asia Challenge In a personal communication, Po-Chung Chow describes Wei-ming’s position as a strong compatibilist view of the relation between Confucianism and human rights On this view, democracy and human rights can be derived or deduced from Confucianism Chan’s position is described as a moderate compatibilist view which holds that Confucianism suitably re-interpreted is not incompatible with human rights This distinction seems right 33 Sor-hoon Tan, Confucian Democracy: A Deweyan Reconstruction (State University of New York, 2005) 34 R Panikkar, ‘Is the Notion of Human Rights a Western Concept?’, Diogenes, 120 (1982), 75–102 35 A Sharma, Hinduism and Human Rights (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp 2–3 36 Sharma, Hinduism, pp 14–16 37 C Taylor, ‘Conditions of an Unforced Consensus on Human Rights’ in Bauer and Bell, East Asia Challlenge, Ch 38 S Caney, ‘Human Rights, Compatibility and Diverse Cultures’ in S Caney and P Jones (eds.), Human Rights and Global Diversity (London: Frank Cass, 2001) 11 In defence of liberalism Plato, Republic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1941), p 311 Index Aaland Islands, 113, 114 ‹Abd al Raziq, 330 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 93, 139, 239, 240 Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 239 countries and the Human Development Index, 191 Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 240 humanitarian interventions, 275, 278, 279 States as recipients of aid, 184 Union, 239 Union and human rights activism, 288 Union and Responsibility to Protect, 280 Union International Criminal Court, 251 Algeria, 115, 230 Alston, P., 230, 403 American Convention on Human Rights, 92, 237, 238 Declaration of Human Rights and Duties, 237, 238 expansion of international society, 49 Inter American Commission on Human Rights, 210, 237, 238 Inter American Convention to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence against Women, 210 Inter American Court of Human Rights, 235, 237 OAS, 210, 237, 280, 288 South American support for Human Rights, 78 424 Amnesty International, 178, 210, 232, 256, 392, 399, 412 An Na’im, A., 327, 328, 421 anarchical libertarianism, Annan, K., 175, 179, 231, 259 anti liberalism, 5, 8, 10, 283, 353 Aquinas, 31, 32, 368 Arbour, L., 232, 244, 279 Argentina, 229 Armenians, 76 Asian values, 5, 333, 334, 349, 414 Augustine, 8, 361 Australia, 83, 127, 395 Austria, 46, 47, 273, 395 authoritarianism, 291, 315, 363 autonomy German states, 44 individual, 10, 13, 14, 131, 315, 316, 342, 347, 351, 353, 354, 359, 360, 364 non state actors, 25 regional, 128, 131, 132, 156 religious, 328 state, 44, 45, 46, 60, 81 balance of power, 24, 45, 48, 49, 55, 65, 69, 70, 112, 261, 268, 369 Balthazar, 213 Bangladesh, 114, 203, 204 Bauer, B, 309, 310 Bedjaoui, 140 Beijing Declaration, 210, 211 Bentham, J., 3, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296 Bodin, J., 25, 367 Bosnia, 242 Braithwaite, J., xii, 392 Briand Kellogg Pact, 82 Buddhism, 342, 347, 348, 349 Buddhist, 5, 85, 347, 348, 418 Index Bull, 55, 56 Burke, E., 57, 371 Burma, 232, 269, 279, 280 Calvin, J., 28 Cambodia, 167, 190, 229, 242 Canada, viii, 91, 92, 111, 127, 141, 231, 232, 237, 278, 395 Caney, S, 347, 348 capitulations, system of, 49, 75 Carr, E H., 268, 415 Carter, J., 229, 261, 399 Catholicism, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 39, 42, 43, 44, 54, 76, 314, 318, 331 CEDAW, viii, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 208, 209, 211, 214, 215, 217, 218, 222, 399, 400 Chad, 288 Chan, J., 337, 338, 341, 423 Charlesworth, H., 209, 219, 384, 400, 402 Chechnya, 286, 288, 419 Chile, 83, 261 China, viii, 82, 151, 187, 282, 347, 380, 381, 392, 393 and creation of UDHR, 83 and economic growth, 141, 190, 197 and labour standards, 182 and modernization, 78 and standard of civilization, 319 and the RTD, 147 and TNCs, 182 as aid donor, 188, 192 as development dictatorship, 282 as human rights violator and the CHR, 230 Asian values argument, 331 Confucianism, 334 ethical foreign policy of the liberal powers, 286 non compliance with liberal human rights, 282 opposition to humanitarian intervention, 275, 279, 280 poverty reduction, 190 sovereignty, 333 Chinkin, C., 219, 402 Chow, Po Chung, xii, 423 Churchill,W, 81 Cicero, 31 425 Clinton, W., 265 Cold War, 129, 144, 150, 169, 227, 241, 257, 261, 274, 275 Commission on Human Rights, viii, ix, 83, 133, 144, 201, 210, 225, 229, 230, 233, 259, 403, 406 communism, 116, 155, 228, 229, 261, 281, 282, 311, 335, 360 communitarianism and ideal theory, 300, 302 and liberal community, 305 and relativism, 303 Asian values, 333 compatibility with liberalism, 337 Confucianism, 336 contemporary theorists of, 298, 299 critique of liberal egoism, 355 critique of liberalism, 300, 302 embeddedness, 118, 300, 303, 305, 307, 336, 364 fascism, 315 harmony, 336 moral thesis, 123, 299 multi culturalism, 306, 307 national identity, 118, 119, 122, 123 sociological thesis, 118, 298 Confucianism, 21, 282, 286, 332, 334 42 Confucius, 335, 337, 339, 340, 423 Congo, Democratic Republic of, viii, 248, 411 Congress Berlin, 76 Panama, 237 UN Human Rights Vienna, 268 Vienna, 45, 47 Westphalia, 44, 45 Cook, R., 266 Coomaraswamy, R., 212, 399 Copelon, R., 212, 401 Cranston, M., 98, 99, 102, 103, 378 Crimean War, 49 crimes against humanity, 213, 242, 246, 249, 252, 254, 279, 284, 288, 401 Cuba, 230, 282, 375 cultural relativism, 303, 319, 320, 321, 322 426 Dan˜ino, R., 162 Darfur, 230, 248, 249, 251, 279, 280, 408, 409 debt relief, 139, 158, 167, 170, 185, 186, 191, 197, 394, 395, 397 Dervis, K., 156 development, 187 See also debt relief, Millennium Development Goals, World Bank aid and NGOs, 257, 260 aid as a priority, 288 aid, amount of, 184, 187, 188, 189, 219 aid, effectiveness of, 193, 194, 195, 196 aid, embezzlement of, 193 and free markets, 155, 197 and human rights, 139, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 168, 198 and right to self determination, 110, 137 as comprehensive process, 136, 138, 152, 198 compacts, 145, 146 conditionality of international aid, 138, 142, 143, 147, 262 definition of RTD, 137 dictatorships, 282 economic, 153, 154 economic, state driven, 141, 143, 155 global partnerships, 146, 149, 159 IMF, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, 167 implementation of RTD, 145, 146 obstacles to, 137 Open Ended Working Group on, 144 primary responsibility for, 138 responsibility for promotion of, 137 right to, 93, 134, 138, 139, 142, 146, 147, 148, 199 role of women in, 137 strategies for, 144, 151, 153 transnational corporations, duties of, 177, 183 UN Assistance Frameworks, 145, 152 UN Development Program, 139, 152, 156, 191 UNGA Declaration on RTD, 136 Western attitudes to RTD, 139, 140, 148 Index dharma, 343, 346 Divine Right of Kings, 60 Doha Declaration on Trade, 170 Donnelly, J., xi, 118, 150, 263, 287, 323, 324, 342 Dutch Republic, 34, 43, 45 Dutch war of independence, 42 dynastic legitimacy, 47, 116, 125, 126 East Timor, 115, 242 Easterly, W., 174, 393 ECOSOC, viii, 90, 207, 223, 224, 225, 228, 231, 258, 259, 375, 376, 413 England, 3, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 39, 127, 367, 368, 411 See Great Britain equal freedom, 12, 21, 40, 59, 71, 313, 338, 345, 351, 354, 364, 365 equality and Beijing Platform, 211 as contentious value, 13 as higher order value, 351 as primary value with liberty, 3, 6, 9, 20, 21, 38, 39 authoritarian critics of, 314 conflict with liberty, 12, 354, 355 development trade off, 150, 151 economic, 13 gender, 146, 162, 171, 191, 201, 202, 206, 218 gender equality in Islam, 206 higher order value, 10 in classical liberalism, in modern natural law, 33 in socialism, Marx’s view of, 310 meaning of in Islam, 328 meaning of in liberalism, 6, 218, 316, 317, 345, 351, 359 of opportunity, 12, 137, 138, 307 of outcome, 12 of sovereign states, 44, 130, 137, 138, 140, 283 of subjects before sovereign, 25 racial, 49, 58, 75 religious, 21 violence against women as obstacle to, 211 Equatorial Guinea, 229 Index Erasmus, 29 ethical foreign policy, 260 71, 272, 287, 415 ethnic cleansing, 230, 276, 277, 279, 301, 409 Europe, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53, 82, 86, 121, 122, 132 and modern sovereign state, 23 and Protestantism, 27 and the Ottoman Empire, 49 anti liberalism in, 333 as a single society, 57 as birthplace of liberalism, 19, 20, 21, 81 balance of power, 48, 112 Concert of, 47, 48 Council of, 235, 236, 241, 288 growth of nationalism, 112, 117, 126, 129 hegemony in, 45, 48 military innovations, 24 Napoleon, 47 Peace of Westphalia, 43, 44 popular sovereignty, 47, 116 rise of market economies, 26, 27 system of sovereign states, 43 the standard of civilization, 75 European Central Bank, 157 Convention on Human Rights, 4, 92, 97, 104, 105, 234, 241, 269, 288 Court of Human Rights, 97, 235, 236, 241, 288 Powers, 273 Social Charter, 92, 97 society of states, 319 Union, 156, 243, 280 extraordinary rendition, 251, 269, 285 Falkland Islands, 115 family, 14, 21, 201, 332, 364 and communitarian values, 299, 300, 332, 336, 341 and regulation of sexual conduct, 107, 356, 357 as objective good, 10, 336, 338, 340, 342, 356, 358 authority within, 339, 341 427 Confucian conception of, 336, 337, 339, 341 equality within, 219, 339 patriarchal, 200, 205, 206, 215, 217, 324 right to in Islam, 205 right to privacy in, 218 treatment in Banjul Charter, 93, 239 treatment in CEDAW, 202, 203 treatment in ICCPR, 87, 107 treatment in UDHR, 200 violence against women in, 208, 209, 210 fascism, 81, 116, 314, 360, 363 feminism, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 308, 402 Feuerbach, L., 311, 312 Fichte, J G., 123, 380 Finland, 113 Forsythe, D., 263, 414 France, viii, 1, 82, 115, 141, 155, 309, 394, 395 abolition of slavery, 73 as modern sovereign state, 23 colonial power, 228 Concert of Europe, 47 Crimean War, 48 drafting of UDHR, 83 ethical foreign policy, 263 European hegemony, 57 German nationalism, 123 humanitarian intervention, 273 Peace of Westphalia, 44, 51 popular sovereignty, 47, 117 relations with Protestant subjects, 28, 29 Thirty years War, 28 Versailles, 51 Frederick the Great, 46, 124 freedom See also liberalism, equality as primary value with liberty, equal freedom and development, 137, 138, 145, 151, 152, 198 and negative rights, 100 as higher order value, 351 conflicts of, 106 economic, 12 freedoms in ICCPR, 87, 88 from slavery, 74 428 freedom (cont.) fundamental freedoms, 2, 8, 13, 75, 83 ideal character of liberal freedom rights, 96 liberal, 93, 94, 95 Marx’s views on, 310, 311 natural, 39 natural right to, 59 negative, 38, 59 of a people, 39 of states, 62, 71 positive, 38 positive rights, 101 priority of over democracy, 287 religious, 42 UN regime’s limitations on, 85, 88, 94, 104 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 292, 310 French Revolution, 47, 57, 116, 117, 120, 292, 293, 310, 314 gender crimes, 212, 213, 401 general will, 61, 71, 144, 353 Geneva Convention, 74, 212, 242, 254, 410 genocide, 88, 266, 279, 408, 410, 417 Germany, viii, 3, 30, 39, 44, 136, 141, 155, 204, 314, 373, 381, 394, 395 European hegemony, 48, 57 national self determination, 112 Peace of Westphalia, 43 religious toleration, 29 Thirty Years War, 28, 42 under Nazis, 53, 57 Versailles settlement, 113 Gibraltar, 115 Goa, 115 Great Britain, 47, 82, 83, 115, 127, 136, 178, 269 Great Chain of Being, 31, 368 Great Powers, 45, 47, 76, 246, 273, 370, 371 Greenwood, C, 274, 417 Grotius, H., 3, 30, 34, 40, 57, 61 followers of, 39, 68 humanitarian intervention, 273 individual rights as basis of state’s right, 66 Index international law, 62, 63, 64 law of nations, 63, 66 laws of war, 54, 64, 65 natural law, 34, 36 natural rights, 36 natural sociability, 35, 56 property, 35, 295 slavery, 65, 66 social contract, 39 sovereignty, domestic, 39, 117 utilitarianism, 37 group See also nation, minorities Guantanamo, 251, 269, 284, 375 Guatemala, 163, 229 Hague Peace Conferences, 49 Harris, D J., 141 Heard, A., 104 Hegel, G W F., 72 hegemony, 43, 44, 45, 48, 57, 69, 257 Helsinki Accords, 261, 281, 413 Herder, J., 123 Hicks, P., 232 Higgins, R., 111, 254 High Commissioner for Human Rights (HCHR), 224, 226 Hinduism, 21, 85, 301, 342, 346, 347, 348, 349, 423 Hitler, A., 93, 314 Hobbes, T., 3, 25, 30, 35, 36, 39, 40, 56, 67, 68, 69, 117, 125, 338 Hobbesian, 56, 69, 70, 99, 293 Holy Alliance, 48 Holy Roman Emperor, 24, 43, 44, 51 human rights See World Bank absolute conception of, 291, 293, 294, 343 and globalization, 156, 158 and limitation clauses, 104 as ideal legal structure, 99, 102 CP rights, 86 9, 92, 95, 96 103, 138, 151, 152, 154, 169, 198, 215, 218, 219, 234, 239 ESC rights, 86, 89 103, 137, 138, 142, 145, 151, 154, 168, 169, 172, 198, 209, 219, 234, 237 hierarchical conception of, 324, 342 implementation through UN, 223, 224, 225 Index in UN Charter, 82, 91, 266 interdependency thesis, 139 international consensus on, 281, 318, 335, 347 liberal character of, 13, 93, 95 movements, 78, 157 prioritization issue, 97 relation to duties, 95, 267, 323 subordination to other values, 4, 94, 286, 325, 326, 327 three generations of, 86 transformation of international system, 73 UN regime of, 1, 3, 4, 21, 60, 92, 99, 153, 223, 318, 319 Human Rights Committee, x, 88, 175, 233, 234, 374, 375, 390, 404 Human Rights Council, ix, 133, 146, 176, 224, 225, 226, 230, 231, 232, 233, 259, 279, 288, 374, 391 Human Rights Watch, 164, 178, 232, 256, 412, 419 humanitarian intervention, 5, 260, 264, 270, 271 80, 285 humanitarianism, 224, 249, 257, 271, 273, 274, 275, 279, 280, 285, 383, 412, 416, 417, 418 development aid, 148, 177 emergency relief, 188, 256, 257 Humanitarian Charter, 257 humanitarian law, 240, 244, 253 protection of individuals in International Law, 72, 74 Hussein, S., 262 IMF, ix, 139, 153, 159, 166 70, 172, 184, 185, 186, 187, 207, 384, 388, 389 India, viii, 111, 114, 115, 141, 163, 182, 187, 190, 197, 347, 381 Indigenous peoples See minorities Indonesia, viii, 91, 115, 141, 331 International Court of Justice, ix, 88, 110, 243, 267, 270, 271 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ix, 85, 404 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ix, 86, 163, 165, 389 429 International Criminal Court, ix, 92, 212, 242, 246, 249, 251, 408, 409 International Criminal Tribunals Former Yugoslavia, 242, 244 Nuremberg, 82, 212, 213, 242, 244 Rwanda, 244 Tokyo, 242 International Labour Organization, 240 international law, principles of, 17 Iran, 91, 230, 261, 282, 325, 365, 399 Iranian Constitution, 205, 326 Iraq, 187, 193, 251, 254, 262, 268, 269, 275, 285, 395, 397, 416, 417 Islam and human rights, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 349, 364 and liberalism, 328, 329, 330, 364 Islamic Council of Europe, 322 Islamic Law, 5, 94, 203, 204, 205, 325, 326, 327, 364 Israel, 51, 128, 229, 230, 257, 412 ius cogens, 111, 135 Jainism, 342 Japan, viii, 49, 57, 75, 78, 136, 141, 182, 242, 319, 373, 381, 395 Johannesburg declaration, 170 Kant, I., 3, 57, 70, 71, 371, 372 Kennedy, J., 261 Khadduri, M., 324, 421 Khomeini, R., 206 Kissinger, H., 261 Koran, 204, 205, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 421, 422 Kosovo, 111, 114, 128, 243, 244, 274, 275, 278, 379, 380, 417 Kymlicka,W., 130 law of nations, 34, 63, 64, 66, 69 League of Nations, 42, 48, 51, 52, 57, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 113, 370 Lee Kuan Yew, 331, 332, 340, 422 Leite, S., 153, 388 liberal project, xi, 1, 5, 60, 81, 164, 181, 283, 285, 288, 291 430 liberalism affinity with international system of sovereign states, 59, 62 affinity with modern sovereign state, 21, 25, 41, 125 and Asian values, 331, 332, 333, 334 and Confucianism, 337, 340 and CP rights, 95, 287 and democracy, 61 and feminism, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222 and Hinduism, 346 and illiberal states, 282 and indigenous people, 133 and Islam, 324, 330 and nationalism, 81, 120, 122, 333 and utilitarianism, 296 authoritarian critics of, 314, 315 classical, 6, coercion, right to, 7, 13 communitarian critique of, 298, 299, 300, 305 economic, 2, 7, 20, 308 family of doctrines, 1, higher order values, 11 in early modern Europe, 40, 41 in natural rights theorists, 30 individual choice, individualist character of, 19 international pluralism, 60, 81 international universalism, 60, 81 Marx’s critique of, 309, 311, 312, 313 minorities, 12 multi cultural critique of, 302, 306, 307 new, originality of, 8, pluralist conception of values, 10 political, 2, 61 relative value of, 19 religious toleration, 25, 350 social, universal value of, 19, 20 Liberia, 275, 278 Locke, J., 3, 30, 40 constitutional government, 61 God’s commands, 37, 323 international relations, 67 Index liberty and equality, mixed government, 26 natural rights, popular sovereignty, 117 property, 7, 11, 40, 295 sovereignty, 61 toleration, 29, 30 Louis XIV, 45 Luther, M., 27, 29, 366 Machiavelli, N., 26, 68 MacIntyre, A., 298, 299, 303 Maistre, J de, 314, 315 Malanczuk, P, 274 Malaysia, 114, 167, 194, 282, 331, 332 Mao Ze Dong, 335 margin of appreciation, 108, 109, 269 market economy, 19, 26, 41, 141, 319 Marks, S., 146, 382 Marshall, G., 185, 193, 194, 261 Marx, K., 72, 218, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 420 Marxism, 85, 291, 299, 312 Mawdudi, A A., 322, 421 Mayer, A, 204, 205, 206 Mecca, 329, 330 Medina, 327, 329, 330 Mencius, 335, 337, 339, 340 mercantilism, 25, 27 Mill, J S., 3, 15, 121 Millenium Development Goals, 139, 146, 150, 154, 159, 162, 170 4, 188 92, 195, 196, 198, 384, 389, 394, 396, 397 Miller, D., 122 Milosevic, S, 242, 243, 244 minorities and Aaland Islanders, 114 and humanitarian intervention, 273 and multi culturalism, 306, 307 and UN Human Rights regime, 129 assimilation, 77 autonomy for, 131, 132 CHR, duties to, 227 cultural disadvantage, 13 definition of, 129 German, 77 in larger national identity, 131 Index indigenous people, rights of, 132 national and other, 130 problem of, 77, 113 protection of rights, 77 right of self determination, 111, 135 UN Human Rights regime constraints on, 133 UNGA Resolution on Rights of, 129, 131 Versailles protection, 77 Versailles regime, failure of, 129 women as, 222 Mohammed, Mahathir, 167, 331 Mohammed, the Prophet, 323, 327, 329, 330, 364, 421 Montaigne, M de, 34, 368 Monterrey Consensus, 149, 170, 171, 188 Montesquieu, Baron de, 61 Morocco, 115 multi culturalism, 306 Muslim, 5, 43, 78, 94, 205, 304, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 364, 421, 422 Mutazilists, 329 Napoleon, 45, 47, 57, 126 nation, 28, 123, 125, 367, 380 See peoples as ethno cultural group, 121, 122, 125, 130, 301, 359, 363 as primary group, 124 identity of, 123, 124, 126 national self determination, 113, 114, 127 nationalism, 81, 112, 120, 124, 126, 127, 301, 363, 364, 419 NATO, ix, 243, 244, 255, 274, 275, 278, 286, 394 natural law and equality, 33 and Grotian problematic, 67 and international relations, 55, 61, 63, 64, 66 and rational limitations on sovereignty, 67, 69 Aquinas’ view of, 31, 32 as a minimal consensus, 29 as basis of natural rights, 431 eclipse of, 53, 61, 71 Grotius’ view of, 34, 36 Kant’s view of, 70, 71 modern and liberal, 30, 33 natural rights, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 21, 26, 27, 30, 32 40, 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 292, 293, 294, 296, 298, 302, 323, 348, 368 and democracy, 30 and religious and ethical minimalism, 29, 33 as inherent, individualism of, 30, 32, 37, 38 Nazism, 53, 82, 93, 242 Netherlands, 3, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 42, 43, 44, 82, 178, 188, 204, 246, 368, 395 new international economic order, ix, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143, 147 Nicaragua, 167, 229, 261, 270, 271, 415, 416 Nietzsche, F., 315 Nixon, R., 261 Non Aligned Movement, ix, 143, 147, 148 non intervention principle, 262 North Korea, 282 Nozick, R, 298, 378 Ottoman Empire, 43, 48, 49, 76, 112, 273, 319, 370 overlapping consensus, 318, 347 Pakistan, 114, 190, 230 Palacio, A., 162, 164, 386 Panikkar, R., 342 peoples definition of, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116 ethno cultural group view of See nation right of as group right, 117, 118 right to self determination of, 87, 89, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116, 135 rights in Banjul Charter, 93 rights to development, 93, 137 Pinochet, A., 229, 261, 410 piracy, 65, 253, 254, 266, 410 432 Piron, H., 145, 147, 381, 382, 383, 389 Plato, 14, 300, 340, 363, 365 Platonism, 301, 302, 305, 349 Poland, 23, 24, 44, 46, 47, 82, 121, 366, 380 Pope, 24, 27, 43, 44 popular sovereignty, 39, 112, 114, 116, 117, 120, 121 Porter, B., 97 property, 7, 11, 12, 30, 35, 40, 67, 74, 75, 78, 88, 101, 147, 155, 201, 292, 294, 295, 309, 324 See liberalism, economic Protestantism, 20, 27, 28, 29, 42, 43, 73, 330, 366 Prussia, 46, 47, 57, 124, 273 Pufendorf, S, 3, 29, 30, 39, 40, 61, 66, 67, 68, 117, 295 Putin, V., 268, 282, 285, 415, 418, 419 Rawls, J., 298 Reagan, R, 261, 261 realism, 55, 56, 68, 69, 265, 371 Reformation, 27, 28, 29, 42, 366 republicanism, 26, 71, 125 responsibility to protect, 276, 278, 279, 280 Robinson, M., 159 Roosevelt, F D., 81, 374 Roosevelt, E., 83, 86 Rousseau, J J., 61, 117, 120, 121, 371, 380 Ruggie, J., 175, 176, 177, 391, 393 Russia, viii, 92, 93, 141, 155, 182, 184, 380, 382, 405, 415, 418, 419 and CIS, 240 and Great Power humanitarian intervention, 273 as development dictatorship, 282 as human rights violator and the CHR, 230 cooperation with European Court of Human Rights, 236, 288 ethical foreign policy of liberal powers, 286 Great Powers, 47 Index opposition to humanitarian intervention, 279, 280 partition of Poland, 46 territorial expansion, 48, 57, 113 under Putin, 269, 282, 285 Rwanda, ix, 167, 213, 225, 242, 244, 245, 246, 269, 408, 411 Sandel, M., 298, 366, 419, 420 Sarfaty, G A., 165 Saudi Arabia, 85, 93, 188, 203, 205, 230, 282, 286, 325, 329, 414 Schmitt, C., 314, 315, 420 Schutter, O de, 174, 183, 391, 393 Secession, right of, 111, 132, 379, 380, 381 Sen, A., 152, 155, 156, 183, 198 Senegal, 239, 288 Sengupta, A., 144, 145 Sharia, 203, 205, 206, 327 Sharma, A., 346, 423 Shea, J, 244 Sierra Leone, 242, 252, 275, 278 Silk, J., 241, 407 Simpson, G., 60, 370, 371, 373 Singapore, iv, 114, 282, 331, 332 slavery, 39, 65, 66, 67, 72, 73, 74, 88, 93, 105, 213, 216, 254, 266, 329, 401, 415 Smith, A., 27 social contract, 38, 39, 62, 63, 65, 67, 70, 75, 116, 117, 118, 120, 177, 292, 293, 298, 352, 372 socialism, 7, 12, 86, 221 society of states, 13, 39, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 60, 63, 70, 71, 74, 319 South Africa, 85, 229, 262, 287 sovereign state, 48, 117, 132, 135, 220, 240, 283, 284 See sovereignty affinity with liberalism, 20, 21, 25, 319 and responsibility to protect, 276 equality of, 44, 50 equality of subjects under, 20, 41 external sovereignty of, 21, 24, 42, 43, 59, 69, 81, 331, 332 in natural rights theory, 56, 60, 62, 66, 78 Index nature of, 22, 41 rise of, 19, 23, 42, 43 universality of, 19, 21, 319 sovereignty, 26, 40, 41, 49, 54, 55, 57, 60, 65, 116, 120, 125, 274, 286 absolute, 25, 40, 61, 62, 125, 273 constraints on, 49, 62, 67, 77, 78, 81, 156, 273, 276, 279, 280 Soviet Union, 57, 85, 92, 155, 194, 240, 261, 262, 263, 281, 413 Spain, 23, 28, 34, 39, 42, 43, 44, 48, 395, 410, 415 Spanish Sahara, 115 standard of civilization, 57, 75, 319 Strauss, L., 315, 420 Sudan, 230, 248, 249, 279, 399, 409 Suharto, 331, 333 Sunna, 204, 205, 325, 326, 327, 328, 421 Sweden, 23, 28, 34, 42, 44, 46, 57, 113, 188, 204, 395 Swiss Confederation, 45 system of states, 42, 55 See Westphalia Taiwan, 51, 151, 188 Taleban, 319, 320, 321, 322 Taylor, C., 298, 347, 348 Thirty Years War, 28, 42 torture, 87, 88, 92, 93, 99, 100, 105, 229, 241, 243, 249, 251, 254, 266, 269, 285, 320, 410, 414 transnational corporations, 150, 159, 174, 175, 176, 177, 182, 183, 184 Turkey, viii, 111, 116, 141, 184, 187, 188, 236, 330 Uganda, 167, 229, 248, 249 United Nations See human rights Charter, 82, 86, 91, 110, 116, 129, 136, 142, 223, 224, 243, 258, 261, 266, 267, 272, 274, 275 Security Council, 58, 82, 160, 208, 213, 214, 231, 242, 243, 244, 247, 249, 269, 272, 275, 276, 277, 279, 283, 284 United Nations General Assembly, ix, x, 85, 147, 153, 207, 224, 225, 231, 243, 254, 259, 278 433 CEDAW, 200 Declaration on Development, 139 Declaration on Independence for Colonial Countries, 110 Declaration on Minorities, 129, 131 Declaration on Responsibility to Protect, 278 Declaration on Violence against Women, 209 Human Rights promotion, 223, 227, 228, 232 United States, 47, 49, 83, 230, 309 American Convention on Human Rights, 237 and balance of power, 49 and national identity, 127 and UN Human Rights regime, 261 at Versailles, 76 attitude to ESC rights, 97 Declaration of Independence, 292 ethical foreign policy, 261 exceptionalism and human rights, 285 Human Rights Council, 288 Revolution, 47 violation of international law, 285 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, x, 4, 74, 83 7, 90, 91, 94, 99, 104, 110, 118, 200, 205, 209, 214, 237, 325, 326, 331 universal jurisdiction, 242, 247, 253, 254, 255, 266, 390, 410, 411 Uruguay, 229 utilitarianism, 3, 15, 16, 20, 71, 99, 104, 105, 292 7, 350, 365 Utrecht, Treaty of, 45, 49 Vattel, E de, 54, 57, 61, 68, 69, 273 Venetian Republic, 44, 45 Versailles, 51, 75, 76, 112, 113, 114, 129 Vincent, J., 287, 370, 419 Voltaire, 57 Walzer, M., 298, 366, 420 Washington consensus, 167 Weber, M., 334, 342 Wei Ming, Tu, 337, 338 434 welfare rights, 6, 36, 41, 96, 101, 122, 143, 154, 169, 350, 356 See human rights: ESC rights West Irian, 115, 380 Westphalia Congress of, 45, 49 expansion of system, 48, 71 international system, 42, 43, 51, 59 Peace of, 28, 29, 42, 43, 45, 50, 56, 76 society of states, 22, 46, 48, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 65, 70, 72, 125 sovereignty, 57, 78 transformation of, 73 Wilson, W., 76, 78, 113, 368 Wolfensohn, J, 160, 166 Wolff, C., 61, 68 World Bank, 159, 163, 166, 167, 169, 187, 191, 193, 197, 207 and global public policy, 157 and good governance, 160, 196 Index and human rights, 149, 153, 154, 159, 162, 165, 168, 169 Comprehensive Development Framework, 139 debt relief, 185, 186 Millennium Development Goals, 172, 174, 196 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, 139 World Trade Organization, 51, 159, 170, 171, 270 World War One, x, 42, 48, 71, 76, 77, 116 World War Two, x, 42, 55, 58, 82, 83, 114, 150, 155, 226, 241, 242, 255, 260, 261 Yugoslavia, viii, ix, 82, 92, 115, 212, 242, 243, 244, 246, 286, 407, 408 Zimbabwe, 225, 230, 262 ... development and international law The Liberal Project and Human Rights The Theory and Practice of a New World Order JOHN CHARVET AND ELISA KACZYNSKA NAY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York,... a new order both for the internal organization of the many states of the world and for the way these states relate to each other internationally The Liberal Project and Human Rights In order. .. exhibiting the nature of liberalism as a theory and by revealing the affinities between liberal theory and the developing practice of state sovereignty both domestically and internationally After an