Developments in the theory and practice of cybercartography

MODERN CARTOGRAPHY SERIES, VOLUME DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CYBERCARTOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS AND INDIGENOUS MAPPING SECOND EDITION Edited By D R Fraser Taylor Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Associate Editor Tracey P Lauriault National Institute for Regional and Spatial Analysis (NIRSA), National University of Ireland at Maynooth, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Republic of Ireland; Member of the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Second edition 2014 © 2014 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-444-62713-1 ISSN: 1363-0814 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our web site at store.elsevier.com Printed and bound in China 14 15 16 17 18  10 Preface The GCRC and CentroGEO research form the core of the book but is supplemented by complementary work being carried out by research associates in Australia, Austria, Brazil, New Zealand and the United States Of special interest is the contribution of Dr Teresa Scassa and her colleagues in the Faculty of Law's Centre for Law, Technology and Society as well as the Canadian Internet Public Policy Clinic at the University of Ottawa Legal and ethical issues in the use and management of geographic information are of growing importance both in Canada and internationally and the partnership established between GCRC and the Faculty of Law led to important new findings in this field Cybercartography is by its nature ­multidisciplinary and the addition of legal scholars has been especially beneficial Cybercartography, and it main products, cybercartographic atlases including the Nu­naliit Cybercartographic Atlas Framework used to create them, has a major role to play in the emerging Web 3.0 era The holistic nature of cybercartographic theory and the use of location to integrate all kinds of information and present this in interactive, multimedia and multisensory ways give the cybercartographic approach particular appeal Cybercartography is advancing because of an iterative interaction between theory and practice; people and technology and the chapters in this book present current thinking and point to prospects for the future The book on Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cybercartography: Applications and Indigenous Mapping is a substantial revision of the Cybercartography: Theory and Practice book published in 2005 This edition is much more than just an update as it contains entirely new material especially, although by no means exclusively, relating to the mapping of indigenous and traditional knowledge Cybercartography, in both theory and practice, has advanced very substantially since 2005 and this book captures some of these important developments As in the first edition, there is a major contribution from the research group at Centro de Investigación en Geografía y Geomática ‘Ing Jorge L Tamayo’, A.C (­CentroGEO) in Mexico City There has been a very fruitful cooperation between CentroGEO and the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC) at Carleton University for over a decade CentroGEO's focus is on the concept of geocybernetics, a related concept to cybercartography GCRC is the home of many of the authors of chapters in this volume The atlases discussed were created by the research team working in the Centre Much of the research presented in this book has been carried out in cooperation with a number of Inuit and First Nations communities in Canada Substantial support for the research reported on here has been provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Federal Government of Canada’s International Polar Year D R Fraser Taylor July 2013 ix Acknowledgements Our partnerships with indigenous communities and individuals in Canada have been central to the chapters dealing with the mapping of indigenous knowledge Several of the chapters are co-authored with individuals from these groups and all have benefited from the ongoing collaboration These include Nunavut Arctic College, the ­Nunavut Research Institute, the Kitikmeot Heritage Society, the Gwich'in Social and Cultural Institute, the Inuit Heritage Trust, the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and a number of Nunavut communities and Elders including Arctic Bay, Cambridge Bay, ­ ­ Pangnirtung, Clyde River, Iqaluit, Cape Dorset and Igloolik So we would like to acknowledge the importance of Elders and individual community members of the Anishinaabe peoples of the Northern Great Lakes Region of Ontario None of our research would have been possible without the generous support of a number of organizations including the International Polar Year Program of the Federal Government of Canada, the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Government of Nunavut, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Kitikmeot Heritage Society, the Inuit Heritage Trust, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada and the Gwich'in Social and Cultural ­Institute The production of this book has been a team effort and the contributions of all involved are greatly appreciated Many individuals have contributed to the publication of this book and these are too numerous to identify by name A major contribution to the book has been made by the faculty, postdoctoral fellows, graduate students, and technical and administrative staff of the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre at Carleton University, which is the major centre for research on cybercartography Many of these individuals have made contributions to individual chapters in this book and all are contributing to the ongoing research in the Centre Special m ­ ention should be made for the contribution of Dr Tracey Lauriault, who is Associate Editor of the book The Centre benefits from having a number of research associates based both in Canada and overseas and again, several of these have contributed chapters to this book including Professors William Cartwright, Georg Gartner, Michael Peterson, Sebastien Caquard and Regina Araujo Almeida, as well as Dr Peter Pulsifer The ongoing research cooperation between the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre and CentroGeo in Mexico City is once again reflected in the chapters of this edition as it was in the first edition of this book Special thanks in this respect are due to Dr Carmen Reyes and the Director of CentroGEO and Dr Margarita Paras Research collaboration with the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa and a talented team led by Dr Teresa Scassa has resulted in increased understanding of the legal and ethical aspects of mapping traditional knowledge and the research reported in several chapters of this book is ongoing xi Editor’s Biography Dr D R Fraser Taylor is a distinguished research professor and Director of the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada He has been recognized as one of the world’s leading cartographers and a pioneer in the introduction of the use of the computer in cartography He has served as the president of the International Cartographic Association from 1987 to 1995 Also, in 2008, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in recognition of his achievements He was awarded the Carl Mannerfelt Gold Medal in August 2013 This highest award of the International Cartographic Association honours cartographers of outstanding merit who have made significant contributions of an original nature to the field of cartography He produced two of the world’s first computer atlases in 1970 His many publications continue to have a major impact on the field In 1997, he introduced the innovative new paradigm of cybercartography He and his team are creating a whole new genre of online multimedia and multisensory atlases including several in cooperation with indigenous communities He has also published several influential contributions to development studies and many of his publications deal with the relationship between cartography and development in both a national and an international context Dr Tracey P Lauriault is a postdoctoral researcher at the National Institute for Regional and Spatial Analysis (NIRSA), National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland, working on the Programmable City Project She was a postdoctoral fellow and a graduate student at the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre from 2002 to 2013 Her dissertation topic was Data, Infrastructures and Geographical Imaginations She was the fellow assigned to the SSHRC Partnership Development Project entitled Mapping the Legal and Policy Boundaries of Digital Cartography, as part of the GCRC’s research stream of Law, Society and Cybercartography She was the research leader for the Pilot Atlas of the Risk of Homelessness funded by HRSDC and was part of the project management team for the Cybercartography and the New Economy Project responsible for collaboration, transdisciplinary research and olfactory cartography She was the GCRC researcher for the International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems (InterPARES) She continues to participate in activities and represents the GCRC on topics related to the access to and preservation of data and data policy xiii List of Contributors Alestine Andre  Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute, Yellowknife, Fort McPherson and Tsiigehtchic, Northwest Territories, Canada Sheena Ellison  Institute for Comparative Studies in Literature, Art and Culture, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Claudio Aporta  Marine Affairs Program, ­Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada William Firth  Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute, Yellowknife, Fort McPherson and Tsiigehtchic, Northwest Territories, Canada Regina Araujo de Almeida  Department of Geography, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil J.P Fiset  Class One Technologies Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Kristi Benson  GIS/Heritage Affiliate, Gwich'in Social and Cultural Institute, Santa Clara, Manitoba, Canada; MDT Communications, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Georg Gartner  Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Amos Hayes  Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Glenn Brauen  Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada Darren Keith  Kitikmeot Heritage Society Ingrid Kritsch  Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute, Yellowknife, Fort McPherson and Tsiigehtchic, Northwest Territories, Canada María del Carmen Reyes  Centro de Investigación en Geografía y Geomática Ing J L Tamayo A.C (CentroGeo), México William Cartwright  School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Tracey P Lauriault  National Institute for Regional and Spatial Analysis (NIRSA), National University of Ireland at Maynooth, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Republic of Ireland; Member of the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Sébastien Caquard  Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Gita J Ljubicic  Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Andrew Clouston  Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, University of Victoria, Wellington, New Zealand Alejandra A López-Caloca  Centro de Investigación en Geografía y Geomática Ing J L Tamayo A.C (CentroGeo), México Cindy Cowan  Nunavut Arctic College, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada Kim Crockatt  Kitikmeot Heritage Society Fernando López-Caloca  Centro de Investigación en Geografía y Geomática Ing J L Tamayo A.C (CentroGeo), México Timothy Di Leo Browne  School of Canadian Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Daniel Naud  Département de Géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada Nate J Engler  Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Michael P Peterson  Department of Geography/ Geology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, USA Del Carry  MDT Communications, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada xv xvi CONTRIBUTORS Carol Payne  Art History, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Peter L Pulsifer  National Snow and Ice Data Centre (NSIDC), University of Colorado, Boulder, USA Stephanie Pyne  Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Rodolfo Sánchez–Sandoval  Centro de Investigación en Geografía y Geomática Ing J L Tamayo A.C (CentroGeo), México Teresa Scassa  The Centre for Law, Technology and Society, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Sharon Snowshoe  Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute, Yellowknife, Fort McPherson and Tsiigehtchic, Northwest Territories, Canada Carmelle Sullivan  Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada D R Fraser Taylor  Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada C H A P T E R Some Recent Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cybercartography: Applications in Indigenous Mapping: An Introduction D R Fraser Taylor Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada O U T L I N E 1.1 I ntroduction 1.2 T  he Elements of Cybercartography 1.3 D  efinition of Cybercartography 1.4 N  ew Practice 1.4.1 T  he Nature of TK 1.4.2 C  ybercartography and TK 1.5.4 T  he Holistic Nature of Cybercartographic Theory 1.6 N  ew Design Challenges 10 1.7 R  elationships with Art and the Humanities11 1.5 N  ew Theory 1.5.1 C  ybercartography and Critical Cartography8 1.5.2 C  ybercartography and Volunteered Geographic Information 1.5.3 C  ybercartography and the Individual9 Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cybercartography, Second Edition, ISSN 1363-0814 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-62713-1.00001-5 10 1.8 M  ultisensory Research 11 1.9 P  reservation and Archiving 11 1.10 L  egal and Ethical Issues 12 1.11 E  ducation 12 1.12 C  onclusion 13 © 2014 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved 1.  SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CYBERCARTOGRAPHY 1.1 INTRODUCTION This book is a substantial update of Cybercartography: Theory and Practice published in late 2005 In the last paragraph of that book the following statement appeared ‘…the chapters in this book suggest that we are at a breakthrough point in the development of cartography and that the paradigm of cybercartography is well worth further exploration There are, however, many questions still to be answered, and much further research is required if cybercartography is to reach its full potential’ (Taylor, 2005:558) Several challenges and directions were identified for future research: • • • • • • •  he need for more practice; T and for more rigorous theory; design challenges; relationships with the arts and humanities; the utility of cybercartography; the need for multisensory research; and the challenges of preservation and archiving Since the first edition of this book was published substantial changes have taken place in both the theory and practice of cybercartography and many of these are the results of extensive new practice, especially in cooperation with indigenous communities in Canada The interaction between theory and practice is a major facet of cybercartography and practice creates a new theory that in turn leads to improved practice Cybercartography is essentially an iterative process and is holistic in nature This chapter will outline some of the new theoretical and applied directions of cybercartography since the publication of the first edition 1.2 THE ELEMENTS OF CYBERCARTOGRAPHY In the first volume, seven elements of cybercartography were identified as follows: • C  ybercartography is multisensory using vision, hearing, touch, and eventually, smell and taste; • uses multimedia formats and new telecommunications technologies, such as the World Wide Web; • is highly interactive and engages the user in new ways; • is applied to a wide range of topics of interest to the society, not only to location finding and the physical environment; • is not a stand-alone product like the traditional map, but part of an information/analytical package; • is compiled by teams of individuals from different disciplines; and involves new research partnerships among academia, government, civil society, and the private sector (Taylor, 2005:3) In general terms, these seven elements are still in place but have been refined, modified, and expanded around six key ideas These six key ideas, which are a reflection of the original seven elements, are: 1.3  Definition of Cybercartography • I ndividuals use all of their senses while observing what is around them: cybercartography is therefore exploring the possibilities of using all five senses in its representations in order to make cybercartographic atlases as reflective as possible of sensory realities • Individuals have different learning preferences and prefer teaching and learning materials in different formats Cybercartographic atlases have great potential in both formal and informal education and they provide the same information in multiple formats allowing users the freedom to choose which format or combination of formats and modalities they wish to use • Educational theory suggests that individuals learn best when they are actively rather than passively involved This applies both in formal and informal learning situations Engaging the user requires carefully thought out interactive engagement strategies including the design of effective user interfaces • The social media revolution has given people the power to create their own narrative and cartography is challenged to respond to individual and community needs in ways that previously did not exist The Nunaliit Cybercartographic Atlas Framework is a software platform that provides a mechanism for people to enter their own data into cybercartographic atlases Cybercartography provides a means for people to tell their own stories as part of a holistic information package The Framework is open source, provides a metadata structure for the information, and is designed with an interface that does not require special knowledge in order to enter information • Many topics of interest to society are complex and the same set of ‘facts’ on topics such as climate change are open to a variety of representations Even when there may be an agreement on the facts, there can often a wide variety of interpretations There are often no simple ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ answers to many questions Cybercartography allows the presentation of different ontologies or narratives on the same topic without privileging one over another The user can consider the various narratives presented and have a greater understanding of the complexities and uncertainties surrounding many topics Traditionally, the map was an authoritative source Cybermaps are much more nuanced • Traditional cartography was supply-driven National mapping agencies supplied the definitive and authoritative maps, which the public used Technological change allowed for a much more demand-driven approach and cybercartography takes this one step further and empowers individuals and communities to create their own maps including the choice of what to represent and what not to represent Individuals are new ‘prosumers’ rather than simply ‘cybercartography is consumers’ and, as a result, democratizing mapping in new ways Indigenous people, for example, have often been largely ‘invisible’ on maps or have been represented by others Cybercartography gives voice to indigenous people and other community groups both literally and metaphorically 1.3 DEFINITION OF CYBERCARTOGRAPHY In 2003 cybercartography was formally defined as ‘…the organization, presentation, analysis, and communication of spatially referenced information on a wide variety of topics of interest and use to society in an interactive, dynamic, multimedia, multisensory, and multidisciplinary format’ (Taylor, 2003:406) This captures some of the elements of cybercartography but has to be read with the major elements and ideas described in Section 1.1 and 1.2 in mind 350 22.  CONCLUSION AND THE FUTURE OF CYBERCARTOGRAPHY We are beginning to experiment with the use of cybercartography to analyse and display health data at the national scale including very large datasets In theory, there should be no problem in scaling up cybercartography but these new applications may reveal new ­challenges 22.8 CONCLUSION This book has presented an interesting set of chapters on the theory and practice of cybercartography with a number of innovative applications in the field of indigenous mapping Cybercartography continues to evolve in an iterative fashion and each new application areas bring new insights and developments The book presents an overview of where this holistic concept is in 2013 and how far it has come since the first edition of this book was published in 2005 Cybercartography will continue to evolve in response to both societal and technological change References Boston Consulting Group Ltd, 2012 Putting the US Geospatial Services Industry on the Map Report prepared for Google, Boston p 11 CIPPIC and GCRC, 2013 Traditional Knowledge Licensing: Final consultation report Erik de Man, W.H., 2007 Are spatial data infrastructures special In: Onsrud, H (Ed.), Reseach and Theory in Advancing Spatial Data Infrastructure Concept, ESRI Press, Redlands, California, pp 33–54 Hodson, M., 29 June 2013 Maps that know you New Scientist Lawler, M., 2013 Where is the future? The future is “where” Geospatial World 6, 92–94 Luscombe, B.W., Reyes, C., 2004 Building consensus in environmental decision making: a methodology integrating GIS tools and structured communication Paper Read at the 29th Annual Conference of the National Association of Environmental Professionals (NAEP), Portland, Oregon, April Onsrud, H (Ed.), 2007 Research and Theory in Advancing Spatial Data Infrastructure Concepts, ESRI Press, Redlands, California Oxera Consulting Ltd, 2013 What Is the Economic Impact of Geo Services Prepared for Google Oxera Consulting Ltd, Oxford and Brussels, p 32 Rajabifard, A., Coleman, D (Eds.), 2012 Spatially Enabling Government, Industry and Citizens, GSDI Association Press, Needham Scassa, T., Taylor, D.R.F., Lauriault, T.P., Engler, N., 2013 Ethical mapping of traditional knowledge through template licences Presentation to the Associate of American Geographers Conference, April 13 Schell, D., 2013 A cultural development called geospatial industry Geospatial World 6, 112–113 Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables, respectively A B Aajiiqatigiingniq, 6, 193 Aboriginal tradition, 280–281 Accessibility, 109 Acre, Amazon, 86, 119–124, 122f–123f Advocacy Coalition Framework, 37 L'âge des ténèbres (film), 165, 169, 170f Agroforestry, 119–124 Amazonian Network of Georeferenced, Socio-Environmental Information (RAISG), 118–119 American Foundation for the Blind, 116 Analogical reasoning, 31, 33–34 in geocybernetics, 34–36 Analogies, in transdisciplinary approach, 35 API See Application programming interface Application programming interface (API), 80 Google Maps, 87 AR See Augmented reality Ararat (film), 165 Archives, 11–12, 336–338 Archiving, Management, and Preservation of Geospatial Data Study (GeoConnections), 327–328 Arctic Spatial Data Infrastructure (ASDI), 345–347 ARCTICconnexion, 346 Arqviq, Jerry, 221 ASDI See Arctic Spatial Data Infrastructure Assistive technology (AT), 111 Atlas deployments, 129–130 Atlas of Canada's Trade with the World (Eddy and Taylor), 131 Atlas of Indigenous Perspectives and Knowledge, 246–247, 249 See also Treaties Module Audio players, 147 Audio recordings, 149–150 of pronunciation, 223 Audio-tactile visual map devices, 115–117 Audiovisual design, 150–151 interactive cartography and, 154 in Inuit Siku (sea ice) Atlas, 209 Augmented reality (AR), 100 image-based, 103–104 interface, 102f Avatimik Kamattiarniq, 6, 192–193 Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, or xylenes (BTEX), 151–154 Berners-Lee, Tim, 13 Bertin, Jacques, 113 Bing, 344–345 Bodily kinesthetic intelligence, 299 Bon Cop Bad Cop (film), 164f, 169 Borderline (film), 167–168 Braille, 114–116 Brazil, tactile cartography in, 112–115 Brazilian Amazon, 118–119 BTEX See Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, or xylenes C The Calamity of the Initial Reserve Surveys under the Robinson Treaty (Marlatt), 248–249 Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS), 331–332, 336 Canada Land Inventory (CLI), 326–327 Canadian Digital Information Strategy, 329 Canadian Foundation of Innovation, 348 Canadian Geographic Information System (CGIS), 327 Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure (CGDI), 345–346 Canadian Housing and Mortgage Corporation (CHMC), 181 Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), 266 Canadian Internet Public Policy Interest Clinic, 266 Canadian Polar Data Network (CPDN), 335 Capacity building, 203–204 Cartographic interactivity, 44 Cartography See also Inclusive cartography; Multimedia cartography Tactile cartography access to, 109–111 animated, 142 audio-tactile, 116–117 critical, 8–9, 257 for indigenous people, 117–124 interactive, 142, 154 new social, 120f–121f Castanheiros, 118–119 Casualty form, 69f CBD See Convention on Biological Diversity CCRS See Canada Centre for Remote Sensing CEN See Centre d'études nordiques Census Subdivisions (CSDs), 187 351 352 INDEX Center for Research Libraries (CRL), 336 Centre d'études nordiques (CEN), 346 Centro de Investigación en Geografía y Geomática, CentroGEO, 7, 13, 347 CFL project See Circumpolar Flaw Lead project CGDI See Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure CGIS See Canadian Geographic Information System Chaos theory, CHMC See Canadian Housing and Mortgage Corporation Chunk concepts, 26–27, 28f reasoning and, 34 societal actors and, 34 CIHR See Canadian Institutes of Health Research Cinema of Canada, 162–163 documentary, 171 locations in, 166f Quebecois compared with Anglophone, 165–166 Cinematographic narratives, 161–162 bipolar, 167–168 circular structure of, 169 complexity in, 172 mapping of, 163–165 multipolar, 168–169 nodal structure in, 169 spatial topology of, 165–171 uninodal, 167 unipolar, 166–167, 167f Circumpolar Flaw Lead (CFL) project, 265–266 Civil liability, 54 Classification, 65 CLC See Community Learning Centre CLEY See Culture, Language, Elders, and Youth CLI See Canada Land Inventory CODATA See Committee on Data for Science and Technology Code of Ethical Conduct, 284 Collaboration, 203, 216 Collective memories, 63 College learning, 315–316 Comissão Pró-Índio (CPI), 119–124 Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA), 330–331 Communication See also Route communication in cybercartography, 30 geolocated narratives and, 64 of geospatial information, 40 Community benefit of research to, 271 consultation, 307–308 engagement, 216 Inuit Siku (sea ice) Atlas and, 207–209 needs, 268 partnership, 203–204 research driven by, 202–203, 319–320 research duplication and, 270–271 'Wiki' maps and, 226 Community Learning Centre (CLC), 313, 319–320 Complexity theory, Concepts See also Chunk concepts definition of, 25–26 of inclusion, 108–109 metasynthesis of, 21–22, 26–27 Conceptual language, 26–27 Confidentiality, 288 ConnectNorth, 346 Consensus seeking, 24, 272 Consent See Informed consent Consent and Ethics on Local and Traditional Knowledge in the Internet Era: Some Key Questions (Di Leo Browne), 266 Content contribution, 133 importance of, 301 information, 203–204 management systems, open-source, 130 Control, 38 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 283–284 Conversations geographic models and, 23 photo-based, 199 with stakeholders, 23 Coordinate bounding limitations, 92–93 Copyright law, 53, 287–288 CouchDB, 134–135 iPads and, 135–136 replication between instances in, 135 Council of the Ministers of Canada, 320 CPDN See Canadian Polar Data Network CPI See Comissão Pró-Índio C.R.A.Z.Y (film), 165–166 Creative Commons, 291–292 CRL See Center for Research Libraries Crowdsourcing, 100 CSDs See Census Subdivisions Cultural Cartography project, 118–119 Cultural heritage, preservation of, 349 Cultural loss, language and, 240–241 Cultural resistance, 240 Culture, Language, Elders, and Youth (CLEY), 313–314 Curriculum development, 310–311 Cybercartographic atlas, 50–51 as archive, 336–338 development of, 248 publicly sponsored, 55 as storytelling, 8–9 TK and, Views from the North, 197–199 INDEX Cybercartographic Atlas Framework, 176–177 Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica, 4, 131, 298 Cybercartographic Atlas of Arctic Bay, 4–6, 131, 314f challenges for, 317 classroom use of, 132 college learning and, 315–316 community college education and, 312–321 creation of, 316 early visions for, 313–314 education and, 12–13 expansion of, 264–265 quest map, 317f results of, 317–318 Cybercartographic Atlas of Canada's Trade with the World, Cybercartographic Atlas of Canadian Cinema, 162–163 The Cybercartographic Atlas of Indigenous Perspectives and Knowledge of the Great Lakes Region, 63 The Cybercartographic Atlas of the Lake Huron Treaty Relationship Process, 63 Cybercartographic Atlas of the Lake of Chapala, 27, 28f A Cybercartographic Case Study of the Lake Huron Treaty Relationship Process, 253, 337 Cybercartography, 281 applications, 337 communication in, 30 critical cartography and, 8–9 definition of, 3–4 design challenges, 10 education and, 298–301 elements of, 2–3 flexibility of, 282–283 Gwich'in Place Name Map and, 241–243 holistic nature of, 10 inclusion and, 110 indigenous people and, 50 intellectual property and, 52–53 key ideas in, macrotheory underlying, for mapping cinematographic narratives, 163–165 as metalanguage, 29–30 multiple intelligence theory and, 299–300 narratives and, 50 new practice of, 4–7 new theory of, 7–10 oral traditions and, 223–226 paradigm of, 44, 49–50, 97, 241–242 range of, scaling up of, 349–350 as stand-alone product, synthesis between VGI and, 51t synthesis of, 50–51 theory of, 49 TK and, 6–7, 281–283 VGI and, 353 Cybercartography and the New Economy Project, Cybernetics, 19 D Data authenticity, 131–132 consultations, 327–332 initiatives, Canadian, 328f legislation, 331t levels of access to, 91 management, 326, 333t modeling, 98, 203–204, 212–215 preservation, 327–335, 333t protection laws, 53 regulations, 332t representation, 98 secondary use of, 276–277 spatial, 345–347 transmission considerations, 80–83 volunteered, 98–99 Data Legacy Project, 265–266 Data storage informed consent and, 91 LOD and, 83 tile mapping and, 84t Databases document-oriented, 134 in Nunaliit Cybercartographic Atlas Framework, 138f relational, 133–134 Ddhah Dik'ee, 235f Deductive reasoning, 25, 27 Demand-driven approach, Dennis, J S., 251–252, 254 Dennis survey diaries, 249–250 Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), 334 Department of Forestry and Rural Development, 327 DFO See Department of Fisheries and Oceans Digital compasses, 44 Digital Economy Consultation, 329 Un Dimanche Kigali (film), 167–168 Directives, 327 Disability, 109 Distance, 113 Distributed data management network, 136f Documentary films, 171 Drupal, 130 Dspace, 130 E Earth Observation Data Management System (EODMS), 333–334 Eastern Promises (film), 166–167 Edge effects, in tile mapping, 84–86 354 INDEX Education challenges, 304 college learning and, 315–316 community college, 312–321 community consultation in, 307–308 curriculum development, 310–311 Cybercartographic Atlas of Arctic Bay and, 12–13 cybercartography and, 298–301 high school, 306–312 individualization of, 300 Inuit, 301–304 Inuit Siku (sea ice) Atlas and, 12–13 pluralization of, 300 Tariuq curriculum and, 310–312 theoretical considerations for, 298 Education Center for the Forest Peoples, 124 Education Research Group, 299–300 Educational context, 301–306 Educational theory, 3, 12–13 Education-for-All approach, 108–109 Elder workshops, 308–310 Elders, 10 Elder/youth workshops, 308–310 Emergent knowledge network, 20–21 EMOMAP, 349 Emotional Mapping project, 102f Engagement, 3, 216 English as second language (ESL), 303 EODMS See Earth Observation Data Management System Epiphanic processes, in iterative development, 255–257, 256t Epiphanies, 255, 256t, 258 ESL See English as second language Un été sans point ni coup sûr (film), 168 Ethical issues, 12, 263–264 history of, 266–269 in research, 269–277 research licensing and, 269–270 Ethics review process, 289 Ethnocartography, in Acre, Amazon, 119–124 Ethnographic Materials, 118 Euclidian Geometry, 29 European Space Agency, 336 eXtensible Markup Language (XML), 131 F Facebook Place, 102 Facts, FCM QoLRS and, 180 Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM), 177, 180 Feedback processes monitoring and, 38 negative, 23 positive, 23 research ethical issues and, 269–277 Fiction documentaries compared to, 171 maps and, 162 File sizes, 81t Films See Cinema First Nations Information Governance Centre, 132 First Nations peoples, Floe Edge Service, 206 Folklore, 284 Formal elements, qualitative prose as, 28–29 Formats, FOSS See Free and open source software FourSquare, 45, 102, 344–345 FPIC See Free, prior, and informed consent Frames of Mind (Gardner), 299 Franklin, John, 240 Free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), 266–267 Free and open source software (FOSS), 247 Frogner, Raymond, 338 Functional connectivity, 39 G Gallipoli Campaign of 1915, 62–64, 66 Games, 23 GCRC See Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre GDAL See Geospatial Data Abstraction Library General systems theory, 27 Generalization, 65 Genetics, 23–24 GeoAPI, 45 GeoConnections, 327–328, 330 Geocybernetics, 7, 17–25 analogical reasoning in, 34–36 as conceptual language, 26–27 formalizing, 26–27 informal theory of, 18–19 knowledge based approach to, 20f knowledge management and, 20–22 management, 37–38 metatheory for, 25–26 methodological considerations for, 41 spatial-conceptual framework of, 18–19 transdisciplinary approach to, 34–36 transdisciplinary exercise within, 36–40 visual language in, 29–30 Geographic Information Archive (GIA), 332–333 Geographic information management, 348 Geographic information systems (GIS), 43 Gwich'in Place Name Map and, 241 initiatives, in Acre, Amazon, 119–124 Geographic models, 22–23 Geographical Names Board of Canada, 236–238 INDEX GeoGratis, 326 Geoknowledge, 40 Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), 49, 118, 129–130, 191 geonarratives and, 63 GSCI and, 242 informed consent and, 264 TK and, 281 user interfaces and, 10 Geomatics prototype, Geometric models, 100 Geonarratives, 51 building, 65 GCRC and, 63 in Lake Huron Treaty Atlas, 246–247 Web 2.0 and, 73–75 Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL), 86 Geospatial Data Archiving and Preservation (GeoConnections), 328 Geotagging photographs, 103 on Twitter, 45–46 GIA See Geographic Information Archive GIS See Geographic information systems Global eSchools and Communities Initiative, 111 Global positioning system (GPS), 44 Braille and, 116 content contribution and, 133 Gwich'in Place Name Map and, 241 receivers, 45 Google Docs, 163–164 Google Earth, 45, 344–345 Google Maps, 45, 344–345 API, 87 dynamic data and, 92 opacity control in, 90–91 tile mapping and, 83 Google mashups, 86–88 Governor General's Northern Tour, 192 GPS See Global positioning system Graphic semiology, 113 Graphical audio controllers, 143–144 GraphoMap, 10, 131, 185, 188 GSCI See Gwich'in Social and Cultural Institute GSR See Gwich'in Settlement Region GTC See Gwich'in Tribal Council Guide de la Petite vengeance (film), 165–166 Gwich'in Atlas, 4, Gwich'in Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement, 231–233 Gwich'in culture, 231–236 Gwich'in Place Name Map, 5, 142–143 cybercartographic approaches and, 241–243 documenting place names for, 236–238 355 GIS and, 241 GPS and, 241 Gwich'in Settlement Region (GSR), 232f, 233 Gwich'in Social and Cultural Institute (GSCI), 4, 6–7, 13, 136–137, 230–231, 242, 337 Gwich'in Tribal Council (GTC), 233 H HaptiMap, 104 Harley, Brian, 8, 124 Heuristics, 23 metaphors as, 30 of Reyes method, 24 History of Cartography (Woodward and Lewis), Homelessness risk in Canada, 177–178 indicators of, 178 minorities and, 177–178 reasons for mapping, 178–180 HRSDC See Human Resources and Social Development Canada Human reasoning, 25 Human Resources and Social Development Canada (HRSDC), 189 Humanities, 11 I IAFAs See Indigenous Agroforestry Agents IC See Industry Canada ICT See Information and communication technology IHT See Inuit Heritage Trust Image compression, 81–82 Inclusion concepts of, 108–109 cybercartography and, 110 of indigenous people, 109 Inclusive cartography, 108–112 technology and, 111–112 theoretical framework of, 110f, 111 Indigenous Agroforestry Agents (IAFAs), 119–124 Indigenous people, 4–5 cartography for, 117–124 cybercartography and, 50 inclusion of, 109 interaction with, IP and, 287 traditional people distinguished from, 118–119 Individualization, of mapping, 348–349 Indoor navigation, 99–101 IndoorOSM, 101 Industry Canada (IC), 329 Inference, rules of, 27 Information and communication technology (ICT), 110 356 Information content, 203–204 Information sharing legal issues around, 288–289 over Internet, 43 Informed consent, 264–265 See also Free, prior, and informed consent authorization to provide, 273 data storage and, 91 definition of, 266–267 history of, 266–269 individual vs collective, 272–273 online, 275 research relationships in, 274–275 varying levels of, 271–272 withdrawal of, 274 Instituto Socio Ambiental (ISO), 118–119 Integrated Science Data Management (ISDM), 334 Intellectual property (IP), 277 cybercartography and, 52–53 indigenous people and, 287 legal framework for, 286–288 TK and, 284 Interactions, 247 with indigenous people, intergenerational, 313–314 Interactivity, 2, 44 Interface See also User interface AR, 102f audio-visual, 143–144 design, for LBS, 103–104 Intergenerational interaction and learning, 313–314 International Council for Science, 334–335 International Fund for Agricultural Development, 118 International law, 283–285 International Polar Year (IPY), 4, 201–202, 264–265 data preservation, 334–335 Internet access to, 117 advances, 45 availability, 132 information sharing over, 43 maps for, 141 online informed consent and, 275 Interoperability, 203–204 InterPARES Project, 335 Interpersonal intelligence, 299 Interviews, photo-based, 195–196 Intrapersonal intelligence, 299 Inuit culture, 315–316 education in, 301–304 knowledge, 202 oral tradition and, 195 people of, 207–209 place names, 313–314 INDEX teachers in, 303 Inuit Heritage Trust (IHT), 4, 313, 337 Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ), 5, 193, 305 principles of, 5, 196 Inuit Sea Ice Use and Occupancy Project (ISIUOP), 4, 201–203 Inuit Siku (sea ice) Atlas, 4–6, 63, 131, 205–212, 337 aim of, 205 audiovisual design in, 209 background of, 202–203 building of, 203–204 collaboration in, 203 community and, 207–209 community-based research for, 202–203 creation of, 201–202 data modeling in, 212–215 design of, 10 education and, 12–13 elder/youth workshops, 308–310 high school education and, 306–312 key components of, 206–212 launching of, 203–204 as living resource, 217 narratives in, 212 people section of, 207–209, 208f relationality in, 215–216 relations tables and, 133 sea ice maps in, 209–210, 210f sea ice section of, 206–207, 207f secondary use of data in, 276–277 structure of, 205–206 Tariuq curriculum and, 310–312 technical innovations, 212–215 terminology, 210–212, 211f UI of, 214–215 withdrawal of informed consent in, 274 Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK), 265–267, 346 The Inuit Way (Pauktuutit Inuit Women's Association), 272 Inukshuk Wireless Foundation, Inuuqatigiit, 5, 305 Inuuqatigiitsiarniq, IP See Intellectual property iPads, 135–138, 137f IPY See International Polar Year IQ See Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit Iqaluit Oral History Project, 195 ISDM See Integrated Science Data Management ISDM Wave Data Archive, 334 ISIUOP See Inuit Sea Ice Use and Occupancy Project ISO See Instituto Socio Ambiental Iterative development, 203–204 epiphanic processes in, 255–257, 256t of Lake Huron Treaty Atlas, 246–248 of Survey Journeys Maps, 248–255 INDEX ITK See Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami It's All Gone Pete Tong (film), 168–169 J Java, 131 JavaScript, 131 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), 134 Job security, 177 The Journal of Knud Rasmussen (film), 169, 169f JPEG, 82 JSON See JavaScript Object Notation K KHS See Kitikmeot Heritage Society Kitikmeot Atlas Project Nunaliit Cybercartographic Atlas Framework and, 223 oral tradition and, 222–223 Kitikmeot Heritage Society (KHS), 4, 6–7, 13, 219–220, 337 Kitikmeot Place Name Atlas, 4–6, 131, 224f continuous zoomable maps in, 224–225 future directions for, 226–227 goals of, 224 kiosk version of, 132, 226 multimedia, 225 spoken map feature of, 215 spoken maps in, 225 virtual visits in, 225 'Wiki' maps and, 226 Klokan Technologies, 90 Knowledge base, 20f, 21 emergent, 247 experiential, 207–208 Inuit, 202 local, 136f management, 20–25 models, 23 oral geographic, 238–241 organization of, 23 spaces, 257–258 Kritsch, Ingrid, 136–137, 237f Kunuk, Zacharias, 199 L Laboratory of Geography Education and Didactic Materials (LEMADI), 114 LAC See Library and Archives Canada Lake Huron Treaty Atlas, 4–6, 131, 245–246, 338 background stories in, 258f GCRC and, 247 geonarratives in, 246–247 iterative development of, 246–248 357 launch of, 254 Survey Journeys Maps in, 254 Land use maps, 122f–123f Landsat Continuation Mission, 333–334 Landscape ecology model, 27 Language conceptual, 26–27 cultural loss and, 240–241 ESL and, 303 mathematical, 28–29 of metamathematics, 27 narrations and, 149–150 natural, 28, 46 symbolic, 26 tactile graphic, 113 virtual, 29–30 LBS See Location-based services Learning, 247 difficulties, 110 integrating cultural and academic, 304–306 intergenerational, 313–314 across knowledge spaces, 257–258 policy-oriented, 37 Legal framework for IP, 286–288 for TK, 285–290 Legal issues, 12 See also International law around information sharing, 288–289 with privacy, 53–54 soft law and, 289–290 with VGI, 52 Legends, 114 Legislation, 327, 331t LEMADI See Laboratory of Geography Education and Didactic Materials Levels of detail (LOD), 82–83 data storage and, 83, 84t in multizoom level Google mashup, 87–88 Library and Archives Canada (LAC), 191, 250, 329 Licensing research, 269–270 TK, 291–292 Linguistic intelligence, 299 Linking mechanism, location as, 13 Living resources, 217 Locationally-aware devices, 44, 143 Location-based services (LBS), 97 data-driven approach to, 98–99 development phases of, 98–99 emerging research topics in, 99–104 integrating social media into, 102–103 interface design, 103–104 VGI and, 44 358 Locations age of, 344–345 in cinema, 166f connection between, 166 as linking mechanism, 13 orientation and, 114 unipolar compared to multipolar, 166 Logic as formal system, 26 Reyes method and, 25 social coupling and, 24 Logical-mathematical intelligence, 299 Long Life, Happiness and Prosperity (film), 166–167, 167f Long Term Data Preservation (LTDP) guidelines, 333–336 M Ma Fille Mon Ange (film), 167–168 Ma Tante Aline (film), 165–166 Management vision, 38 Mapping See also Tile mapping of cinematographic narratives, 163–165 field, 221f of homelessness risk, 178–180 indigenous, 119–124 of indigenous place names, 240 individualization of, 348–349 oral geographic knowledge, 238–241 participatory, 118–119 political advocacy and, 240 series, 82 Mapping the Data Landscape: Report of the 2011 Candian Research Data Summit, 329 Mapping Views from the North Atlas, 337 MapQuest, 83 Maps See also Tactile maps; Topographical maps continuous zoomable, 224–225 fiction and, 162 geographical, 112–113 for Internet, 141 land use, 122f–123f mobility, 112 natural resources, 122f–123f orientation, 112 place names and, 230 quest, 317f reading, 114 reform through, 179–180 sea ice, 209–210, 210f sketch, 63f sound, 147 spoken, 215, 225 tactile, 112–114 on World Wide Web, 79–80 INDEX you-are-here, 116–117 MapTiler, 86, 87f Masking, 92–93 Mathematics, 30 Maurice Richard (film), 169, 170f May Hakongak Centre, 219, 220f MBtiles, 93–94 Media artifacts, 67, 74–75 Mediawiki, 130 Merging, 92f Metadata, of photos, 103 Metalanguage, cybercartography as, 29–30 Metamathematics, abstraction and, 26 geocybernetics and, 18 language of, 27 Metaphors, as heuristics, 30 Metasynthesis, conceptual, 21–22, 26–27 Metropolitan Technical University (UTEM), 114–115 MI theory See Multiple intelligence theory Microsoft Virtual Earth, 83 Mindemoya Island, 249 Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), 332–333 Minorities, 110 homelessness risk and, 177–178 MNR See Ministry of Natural Resources Mobile devices, Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and other Forms of Prejudicial Action, 284 Monitoring, 38–39 Montreal BTEX Emission Sources 2008, 151, 152f, 154 Mosaicing, 85f MovieLens, 103 MrSID See Multiresolution seamless image database Multilevel overlays, 89f Multimedia cartography, 141 Kitikmeot Place Name Atlas and, 225 prospects of, 149–151 survey of, 142–148 World Wide Web and, 143 Multiple intelligence (MI) theory, 299–300 Multiresolution seamless image database (MrSID), 82 Multisensory research, 11 Music, 149–150 Musical events, 143–144 Musical intelligence, 299 N NAC See Nunavut Arctic College Narrations, 143–144, 149–150 Narratives, See also Cinematographic narratives; Geonarratives; Storytelling INDEX cybercartography and, 50 geolocated, 64–65, 73–75 in Inuit Siku (sea ice) Atlas, 212 of personal geographies, 62–64 place and, 74–75 Nasivvik Centre for Inuit Health and Changing Environment, 346 National Atlas of Canada, 327 National Consultation on Access to Scientific Data, 329–330 National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI), 151–152 National Resources Canada (NRCan), 326, 333–334 Natural languages, 28, 46 Natural resources maps, 122f–123f Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), 266 Naturalist intelligence, 299 Navajo Nation Human Research Review Board, 270 Navigation systems components of, 100 indoor, 99–101 location-aware, 44, 143 NCRI See Nunavut Coastal Resource Inventory Negotiating Research Relationships with Inuit Communities, 290 Negotiations, for consensus seeking, 24 Nenboozhoo, 249 Neogeographers, 46–47 New Social Cartography of the Amazon Project (PNSCA), 119 New Zealand, topographic mapping of, 83f, 89f NLCA See Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Nodes, replication and, 135 Nokia, 83 NOMAD, 115–116 NPRI See National Pollutant Release Inventory NRCan See National Resources Canada NRI See Nunavut Research Institute NS See Nunavut Sivuniksavut NSERC See Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada Nunaliit Cybercartographic Atlas Framework, 3, 49, 118, 129–130 Android devices and, 137–138 challenges for, 131–133 content contribution for, 133 database in, 138f design of, 10 development of, 130 evolution of, 131 flexibility of, future development of, 138–139 iPads and, 137–138, 137f Kitikmeot Atlas Project and, 223 359 Pilot Cybercartographic Atlas of the Risk of Homelessness and, 177 recent developments in, 133–138 relationality in, 130–131 schemas, 134 UI in, 139f version II, 253–254 VGI and, Views from the North and, 197 visual representations in, 51 Nunavut, educational context in, 301–306 Nunavut Arctic College (NAC), 4, 12–13, 195, 265–266 CLC, 319–320 integrating research in, 318–320 Language and Culture program, 319 research programs, 320 Nunavut Coastal Resource Inventory (NCRI), 269 consensus seeking and, 272 online informed consent and, 275 Nunavut Education Act, 305–306 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA), 303–304 Nunavut Research Institute (NRI), 267, 319 research duplication and, 270–271 research licensing and, 270 Nunavut Scientists Act, 270–271 Nunavut Sivuniksavut (NS), 191 political advocacy and, 192–193 Views from the North and, 192–194 Nunavut Tunnavik Inc., 275 Nunavut Youth Consulting (NYC), 312–314 Nuremberg Code, 266–267 NYC See Nunavut Youth Consulting O OAIS See Open Archival Information System OAIS Reference Model, 335–336 OAS See Organization of the American States OCAP: Ownership, Control and Possession, 290 OCLC See Online Computer Library Center OGP See Open Government Partnership Ojibwe Cultural Foundation, 248–251 Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), 336 Ontario Leading Edge Fund, 348 Ontogenesis, Opacity, 90–93 control, 90–91 dynamic data and, 92 slider bar, 90–91, 91f in tile mapping, 90f zooming through, 93f Open Archival Information System (OAIS), 335–336 Open Geospatial Consortium, 93–94, 132, 330–331 Open Government Partnership (OGP), 329 OpenLayers, 131 360 INDEX Open-source (OS), 130, 203–204 See also Free and open source software OpenStreetMap (OSM), 44–46, 163–164 crowdsourcing and, 100 raster files in, 86 tile mapping and, 83 Oral geographic knowledge, 238–241 Oral history, 220 Oral tradition, 195 cybercartography and, 223–226 Gwich'in culture and, 233 Kitikmeot Atlas Project and, 222–223 place names and, 230–231 video recordings of, 223 Organization of the American States (OAS), 114–115 Orientation location and, 114 maps, 112 spatial frameworks of, 229–230 OS See Open-source OSM See OpenStreetMap Ownership Control Access and Possessions guidelines, 132 P Pan-American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH), 114–115 Parkes, Don, 115–116 Participatory mapping, 118–119 Participatory software, 73–75 Partnerships, 2, 180, 203–204 Patterns, 39–40 Pauktuutit Inuit Women's Association, 268, 272 Peel River, 240 PerPosNav platform, 101 Personal geographies, 64 narratives of, 62–64 of warfare, 67 Personal Geography of Warfare Timeline, 72f–75f Personal information, 53 PGC See Pyne Gould Corporation Photographs archival, 192, 196 contemporary, 196 conversations based on, 199 editing software, 86 geotagging, 103 interviews based on, 195–196 metadata of, 103 smart phones and, 133 Views from the North and, 194 Physical impairment, 110 Pijitsirarniq, 6, 193 Pilimmaksarniq, 6, 193, 196 Piliriqatigiingniq, Pilot Cybercartographic Atlas of the Risk of Homelessness, 13, 175–176 design of, 10 Nunaliit Cybercartographic Atlas Framework and, 177 Place definition of, 65 examples of, 71 identifying, 65–67 narratives and, 74–75 understandings of, 245–246 Place names, 222, 229–230 classification of, 239 collection, 223 documenting, 234f–235f, 236–238 Gwich'in, 231–236 indigenous, 230, 240 Inuit, 313–314 maps and, 230 oral tradition and, 230–231 pronunciation of, 223 submission of, 236–238 topographical maps and, 222 verification workshops, 236 virtual visits to, 225 Plurality, 109 PNSCA See New Social Cartography of the Amazon Project POI See Point of interest Point of interest (POI), 103 Point of view, 114 Policies, 327, 331t Policy-Oriented Learning, 37 Political advocacy, 192–193, 240 Pollutants, airborne, 151–154 Positioning, 100 Postgres/PostGIS, 131 The Practice of Everyday Life (Certeau), 65 Preservation, 11–12, 203–204 of cultural heritage, 349 data, 327–335, 333t systems, 335–336 Pridal, Petr, 90 Principia Mathematica (Russell and Whitehead), 26 Privacy, 53–54 Produsers, 43, 47 Project Multimedia Systems, 118 Project Naming, 194, 197 Pronunciation, of place names, 223 Propagative and cumulative organization, 25 Prosumers, 43 Public policy, territorial, 37 Pyne Gould Corporation (PGC), 91, 91f INDEX Q Qanuqtuurungnarniq, 6, 193 Qaujigiartiit Health Research Centre, 275 QoLRS See Quality of Life Reporting System Qualitative prose, 28–29 Quality of Life Reporting System (QoLRS), 177 FCM, 180 indicators of homelessness risk, 179t R RADARSAT Constellation Mission, 333–334 Radiant City (film), 169, 170f La rage de l'ange (film), 166–167 RAISG See Amazonian Network of Georeferenced, Socio-Environmental Information Raster files, 86 RDBMS approach, 213 Re-appropriation, 240 Reasoning See also Analogical reasoning chunk concepts and, 34 deductive, 25, 27 geocybernetic, 27 human, 25 REB See Research Ethics Board Reclaiming, 240 Recombination, 24 Reduction, 113 Reform, through maps, 179–180 Regulations, 332t Relational databases, 133–134 Relationality, 130–131, 215–216 Relations tables, 133 Relationships, research, 274–275, 290 Remapping, 337–338 Remote Sensing Space Systems Act, 331–332 Remote Sensing Space Systems Regulation, 331–332 Replacement, 25 Replication, 132 between instances, 135 nodes and, 135 relational databases and, 133–134 Reproduction, 24 Requirement analysis, 22–23 Research See also Multisensory research benefit to community of, 271 college learning and, 315–316 community needs and, 268 community-based, 202–203, 319–320 duplication, 270–271 ethical issues in, 269–277 future, integrating, 318–320 licensing, 269–270 NAC programs, 320 qualitative, 22–23, 203–204 relationships, 274–275, 290 Research Data Canada, 329–330 Research Data Strategy, 329 Research Ethics Board (REB), 269–270 Resolution minimizing of, 81 in multizoom level Google mashup, 88 Reyes method, 7, 20–21, 35 components of, 22f genetics and, 24 geocybernetics and, 18 heuristics of, 24 knowledge management and, 22–25 logic and, 25 societal actors in, 30 RFID, 100 Robinson Huron Treaty, 248–249 Roméo et Juliette (film), 167 Route communication, 100–101 Route planning, 100–101 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 282 Rules, 23 of inference, 27 S Salamanca Declaration, 108–109 Satellite images, 39–40 Scale, 65, 113 Scent diffusers, 11 Schemas, 134 Sea ice, 201–202, 206–207, 207f map, 209–210, 210f Sea Ice Knowledge and Use (SIKU), 264–265 Senses, 2–3 Sensory Aids Foundation, 115–116 Sensory substitute technology, 111 Sentinel Missions, 333–334 Series mapping, 82 Seringueiros, 118–119 Shake Hands with the Devil (film), 167–168 SIKU See Sea Ice Knowledge and Use SixDegrees.com, 49 Slider bar, 90–91, 91f Smart phones, 44, 133 Smell, 11 Social coupling, 24 Social housing, 181f–183f Social media, integrating, 102–103 location-based, 45 VGI and, 45, 55 361 362 INDEX Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), 4, 246–247, 266, 316 National Data Archive Consultation, 330 Social sector, technology adoption by, 188 Societal actors, 30, 34 Société d'habitation du Québec, 181 Soft law, 12, 289–290 Software FOSS, 247 participatory, 73–75 photo editing, 86 TK, 292–293 Sound, 142 in audiovisual design, 150–151 BTEX and, 153 design, 150, 155 maps, 147 web-map applications organizing, 144t web-map applications with embedded, 144t SoundMap, 143–144 Soundscape ecology, 143–144 Space-time, 19, 39 Space-time models, 35 Sparse relations model, 213, 214f Spatial data infrastructures, 345–347 Spatial dynamics, 38 Spatial frameworks, of orientation, 229–230 Spatial intelligence, 299 Spatial representations, 30 Spatial topology, of cinematographic narratives, 165–171 Spatial-conceptual framework, of geocybernetics, 18–19 Spatial-temporal information, 40 Spatial-temporal vision, 38 Spherical Mercator projection, 83 Spoken maps, 215, 225 SQLite, 93–94 SSHRC See Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Stakeholders, conversations with, 23 Standard on Geospatial Data, 331 Statistics Canada, 176f, 183–185 Stewardship of Research Data in Canada: A Gap Analysis, 329 Storytellers, 28–29 Storytelling, 8–9 See also Narratives oral, 64 Suburbia, 171 Survey Journeys Maps, 254 epiphanic processes in iterative development of, 255–257 iterative development of, 248–255 in Treaties Module, 252f Symbols, 65 as chunk concepts, 27 T Tactile Atlas, 114–115 Tactile cartography, 111–117 advances in, 115–117 in Brazil, 112–115 Tactile graphic design (TGD), 115–116 Tactile Mapping and Learning Materials for the Understanding of Global Warming, 114–115 Tactile maps, 112–114 Tactile Wayfinder, 103–104 Tactual perception, 113 Talking Tactile Tablet, 116 Tariuq curriculum, 310–312 TBS See Treasury Board Secretariat TCHC See Toronto Community Housing Corporation TCPS2 See Tri-Council Policy Statement TDRs See Trustworthy Digital Repositories Teachers, Inuit, 303 Technical expertise, 217 Technological innovation, 39, 212–215 Technology adoption, 188 inclusive cartography and, 111–112 Teetl'it Zheh, 235f Telecommunications, Terminology, 210–212, 211f Territorial planning theory, 27 Territorial Toponymist of the Government of Nunavut, 220–221 TGD See Tactile graphic design Thailand Indigenous Knowledge Initiatives, 118 Tile mapping, 80, 82–83 creating, 86 data storage and, 84t data transmission considerations, 80–83 edge effects in, 84–86 future work in, 93–94 indexing, 85f mosaicing and, 85f online mapping services and, 83–88 opacity in, 90f retrievals, 88f zooming and, 94t Tile Mapping Service (TMS) specification, 86 TileMill, 86 Timeline platform, 67 Timelines, 65 automated processes for, 71 development spreadsheet, 72f user interface, 67 TK See Traditional knowledge TK Working Group of the Northwest Territories, TMS specification See Tile Mapping Service specification Topics, Topo50, 82, 89f INDEX Topo250, 82, 89f Topographical maps multilevel overlays for, 89f of New Zealand, 83f, 89f place names and, 222 Topographical overlays, 92f Toponyms, 55 Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC), 182–183 Toward a National Digital Information Strategy: Mapping the Current Situation in Canada, 329–330 TRAC Checklist, 335–336 Traditional knowledge (TK), 4–5 Aboriginal, 338 cybercartographic atlases and, cybercartography and, 6–7, 281–283 defining, 280–281 distributed data management network for, 136f First Nations peoples and, GCRC and, 281 in international law, 283–285 IP and, 284 legal framework for, 285–290 legal issues regarding, 12 licensing, 291–292 nature of, 5–6 oral nature of, 282 preservation of, 12 soft law around, 289–290 software platform, 292–293 VGI and, 293 Traditional Name Placing Project, 337 Traditional people, 118–119 Trailer Park Boys (film), 166–167 Transdisciplinary approach, 34 analogies in, 35 to geocybernetics, 34–36 Transdisciplinary exercise, within geocybernetics, 36–40 Transformational thinking, 258 Treasury Board Secretariat (TBS), 329 Treaties Module conversion of, 253–254 sources for, 250 submodules, 251 Survey Journeys maps in, 252f Tri-Council, 266, 289 Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2), 266–267, 289 Trustworthy Digital Repositories (TDRs), 336 Tunnganarniq, Twitter, 45–46 U UDHR See Universal Declaration of Human Rights UI See User interface UNESCO, 108–109 363 United Nations, 108–109 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 108–109 Universalism, 149–150 US PRISM, 344–345 User interaction models, 155 User interface (UI), 10 of Inuit Siku (sea ice) Atlas, 214–215 in Nunaliit Cybercartographic Atlas Framework, 139f timeline, 67 UTEM See Metropolitan Technical University V Value systems, 193 VGI See Volunteered geographic information Video recordings, of oral traditions, 223 Views from the North, 5, 137–138, 191 creation of, 194–197 cybercartographic atlas, 197–199 NS and, 192–194 Nunaliit Cybercartographic Atlas Framework and, 197 photographs and, 194 Virtual globes, 45 Virtual visits, 225 Visual impairment, 113 Visual language, 37, 29–30 Visual repatriation, 194 Visual representations, in Nunaliit Cybercartographic Atlas Framework, 51 Volunteer motivations, 47, 48t Volunteered geographic information (VGI), 9, 44–47 allocentric, 45–46 benefits of, 48t civil liability and, 54 disadvantages of, 48t egocentric, 45–46 implicit, 46 LBS and, 44 legal issues with, 52 social media and, 45, 55 synthesis between cybercartography and, 51t synthesis of, 50–51 TK and, 293 typology of, 47t W Walther-Franks, 103–104 Warfare, personal geography of, 67 Web 2.0, 63, 73–75 Web mapping, 141 Web-map applications classification of, 148 with embedded sound, 144t organizing sound, 145t–146t sound design in, 155 364 WFS-T, 131 What Is the Economic Impact of GeoServices, 344 WiFi, 100 'Wiki' maps, 226 Wikimapia, 45–46 Wikipedia, 47 Wikitute's World Browser, 103–104 WIPO See World Intellectual Property Organization WMO See World Meteorological Organization World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 281, 284–285 World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 211–212, 334–335 World Wide Web, future of, 13 maps on, 79–80 multimedia cartography and, 143 Wula Na Lnuwe'katiyek, 142–143 INDEX X XML See eXtensible Markup Language Y YAH maps See You-are-here maps Yahoo, 83 You-are-here (YAH) maps, 116–117 Young Triffie (film), 169, 169f Youth workshops, 308–310 YouTube, 133 Z Zooming, 83 continuous, 224–225 through opacity, 93f tile mapping and, 94t ... technology and the chapters in this book present current thinking and point to prospects for the future The book on Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cybercartography: Applications and Indigenous... create them, has a major role to play in the emerging Web 3.0 era The holistic nature of cybercartographic theory and the use of location to integrate all kinds of information and present this in interactive,... some of the elements of cybercartography but has to be read with the major elements and ideas described in Section 1.1 and 1.2 in mind 4 1.  SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF