sách giáo khoa lịch sử 10

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO jodt- /yy'i ^: IM': H^^f ^ ^ ,CD, BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO PHAN NGOC LIEN (Tdng Chu bien) LUONG NINH -[TRUONG HUU QUYNH|(Chii bien) DINH NGOC BAO - NGUYfiN HONG LifiN NGUYfiN CANH MINH - NGHlfiM DINH VY LICH SU (Tdi bdn ldn thd tu) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM Chiu trc'ich nhiem xudt bdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tdng Giam doc NGO TRAN AI Pho T6ng Giam ddc iviem Tong bien tap NGUYEN QUY THAO Bien tap lan ddn : LE HONG SON - BLT TUYET HLTONG Bien tap lai han : NONG THI HUE Bien re'litac : CU DUC N G H I A Bien tap ini thuat: N G U Y £ N THI HONG VY - LUU CHI DONG Tiinh hay hia : LUU CHI DONG Si(a hdn m Che han PHONG SLfA BAN IN (NXB GIAO DUC TAI HA N O D CONG TY CO PHAN MI THUAT VA TRUYEN THONG Ban quyen thuoc Nha xua't ban Giao dtic Viet Nam - Bo Giao cli.ic va Dao tao Sach CO sir dung mot so anh tir lieu cac bao tang Tit dien Bach khoa Viet Nam Lich sil van minh the giai Bai cuang lich sir Viet Nam - tap 1, Ljeh sir the giai thai can dai va mot so • sach nudc ngoai khae, LICH sCr 10 Maso: CH015T0 In 95.000 cuon (ST) khd 17 x 24cm In tai Cong ty co phan In Phu Tho Soxuat ban: 01-2010/CXB/558-1485/GD So in: 697 In xong va nop \au chieu thang nam 2010 hdn mot LICH s i THE GlOl THdl NGUYEN THUY, CO DAI VA TRUNG DAI Chuffng I XAH6I NGUYfiN THUY Bai S\S XUAT HIEN LOAI NGl/Cfl VA BAY NGl/dl NGUYEN THUY Lich sir loai nguoi cho ta biet nhu'ng sir viec dien doi song ngirdi ke tir \iiat hien tren Trai Diit Khoa hoc, dac biet la Khao co hoc \'a C6 sinh hoc da tim diro'c nhi^u bang cu noi len sir' phat trien lau dai ttJ dong vat cap thap ien dong vat cap cao Dinh cao ciia qua trinh la si,r chii\'en bien ti^v vuon nguoi Sir xuQt hien loai ngudi va ddi song bdy ngi/di nguyen thuy O chang dau cua qua trinh hinh loai ngucri, co mot loai vuon co, song khoang trieu nam truoc day, da co the dung va di bang hai chan, diing tay di cam nam, an hoa qua, cu, la va ca dong vat nho Xuong boa thach cua chiing dugfc tim thay a Dong Phi, Tay A va ca a Viet Nam Tren da tien trien, vugn co chuyen bien Ngu&i tdi co, bat dau tir khoang trieu nam trudc day Di cot Ngudi tdi co duoc tim thay d Ddng Phi, Gia-va (In-dd-ne-xi-a), Bae Kinh (Trung Qud'c) v.v Thanh Hoa (Viet Nam), chua tim tha'y di cdt nhung lai phat hien duoc cdng cu bang da cua Ngudi td'i cd Ngudi td'i cd hau nhu da hoan toan di, dtmg bang hai chan Ddi tay dugc tu de sir dung cdng eta, kie'm thirc an Co the cua ho da cd nhiSu bien doi : tran cdn tha'p va bm sau, u may cdn noi cao, nhung hop so da ldn hon so vdi loai vugn c6 va da hinh trung tam phat tie'ng ndi nao A Hinh I - Ngucri toi co JM.^i '^fet"^;^/ *j«-U A ^ulS^iwilS ^ii: * ^ ^ ^AaA^i J Tuy chua loai bd he't da'u tfch vugn tren ca the minh nhung Ngudi td'i co da la ngudi Day la hinh thiic tie'n trien nhay vgt tii vugn ngudi, la thdi ki dau tien ciia lich sit loai ngudi Tur chd sit dung nhiJng manh da cd sSn de lam cdng cu, Ngudi td'i co da biet la'y nhiing manh da hay hdn cudi ldn, dem ghe mdt mat cho sac va viia tay c5m Nhu the, hg da bat ddu biet che' tac cdng cu Cdng cu thd kech dugc ggi la dd cii (soki) Vdi nhirng chiec nu da kieu dd, ngudi ta chat cay lam gay hoac diing true tiep lam vG khf, tu ve hay ta'n cdng cac thii, de kiem thiic an Tur chd giii lira, la'y tu nhien nam qua nam khae d^ sudi am, duoi da thli, nudng chin thiic an, ngudi da bie't ghe hai manh da vdi de lay lira Day la mdt phat minh ldn ma nhd nd, ngudi cd the sir dung mdt thii nang lugng quan trgng hac nha't, cai thien can ban ddi sd'ng ciia minh Qua lao ddng, che' tao cdng cu va sir dirng cdng cu, ban tay ngudi kheo leo din Co the cung dd bien ddi theo de cd tu the lao ddng thfch hgp Tieng ndi thudn thuc hon nhu cSu trao ddi vdi Con ngudi tir cai bien, hoan thien minh timg budc nhd lao ddng mdt sd loai ddng vat da hinh mdt each tu nhien quan be hgp doan, cd ddi, cd dan va dau dan Ngudi td'i cd da cd quan he hgp quan xa hdi : cd ngudi diing dau, cd phan cdng lao ddng giQa nam va nu, cung cham sdc cai Hg sd'ng hang ddng, mai da hoac cung cd the dung leu bang canh cay, da thli, sd'ng quay quan theo quan be rudt thit vdi nhau, gdm - gia dinh Mdi gia dinh cd ddi vg chdng va nhd chiem mdt gdc leu bay gdc bang Bay gid chua cd nhirng quy dinh xa hdi nen ngudi ta ggi nhung hgp qudn xa hdi ddu tien la bdy ngifdi nguyen tltiiy Bdy ngudi nguyen thuy vdn cdn sd'ng tinh trang "an ldng d Id" - mdt cudc sd'ng tu nhien, bap benh, trien mien hang trieu nam - The'nao la Ngwd'i tdi co - Tiie nao la biy ngctdi nguyen thuy ? Ngudi tinh khon va 6c sang tao De'n cud'i thdi da cii, khoang van nam trudc day, ngudi hoan qua tnnh tu cai bien minh, da loai bd het dau tfch vugn tren ngudi, trd Ngudi tinh klion hay cdn ggi la Ngudi hien dgi Ngu'di tinh khon c6 ca'u tao co the nhu ngu'di : xirong cdt nho hon Ngu'di td'i cd ; ban tay nho, kheo leo, cac ngdn tay linh boat; hop so va the tfch nao phat then, tran cao, m|t phang ; co the gpn va linh hoat, tao nen t\J the thi'ch hgp vdi cac hoat dpng phiic tap cua ngiroi Di cdt Ngu'di tinh khdn diTOc tim tha'y d khap cac chau luc Day la budc nhay vgt thii hai, sau budc nhay vgt tir Vugn cd Ngudi td'i cd CGng ttr day, ldp ldng mdng trdn ngudi khdng cdn niia, d Ngudi hien dai lai xuat hien nhirng mau da khdc nhau, chia da vang, den va trdng Dd la ba chiing tdc ldn Su khdc dd la ket qua ciia su thfch iing Idu dai ciia ngudi vdi nhiing hoan canh tu nhien khdc nhau, chii khdng phai sir khdc ve trtnh hieu bie't Trong viec che tao cdng cu, Ngudi tinh khdn da biet ghe hai na ciia mdt manh da, lam cho nd ggn va sdc canh hon, dung lam nu, dao, nao Hg cdn lay xuong cd, canh cay dem mai hoac deo nhgn ddu de lam lao Tir dd, ngudi tien tdi biet che tao cung ten Day la mdt tuu ldm qua tnnh che tao cdng cu va vu khf Vdi cung ten, ngudi mdi san bdn cd hieu qua va an toan Thiic an ciia ngudi da tang ldn ddng ke, nhd't la thiirc an ddng vdt, tir kl thudt thdi dd cii dugc hoan thien va dac biet la tir cd cung tdn Ngudi ta cung cd the' rdi hang ddng dung leu, dinh cu d nhirng dia diem thuan tien hofn Cu tni "nha cira" phd bien d Ngudi tinh khdn tii cud'i thdi dd cu De'n khoang van nam trudc day, loai ngudi tie'n vdo tltcfi dd men Diem ndi bat cua cdng cu da mdi la ngudi ta cd the ghe deo nhu'ng manh da hinh dang gon va chinh xac, thich hop vdi tCfng cong viec, vdi nhieu kieu loai theo nhung yeu cau khae (dao, riu, due ), dugc mai nhin d ria ludi hay toan than, dugc khoan Id hay cd nac de tra can Cd the ndi rang, cdng cu thdi dd cQ vdn la nhCrng manh dd dugc ghe deo thd so, cdn cdng cu thdi dd mdi la nhung manh da da dugc ngudi ghe sdc va mai nhan thdnh hinh cdng cu Ciing thdi gian nay, ngudi ta biet dan ludi ddnh cd bdng sgi vd cdy va lam chi ludi bdng da't nung, biet lam dd gdm de dung va dun nd'u (ndi, bat, vd ) Hav neu nlidng tien bo kithuatkhi Ngudi tinli khon xuaihien Hay cbo biei nliung tie'n bg ki thuat cua thoi da mdi Cuoc each mang thdi dd mdi Cdc nha khao cd coi tbdi dd mdi la mdt cudc cdch mqng, ngudi tir san bdn, lugm hdi, danh cd da tien tdi biet trdng trgt va chan nudi Viec lugm hdi nam qua nam khdc da dem lai kinh nghiem trdng va thu hoach theo thdi vu mdt so cdy luong thuc va thuc pham nhu khoai, cii, bdu, bf, liia Di san, bat dugc thu nhd, ngudi ta giir lai de nudi va thudn dudng thdnh gia sue, trudc tidn la chd rdi den ciru, lgn (heo), bd v.v Con ngudi cd dc sdng tao, va d thdi dd mdi nay, hg bdt ddu biet khai thdc tir thien nhien cdi can thiet cho cudc sd'ng ciia minh, chii khdng chi thu lugm nhiing cai cd sdn thidn nhien Ngudi ta cOng bdt ddu lam sach nhirng ta'm da thii de che thdn cho dm va cho "cd van hod" Nhung chiec ciic (khuy) va kim lam bdng xuong tim tha'y cdc di chi van hod da ndi len dieu dd Ngoai ra, ngudi ta da biet dung dd trang siic, nhu vdng cd bang vd dc va chudi hat xuong (bdng cdch dem khoan Id rdi lay ddy xau lai), vdng tay, vdng cd chdn, hoa tai bdng da mau Cac nha khao cd hgc cdn tim thd'y chid'c bang xuong dui Id, dan dd va cd le cdn cd ca trdng bit da Nhu the', tiing budc, ngudi khdng ngumg sang tao, kie'm dugc thiic dn nhieu hon, sd'ng tdt hon va vui hctn Tuy nhidn, qud trtnh dd rd't dai ( - van nam), dd cudc sd'ng cdn thap kem va bap bdnh Ddi sdng ngudi chi tie'n bd vdi td'c nhanh hon va dn dinh hon tii thdi da mdi, khoang I van ndm trudc ddy I ^ — - Trinli bay nliung tien bg dij'i song ngwdi thdi da md'i >AU HOI /^ Tai iai go! 1^ "cuoc each mang thdi da m6i" ? Hay cho biet nhiJng bi/dc tien lao dong va ddi song ciia ngi/di nguyen thuy y Bdi S QUOC TE THtr NHAT VA CONG XA PA-RI 1871 I - QUOC TE T H i r NHAT Hoan canh ddi Giiia the ki XIX, su phdt trien manh me cua ndn dai cdng nghidp tU ban chu nghia lam cho ddi ngtf cdng nhan cdng them ddng dao va tdp trung tdi miic khd cao, dac biet d nhung trung tdm edng nghiep Ach dp biic, bdc lot dd'i vdi cdng nhan cung tang thdm Do dd, nhirng cudc ddu tranh mdi cua cdng nhdn ehdu Au khdng ngimg didn ra, song vdn cdn tinh trang phdn tan vd td chiic va thidu thd'ng nhat vd tu tudmg Tinh hinh trdn ddi hdi phai cd mdt td chtic each mang qud'c td de doan kdt va lanh dao phong trdo cdng nhdn cdc nudc Ngay 28 - - 1864, cudc mft tinh ldn d Ludn Ddn cd dai bieu cdng nhdn nhidu nudc tham gia, Hgi Lidn hidp lao ddng qud'c td (thudmg dugc ggi la Qud'c te'thd nhd't) dugc ldp vdi su tham gia tfch cue cua Mdc Hinh 75 - Budi 16 tuyen bd lap Qud'c te thir nhai Qud'c te thwnliat ddi tiong hoan canli ndo 192 Hogt dong cua Quo'c te' thCr nhdt Trong thdi gian tdn tai (tir thdng 9-1864 den thdng - 1876), Qud'c td thti nhd't da tidn hanh dai hdi Hoat ddng chii ydu cua Qud'c td nhdm truydn bd hgc thuydt Mac, chdng nhirng tu tudng lech lac ndi bd ; ddng thdi, thdng qua nhiing nghi quyet cd y nghia chinh tri vd kinh td quan trgng : tan bai cdng, ldp cdng dodn, ddu tranh cd td chiic, ddi lam gid va cdi thien ddi sd'ng edng nhan Hinh 76 - Cudc hop dai bieu ISn dSu tien cua Qud'c te thii nhat tai Gio-ne-vo Dudi anh hudng cua Qud'c td thii nhdt, edng nhdn cac nude tham gia cang nhidu vao phong trao dd'u tranh chinh tri Cdc td chiic qudn chung eua cdng nhan nhu cdng doan, hdi tuong td dugc ldp d nhidu noi Qud'c td cd nhidu ddng gdp cu thd giiip phong trdo cdng nhdn, dac biet la keu ggi iing bd cudo ddu tranh ciia nhirng ngudi lao ddng Pa-ri (1871) NSm 1867, cdng nhan due ddng Pa-ri bai cdng Qud'c te da td chUc quyen gdp giup dd dua cupc da'u tranh den thang ldi Trong nhtfng nSm 1868 - 1869, cdng nhan mo Bl lien tuc bai cdng Qud'c te da keu gpi cdng nhan cac nudc giiip nhifng ngudi bai cdng va gia dinh hp vugt qua khd khan Nam 1871, cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng Pa-ri dtmg len lam each mang, lap Cdng xa - chfnh quyen vd san dau tien tren the gidi Quo'c te da tich cUc hudng Ung cupc dau tranh cua nhtfng ngUdi lao dpng Pa-ri va keu gpi cdng nhan cac nudc ung hp Cdng xa Nhu vay, bdng nhirng ddng gdp thidt thue cua minh, Qude td thii nhdt la td chiJc qud'c te ddu tien gdp phdn truyen bd rdng rai chii nghia Mac 193 phong trao cdng nhan qud'c te va dodn kdt, thd'ng nhd't luc lugng vd san qud'c td dudi nggn cd ciia chu nghTa Mdc cudc ddu tranh giai phdng lodi ngudi khdi dp bife, bde lot Nam 1876, Qud'c te thti nhat tuyen bd giai tdn ^^ - Vai trd cua Qude te thw nlicii ddi vdi phong tiao cdng nhan qude te nliW the ndo II - CONG XA PA-RI 1871 Cuoc each mgng - - vd su thdnh lap Cong xd Trong nhiing nam 1850 - 1870, d Phdp, cdch mang cdng nghidp da tao didu kien thudn lgi cbo chii nghla tu ban phdt tridn nhanh chdng : san xud't cdng nghiep tang nhanh so vdi thdi gian trudc, ddi ngtf cdng nhan cang ddng va tdp trung bom Su tang cudng va thdi gian lao ddng dd'i vdi cdng nhdn (ngdy lam viee keo ddi 13 - 14 gid) va cudc sdng khd khan hau qua ciia khiing hoang kinh te nhtfng nam 1860 - 1867 da lam gay gdt thdm nhiing mdu thudn giai cdp vd'n cd ldng xa hdi tu ban, tao didu kidn cho cdc cudc dd'u tranh mdi ciia cdng nhdn Trudc tinh hinh dd, chinh phii Dd chd II Na-pd-le-dng III dumg ddu quydt dinh gay chidn vdi Phd nhdm khdc phuc nguy co khiing hodng nude Vd phia Phd, ciing mudn tidn hdnh chidn tranh de hodn thdnh thd'ng nhdt nudc Dtic, dan dp phong trao ddn chii nudc Ngay - - , chien tranh Phdp - Phd bung nd Ngay 2-9-1870, toan bd ddi quan Phdp va Na-pd-ld-dng III phai ddu bang Ngay 4-9-1870, nhan dan Pa-ri khdi nghia lat dd De chd II, ddi thidt lap chd cdng hod va td chiic khdng chidn chd'ng qudn Phd Chfnh phu lam thdi tu sdn duge thdnh lap mang tdn Chinh phii Ve qud'c Khi quan Phd tidn ve Pa-ri va bao vay phd, "Chinh phii Ve qud'c" da trd thdnh "Chfnh phii phdn qud'c", quyet dinh ddu hang va xin dinh chidn, md cira cho quan Phd tidn vao nudc Phdp Nhumg nhdn ddn Pa-ri da td chiie thdnh cdc dom vi Qud'c ddn qudn, tu vii trang va xay dung phdng tuydn bdo ve thii dd gid sang - - , Chinh phii cho quan danh chiem ddi Mdng-mac, ndi tap trung dai bae ciia Qud'c dan quan Quan chiing nhan dan da kip thdi keo de'n hd trd Quo'c dan quan, bao vay quan chinh phii 194 Trua 18-3, theo lenh ciia Uy ban trung Udng Qud'c dan quan, cac tieu doan tie'n vao trung tam thii dd, chiem dUdc cae cd quan chi'nh phii, nha ga, sd canh sat va toa Thj chinh Quan chi'nh phii phai rtit chay ve Vec-xai de cung cd lUc lugng Qud'c dan quan lam chii phd Ngdy 18-3-1871, ldn ddu tien lich sir, chfnh quydn ciia giai cap tu san bi ldt dd Uy ban trung uong Qud'c ddn quan dam nhan chiic nang ciia chfnh quyen mdi, trd chinh phii lam then f Cudc each mang 18-3-1871 d Pa-ri bimg nd tiong hodn canli nao Cong xa Pa-ri - Nhd nudc l