Effectiveness of domestic solid waste management in luong son town luong son district hoa binh province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS EFFECTIVENESS OF DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LUONG SON TOWN, LUONG SON DISTRICT, HOA BINH PROVINCE Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student : Nguyen Thi Hieu Student ID : 1453061153 Class : K59A Natural Resources Management Course : 2014 – 2018 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: MSc Nguyen Thi Bich Hao Ha Noi, 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my great appreciation to MSc Nguyen Thi Bich Hao from Vietnam Forestry University, my research supervisor, for her enthusiastic encouragement throughout my research project Her ideas, knowledge and efforts are heavily embedded in this study I wish to extend my thanks to the lecturers of the university, who have taught me for more than four years, and to the cooperation of Vietnam Forestry University and Colorado State University, especially, the faculty of Forest Resource and Environment Management Finally, I would like to express my deep appreciation to the staffs in Hoang Long Investment Limited Company and local people live in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province for the enthusiastic help during the work Due to the limited knowledge, time, and experience, this thesis still needs to be improved I am looking forward to receiving feedback from teachers and friends to enhance it Xuan Mai, 9th September 201 Student Nguyen Thi Hieu i CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi ABSTRACT CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of solid waste 1.1.1 Definition 1.1.2 The origin of domestic solid waste 1.1.3 Classification domestic solid waste 1.1.4 The composition of domestic solid waste 1.2 Impact of domestic solid waste 1.2.1 Impact on the environment 1.2.2 Impact on public health 1.2.3 Impact on the urban landscape 1.3 The current state of domestic solid waste management 1.3.1 In the world 1.3.2 In Viet Nam 1.4 Some methods of treatment domestic solid waste CHAPTER II RESEARCH GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal 2.2 Specific objectives CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS 10 3.1 Study site 10 3.1.1 Geographical location 10 ii 3.1.2 Topography 11 3.1.3 Climate 11 3.1.4 Resources 12 3.1.5 Population 12 3.1.6 Economy 13 3.2 Study methods 13 3.2.1 Investigating and doing research on the field 13 3.2.2 Interview method 15 3.2.3 Method of determining the composition of domestic solid waste 16 3.2.4 Statistical methods and data analysis 17 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 18 4.1 Current situation of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 18 4.1.1 Sources of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town 18 4.1.2 The amount of domestic solid waste generated every day in the town 21 4.1.3 The forecast volume of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town to 2020 24 4.2 The impacts of domestic solid waste on the environment and public health in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 26 4.2.1 Impacts of domestic solid waste on the environment 26 4.3 Current situation of management and treatment about domestic solid waste at Luong Son town 31 4.3.1 The situation of domestic solid waste management 31 4.3.2 Classification, collection and transportation of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town 32 4.4 Proposing solutions to improve the effectiveness of domestic solid waste management in Luong Son town 37 4.4.1 Environmental protection policy 38 iii 4.4.2 Collection of domestic solid waste 38 4.4.3 Improvement transportation of domestic solid waste efficiency 38 4.4.4 Other support methods 39 CONCLUSIONS, EXISTENCES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 40 Conclusions 40 Existences 40 Recommendations 41 REFERENCES APPENDIX iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Definition of the domestic solid waste composition Table 1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of some methods of domestic solid waste treatment Table 3.1 The weight of domestic solid waste generated by households in one day 14 Table 4.1 The composition of domestic solid waste calculated according to the results of an actual analysis in Luong Son town 19 Table 4.2.The component of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town 20 Table 4.3 The amount of domestic solid waste generated every day in the town 21 Table 4.4 Population forecast of Luong Son town 24 Table 4.5 The forecast volume of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town to 2020 25 Table 4.6 The rate of gas components generated from landfill 29 Table 4.7 Results of interview sanitation workers in Luong Son town 34 Table 4.8 Results of household interviews on domestic solid waste management 36 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Some methods of domestic solid waste treatment Figure 3.1 Map of Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 10 Figure 4.1 Sources of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town 18 Figure 4.2 Proportions of different categories of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town 20 Figure 4.3 The volume of domestic solid waste generated in Luong Son town 25 from 2017 to 2020 25 Figure 4.4 Wastewater generated at the landfill in Luong Son town 27 Figure 4.5 The gases are generated during the waste treatment process 28 Figure 4.6 Impact of domestic solid waste on public human health 30 Figure 4.7 The system of domestic solid waste management at Luong Son town 31 Figure 4.8 The model collection and transportation of DSW at Luong Son town 32 Figure 4.9 Waste is being collected by workers on their cart and then transferred into a truck 33 Figure 4.10 Landfill at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 33 Figure 4.11 Waste disposal site at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 33 vi ABSTRACT Management of domestic solid waste is a major challenge in urban regions of the most part of the world, including Southeast Asia In the past decade, strong economic growth and uncontrolled urbanization have greatly magnified the problems with Vietnam’s domestic solid waste management system Not only has been an increase in the amounts of waste generated, but the composition of the waste has also changed as well Given the rapid rates of urbanization occurring around the world, the importance of an efficient and effective domestic solid waste management system is more critical than ever before In recent years, Luong Son town has a high economic growth rate with the increase in population, the volume of domestic solid waste rose significantly However, behind the economic benefits of investment projects, the assessment of the effectiveness of solid waste management is becoming a difficult problem to solve in environmental management and protection Therefore, I selected this study to provide a practical basis for assessment of domestic solid waste management in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province From that, proposing solutions to improve the effectiveness of domestic solid waste management in the study area CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of solid waste 1.1.1 Definition The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), passed in 1976, created the framework for America’s hazardous and non-hazardous waste management programs The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) states that "solid waste" means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, and from community activities [6] Domestic solid waste, commonly known as trash or garbage (US), refuse, or rubbish (UK) is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public The organic waste potions consist of food and kitchen waste Inorganic waste consists of paper, plastic, glass, wood, and metal products such as drink cans [12] 1.1.2 The origin of domestic solid waste The original of domestic solid waste includes: - Residential area: it generated from household such as paper, cardboard, yard clippings, wood, plastic, rubber and also some hazardous waste - Commercial activities: it generated from restaurant, market, hotel or office Waste sources have the same composition as for residential areas (food, paper, glass ) - The office: it generated from school, administrative agency Waste sources have the same composition as for residential areas and commercial activities but less volume - Agricultural activities: it generated from straw, pesticides, manure, and other waste from the farm, harvest waste or fertilizer - Construction activities: it generated from brick, stone, gravel - Industrial activities: it generated from heavy metals like lead, mercury, ore - Hospital and clinic: it generated from activities involving health protection such as drugs and pharmaceuticals, cleaning and disinfection products, bandages, other plastics, 1.1.3 Classification domestic solid waste Classification domestic solid waste can be based on many different criteria such as classification by location, by chemical and physical composition, and by the level of hazard a Classification by location of formation According to the location of formation: Depending on the location, waste can be divided into municipal solid waste, household waste [4] - Household waste also known as domestic waste or residential waste is refuse generated by households - Municipal solid waste is more commonly known as garbage - consists of everyday items we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, furniture, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, This comes from homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses [13] b Classification by chemical and physical composition According to chemical and physical composition: According to the chemical nature, wastes can be divided into organic waste, and inorganic waste [4] - Inorganic waste means waste is composed of all those waste resulting from products and materials that we use in our daily activities It can be sand, salt, iron, calcium - Organic waste is an organic material It can also include paper, cardboard, timber, food, and lawn clippings, etc c Classification by level of hazard - Household hazardous solid waste includes waste is flammable, corrosive, containing radioactive substances or heavy metals [13] Figure 4.9 Waste is being collected by workers on their cart and then transferred into a truck Figure 4.10 Landfill at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province Figure 4.11 Waste disposal site at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 33 From the figures, it can be clearly seen that the process of transportation domestic solid waste in Luong Son town is very simple and exist many drawbacks Especially the problem of waste classification and labour safety with sanitation workers  Assessment of sanitation workers During the interview with 15 garbage collectors, the research received the results shown in table 4.7 Table 4.7 Results of interview sanitation workers in Luong Son town Number of Ordinal people Percentage (%) Low 26.7 Salary Normal 11 73.3 (4 million/person/month) High 0 Yes 10 66.7 No 33.3 Time and frequency of Suitable 60 domestic solid waste collection Not suitable 40 Domestic solid waste is Yes 26.7 classified after collection No 11 76.3 The garbage collector be Yes 0 trained No 15 100 Yes 15 100 No 0 Unknown 0 Good 0 Normal 53.3 Not good 46.7 Indicators number Labour protective equipment Domestic solid waste affects human health Management of domestic solid waste 34 Incineration 15 100 Methods treatment of domestic Landfill 0 solid waste Outdoor burning 0 Hiring company 0 Yes 15 100 No 0 Unknown 0 Yes 11 73.7 No 26.7 Impact of domestic solid waste 10 on the environment Guiding people to classify domestic solid waste (Source: Nguyen Thi Hieu, 2018) In the process of interviewing garbage collectors, it can be seen that all people are aware of the impact of solid waste on the environment and human health As regards salary, no one thinks that it is high for them There are 73.3% of people think that the income of them is normal Nevertheless, 26.7% of garbage collectors think their wages are low, not enough with their living With regard to domestic solid waste is classified after collection, there is 76.3% of garbage collectors answer “No” Meanwhile, only 26.7% of people said “Yes” 100% of garbage collectors have not been trained on issues related to environment and domestic solid waste This is the reason that workers not know how to classify domestic solid wastes according to each component and not know how to guide people Only 26.7% of workers remind people to classify waste but it is only personal opinion  Assessment of the people on the management of domestic solid waste The results after interviewing 50 random households are shown in table 4.8 35 Table 4.8 Results of household interviews on domestic solid waste management Ordinal number Fee for environmental Number of Percentage people (%) Low 10 Normal 35 70 High 10 20 Good 18 Normal 40 80 Bad Suitable 42 84 Not suitable 16 Good 0 Normal 12 24 Bad 38 76 Indicators sanitation (60,000 VND/ household/ months) The attitude of garbage collectors Time and frequency of domestic solid waste collection Assessing current performance of domestic solid waste management (Source: Nguyen Thi Hieu, 2018) The survey results show that 70% of people think that the environmental fee is reasonable, 20% of people think that the environmental fee is high, while, 10% of people say the environmental fee is low On the attitude of garbage collectors, 18% of people think that employees have a good attitude and 80% of people think they have a normal attitude But few people accounted for 4% of think that garbage collectors have a bad attitude With regard to time and frequency of domestic solid waste collection, 84% of people think that it is suitable However, there are 16% of people say that the time is not suitable for 36 them because sometimes the garbage collectors go too early, therefore they not have time to empty the waste About assessing the current performance of domestic solid waste management, the figure shows that 76% of people think that the environment is heavily polluted Meanwhile, 24% of people think that the environment is moderately polluted From the interview results, it can be seen that the management of solid waste at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province still faces many difficulties as follow: - For household, they not know how to classify domestic solid waste Domestic solid waste and hazardous solid waste are kept in one place - People's awareness of environmental protection is poor, they are still littering indiscriminately - For garbage collectors, 100% of people have not been trained on issues related to environment and domestic solid waste - Garbage collectors don’t have suitable labour protection, the equipment is rudimentary - Improvement transportation of domestic solid waste efficiency  Therefore, measures to improve the effectiveness of solid waste management in the study area should be taken to overcome this situation 4.4 Proposing solutions to improve the effectiveness of domestic solid waste management in Luong Son town Based on the situation of management and collection of solid waste in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province, there are some solutions to improve the effectiveness of domestic solid waste management 37 4.4.1 Environmental protection policy - The People's Committee of Luong Son town should develop guiding documents on the management of domestic solid waste After that, spreading these instructions to all the people in the town - Hoang Long Investment Limited Company has a long-term plan for domestic solid waste management Set out the specific objectives and solutions to be implemented 4.4.2 Collection of domestic solid waste - Collecting and transporting domestic solid waste at all locations in the town - Instruction people how to classify domestic solid waste It can be divided into types: inorganic solid waste, organic solid waste, hazardous solid waste - Technical requirements for collection: + Domestic solid waste must be classify before collection + Implementation of domestic solid waste management by 3R method (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) + Arrangement garbage can in a public place 4.4.3 Improvement transportation of domestic solid waste efficiency - Maximize the capacity of motorized vehicles to meet transportation needs - Arrangement reasonable time for transportation, avoid peak hours or transport vehicles that affect productivity - Using them a canvas to avoid falling waste in the process of transportation to the landfill 38 4.4.4 Other support methods a Economic method - Setting punish people who throwing waste into the environment b Education the public to raise awareness - Construction propaganda and education programs in Luong Son town fit for each object (children, youth, managers ), pay attention to the young people and household - Having training for environmental staffs - Organization campaign for people to participate in environmental protection 39 CONCLUSIONS, EXISTENCES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions From the results of the survey on the collection, transportation and management of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town have conclusions: - Domestic solid waste in Luong Son town is generated mainly from households, services, markets, industrial parks, offices and schools, hospitals and clinics The main components of biodegradable solid waste (27.5%) are food scraps, rice, vegetable and the main components of non-biodegradable solid waste (70%) are plastic bottles, nylon bags - The average volume of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province is 0.59 kg/person/day Therefore, in 2020, the forecast volume of domestic solid waste will be 8.67 tons/day with a population is 14,708 people - The situation of domestic solid waste management is still limited: the percentage of domestic solid waste is classified after collection approximate 26.7% Besides that, garbage collectors are not trained about environmental knowledge and labour safety is not guaranteed The types of equipment here are very simple, such as broom, shovel, gloves, masks, boots The garbage truck exists many drawbacks such as don’t have a canvas to prevent the leakage of household waste and it is old - The treatment of landfill by incinerator also pollutes the environment and public human health, contributes to the greenhouse effect Existences Besides, the study still has some existing problems, such as: - Interviewing is not widespread 40 - There are no data analyzes about the quality of all environmental components that are only assessed through direct observation combined with a survey of people and garbage collectors surrounding sub-zone 10 - My limited knowledge, skills and experiences To overcome shortcomings and achieve better results, further study should collect more information about the quality of all environmental components In addition, there is a need to increase the sample size in term of local households who take part in the interview It is necessary to increase the amount of sample ground truth points for increasing accuracy Recommendations To improve efficiency in the process of completing the thesis with the topic “Effectiveness of domestic solid waste management in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province”, some recommendations are given as follows: - Arranging the time and funds in the research process - It is necessary to focus on the analysis of environmental indicators, thus giving an accurate assessment of each environmental component in the study area 41 REFERENCES Pervez Alam & Kafeel Ahmade (2013) Impact of solid waste on health and the environment Available from: http://www.nswai.com/pdf_HE/Impact%20of%20Solid%20Waste%20on%20Health%20and%2 0the%20environment.PDF R.L.Verma, G.Borongan, M.Memon (2016) Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, Current Practices and Future Recommendation Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029616301487 Nguyen Thi Loan (2013) Quản lý chất thải rắn sinh hoạt huyện Quốc Oai, thành phố Hà Nội Available from: http://hus.vnu.edu.vn/files/ChuaPhanLoai/LuanVanThacSi-ChuaPhanLoai%20(246).pdf Nguyễn Xuân Nguyên, Trần Quang Huy (2004) Công nghệ xử lý rác thải chất thải rắn Available from: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O5H0DnMV95n9dpwvcFM6tmb8pUeQ0efV/view Thao Nguyen (2005) Solid Waste Management in Vietnam Available from: http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Nguyen_Vietnam_Waste_management.pdf George Tchobanoglous Frank Kreith (1993) Handbook of solid waste management Available from: https://sanitarac.pro/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Solid-Waste-Management.pdf Unknown (2018) Criteria for the Definition of Solid Waste and Solid and Hazardous Waste Exclusions Available from the United States Environmental Protection Agency: https://www.epa.gov/hw/criteria-definition-solid-waste-and-solid-and-hazardous-wasteexclusions#main-content Unknown (2018) Solid waste storage, collection and disposal Available from: http://www.codepublishing.com/AK/Ketchikan/html/Ketchikan07/Ketchikan0716.html#7.16.02 Unknown (2018) Solid Waste Management Available from: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management 10 Unknown (2017) Solid waste final Available from: https://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Solid-Waste-Final.pdf 11 Unknown (2016) Huyện Lương Sơn: Bức xúc ô nhiễm môi trường từ khu xử lý rác thải Available from: http://www.baohoabinh.com.vn/220/101148/Huyen-Luong-Son-Buc-xuc-o-nhiem-moi-truongtu-khu-xu-ly-rac-thai.htm 12 Unknown (2015) Giới thiệu UBND thị trấn Lương Sơn Available from: http://luongson.hoabinh.gov.vn/index.php/ch-c-nang-nhi-m-v/14-sample-data-articles/229-giaithiau-va-ubnd-tha-tran-l-ng-s-n 13 Unknow Topic 8.3: Solid domestic waste Available from: https://www.mrgscience.com/ess-topic-83-solid-domestic-waste.html 14 U.S Environmental Protection Agency Wastes - Non-Hazardous Waste - Municipal Solid Waste Available from: https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/web/html/ 15 Unknow Environment and Natural Resources Available from: https://www.stat.fi/meta/kas/kotitalousjjate_en.html 16 Unknow Xử lý chất thải rắn phương pháp nhiệt Available from: https://text.123doc.org/document/951847-xu-ly-chat-thai-ran-bang-phuong-phap-nhiet.htm 17 Green Eye Environment Nguồn phát sinh, thành phần, tính chất chất thải rắn sinh hoạt Available from: http://www.gree-vn.com/pdf/Chuong_2_Quan_ly_CTRSH.pdf 18 Unknown Thực trạng phát sinh chất thải rắn sinh hoạt Việt Nam Available from: http://www.academia.edu/24901510/Th%E1%BB%B1c_tr%E1%BA%A1ng_phat_sinh_ch%E 1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BA%A3i_r%E1%BA%AFn_sinh_ho%E1%BA%A1t_%E1%BB%9F_V i%E1%BB%87t_Nam APPENDIX HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (Luong Son town – Luong Son district – Hoa Binh province) Date of interview: Name: Gender: Age: Source of income: Address: Job: Educational background: Number of household members: Question 1: Are you concerned about environmental issues? A Yes B Less concerned C No Question 2: How many kilograms of domestic solid waste you consume per day? The volume of waste: kg/day Question 3: What is the main domestic solid waste component of your family? A Biodegradable solid waste (food scraps, rice, vegetable ) B Non-biodegradable solid waste (plastic bottles, nylon bags, ) C Hazardous solid wastes (batteries, toxic chemicals, medical instruments ) D Other: Question 4: Currently, is the collection of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town? A Yes B No Question 5: If "Yes", how often will domestic solid waste be collected? A Once a day C days/time B Once a week D Other: Question 6: Payment for the domestic solid waste collection of your family is: (thousand VND / month) Question 7: According to you, is the collection fee reasonable? A High B Normal C Low Question 8: Do you classify domestic solid waste at home? A Yes B No Question 9: What kind of materials are your family's domestic solid waste containers? A Metal B Plastic C Wood D Nylon bags Question 10: What does your family with recyclable household domestic solid waste (eg, old books, plastic, etc.)? A Throw away B Selling C Other Question 11: What you with organic domestic solid waste (eg, vegetables, flowers, food scraps )? A Throw away B Feed for animals C Use compost Question 12: According to you, the collection of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town has ensured environmental sanitation yet? A Yes B No Question 13: Do you think that domestic solid waste affects human health? A Yes B No C Do not know Question 14: How you feel about environmental pollution in your area? A Polluted B Less polluted C Do not know Question 15: Do you have any suggestion in order to improve the efficiency of the management and collection of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town? Sincerely thank you for your opinions! GARBAGE COLLECTOR SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (Luong Son town – Luong Son district – Hoa Binh province) Date of interview: Name: Gender: Age: Source of income: Address: Job: Educational background: Number of household members: Question 1: How long did you this job? Question 2: What is your monthly salary from this job? Question 3: How much time you this job per day? Question 4: Do you think the salary is appropriate? A Low B Normal C High Question 5: Are you equipped with labour protection when working? A Yes B No Question 6: Are you trained before getting into work? A Yes B No Question 7: Is domestic solid waste classified before being brought to the landfill? A Yes B No Question 8: Would you give a general assessment of domestic solid waste management in Luong Son town? A Good B Normal C Bad Question 9: Do you think that domestic solid waste affects human health? A Yes B No C Do not know Question 10: Is there public garbage-can in Luong Son town? A Yes B No Question 11: Do you have instructions people to put garbage in the right place? A Yes B No Question 12: What is a method used to treat domestic solid waste? A Incineration C Outdoor burning B Landfill D Hiring company Question 13: Do you think that domestic solid waste affects the environment? A Yes B No C Do not know Question 14: Do you have any suggestion in order to improve the efficiency of the management and collection of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town? Sincerely thank you for your opinions! ... Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province - Investigating impacts on surrounding environment caused by domestic solid waste in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province. .. collect domestic solid waste in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province Domestic solid waste of Luong Son town is managed according to figure 4.7 People's Committee of Luong Son town Hoang... the effectiveness of domestic solid waste management in Luong Son town Based on the situation of management and collection of solid waste in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province,