Attitude towards sea of residents in Kim Son District, Ninh Binh Province

Vietnam is a country which has 330.991km2 of land and 3260km of coastline. There are about 20 million people who make livelihood closely to the sea from long time ago. Thus, the sea takes an important role in economic, political and cultural life in Vietnam. Towards the sea, from ancient

Attitude towards sea of residents in Kim Son District, Ninh Binh Province Bùi Cẩm Phượng Viện Việt Nam học và Khoa học phát triển Luận văn ThS ngành: Việt Nam học; Mã số: Người hướng dẫn: 60 22 01 13 Năm bảo vệ: 2013 Keywords. Việt Nam học; Văn hóa ứng xử; Hành vi ứng xử; Cư dân vùng biển; Ninh Bình Content ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG ____________________________________ ____________________________________ INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 5 - TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 8 1. Rationale for the research 8 2. Setting of the scene 9 3. Research subject and scope 11 3.1. Research subject 11 3.2. Research scope 11 4. Methodology 11 5. Contribution of the thesis 11 6. Structure of the thesis 12 CONTENT 13 CHAPTER 1: GENERAL OVERVIEW OF KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE 13 1.1. Natural conditions 13 1.2. Social, historical, economic and cultural elements of Kim Son District, Ninh Binh Province 18 1.2.1. History of formation of Kim Son District, Ninh Binh Province 18 ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG ____________________________________ ____________________________________ INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 6 - 1.2.2. Social, economic and cultural elements of Kim Son district 20 Sub-conclusion of Chapter 1 24 CHAPTER 2: HUMAN BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS THE SEA IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE 26 2.1. Definition of behaviour 26 2.2. Adaptation to the sea of habitants in Kim Son District, Ninh Binh province 28 2.2.1. Process of establishment of production and living materials of habitants in Kim Son District, Ninh Binh province 28 2.2.1.1. The process of constructing sea dykes and encroaching on the sea 30 2.2.1.2. The occupations of Kim Son, Ninh Binh in relation to sea 63 2.2.2. Organization of social and cultural of Kim Son inhabitants in Ninh Binh province 75 2.2.2.1. Social organization - the traditional culture of Kim Son inhabitants in Ninh Binh province 76 2.2.2.2. Current social organization 92 Sub-conclusion of Chapter 2 94 CHAPTER 3: THE VALUE AND REAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BEHAVIOR TOWARDS THE SEA 97 3.1. The value and significance of constructing sea dykes and encroaching on the sea 97 3.2. The value and significance of sidelines and trade villages 101 ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG ____________________________________ ____________________________________ INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 7 - 3.3. Value and significance of organizing ways of social and cultural life 103 Sub-conclusion of Chapter 3 106 CONCLUSION 107 REFERENCES 110 APPENDIX 115 ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG ____________________________________ ____________________________________ INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 8 - INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale for the research Vietnam is a country which has 330.991km 2 of land and 3260km of coastline. There are about 20 million people who make livelihood closely to the sea from long time ago. Thus, the sea takes an important role in economic, political and cultural life in Vietnam. Towards the sea, from ancient times, the Vietnamese often behave in two ways: Firstly, dyking and sea encroaching for agricultural production; secondly, understanding the sea to make livelihood in connection with fishing… Both these kinds of behaviours are covered in our research on human behaviour towards the sea in Kim Son District, Ninh Binh province. The establishment of Kim Son district, Ninh Binh province in Nguyen dynasty, during the reign of Minh Mang Emperor, adhered to Nguyen Cong Tru, the Great Man of “doanh dien” - a kind of land which was used both for civil and military purposes, is a proof of the first way of behaviour to improve wild swamps or dry lands to fertile and productive places for growing wet rice and developing wealthy villages. Towards the sea, people understand enormous values of the sea, therefore, they do not only make use of the sea in two mentioned ways but also create specialities from sea food such as shrimps, crabs, fishes, clams, cockles… to serve themselves. Those above –mentioned values are deeply attached to each other. As a result of this, the research on the coastal area of Kim Son, in nature, is exploring behaviours of the people living there towards the sea in those two aspects. ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG ____________________________________ ____________________________________ INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 9 - This research also aims to understanding the behaviour of resident community developed by encroaching the sea - a typical feature of this area. For more than 2 centuries since the formation, Kim Son area has changed completely, the culture of local people like a cloth of which fabric - wet rice culture has dyed with sea culture. To this point, the sea does not only bring living resources to the people but also play an important role to cultural, spiritual lives of local people (faiths, religions and beliefs). 2. Setting of the scene In current years, there are many research on the sea, especially on sea culture and people who living close to the sea. These works use many different scientific approaches, from natural sciences such as ecology, environmentology, pedology, climatology of coastal area to history, culturology and anthropology… However, it is very few research on the area of Kim Son, Ninh Binh. In order to make it clearer, from scientific perspective, we would like to review some research relating to this research’ topic which is about local people and sea culture in Kim Son, Ninh Binh. Amongst the works on Kim Son, first, the one focuses on the history of this area and the process of breaking the area. In the book “The process of breaking fresh land to form Kim Son district” (Ky Suu 1829), the author Dao To Uyen - Nguyen Canh Minh wrote about the process of breaking fresh land to establish villages, participating forces, techniques and the results of this process in the area of Kim Son, and simultaneously helped us to understand more on the kind of breaking land to form “doanh dien” under Nguyen dynasty including the process of formation of Tien Hai District, Thai Binh ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG ____________________________________ ____________________________________ INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 10 - Province and two “tong” - a kind of territorial unit, Hoanh Thu, Ninh Nhat ( now is in Thai Binh Province). Emphasizing that the Vietnamese people did not only make use of coastal location to trade, exchange culture but also expand their territory, break the fresh lands by encroaching the sea and make the coastal area into wet rice area, Prof. Tran Quoc Vuong, in his article “Viet Nam and the Eastern Sea” (Folk culture magazine, No. 3, 2000) stated that under Ly, Tran, Le Dynasty, the encroachment on the Eastern Sea attracted much attention. According to him, in 1226, Tran Dynasty, the elites were allowed to collect the poor who had little asset for encroachment. Under Le Dynasty, the poor made Son Nam Dyke (Nam Dinh - Ninh Binh) to stop salty water and build new land. Later, after replacing Le Dynasty, Mac Dynasty built the capital Duong Kinh (today, is Kien An, Hai Phong) next to the sea shore. Under Nguyen Dynasty, in 19 th century, the most noticeable encroachment activity was the one of Nguyen Cong Tru. He directed people to build salty-water- preventing dykes to support wet rice growing, founded 2 districts Tien Hai (Thai Binh) and Kim Son (Ninh Binh). In the book “Transformation and economic development in coastal area” of Le Cao Doan (National Politics Press, 1999), the author analyzed in depth the economic transformation in the coastal area of brackish water in Thai Binh province. Besides, on the basis of environmental, geographic, natural analysis, the author mentioned the land breaking process of the Vietnamese, deeply analyzed two encroachments of Nguyen Cong Tru to establish Tien Hai district (1828) and Kim Son District (1829), as well as ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG ____________________________________ ____________________________________ INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 11 - pointed out the historical lessons (success and failure) of these two encroachments. 3. Research subject and scope 3.1. Research subject The thesis’s research subject: Through the formation process of local residents in Kim Son District, Ninh Binh area, the thesis provides an overview of people’s behaviour towards natural and social environment, in particular towards the sea. 3.2. Research scope The research focuses on some villages, communes in Kim Son District, Ninh Binh Province currently. 4. Methodology In this thesis, we research on human behaviour towards the sea in Kim Son District, Ninh Binh province by specialized and subsidiary methods. In particular, the specialized method is an inter-sector method which incorporates cultural anthropology, history, geography, sociology and ethnology in the light of culturology. In addition, the subsidiary methods are comparison, statistics, analysis and summary. 5. Contribution of the thesis The thesis provides scientific conclusions on the moving- towards -the sea process of the Vietnamese culture. On that basis, the thesis contributes to understanding encroaching desire of the Vietnamese people in order to set the ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG ____________________________________ ____________________________________ INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 12 - scientific ground for directions and policies on coastal areas of the Communist Party and the Government. The thesis is a trust-worthy reference document for people being interested in Kim Son - Ninh Binh. The thesis contributes to teaching and training in Vietnamology, sea culture branch. 6. Structure of the thesis Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion, Reference documents and annex, the main content of the thesis includes 3 chapters: Chapter 1: General overview of Kim Son, Ninh Binh Chapter 2: Human behaviour towards the sea in Kim Son, Ninh Binh Chapter 3: Values and practical meaning of the human behaviour towards the sea ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG ____________________________________ ____________________________________ INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 110 - REFERENCES Books: [1] Dao Duy Anh (1995), Vietnamese cultural history, 4 ways Publisher, Hanoi. [2] Tran Thuy Anh, Seeing traditional respones to the nature and society of the Vietnamese in the Northern Delta through folk songs and proverbs, Cultural information Publisher, Hanoi. [3] Executive Committee of Tien Hai District (1988), The establishment reclaiming Tien Hai district. [4] Le Thi Bung, Behavioural Psychology, Pedagogy Publishing House. [5] Truong Ba Can, The history of the Phat Diem Diocese. [6] Le Cao Doan (1999), Innovation and economic development of coastal areas, The National Political Publishing House. [7] Dong Khanh dia du chi. [8] Doan Tu Huyen (Author) (2008), Nguyen Cong Tru in history, Nghe An Publisher, East West language cultural center. [9] Nguyen Van Huyen (2001), Vietnamese civilization, Social science and humanity Publisher, Hanoi. [10] Huyen Kieu, Pham Ho, But Ngu (1963), Soil gold, silver land, Literature Publishing House. [11] Vu Ngoc Khanh (1983), Nguyen Cong Tru, Culture Publisher, Hanoi [12] Nguyen Van Kim (ed.) (2011), The Vietnam to the sea, The World Publishing House. [...]... (republished), The nature of Vietnam, Education Publishing House INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 111 - ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG [25] Tran Ngoc Them (2001), Search for the cultural identity of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House [26] Tran... The Vietnamese dictionary, Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City [35] Institute For Southeast Asian Studies, Sea with the old Viet People, Cultural information Publisher, Hanoi Journal: INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 112 - ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG ...ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG [13] Tran Trong Kim (1943), Epitome of Vietnamese History, Le Thang Publisher [14] Phan Huy Le (1960), History of Vietnamese federal system, Third volume, Education Publisher, Hanoi [15] Dang Vu Canh Linh (ed.), (2011), Culture and human Vietnam archipelago, Political Publishing House - Administration... / kim_ Son [46] http / / www Baoninhbinh.org.vn INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI - 113 - ATTIDUTE TOWARDS SEA OF RESIDENTS IN KIM SON DISTRICT, NINH BINH PROVINCE BUI CAM PHUONG [47] http / / khoavanhoc - ngonngu.edu.vn [48] http / / ninhbinh.gov.vn [49] http / / tuanvietnam.vietnamnet.vn/2012-02-23-ben-de-lan-bien-theochan-nguoi-mo-dat-ky-5/... Overview the situation of reclaiming work at lowland of North Vietnam in the second half of 19 century, Historical study magazine, number 3 [37] Tran Mai An (2010), Outline of Cultural Factors Vietnam Sea, Journal of Science and Technology, University of Da Nang, No.6 (41) [38] Do Quang Hung (1994), Controlling flood – water resource at Costal northern of Vietnam in the first half of the 19 century, Historical... Tru, Publisher of Le Van Tan [31] Ninh Binh Provincial Party Committee (1964), The management of the first cooperative society Kien Trung Nhi Tran Kim Son district of Ninh Binh [32] Tran Quoc Vuong (ed.), Vietnam's cultural establishments, Education Publishing House [33] Dao To Uyen, Nguyen Canh Minh (2012), The process of breaking fresh land to form Kim Son district (Ky Suu 1829) [34] Nguyen Nhu Y (eds),... magazine, number 3 [39] Nguyen Canh Minh, Dao To Uyen, Bui Quy Lo, Overview of culture, religion, belief at Tien Hai, Kim Son villages in the first half of the 19 century, Historical study magazine, number 3 [40] Cao Xuan Pho (1994), Culture Sea Southeast Asia, South East Asia magazine, No.4 [41] Vu Huy Phuc (1994), Land-a kind of important agricultural production organizational type in the first half of. .. magazine, number 3 [42] Tran Quoc Vuong (2000), Vietnam and the South China Sea, the journal Folklore, number 3 [43] Bui Quy Lo (1987), Reclaiming work to establish Tien Hai district 1828, Historical science dissertation [44] Nguyen Canh Minh (1981), Phan Ba Vanh up rising (1820-1827), Historical dissertation of PhD Website: [45] http / / Wikipedia.org / wiki / kim_ Son [46] http / / www Baoninhbinh.org.vn... Publishing House [27] Ngo Duc Thinh, Culture and partition the Vietnam culture, Youth Publisher [28] Ngo Duc Thinh (Author), Folklore of costal village, National culture Publisher, Hanoi [29] Doan Dinh Thi (2000), Tien Hai reclamation countryside, Social Sciences Publishing House [30] Le Thuoc (1928), Career and poetry of the Commissioner General Nguyen Cong Tru, Publisher of Le Van Tan [31] Ninh Binh. .. Vietnamese cultural identity, Literature Publishing House, Hanoi [21] Hoang Phe (ed.), (2010), Vietnamese Dictionary, Encyclopedia Publishing House [22] National Historical Archive Department of Nguyen Dynasty (1964), The major collection of the true recording of Dai Nam, Vol 9, Social Sciences Publishing House [23] Truong Huu Quynh (1983), Land regime in Vietnam, Volume 1 - 2, Social science and humanity