Conservation of pinaceae in hoang lien national park lao cai province

Conservation of Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai province Student: Hoang Thuy Linh; Advisor: Hoang Van Sam ACKNOWLEGDEMENT First of all, I am grateful to teachers of Vietnam National University of Forest for establishing me to complete this thesis I would like to acknowledgement all members of Hoang Lien National Park for support necessary things and provide me documents I wish to express my sincere gratitude to officers of my university for providing me with all the necessary facilities I take this opportunity to record our sincere thanks to all members of the Falcuty of Forest Resource and Environment Management for their help and encouragement I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Sam and Dr Tobias Matusch whose stimulating motivation and valuable ideas helped me to complete this thesis I also acknowledgement Sa Pa local government and local people for helping me during my researching time in Sa Pa ABSTRACT Plant of Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park is quite diversity with species All of them listed in IUCN Red list 2015, which including Abies delavayi Franch.subsp fansipanensis (Q.P Xiang & al.) Rushforth at CR- Critically Endangered level There are 02 species in Vietnam Red Book 2007; 01 species listed in Decree 32/2006 / of Vietnamese Government The results of the research show that Pinaceae species distribute at elevations between 1,000 m to less than 2500 m has Thong duoi ngua (Pinus massoniana D.Don), Thong ba la (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord), Thong hai la(Pinus merkusii Jungh.& de Vriese) And two species are distributed relatively narrow and at higher elevations (> 2500 m) as Van sam (Abies devalayi ssp.fansipanesis Rushforth), Thiet sam (Tsuga dumosa (D Don) Eichler) Some solutions have been proposed to conserve and develop of Pinaceae species in Hoang Lien National Park TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEGDEMENT ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDIX APPENDIX 1: TABLE CHAPTER I OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH 1.1 Worldwide research 1.2 Research in Vietnam 1.3 The study of Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park CHAPTER II GOALS AND OBJECTIVES, CONTENT AND METHODS OF THE RESEARCH 2.1 Research subjects 2.2 Objectives 2.3 Contents 2.4 Methods 2.4.1 Field Investigation Method 2.4.2 Non-Field Investigation Method 11 CHAPTER III NATURAL CONDITIONS – ECONOMY – SOCIAL OF RESEARCH AREA 13 3.1 Natural conditions of Hoang Lien National Park 13 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 21 4.1 Composition of Pinaceae investigation in Hoang Lien National Park 21 4.2 Determination of the distribution of the Pinaceae with altitude 22 4.3 Morphological characteristics, distribution, ecology and natural regeneration capacity of the species Thiet Sam and Van Sam in Hoang Lien National Park 25 4.4 Proposed conservation measures Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park 34 4.4.1 Technical solution 35 4.4.2 Economic – social solutions 36 4.4.3 Solutions on mechanisms and policies to attract investment 37 4.4.4 Strengthen enforcement 38 CONCLUSIONS 39 REFERENCES APPENDIX Figure 3.1 Hoang Lien National Park Map 13 Figure 4.1 The distribution of the pines by height 23 Figure 4.2 Tsuga dumosa (D Don) Eichler var chinensis (Franch.) Pritz.) 25 Figure 4.3 Tsuga dumosa population in Hoang Lien National Park 26 Figure 4.4.Tsuga dumosa’s fruit in Hoang Lien National Park 29 Figure 4.5.Abies delavayi Franch.subsp.fansipanensis (Q.P Xiang & al.) Rushforth in Hoang Lien National Park 29 Figure 4.6.Abies delavayi’s fruit in Hoang Lien National Park 30 Figure 4.7.Abies delavayi population in Hoang Lien National Park 32 Figure 4.8 Abies delavayi composition forest in Hoang Lien National Park 33 Figure 4.9 Abies delavayi Franch.subsp.fansipanensis regeneration by seeds in Hoang Lien National Park 34 PICTURES IN THE FIELD TRIP 41 APPENDIX 1: TABLE Table 4.1 Composition of Pinaceae investigation in Hoang Lien National Park 21 Table 4.2 Current status of Pinaceae’s conservation in the Hoang Lien National Park 24 Table 4.3 Regeneration of Thiet sam and the other species 27 Table 4.4 The regeneration of Van sam and other species accompanying 32 INTRODUCTION Vietnam is one of the biodiversity centers of the world, in recent years biodiversity resources are overexploited, so the issue of biodiversity conservation is an urgent requirement in Vietnam today Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai province belongs to the National Park system in Vietnam, was established under Decision No.90/2002 in 12thJuly 2002 of the Prime Minister with a total area of 29,845ha It is classified as A by Global Environment Fund, the most senior of the biodiversity values of Vietnam and was recognized as ASEAN Heritage Park by the organization Biodiversity Conservation of ASEAN The National Park has many differences compared to other national parks in the SUF system of Vietnam, due to the exchange of the two sub-tropical climates temperate and alpine The terrain, is rugged and dissected, with steep slopes Through the wonders created paint system formed on the 1,000m high mountain peaks, including Fansipan peak which has the heightof 3.143mabove the sea level, be considered as the "roof" of Indochina With peculiarities of climate, weather, terrain of Hoang Lien, was formed in this place fauna –the flora is extremely rich Particularly where flora of the forest is not only reflects the richness of the biodiversity of forest genetic resources, but also determines the diversity of forests, scientific value, environmental value, and landscape economic resources Hoang Lien National Park is identified as one of the most biodiversity centers in Vietnam by the scientists, where remnants of rare endemic species listed in the Vietnam Red Book and World Red Book Some studies show that, Hoang Lien National Park is home to the main distribution of some species of plant in their views of which two species Van sam (Abies devalayi ssp.fansipanesis Rushforth) and Thiet sam (Tsuga dumosa (D Don) Eichler) are among 17 endemic plant species rare-protection priorities According to the preliminary investigation in the Hoang Lien National Park,there is only one population distribution focused on narrow stretches 2km eastern flank of Fansipan Mount between 2,600 - 2,800 m, with an estimated population of 200-250 individuals and is at risk due to habitat loss or other negative impacts Specially, the issue of natural regeneration of the two species Van sam and Thiet sam, Fansipan are poorly species degradation, reduce the number of wild plant species, so conservation this issue is essential In recent years, in spite of the local authorities and communities have made efforts for protecting the environment and biodiversity, forests and biodiversity in Hoang Lien National Park has been destroyed and still has been deforested for firewood and agricultural development It is because of many reasons such as: lacking of effective solutions, forest vegetation resources in general and Pinaceae in particular are still being heavily damaged Various cases of slash and burn cultivation are frequently reported, especially illegal exploitation and trading of natural resources in large numbers still occur that seriously decrease the number and habitats of these species So studying Pinaceae conservation issues is essential, not only in terms of scientific significance, but also has profound greatly practical significance Stemming from the above situation, the implementation of the project "Conservation of Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai province" is necessary and urgent, in accordance with the situation and conditions in local practices way, contribute to the conservation of biodiversity resources of Lao Cai province in particular and across the nation CHAPTER I OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH 1.1 Worldwide research Botany in the world is very rich and diverse with approximately 250,000 species of high plants, including Pinaceae accounted for 220-250 species Pinaceae are species most ancient origin, about 300 million years The area of natural famous Pinophyta forests are often referred to Europe with the species of spruce (Picea), Pine (Pinus); North America with the conifers (Pinus), spare (Sequoia, Sequoiadendron) and Tsuga dumosa (Pseudotsuga) The branches of Pinaceae has contributed significantly to the economies of some countries such as Sweden, Norway, Finland, New Zealand … The long history of China has recorded the origin of ancient tree branch Pinaceae still exist until today and we can rely on it to guess their age Tree in the Pinaceae is one of the most important tree groups in the world The large Pinaceae forests in the Northern Hemisphere where clarify carbon dioxide and regulate world condition Many sierras in the world which include forest of Pinaceae’s species prevail on playing important role to regulate water for the main river system The terrible floods hereabouts at lower areas such as China, India country is relating directly to over exploration Pinaceae’s headwaters forest There are a lot of species in botany, zoology and fungi depends on Pinaceae to survive Therefore, having no trees in Pinaceae, these species will be extinct Besides that, trees in the Pinaceae was provides wood for construction, plywood, farina and paper products all around the world Many other species was provided precious wood with special uses such as building boat or art furniture Mainly, trees in the Pinaceae has easily outsourcing and be perdurable In Chile, Fitzroya cupressoides is a species in Pinaceae of temperature forest The tree ups to 50m high and 3.600 years old Stem of this tree was founded in swamp where it was buried from 5000 years but the wood still has good use value There are over 80 Pinaceae species classified as branches which are threatened by extinction in the world Many other species are threatened in a natural distribution part of a) Distribution characteristics At Hoang Lien National Park, Van sam fansipan distribute very narrow They are mainly distributed in the North-west slopes of Mount Fan Si Pan Through practical investigation, Van sam fansipan is only found in routes which are Xe Mountain – Fan Si Pan and and Silver Fall – Muoi Bridge At Silver Fall – Muoi Bridge route, we only investigate individual with D1.3 about 30 – 40 cm Van sam pretty typical for the steep slopes They appear at high elevations from 2600 – 2900m, where the slope is relatively high (350-400) Here they grow very sparse in the forest types: Subtropical evergreen average montane rain season (below broadleaf layer), Subtropical evergreen average montane rain season (below broadleaf – coniferons and bamboo grassland; shrub grassland and subtropical grasslands with drought-resistant) b) Ecological characteristics Van sam fansipan at Hoang Lien National Park is found scattered at the height above 2600m, often grows on steep slopes (350-400), in the cloudy evergreen broad-leaved forest, grow alternatively with Pseudosasahumilis This is a light demanding species, occupy the emergent layer in the distribution area, grow mixed with broad-leaved species such as the Rhodoleiachampionii, Ternstroemiachapaensis, Rhododendron decorum, Schefflera hoi Shrubs floor, forest floor grows here mainly include: Arundineriacallosa, LophantherumGracileBrongn, Cyperusdiffuus with relatively high coverage rate of about 5060% They fall into two main families: Cyperaceae and Poaceae Especially, in this forest states, Arundineriacallosa is the dominant species in the understory layer, they grow into a dense vegetation on the whole area reached about 50-60% of coverage, average height about 1.5 - 2m Organic layer where Van sam distributed is very thick, mostly because of Arundineriacallosa’s leaves fall down and cover the ground 31 c) Current population status A few number of individuals, only exist in an unique distribution area, scattered Plants in populations grow and develop normally There are some old trees, with branches and large canopy have beauty value, some trees are in the experienced phase of age and quality Current population status is good with no pests Figure 4.7.Abies delavayi population in Hoang Lien National Park d Regeneration ability The survey result about regeneration is synthesized at table 4.3.2: Table 4.4 The regeneration of Van sam and other species accompanying No Vietnamese name Scientific name Amount Ratio % Chân chim phansipăng Schefflera hoi 16,7 Quản hoa Ternstroemiachapaensis 16,7 Ô đước đôi Linderanacusua 16,7 Chân danh hoa thưa Euonymus laxiflorus 8,3 Súm sp Euryasp 16,7 Đỗ quyên hoa trắng lớn Rhododendron decorum 16,7 Vân sam phansipăng Abiesdelavayi 8,3 32 Based on data in regeneration composition, we can see that the number of participating species is relatively poor (7 species), but the proportion of some species is a relatively high: Schefflera hoi (Chân chim phan si pang), Ternstroemiachapaensis (Quản hoa), Linderanacusua (Ô đước đôi), Rhododendron decorum (Đỗ quyên hoa trắng lớn), Euryasp (Súm sp) accounting for 16.7% of total the number of regeneration The number of Abies delavayi regeneration in research area just count only one individual In fact, Abies delavayi regenerate abundantly, but mainly is seeding with 0.5 mm of diameter and 1-2 cm of height They grow on moss layer in the rocks or the tree around the mother plant, the growth was only average – bad Due to lack of light, Van sam not compete with other species especially is Sặt layer The species accompany in regeneration composition: in the research area, Abies delavayi are generation accompany with broadleaf species such as: Schefflera hoi (Chân chim phan si pang), Ternstroemiachapaensis (Quản hoa), Linderanacusua (Ơ đước đơi), Rhododendron decorum (Đỗ qun hoa trắng lớn )… suitable with the mother composition in high layer Figure 4.8 Abies delavayi composition forest in Hoang Lien National Park 33 Natural regeneration ability from seeds and sprouts: The survey results show that in nature, Abies delavayi not regenerate by sprouts and saplings, they regenerate absolutely from seeds The natural regeneration is poor; saplings regenerate 1-3 individuals/ m2, and however the saplings nearly die after short time due to insufficient light conditions Abies delavayi regeneration in the study area should no prospects They need to propose appropriate conservation measures - Currently, Hoang Lien National Park was sowing seeds of Abies delavayi in the garden and has got results: over 50% of germinated seeds sowing, seeds can sow and grow on more than individual backgrounds: ground, sand and humus The seeds can be developed in good sowing and no pests Figure 4.9 Abies delavayi Franch.subsp.fansipanensis regeneration by seeds in Hoang Lien National Park 4.4 Proposed conservation measures Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park At Hoang Lien National Park, the most common species are hardly grown Some species, such as: Thong duoi ngua, thong ba la people have been grown in home gardens or 34 planted as a landscape but in small quantities and sporadic Moreover, the pines have different ecological characteristics, widely distributed from a height of 500 m - 2900 m, especially two species Van sam and Thiet Sam usually distributed on the altitude from 1500m upwards, difficult to work conservation and development Although there have been projects (661 or forestry extension project) has put some pine species in forest plantations, however, is not effectively achieve high (because the species is not suitable for the cultivation of domesticated species as well as habitat unsuitable) On the other hand there are still illegal harvesting pine trees with other factors such as forest fires, deforestation as cardamom The component due to many factors makes the pines here increasingly exhausted Therefore, the preservation and development of the pines in the Hoang Lien National Park is now essential Let me give you some conservation measures as follows: 4.4.1 Technical solution Based on the survey results, the study mentioned above, in order to preserve the pines, the technical solutions are defined as: 4.4.1.1 In-situ conservation - Planning for the conservation of the pines The conservation area planning to organize pines management measures strictly protected species existing information Basing on the distribution area to have sensibly conservation planning - Implement programs of scientific research: Continue to implement the program in the direction of intensive research on the species present in the region through Hoang Lien National Park to assess the details of the distribution, ecology, regeneration capacity, the ability to play evolution of species, special attention to the species of Van sam (Abies devalayi ssp.fansipanesis Rushforth), Thiet sam (Tsuga dumosa (D Don) Eichler) is very narrow distribution in the region 35 4.4.1.2 Ex-situ conservation - Research and conservation, development of tree species by means of asexual propagation from cuttings, and on that basis to build breeding process pines - Research and technical test seedlings some pines in Hoang Lien National Park from the county 4.4.2 Economic – social solutions Practice has confirmed to good nature conservation must be linked to economic development - social as well as the core area buffer zone, it means that the principle of socialization of the management in general of forest protection - nature conservation in particular must be done thoroughly, this is the premise arouse and mobilize people's participation numerous protection and development of forests Therefore, the solution of economic development - society should focus on: - Intensify awareness-raising propaganda: the organization of training courses for policy advocacy, legal policy of the Party and State management in the field of forest protection and nature conservation - Concentrate on building the demonstration plant, the high performance capabilities suited to the conditions, local awareness to transfer manufacturing technology to the people, the development of salmon farming model, animal model cattle, goat breeding and meat, medicinal plant model, planting flowers, planting chayote, planting vegetable - Construction of traditional villages which have the advantage of local raw materials in place: planting cotton, flax, weaving, processing of metal items, jewelry, tourist village - Implementation of programs and projects for the protection, regeneration, reforestation to raise income, alternative products from natural forests with plantations of products, reduce the pressure to forest resources in protected areas - Help households effective utilization of land resources of agriculture and forestry in the province, such as reclamation, intensive farming, construction and development model 36 agroforestry farms, farm stay important model on sloping land effectively on agricultural land, forest land allocated to households according to Decree 02 / CP 4.4.3 Solutions on mechanisms and policies to attract investment - Continue to strengthen the organizational, staffing allocate sufficient staff management for forest protection under Decision 186/2006 / QD-TTg of the Prime Minister - Have a mechanism to attract investment funds for nature conservation, use, enlist, effective use of capital has been invested in the province such as the 661 Project funding, project extension forestry and conservation project Hoang Lien mountain ecosystems - Promote the potential of biological diversity, socio-economic conditions of the project area to the domestic institutions, foreign institutions are interested and support programs in the field of environmental protection - conservation biodiversity, special attention to the existing pines in the area - Planning tourism areas, introduce tourism potential of protected areas, environmental conditions of investment (location, business climate, land ) to call for funding of partnership links institutions - domestic and foreign individuals have the capacity to invest capital for service activities, ecotourism - Exploit effectively local resources through project activities supporting economic development - social buffer zone on the principle of the State and people work together - Capacity Building Training for staff in the field of nature conservation through the organization for staff to participate in the long-term specialized courses, short-term; enhance learning experiences in national parks, protected areas have done better nature conservation - Updated information, bringing scientific advances, modern facilities to serve the implementation of the conservation research program especially conifer species conservation in the Hoang Lien National Park - Research and breeding of quality seedlings, yield consistent with ecological conditions, site conditions to develop in the project area 37 4.4.4 Strengthen enforcement - Capacity building for law enforcement rangers team SUF, ensure qualifications, competence, health implement effective educational propaganda law, handling violations in forest protection areas - Enlist the guidance and support of the provincial authorities, committees, district administration, communal and people project area Among them, special forces fullest protection of forests where villages and support coordinated participation of the relevant authorities at district level, especially in the key sectors in the block in coordination Guard inspection, inventory, handling violation cases protection Law & development - Strengthen patrol, checking combines research forest to prevent the invasive acts to forest resources, develop protection plans and sustainable use of forests Construction of forest protection forces to every village site that the forest rangers is pivotal 38 CONCLUSIONS A total component of Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park 05 species: Thong duoi ngua (Pinus massoniana D.Don), Thong ba la (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord), Thong nhua (Pinus merkusii Jungh.& de Vriese),Van sam (Abies devalayi ssp.fansipanesis Rushforth) and Thiet sam (Tsuga dumosa (D Don) Eichler) The above table shows that in 05 species in Pinaceae recorded in Hoang Lien National Park, all of them listed in IUCN Red list 2015 and Abies delavayi Franch.subsp fansipanensis (Q.P Xiang & al.) Rushforth at CR - Critically Endangered level There are species in Vietnam Red book, 2007: Van sam (Abies devalayi ssp.fansipanesis Rushforth) and Thiet sam (Tsuga dumosa (D Don) Eichler) There is one species listed in Decree 32/2006/ of Vietnamese government: Van sam (Abies devalayi ssp.fansipanesis Rushforth) at strictly forbidden to exploit and use for commercial purposes group Through the survey results based on actual and distribution maps of vegetation in Hoang Lien National Park was found: On average distribution Pinaceae relativity elevations between 1,000 m to less than 2500 m as Thong duoi ngua (Pinus massoniana D.Don), Thong ba la (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord), Thong hai la (Pinus merkusii Jungh.& de Vriese) Some species are distributed relatively narrow and at higher elevations (> 2500 m) as Van sam (Abies devalayi ssp.fansipanesis Rushforth), Thiet sam (Tsuga dumosa (D Don) Eichler) Research also provide data base of morphological characteristics, ecology, distribution and natural regeneration capacity forVan sam (Abies devalayi ssp.fansipanesis Rushforth) and Thiet sam (Tsuga dumosa (D Don) Eichler) in Hoang Lien National Park Research has suggested conservation measures Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park: Technical solution; Solutions on the social economic, solutions on mechanisms and policies to attract investment and law enforcement - Strengthening the management of forest protection, mechanisms and policies to attract investment capital from domestic and foreign organizations for nature conservation, conservation of rare pine species, endemic 39 REFERENCES Andrew T, Steven Sw, Mark G and Hanna S (1999) Hoang Lien Nature Reserve, Investigating biodiversity and conservation values Farjon, A 2010 A Handbook of the World's Conifers Koninklijke Brill, Leiden Government of Vietnam 2006 Decree NO 32/2006lND-CP Management of endangered, precious and rare forest plants and animals Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi Hoang Van Sam, Nguyen Trong Quyen 2013 Diversity and conservation status of Gymnosperm in Pha Phang forest, Thanh Hoa province Journal of Agricultural and Rural Development No 5: 88-93 Moller, M.M., Gao, L.M., Mill, R.R., Li, D.Z., Hollingsworth, M.L & Gibby, M 2007 Morphometric analysis of the Taxus wallichiana-complex based on herbarium material Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 155: 307-355 Nguyen, T.H., Phan, K.L., Nguyen, D.T.L.,Thomas, P.I., Farjon, A., Averyanov, L & Regalado Jr., J 2004 Vietnam Conifers: Fauna & Flora International, Vietnam, Hanoi Nguyen Nghia Thin, Daniel Harder (1996), Plant Diversity in Fansipan Vietnam's highest mountain Nguyen Nghia Thin (2008), Biodiversity in Hoang Lien National Park Nguyen Tien Ban (Ed) 2007 Red data book of Vietnam Vol Science and Techniques Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam 10 Nguyen Quoc Tri (2007), diversity of plant and plant transformation by elevation in Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai Province 11 Phan Luong (2005), Biodiversity in Hoang Lien Son, part 2: The flora of Hoang Lien Son 12 The IUCN species survival Commission, 2015 IUCN Red List of Threatened speciesTM, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Nature Resources 13 Trinh Van Duc (2015), Conservation of Pinophyta in Xuan Nha Nature Reserve, Son La province 40 PICTURES IN THE FIELD TRIP Abies delavayi from the suspension cable 41 Picture of making plots and going to the field 42 Pictures of using GPS and the population in the transect line No.3 43 Picstures of going to the difficult terrain 44 APPENDIX QUESTIONARES Local people Survey and Questionaires Make a list of question and questionnaire Name : Address : Jobs : What you get from forest? Do the Pinaceae species bring benefit for you? What your purpose of cutting Pinaceae trees? If you know somebody cutting trees what will you do? A : Report to authorities B : Don’t care about that C : Stop them D : Do the same thing Local officials Survey and Questionaires Make a list of question and questionnaire Name : Jobs : Address : Position : What you think about the status of Pinaceae species? Do you know about local people taking forest product and cutting tree? What will you to improve the conservation of Pinaceae diversity? If you know somebody cutting trees what will you do? A: Stop them B: Capture them C: Penalty D: To propagandize about the harmful of deforestation 45 ... Assessment of diversity and distribution of Pinaceae species in the area of Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai Province - Research the characteristics of biology, ecology of some important species in Pinaceae. .. study of Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park Studies of Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park must be mentioned are: Vo Van Chi (1970), vegetation and flora in Fan Si Pan and Sapa Nguyen Nghia Thin,... Assess the diversity and conservation status of some species of Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai Province; then propose solutions to preserve and develop Pinaceae in research area 2.3