Taxonomy and conservation of juglandaceae in cuc phuong national park

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS Title: TAXONOMY AND CONSERVATION OF JUGLANDACEAE IN CUC PHUONG NATIONAL PARK Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Supervisor: Assoc Prof Hoang Van Sam Student: Dao Thi Duong Student ID: 1453090979 Class: K59B Natural Resources Management Course: 2014 - 2018 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Ha Noi, 2018 Table of Contents ACRONYMS LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABSTRACT I INTRODUCTION II OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH 1.1 Worldwide research 1.2 Research in Vietnam 1.3 Research in Cuc Phuong Park III GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal 2.2 Objectives IV RESEARCH AREA 4.1 Study area: 4.1.2 Natural resources 12 4.1.2 Economic - Social conditions 13 V METHODOLOGIES 15 5.1 Secondary data collection 15 5.2 Field Investigation Method 15 5.3 Non-Field Investigation Method 19 VI RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23 6.1 Species composition of the family Juglandaceae at Cuc Phuong National Forest 23 6.2 Classification Key 25 6.3 Some basic biological and ecological characteristics of Junglandace in CPNP 27 6.3.1 Pteracarya tonkinensis Dode 27 6.3.2 Alfaroa roxburghiana (Lindl ex Wall.) Iljinsk 30 6.3.3 Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc 33 6.3.4 Carya sinensis Dode 35 6.4 Current status of conservation and development of Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park 51 6.4.1 The researches 51 6.4.2 Management and conservation of resources 51 6.4.3 Assessment the individual's changes of Juglandaceae 53 6.5 Solution for conservation solutions for Juglandaceae species in Cuc Phuong National Park 55 6.5.1 Technical Solutions 55 6.5.2 Social-economic solutions 56 6.5.3 Solutions of mechanism and policies to attract investment 57 6.5.4 Completing the institution, policy, and law 58 VII CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 59 7.1 Conclusion 59 7.2 Recommendations 60 REFERENCES 61 APPENDICES 63 ACRONYMS CPNP Cuc Phuong National Park IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature EN Endangered Carya Carya sinenesis Hvn Height Hdc Height under canopy D1.3 Diameter at breast height Dcrown Crown diameter LIST OF FIGURE Figure 4.1: Cuc Phuong National Park Figure 4.2: Location of Cuc Phuong National Park in the system of nature reserves of Vietnam 11 Figure 5.1: Plots in transect lines 16 Figure 6.1: Distribution of Carya sinenesis map 24 Figure 6.2: Regeneration of Carya sinensis 39 LIST OF TABLE Table 6.1: Species composition of Juglandaceae 23 Table 6.2: The distribution of Carya sinensis Dode 25 Table 6.3: The results of stem investigation 36 Table 6.4: The size of leaflet in different position in compound leaf 37 Table 6.5: The size of leaflet in different position of compound leaves 40 Table 6.6: The number of regeneration in natural and plantation forest 40 Table 6.7 Regeneration in three locations 41 Table 6.8: Some criteria‟s of species belong to regeneration composition 43 Table 6.9: Stand volume in nine plots 44 Table 6.10: Volume, Diameter of canopy, the number of individuals of species 45 Table 6.11: Partners of Carya trees in plots 47 Table 6.12: The percentage of canopy cover in nine plots 49 Table 6.13: Investigation shrub and herb species 50 Table 14: Assess the change level of species belong to Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park over past years 54 ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I am grateful to teachers of Vietnam National University of Forestry for supporting us to complete this research I am deeply indebted to our supervisor Assoc Prof Hoang Van Sam who always supported us and gave motives and suggested valuable ideas to help us to accomplish this thesis I would like to acknowledge all the members of Experiments and Practicing Center of Forest Resource and Environment Management Faculty for facilitating necessary equipment and providing us documents I take this opportunity to record our sincere thanks to all the members of the Faculty of Forest Resource and Environment Management for their help and encouragement Thank Cuc Phuong National Park, Ninh Binh province management and local people for helping us during our researching time Cuc Phuong, Nho Quan, Ninh Binh Hanoi, September 27th, 2018 Dao Thi Duong ABSTRACT This study found out information about diversity and conservation status of Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park Based on observation and measurements of general characters, results indicated that there were walnut species distributed in Cuc Phuong National Park They are Alfaroa roxburghiana (Lindl ex Wall.) Iljinsk, Carya sinensis Dode & Zucc, Platycarya strobilacea Siebold, Pteracarya tonkinensis Dode Of them, Carya sinensis Dode & Zucc listed in IUCN Red List, 2018 and Viet Nam Red Data Book, 2007 Besides, based on the morphology of each species and Dichotomous Key, I established Classification Key and species of four species of the walnut family In addition, this research also provides the distribution, morphology and ecological character of the species Last but not least, some solutions were proposed to preserve and develop walnut species especially Carya sinensis Dode & Zucc in the study site I INTRODUCTION Vietnam is one of the centers of biodiversity of the world (Phuong, 1995) From the results of scientific research on Vietnamese, many scientists at home and abroad have recognized that This nation is one of 10 countries in Asia with high biodiversity due to the combination of many elements (Phuong, 1995) However, forest resources in Vietnam have been seriously degraded due to various reasons such as the growing demand for forest products, the conversion of land use purpose, over-exploitation, improper planning, war (Linh, 2016) According to data published by Maurand P in the project "Indochinese Forestry", in 1943 Vietnam had about 14.3 million of natural forest with 43.7% of its land area The process of deforestation occurred continuously from 1943 to the early 1990s, especially since 1976-1990 the area of natural forest decreased sharply, in only 14 years the forest area decreased by 2.7 million ha, The annual loss of nearly 190,000 (1.7% / year) and the forest area decreased to the lowest level of 9.2 million with a coverage of 27.8% in 1990 (Tran Van Con, 2001) Deforestation also means a loss of genetic diversity in plants and animals Forests are currently concentrated only in protected areas and national parks Cuc Phuong National Park belongs to the National Park system in Vietnam, was established in 1962 under decision No Dec 72/TTg of the Prime Minister, and dated July 1962 This decision decreed the establishment of a 25,000 protected forest (MARD 1997) Cuc Phuong National Park is the first and the largest national park of Vietnam lies along the borders of three provinces of North Vietnam including Ninh Binh, Hoa Binh, Thanh Hoa There are an estimated 2,000 different species of flora and the 450 species fauna account for 38% of national fauna (Linh, 2016) According to the survey of Cuc Phuong national park in 2008, the flora is quite a treasure with a wide variety with 2,234 species of 917 genera, 231 families of orders Many of them are of high value: 430 medicinal plant species, 229 edible plant species, 240 species can be used as medicine, dye, 137 species can provide tannin, etc; 13 species are listed in Vietnam Red Data Book 2000 and IUCN Red List 2004 Some outstanding species are Dalbergia tonkinensis, Parashorea chinenis, Erythrophloem fordii, and Nageia ffeyri, Carya sinenis Cuc Phuong National Park has a rich flora with tropical rainforest, and there are many studies on the area However, studies that classify and conserve them to identify the status and distribution of non-native species, particularly those of high economic value in conservation, are limited and undesirable Besides, the over-exploited Juglandaceae species of local peoples that lead to the decrease of walnut species in Cuc Phuong National Park They used wood to build houses, and make the furniture Seeds of some species are valuable foods with high nutritional contents and oil extraction (Carya sinensis Dode) The leaves of some species are toxic to insects and fish, so they can be used as pesticides (Alfaroa roxburghiana (Lindl ex Wall.) Iljinsk, Pterocarya tonkinensis Dode) The peels of fruits are used to produce activated carbon Some parts of the tree such as bark, root bark, leaf, and seed and fruit shells are used as traditional medicines Therefore, some species are reduced due to narrow distribution, small numbers of individuals and listed Vietnam Red Data Book 2007 and IUCN Red List 2018 such as Carya sinensis Dode is a native species of Vietnam, facing a number of threats, including loss of habitat and distribution without focusing, overexploitation, low natural regeneration From the above-mentioned reality, I chose the subject “Taxonomy and Conservation of Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park” To provide databases on plant diversity, as a basis for the conservation and development of biological resources at the national park natural protection are limited Therefore, it is important to have some measurements to conserve biodiversity and Juglandaceae 6.5 Solution for conservation solutions for Juglandaceae species in Cuc Phuong National Park In Cuc Phuong national park, the species of Juglandaceae are rarely growing Some species limited in both the number of individuals and the range of distribution because it is such an endemic species of Vietnam and Southern China such as Carya sinensis Dode (P.A Zuidema & N.N.Nghia, 2011) Some other has poisonous which used to catch fish and made the medicine like Pteracarya tonkinensis Dode, Engelhardia roxburghiana Lindl ex Wall In another hand, the illegal exploitation, habitat loss, and fragmentation and low natural regeneration cause the decreasing number of Juglandaceae species So, conservation and development of four species in Cuc Phuong national park is an urgent and necessary issue Following survey results and interview the experts as well as local people, I show some the conservation solutions for Juglandaceae 6.5.1 Technical Solutions 6.5.1.1 In-situ conservation Strengthen patrol, inspection ad strict protection, especially Pteracarya tonkinensis Dode, Engelhardia roxburghiana Lindl ex Wall, Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc, Carya sinensis Dode because of limited number species Besides, along with the police, district ranger, local government, villagers protect the plants of Juglandaceae from other causes Encourage the local people about the importance of strictly protected areas, prevent the people from coming in and exploiting in this region Attract local communities to participate actively in conservation activities 55 Speed up regeneration by clearing the vegetation to enhance the light under the canopy for developing seedlings To help the seedlings to survive and organize to make soil under the forest canopy increasing the exposure of the seeds and facilities for the germination process Good performance of scientific research programs Intensive researching to each of Juglandaceae species in CPNP to have a detailed assessment of the distribution, ecology, regeneration capacity, development capacity of these species in this area 6.5.1.2 Ex-situ conservation Need to establish nurseries, seed quality and expand the conservation and reforestation, training Species that have not any research on improved seed should urgently conduct a study for conservation Conserve and develop the species by asexual propagation by cuttings Develop guidelines, processes, and techniques to grow species to develop in different ecological zones 6.5.2 Social-economic solutions Practice has confirmed to good time conservation must be linked to economic development –social as well as the core area, buffer zones, it means that the principles of socialization of the management in general of forest protection – nature conservation, in particular, must be done thoroughly, this is the premise arouse and mobilize people‟s participation numerous protection and development of forests Therefore, the solution to economic development –society should focus on: Intensity awareness- raising propaganda: the organization of training course for policy advocacy, the legal policy of the Party and State management in the field of forest protection and nature conservation 56 Concentrate on building the demonstrate plant, the high-performance capabilities suited to the conditions, local awareness to transfer manufacturing technology to the people Implementation of programs and projects for the protection, regeneration, reforestation to raise income, alternative products from the natural forest with plantation of products, reduce the pressure to forest resources in protected areas Help households effective utilization of land resources of agriculture and forestry in the province, such as reclamation, intensive farming, construction and development model agroforestry farm stay important model on sloping land effectively on agriculture land, forest land allocated to households according to Decree 02/Cp 6.5.3 Solutions of mechanism and policies to attract investment Need to improve the system national policy on conservation and development of a plant to perform conservation and development in the wild that still ensures the legitimate interests of the community in terms of income and livelihood Develop a policy on the management, protection, and trade for Juglandaceae species The planning these species could be a business that brings incomes to the local people It also promotes community cooperation in protection species population that are overexploited Need to develop and complete the institutions, particular policy to attract the community to take park in the conservation and development of plant species in provinces; encourages scientific research projects to determine the amount, reserve and the distribution of the plant species Exploit effectively funds in local through project supporting social-economic development in the buffer zone working by both government and local people 57 Increase training for staffs in conservation through the long-term and short-term professional courses; enhance learning experiences in protected areas as well as the nature reserve Update information, apply scientific programs especially conservation on Jugladaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park 6.5.4 Completing the institution, policy, and law Capacity building for law enforcement ranger‟s team, ensure qualifications, competence, health implement effective educational propaganda law, handing violations in forest protection areas Strengthen the management of conservation and development of forest vegetation between government and localities; develop policies to encourage, support and ensure the benefits to organizations and individuals in the protection and development of a plant in Juglandaceae 58 VII CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 7.1 Conclusion A total component of Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park 04 species Carya sinensis Dode & Zucc, Alfaroa roxburghiana (Lindl ex Wall.) Iljinsk, Platycarya strobilacea Siebold, Pterocarya tonkinensis Dode Of the 01 species are listed in the IUCN (2018) and Vietnam Red Book, 2007 The research also provides the information and distribution of Juglandaceae in the study area The study was initially provided silvicultural characteristics of species in the research site which as Carya sinensis Dode & Zucc, Alfaroa roxburghiana (Lindl ex Wall.) Iljinsk, Platycarya strobilacea Siebold, Pteracarya tonkinensis Dode The survey results of species belong to Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park shows that the populations of Carya sinensis are limited in both the number of individuals and the range of distribution There are 15 individuals (accounting for 7%) of total trees in ten plots The distribution of this species mainly is valley and foothill which has flat terrain and in highly diverse forests Besides, the density of natural regeneration is very low, from 62 to 250 seedling per Base on the result, we proposed that Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc population limit in both the number of individuals and the range of distribution Therefore, they should be listed in Vietnam Red Data Book to conserve and develop in the future Research has proposed solution for Juglandaceae species in Cuc Phuong National Park: Technical solution, solution on the social economic, solution on mechanisms and policies to attract investment and law enforcement Strengthening the management of forest protection, mechanisms and policies to attract investment capital from domestic and foreign organizations for nature conservation 59 7.2 Recommendations Through this research, I have gained a lot of experience Through that, I also offer a number of proposals to improve the quality of future research Need to continue the investigation and research the distribution of species in the study site Conduct research and plant breeding for species belong to Juglandaceae More survey transects and sample plots are needed to collect and assess specimens on different types of terrain to determine the composition of Juglandaceae in the research area more completely Should have policy mechanism to attract domestic and foreign investment for nature conservation Conduct the program of scientist research effectively and developed programs of socio-economic of buffer zones to reduce the pressure on natural resource Create jobs for local people, attract local communities to participate actively in conservation and protection activities 60 REFERENCES Bhatta Charyya & Tohri, 1998; Stace 1996 (n.d.) Molecular maker Natural history and evolution, Floweing Plant, taxonomy and phylogeny D.Detal, S (2004) Seed plants of Cuc Phuong Ha noi: Agriculture Publishing House Daniel Marmillod, (Vu Dinh Hue, 1998 and Dao Cong Khanh, 1996) (n.d.) Gregor Kozlowski and partners (2018), Wingnuts (Pterocarya) & walnut family Relict trees: linking the past, present and future, Natural History Museum Fribourg, Switzerland Hieu, V N (1997) Dieu tra cay thuoc va bai thuoc dan toc Muong o xa Cuc Phuong, huyen Nho Quan, tinh Ninh Binh , Ha Noi: 1997 Ho, P H (2003) Cay co Viet Nam, Agriculture Publishing House Linh, T H (2016) Conservation of Pinaceae in Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai province Loc, L V (1965) Buoc dau tien dieu tra tham thuc vat Cuc Phuong, Agriculture Publishing House P.A Zuidema & N.N.Nghia (2011) Conservation prospect for threated Vietnamese trees species: results from a demographic study 10 Paul S Manos and Donald E.Stone (2004) Evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of Juglandacea 11 Phu, T V (2014) Some characteristics of the family Magnoliaceae from Bat Dai Son Nature Reserve, Quan Ba District, Ha Giang provine 12 Phung Ngoc Lan, Nguyen Nghia Thin, Nguyen Ba Thu (1996) Tinh da dang thuc vat Cuc Phuong Ha Noi: Agriculture Publishing House 13 Phuong, N T (1995) Buoc dau nghien cuu rung Mien Bac, Vietnam Agriculture Publishing House 14 Takhtaijan, A (1977) Diversity and classification of flowing plants New York; Columbia 15 Thu & Can (1999) Cay Cho Dai, Agriculture Publishing House 61 16 Yuko (2002) Demography and matrix analysis of a natural Pterocarya rhoifolia population development along a mountain stream Shiga, Japan 17 Y.Yang, X.M.Pang, J.W.Han, Y.Wang and Y.Y.Li (2013) Conservation genetic of Annamocarya sinensis (Dode)Leory, an endangered endemic species 18 Hoang Van Sam (2012) Floristics in Phong Quang Nature Reserve, Ha Giang province 19 Vu Quang Nam (2017) The natural regeneration characteristics of the plant in different hill stages at Yen Mo District, Ninh Binh province 20 Vu Quang Nam (2014) Taxonomic Key: Case study of Magnoliaceae from Vietnam, Scientific and Technology Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 21 Thomasius, H (1973) Wald, Landeskulur & Gesellschaft Steinkof Dresden 22 Paul S Manos & asl (2007) Phylogeny of Extant and Fossil Juglandaceae Inferred from the Integration of Molecular and Morphological Data Sets Systematic Biology, Volume 56, Pages 412–430 23 Dorian Q Fuller (2007) A start for archaeological Nutters: some edible nuts for archaeologists Institute of Archaeology, University College London 24 Vietnam Forestry University Bookcase (1996), Vietnam's Forest Trees, Education PublishingHouse, Hanoi The IUCN Red List of Threatened species (2018) Ministry of Science and Technology (2007) Vietnam Red Data Book, Part II: Plant, Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi Report Operational Management Plan for Cuc Phuong National Park for the Period 2011 – 2015, Cuc Phuong National Park Some websites: http://www.cucphuongtourism.com.vn/ http://www.iucnredlist.org/ http://www.vncreatures.net/e_hinhanh.php?page=19&loai=2&nhom=0& 62 APPENDICES APENDIX I: QUESTIONARES Date…/…/2018 Full name of interviewer: Dao Thi Duong I Introduction Hello sir/madam, I am student in Viet Nam National University of Forestry in Hanoi In my research implementation plan, I come to Cuc Phuong National Park to find out about using conservation status of Juglandaceae species This interview is completely voluntary and randomly selected households The information collected today only serves the purpose of research First of all, please answer some of the question below I sincerely thank you for your sharing II Make a list of question and questionnaires Local people Survey and Questionnaires Name: Address: Jobs: What you get from forest? Do you know the family of Juglandaceae: A Yes B No Do the Juglandaceae species bring benefit for you? What your purpose of cutting Juglandaceae trees? In your opinion, did the number of species belong to Juglandaceae over the past years change? If you know somebody cutting trees what will you do? 63 A: Report to authorities B: Don‟t care about that C: Stop them D: Do the same thing Local officials Survey and Questionnaires Make a list of question and questionnaires Name: Address: Jobs: Position: What you think about the status of Juglandaceae species? What is local name of some species of Juglandaceae? What is the main elevation distribution of each species in Juglandaceae? What is the climate in Cuc Phuong National Park? Does it have the differences between each elevation? In your opinion, Did the number of species belong to Juglandaceae over the past years change Did CPNP have illegal logging? If have, How many violation? Do you know about local people taking forest product and cutting tree? What will you to improve the conservation of Junglandaece diversity? If you know somebody cutting trees what will you do? A: Stop them B: Capture them C: Penalty D: To propagandize about the harmful of deforestation 64 Table 1: Investigation of species to transect line Transect line: Days of investigation: Forest type: Researchers: Coordinate of transect line: No Areas Species D1.3 cm H (m) Hvn (m) Hdc(m) Dtn S-W Status Note N-E Table 2: Investigation of reproduction trees in transect line Transect line: Forest type: Days of investigation: Coordinate of transect line: Researchers Height of trees (cm) No Areas Species 2,5 A B C 1,5 2,5 Buds Seeds … 65 Table 3: Investigation accompany species Quality Hi D1.3 Name of I species Distance to Carya tree No partner Hvn (m) D1.3 (cm) Carya sinensis 1 Table 4: Investigation of shrub and herb species Height: Days of investigation: Steepness: Researcher: Slope direction: ̅ No Species N( N % Note Cluster) trees Cover (m) 66 PHOTOS Measuring diameter at breast height Using GPS to get coordinates Measuring canopy cover Measuring regeneration in and out of 67 Setting up plots of regeneration Interviewing local people and staffs Carya sinens Dode Mature tree Mature tree Regeneration Pterocarya tonkinensis Bud and Leaves Base of leaves Leaves and fruits Dode 68 Fruit Engelhardia roxburghiana Lindl ex Wall Mature tree Leaves Fruit Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc Petiole Leaves and flowers 69 Dry flowers ... conserving and developing organism resources in National Park III GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal To provide information about diversity and conservation status of Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park. .. ecology of National Park, the topic ? ?Taxonomy and Conservation of Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park? ?? was researched in order to provide document basis on plant biodiversity, making a ground... status of Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park Based on observation and measurements of general characters, results indicated that there were walnut species distributed in Cuc Phuong National Park