Applying GIS and remote sensing to determine potential distribution area of turtle in nam dong natural reserve thanh hoa province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS Applying GIS and remote sensing to determine potential distribution area of Turtle in Nam Dong Natural Reserve, Thanh Hoa province Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Ho Thu Phuong Student ID: 1553090573 Class: K60 Natural Resources Management Course: 2015 – 2019 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Assoc Prof Tran Quang Bao Prof Luca Luiselli Ha Noi, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To complete this research, apart from my own efforts, I also receive a lot of enhance and help from my teachers, organizations and individuals First and foremost, I have to thank my first supervisors, Assoc Prof Dr Tran Quang Bao Without his assistance and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process, this research would have never been accomplished I would like to say thank for his support and understanding Also, I would like to thanks for the encouraging words, and suggestions of my second supervisor Prof Luca Luiselli and his team in Turtle Sanctuary Conservation Center for supporting during getting data in field trip and writing thesis My sincere thank also goes to Mr Pham Van Thong who shed the light for me to follow this research for my final thesis It also thanks for your valuable comments for the manuscript I sincerely thank to Vietnam National University of Forestry that has given me an opportunity to apply the knowledge I learned from the school I have got new and useful experience that is helpful for my future work Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and my friends for supporting and encouraging me spiritually throughout my life Because of the time limitation as well as my own lack of knowledge and expertise, certainly the study still has some mistakes Therefore, I look forward to receiving the comments, evaluation and feedbacks of lecturers and friends to enhance the quality of the study and improve not only my professional knowledge but also the lack of skills in this study I sincerely thank all of you! i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 GIS and remote sensing 2.1.1 The concept of GIS, remote sensing and GPS 2.1.2 Landsat image 2.1.3 Status map of forest resources 2.2 Application of remote sensing and GIS in forestry 2.2.1 In the world 2.2.2 In Viet Nam 10 2.2.3 Application of GIS and Remote sensing in determine habitat species 15 CHAPTER STUDY GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 18 3.1 Goal and Objectives 18 3.2 Scope 18 3.3 Contents 18 3.4 Methodology 18 3.4.1 Investigate current status in Nam Dong Natural Reserve 18 3.4.2 Construct thematic maps of distribution of turtle by factors in Nam Dong Natural Reserve 24 3.4.2.1 Collect primary data 24 3.4.2.2 Construct thematic maps of distribution of turtle by factors 27 3.4.3 Conduct suitable habitat map of turtle in Nam Dong Natural Reserve 28 CHAPTER NATURAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 29 4.1 Natural condition 29 4.1.1 Geographical location 29 4.1.2 Topography, geomorphology 30 4.1.3 Climate and hydrology 30 4.1.3.1 Climate 30 4.1.3.2 Hydrology 30 4.1.3.3 Land 30 4.2 Basic characteristics of forest resources 31 4.2.1 Current status of land, forest resources 31 4.2.2 Forest status and distribution by functional subdivisions 32 4.2.3 Forest type of reservation 33 4.3 People's living conditions, socio-economic 34 4.3.1 Economic 34 4.3.1.1 Agricultural production 34 4.3.1.2 Industry, small industry, trade, services 35 4.3.1.3 Natural Resources – Environment 35 4.3.2 Culture, society, infrastructure 35 ii 4.3.2.1 Education, medical 35 4.3.2.2 Population and labor 35 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 38 5.1 Current status and flora, fauna composition in Nam Dong Natural Reserve 38 5.1.1 Flora 38 5.1.2 Fauna 40 5.1.2.1 Mammalia 40 5.1.2.2 Aves 41 5.1.2.3 Reptilia and Amphibia 42 5.2 Vegetation map, elevation and river system of Nam Dong Natural Reserve 43 5.2.1 Vegetation cover map 43 5.2.2 Elevation level map 46 5.2.3 River system map 48 5.3 Distribution of turtles by factors 49 5.3.1 General distribution of turtles 49 5.3.2 Distribution of Turtle by vegetation cover 50 5.3.2.1 General distribution by vegetation cover 50 5.3.2.2 Distribution of each species by vegetation 52 5.3.3 Distribution of Turtle by elevation level 53 5.3.3.1 General distribution by elevation level 53 5.3.3.2 Distribution of each species by elevation level 55 5.3.4 Distribution of Turtle by river system 56 5.3.4.1 General distribution by river system 56 5.3.4.2 Distribution of each species by river system 57 5.4 The suitable habitat map of turtle in Nam Dong Natural Reserve 58 5.4.1 Suitable habitat map for turtle 58 5.4.2 Cuora mouhotii 60 5.4.3 Geoemyda spengleri 62 5.4.4 Cuora galbinifrons 64 5.4.5 Platysternon megacephalum 66 CHAPTER CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 69 6.1 Conclusion 69 6.2 Limitations 71 6.3 Recommendationa 71 REFERENCES 72 APPENDIX iii LIST OF FIGURE Page Fig 3.1 Steps to build the current status map in the study area 20 Fig 3.2 Transect method 25 Fig 3.3 Map of survey transects in Nam Dong Natural Reserveand surroundings 27 Fig 3.4 Process create maps of habitat suitability of turtle in Nam Dong Natural Reserve 28 Fig 4.1 Map of geographical location of Nam Dong Natural Reserve 29 Fig 4.2 Current status map of Special-use Forest Nam Don Natural Reserve 33 Fig 5.1 Current status of vegetation cover in Nam Dong Natural Reserve 39 Fig 5.2 Flowchart of establishing vegetation cover map of Nam Dong Natural Reserve 44 Fig 5.3 Current status map of vegetation cover of Nam Dong Natural Reserve 2019 45 Fig 5.4 Current status map of elevation level of Nam Dong Natural Reserve 47 Fig 5.5 Flowchart of establishing river system map of Nam Dong Natural Reserve 48 Fig 5.6 Current status map of river system of Nam Dong Natural Reserve 49 Fig 5.7 Map of distribution of turtle by vegetation cover in the study area 51 Fig 5.8 Map of distribution of each species by vegetation cover 52 Fig 5.9 Map of distribution of the various turtle species by elevation level in the study area 54 Fig 5.10 Map of distribution of each species by elevation level 55 Fig 5.11 Map of distribution of turtle by river system in the study area 56 Fig 5.12 Map of distribution of each species by river system 57 Fig 5.13 Process to create suitable habitat map for turtle in the study area 59 Fig 5.14 Suitable habitat map for turtle in the study area 60 Fig 5.15 Process to create suitable habitat map for Cuora mouhotii 61 Fig 5.16 Suitable habitat map for Cuora mouhotii 61 Fig 5.17 Process to create suitable habitat map for Geoemyda spengleri 63 Fig 5.18 Suitable habitat map for Geoemyda spengleri 63 Fig 5.19 Process to create suitable habitat map for Cuora galbinifrons 65 Fig 5.20 Suitable habitat map for Cuora galbinifrons 65 Fig 5.21 Process to create suitable habitat map for Platysternon megacephalum 67 Fig 5.22 Suitable habitat map for Platysternon megacephalum 67 iv LIST OF TABLE Page Table 2.1 Sensor characteristics of Landsat and Landsat satellite image Table 3.1 Satellite image 19 Table 3.2 Field data sheet used to collect information 26 Table 3.3 The total length of ten transects 26 Table 4.1 Current forest status in Nam Dong Natural Reserve 32 Table 4.2 Land use area of communes in the buffer zone of the Natural Reserve 34 Table 4.3 Summary of population and labor of communes in the buffer zone of Natural Reserve 36 Table 4.4 Population statistics of villages adjacent to the Natural Reserve 36 Table 5.1 Vegetation ecosystem in Nam Dong Natural Reserve 38 Table 5.2 The proportion of distribution of vegetation cover in study area 45 Table 5.3 Accuracy assessment of NDVI method and field trip 46 Table 5.4 The proportion of distribution of elevation level in study area 47 Table 5.5 The proportion of Turtle distribution in study area 50 Table 5.6 The proportion of Turtle individuals observed by vegetation cover in the study area 51 Table 5.7 The proportion of turtle individual distribution by elevation level in study area 54 Table 5.8 The proportion of suitable habitat area for turtle in the study area 60 Table 5.9 The proportion of suitable habitat area for Cuora mouhotii 62 Table 5.10 The proportion of suitable habitat area for Geoemyda spengleri 64 Table 5.11 The proportion of suitable habitat area for Cuora galbinifrons 66 Table 5.12 The proportion of suitable habitat area for Platysternon megacephalum 68 v CHAPTER CHAPTER INTRODUCTION Tropical and subtropical forests are among the most important environments on Earth, as they house among the richest communities of animals and plants in the terrestrial ecosystems Tropical and subtropical forests play an important role in human’s life and environment Forests provide wood, firewood; provide oxygen; regulate water and are the place where animals live; forests also contain many valuable and rare species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates Terrestrial turtles and tortoises are among these species The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is ranked 9th among the most biodiverse countries of the world in terms of turtle species richness with a total of 32 species, 27 being freshwater and terrestrial and being marine (Dijk et al., 2014) Unfortunately, the conservation status of the Vietnamese turtle fauna is threatened as 85.1% of the native freshwater and terrestrial taxa are currently listed as Threatened in the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2018) For most species, habitat loss and overhunting (for consumption as human food, traditional medicine, religious merit) have been the main threats (Stanford et al., 2018) Indeed, the forest cover in Vietnam has decreased from 43% to 36% from 1945-1990 (De Jong & Hung, 2006), although the country’s forest cover has been recently increased due to the national-scale reforestation of Vietnam since 1992 that is assumed to contribute to this recovery, the forest quality still remains poor (Meyfroidt & Lambin, 2009) Indeed, the recovery of forest coverage was due in part to the ban of industrial logging from natural areas and the displacement of wood extraction to neighboring countries, but mainly to extensive programs of homogenous tree plantations (Meyfroidt & Lambin, 2009) These plantation habitats are clearly unsuitable for turtles, whereas the suitable remnant natural forest is still heavily fragmented and isolated (Fox et al., 2004) The second main threat to Vietnamese turtles is trade for domestic consumption, with massive numbers of individuals being exploited in the 1980s- 2000s (Van Dijk et al., 2000; Nijman, 2010) also to supply the food and traditional medicine markets of China (Cheung and Dudgeon, 2006; Turtle Conservation Fund, 2002) According to IUCN (2018) assessments, the populations of most Vietnamese turtle species have declined by about 50-90% The Black-breasted leaf turtle (Geoemyda spengleri) is one of main targets of this study To protect the turtle and also forest, the world in general and Vietnam in particular, there are many laws, circulars and decrees Moreover, to carry out these Legal instruments effectively, we would need support arising from technology Nowadays, the development of science and technology as well as technical science, in particular, the advent of satellite imagery and GIS remote sensing technology supported people to make a lot in research Remote sensing data with multi-time, multi-spectral and wide-area coverage allows us to update research information quickly, effectively for saving time and effort The combination of using high-resolution remote sensing images in resource management has been a new direction for natural resources planning in general Nam Dong Natural Reserve is a protected area in the central of Vietnam The area of this natural reserve is 646,95 The area is one of the typical forest ecosystems on limestone that still remaining in the northern lowlands of Vietnam, which harbors a high level of the endemic and rare fauna and flora According to the evidence of the result of investigation, there are 18 species of animal that reported in Vietnam Redlist and Red Data Book, 2007 and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2012 Recently, with the development of remote sensing and image interpretation technology, that enable users to capture, store, analyse and manage spatially referenced data of the different objects in the Earth surface Especially, the remote sensing technology has been a powerful application in distribution of turtle Moreover, the management have not been noticed that it has practical significance, be scientifically with the development, protection and management of protection turtle Therefore, I conducted the present study entitled: “Applying GIS and remote sensing to determine potential distribution area of Turtle in Nam Dong Natural Reserve, Thanh Hoa province” CHAPTER CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 GIS and remote sensing 2.1.1 The concept of GIS, remote sensing and GPS Remote sensing: is the process of acquiring information about an object or phenomenon without making actual physical contact with it, as opposed to onsite observation or onsite sensing This often requires the use of aerial sensor technologies such as those used in reconnaissance airplanes and satellites in order to detect and analyze objects on the Earth, usually on the surface Remote sensing is used to receive objective information about the Earth’s surface and atmospheric phenomena thanks to sensors installed on aircraft, artificial satellites, spacecraft or in orbit station Remote sensing technology allows to record changes in natural resources and the environment making monitoring and inventory of natural resources and environment more effective Remote Sensing quickly provides high resolution digital data for the establishment and adjustment of the national mapping system and geographic database Separation of information in remote sensing can be classified into five categories: - Classification: is the process of separating and aggregating information based on spectral, spatial and time properties given by picture of objects to be studied - Dynamic detection: is the detection and operation of fluctuations based on multi-image data time - Separation of physical quantities: Extraction of natural information such as measurement of temperature, atmospheric state, height of objects based on spectral characteristics or parallax of stereoscopic images - Separation of indicators: Calculation and determination of new indices (NDVI plant index…) - Identification of natural disasters signs in service of archeological searchers GIS (Geographic Information System) that origin from three concepts geography, information, and system “Geography”: is related to spatial characteristics They can be physical, cultural, and economic and so on in nature “Information”: refers to data managed by GIS It is the data about attributes and space of the object “Systems”: is a GIS system constructed from modules Creating modules helps conveniently in management and consolidation GPS (Global Positioning System): is a satellite navigation system used to determine the ground position of an object GPS technology was first used by the United States military in the 1960s and expanded into civilian use over the next few decades 2.1.2 Landsat image Landsat satellite is the common name for the system of satellites used exclusively for the purpose of exploring earth recourse Landsat satellite system can be said to be an international satellite system The first satellite was designed to monitor the surface of the earth, Landsat-1 satellite, was launched by NASA in 1972 Originally knowing as ERTS-1 (Earth Resource Technology Satellite) Landsat, Landsat us designed as a test to test the feasibility of collecting multisprectral earth observation data Since then the program has collected abundant data from around the world Next, the satellite generations Landsat - 1975, Landsat - 1978 These two types of landsat images are only equipped with MSS (Multispectral Scanner System): an optical sensor designed to receive receive spectral radiation from sunlight shining into the earth's surface in different spectral channels, integrated by optical systems and sensors) Landsat was launched in orbit in 1982 and Landsat in 1984, both satellites were equipped with TM sensors (Thematic Mapper), used to observe the earth in spectral channels with a range from the viewing range see to infrared Landsat and were launched in 1993 and 1999 with the new improved ETM (Enhanced TM) sensor Landsat satellite was successfully launched into orbit on February 12, 2013, with the task of monitoring forest changes and ecosystems on earth suitable area The last but not least, the most favourite water species - Platysternon megacephalum is contrary to other species The largest area is the not suitable area with 348.77 ha, the very suitable area just accounts about 14.82 ha, suitablr area with 98.14 and less suitable area with 185.22 In general, Nam Dong Natural Reserve is the good habitat with great forest reserves and pretty thick river system for fresh water turtle to shelter 6.2 Limitations Study has achieved some significant results, but there are still some exist as follows: - During the implementation, study met a lot of difficulties on collecting data from the field such as lack of sample plots, unevenly plot distribution, sketchy information concerning payments for forest environmental services, instrumental error, time limitation and poor weather conditions - Limitation of data caused by the quantities of caught turtle were big so we can determine exactly where they had lived in forest - The training of sample classifying of turtle is limited - Limitation of factor affect on habitat characteristics because the study just worked on factors - The limited forest inventory parameters over the years and the documents should not assess overall health of forest 6.3 Recommendations As this study is a preliiminary survey, thus the information provided is limited Hence, further study should be carried out continuously to fill the gap in term of species ecology and to be accurate population estimated The next survey should follow the standard of line transects (selecting however additional habitats and paths in different part of the NR) to reduce the bias that will affect to result Considering to use hunting dogs as the low effort of this time searching However, it is still useful to find another species which is co-occurrence To overcome the shortcomings and achieve better results, the study has some proposals: Need to increase sample points to evaluate the accuracy; need comprehensive study of the impact of forest to the production activities of the local people, divided into more objects to get a more accurate evaluation of the forest changes during this period, need more clear images to serve interpretation 71 REFERENCES Ashton, R., Ashton, P.S., 2008 The Natural History and Management of the Gopher Tortoise Gopherus polyphemus, Report Asian Turtle Program, 2014 Turtle Conservation Centre [WWW Document] URL http://asianturtleprogram.org/project_page/tcc-home-page.html (accessed 9.26.19) 3.Asian Turtle Program, n.d Rafetus Project [WWW Document] URL http://asianturtleprogram.org/project_page/rafetus_project.html (accessed 9.26.19) ATP database, 2016 Geoemyda spengleri field records within Vietnam report Auliya, M., Altherr, S., Ariano-Sanchez, D., Baard, E.H., Brown, C., Brown, R.M., Cantu, J.-C., Gentile, G., Gildenhuys, P., Henningheim, E., 2016 Trade in live reptiles, its impact on wild populations, and the role of the European market Biology Conservation 204, 103–119 Averyanov, L.V., Phan, K.L., Nguyen, T.H., 2003 Phytogeographic review of Vietnam and adjacent areas of Eastern Indochina Komarovia 3: 1-83 Baur, G., 1888 Ueber den ursprung der extremitäten der ichthyopterygia Oberrheinischer Geologischer Verein Blanck, T., McCord, W., Le, M., 2006 On the variability of Cuora trifasciata (Bell, 1825) Frankfurt am Main: Edition Chimaira Böhm, M., Collen, B., Baillie, J.E., Bowles, P., Chanson, J., Cox, N., Hammerson, G., Hoffmann, M., Livingstone, S.R., Ram, M., 2013 The conservation status of the world’s reptiles Biology Conservation 157, 372–385 Bourret, R., 1941 Les tortues de l’Indochine avec une note sur la pêche et l’elevage des tortues de mer par F Le Poulain 10 Bourret, R., 1937 Notes herpétologiques sur lIndochine franỗaise XIV Batraciens Collect Lab Sci Nat LUniversitộ Descr Quinze Especes Ou Variétés Nouv Annexe Au Bull Général L’Instruction Publique Hanoi 1937, 5– 56 11 Altamimi, Z., Collilieux, X., & Métivier, L.,2011 ITRF2008: An improved solution of the international terrestrial reference frame Journal of Geodesy, 85(8), 457-473 12 Baccini, A., Goetz, S., Walker, W., Laporte, N., Sun, M., Sulla-Menashe, D., Friedl, M.,2012 Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps Nature climate change, 2(3), 182 72 13 Bazzaz, F A., & Fajer, E D.,1992 Plant life in a CO 2-rich world Scientific American, 266(1), 68-77 14 Beck, U (2010) Climate for change, or how to create a green modernity? 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Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles Specialist Group Chelonian Research Monograph 30 De Jong, W., Van Hung, T., 2006 Forest Rehabilitation in Vietnam: Histories, Realities, and Future: Histories, Realities, and Future CIFOR 31 Dijk, P.P van, Iverson, J., Rhodin, A.G.J., Roger Bour, 2014 Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status Chelonian Research Foundation , 329– 479 32 Zomer, R J., Trabucco, A., Bossio, D A., & Verchot, L V (2008) Climate change mitigation: A spatial analysis of global land suitability for clean development mechanism afforestation and reforestation Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 126(1-2), 67-80 74 APPENDIX Appendix 1: Picture in field survey Appendix 2: Picture of turtle Cuora mouhotii Geoemyda spengleri Cuora galbinifrons Platysternon megacephalum Appendix 3: Field record form Source: Asian Turtle Program Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Field Record Report Species Local name Date of observation: Record Number (please leave blank) Location and Reporting Information (required) Name of Location (site name) District Province Country Reported by (name and 10 Identified by organization/institution) (include name and organization/affiliations ) Record Type and Classification (required) 11 Observation Type (circle one): A Live specimen B Dead specimen remains C Shell, skull, D Unknown 12 Voucher type (circle): Photograph attached Specimen/remains blood/tissue sample 13 None Classification of Report  A1 Observed in the Wild  A2 Observed in possession of hunter/fisherman/other person(s) within the source area  B1 Observed in captivity within a community in close proximity to the source area  B2 Observed in local trade  C1 Reported in interview  C2 Site-specific record from report or other source without further reference Other information (if available/optional) 14 Age class: Adult Sub-adult Juvenile 15 Sex: Male Hatchling Unknown Female Unknown 16 Length (carapace mm) 17 Width (carapace mm) 18 Weight (g) 19 Additional locality information (forest, wetland, 20 GPS Coordinates (if village, commune, ethnic group, etc.) known) Address: UTM – Geo Name: WGS84 gra Age: Ethnicity: Profession: phic WG S8 Altitude: Altitu de : 21 Describe circumstances of observation/report (provide more details about the situation of turtle observation, source of turtle, price, quantity,…) 22 Wild observation (Air temperature 0C, water temperature 0C, relative humidity %, slope, forest cover,….) Photograph (if available) 23 Insert digital photograph here Report by: Date: _ Appendix 4: Coordination of turtle Source: P V Thong Num Codeber High Date Species name Local name Longitude Latitude (m) Rùa gai 20.26894 104.87328 228 Tau Hạt 20.26894 104.87328 228 ba ba trơn 20.19297 104.89067 207 14-May-18 megacephalum Cạp Cang 20.1855 104.87709 226 Rùa hộp 20.1855 104.87709 226 Táu Hạt 20.1855 104.87709 226 Táu Hạt 20.18582 104.87756 224 Táu Hạt 20.18582 104.87756 224 Táu Hạt 20.18582 104.87756 224 (rùa lửa) 20.18623 104.87672 254 Táu Hạt 20.18623 104.87672 254 Cong Long 20.1983 104.87043 222 Táu Hạt 20.19977 104.86864 228 Táu Hạt 20.19977 104.86864 228 Táu Hạt 20.28054 104.95735 124 Cuora Int1 27-Apr-18 mouhotii Manouria Int 15-May-18 impressa Rùa gai, Pelodiscus Int 13-May-18 sinensis Platysternon Int Cuora Int 21-Dec-18 galbinifrons Táu Cặp, Manouria Int 21-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 21-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 21-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 21-Dec-18 impressa Geoemyda Int 1 21-Dec-18 spengleri Táu Phay Manouria Int 1 21-Dec-18 impressa Sacalia Int 14 22-Dec-18 quadriocellata Manouria Int 15 22-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 15 22-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 11 22-Dec-18 impressa Cuora Int 22-Dec-18 mouhotii Cuora Int 18 22-Dec-18 galbinifrons Táu gai 20.29428 104.94031 219 cặp 20.19234 104.87741 202 Rùa gai 20.19234 104.87741 202 Táu Hạt 20.1922 104.87707 202 Táu Hạt 20.1922 104.87707 202 Rùa Gai 20.18976 104.87533 210 Táu hạt 20.18516 104.88734 218 available 20.26147 104.90204 174 Táu hạt 20.18534 104.88739 215 20.18471 104.87859 223 20.18547 104.8872 213 20.26894 104.87328 228 Rùa hộp 20.18569 104.8876 210 Táu 20.26075 104.9024 188 Táu Táu Cặp, Rùa hộp Táu Phay 20.19297 104.89067 207 20.19297 104.89067 207 (rùa lửa) 20.19297 104.89067 207 rùa hộp, táu Cuora Int 18 22-Dec-18 mouhotii Manouria Int 17 22-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 17 22-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 16 22-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 33 23-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 21 23-Dec-18 impressa Not Manouria Int 32 23-Dec-18 impressa Cuora Int 34 23-Dec-18 galbinifrons Cyclemys Int 31 23-Dec-18 oldhamii Cuora Int 26 23-Dec-18 galbinifrons Cuora Int 30 Int 24 Int 28 Int 28 Int 28 23-Dec-18 galbinifrons Manouria 23-Dec-18 impressa Manouria 23-Dec-18 impressa Cuora 23-Dec-18 galbinifrons Geoemyda 23-Dec-18 spengleri rùa hộp, táu cặp Táu nặm, rùa cứt trâu Táu Cặp, Rùa hộp Táu Cặp, Manouria Int 29 23-Dec-18 impressa Táu Hạt 20.18479 104.87955 215 rùa hộp 20.34112 104.89886 157 Rùa gai 20.34112 104.89886 157 Rùa gai 20.34217 104.89871 142 Rùa gai 20.34217 104.89871 142 Rùa gai 20.34217 104.89871 142 Rùa hộp 20.34217 104.89871 142 Rùa gai 20.34259 104.89322 140 Rùa gai 20.34237 104.89897 134 Rùa Gai 20.34237 104.89897 134 Ba ba gai 20.34739 104.90733 139 Ba ba trơn 20.31351 104.84953 168 Rùa gai 20.31313 104.84759 163 Rùa gai 20.31142 104.84585 163 Rùa hộp 20.20522 104.85239 262 Rùa gai 20.30236 104.84611 166 Cuora Int 38 24-Dec-18 galbinifrons Cuora Int 38 24-Dec-18 mouhotii Cuora Int 39 24-Dec-18 mouhotii Cuora Int 39 24-Dec-18 mouhotii Cuora Int 39 24-Dec-18 mouhotii Cuora Int 39 24-Dec-18 galbinifrons Cuora Int 40 24-Dec-18 mouhotii Cuora Int 37 24-Dec-18 mouhotii Cuora Int 37 24-Dec-18 mouhotii Palea Int 36 24-Dec-18 steindachneri Pelodiscus int 48 25-Dec-18 sinensis Cuora Int 49 25-Dec-18 mouhotii Cuora Int 51 25-Dec-18 mouhotii Cgal b Phe25 Dec 18 Cuora 25-Dec-18 galbinifrons Manouria Int 52 25-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 56 25-Dec-18 impressa Táu Hạt 20.21086 104.82256 341 Rùa Hộp 20.21086 104.82256 341 Rùa hộp 20.2137 104.815 393 Rùa gai 20.20946 104.82502 334 Rùa gai 20.20946 104.82502 334 Rùa gai 20.20946 104.82502 334 Táu Hạt 20.1863 104.88019 224 Rùa gai 20.21114 104.82121 351 20.21114 104.82121 351 Táu hộp 20.21114 104.82121 351 Táu gai 20.21114 104.82121 351 Táu hộp 20.21114 104.82121 351 Rùa hộp 20.21023 104.79039 598 20.17021 104.92262 1018 Rùa hộp 20.21493 104.80455 416 Rùa hộp 20.21493 104.80455 416 Cuora Int 56 25-Dec-18 galbinifrons Cuora Int 57 25-Dec-18 galbinifrons Manouria Int 59 25-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 59 25-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Int 59 Mi 25 Dec 18 Manouria Mi VO 12May19 15-May-19 impressa Cuora Cgal VO 14May19 15-May-19 galbinifrons Manouria Mi VO 12May19 20-May-19 megacephalum Cu Lu Cuora Mi VO 12May19 12-May-19 impressa Platysternon Mi VO 12May19 25-Dec-18 impressa Manouria Mi VO 12May19 25-Dec-18 impressa 15-May-19 galbinifrons Cuora 14-May-19 galbinifrons Pmeg VO 19May19 Cgal Mi VO 21May19 Cgal Mi VO Platysternon 1 19-May-19 megacephalum Cạp Cang Cuora 21-May-19 galbinifrons Cuora 21-May-19 galbinifrons 21May19 Cgal Mi VO 21May19 Cuora 21-May-19 galbinifrons Rùa hộp 20.21493 104.80455 416 Rùa hộp 20.21493 104.80455 416 Rùa gai 20.21493 104.80455 416 Cong long 20.18494 104.87733 250 20.18559 104.87737 226 20.18584 104.87713 218 20.18584 104.87713 218 20.18584 104.87713 218 20.18584 104.87713 218 20.18526 104.87833 234 hiểng 20.18526 104.87833 234 Rùa lửa Tàu nam hiểng Tàu nam hiểng Tàu nam 20.2155 104.80713 452 20.2155 104.80713 452 20.18517 104.87809 290 20.18533 104.8782 233 Cgal Mi VO 21May19 Cuora 21-May-19 galbinifrons Cgal Mi VO 21May19 Manouria 21-May-19 impressa Sacalia I1 15-May-19 quadriocellata Manouria I8 15-May-19 impressa Manouria I9 15-May-19 impressa Manouria I9 15-May-19 impressa Manouria I9 15-May-19 impressa Cuora I9 19-May-19 galbinifrons Manouria I11 15-May-19 impressa Manouria I11 I13 I13 I14 15-May-19 impressa Geoemyda 17-May-19 spengleri Manouria 17-May-19 impressa Manouria 18-May-19 impressa Manouria I15 18-May-19 impressa Tàu nam hiểng Rùa gai, táu hạt Not available Not available Táu cặp, rùa hộp Tàu nam hiểng Tàu nam hiểng, rùa gai Tàu nam Manouria I16 18-May-19 impressa hiểng, rùa gai 20.18529 104.87818 234 Rùa gai 20.1851 104.87855 237 rùa gai 20.1851 104.87855 237 Rùa hộp 20.18446 104.87988 232 Rùa Gai 20.18477 104.87948 233 Rùa gai 20.18554 104.87688 227 gai 20.1795 104.87082 223 Táu hạt 20.1795 104.87082 223 20.18106 104.87238 222 hiểng 20.18106 104.87238 222 Táu hạt 20.21094 104.8209 352 20.21122 104.82155 351 20.209 104.8269 342 Rùa gai 20.20972 104.8257 350 Rùa gai 20.2084 104.82792 336 Rùa gai 20.20884 104.83523 327 Manouria I17 18-May-19 impressa Manouria I17 18-May-19 impressa Cuora I18 18-May-19 galbinifrons Manouria I19 18-May-19 impressa Manouria I21 18-May-19 impressa Tàu nam Manouria I22 18-May-19 impressa hiểng, rùa Cuora I22 18-May-19 mouhotii Cuora I23 18-May-19 galbinifrons Manouria I23 18-May-19 impressa Táu cặp, rùa hộp Tàu nam Manouria I36 19-May-19 impressa Platysternon I37 Cạp cang, 19-May-19 megacephalum rùa mỏ vẹt Palea I39 I40 I41 I42 19-May-19 steindachneri Manouria 19-May-19 impressa Manouria 19-May-19 impressa Manouria 19-May-19 impressa Ba ba gai Geoemyda I43 19-May-19 spengleri Táu Phay (rùa lửa) 20.20884 104.83523 327 Rùa hộp 20.18531 104.88742 245 Táu Khíu 20.18552 104.88762 289 Táu Khíu 20.18552 104.88762 289 Rùa hộp 20.18552 104.88762 289 Cuora I44 19-May-19 galbinifrons Geoemyda I45 20-May-19 spengleri Geoemyda I45 20-May-19 spengleri Cuora I45 Total 114 20-May-19 galbinifrons ... protection and management of protection turtle Therefore, I conducted the present study entitled: ? ?Applying GIS and remote sensing to determine potential distribution area of Turtle in Nam Dong Natural. .. Natural Reserve, Thanh Hoa province? ?? CHAPTER CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 GIS and remote sensing 2.1.1 The concept of GIS, remote sensing and GPS Remote sensing: is the process of acquiring information... monitoring using remote sensing data and determining potential distribution of turtle in study site * Objectives To investigate the ecological characteristics of Nam Dong Natural Reserve To construct