Applying GIS and remote sensing to assess water surface area change in hanoi city from 1994 to 2016

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS Title Applying GIS And Remote Sensing To Assess Water Surface Area Change In Hanoi City From 1994 To 2016 Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Nguyen Van Duc Student ID: 1253090007 Class: K57 Natural Resources Management Course: 2012 - 2016 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Assoc Prof Phung Van Khoa Co-supervisor: Ha Noi, March /2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would not have been possible without the support and help from my teachers, friends, families and several people I would like to express our special appreciation of following people who supported me with my sincere gratitude: I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Dr Phung Van Khoa for his untiring and excellent guidance, valuable suggestions in my dilemmas His comments and advices have helped me to finish my thesis I am also thankful to Prof Lee MacDonald for his enthusiasm in guiding me to construct thesis proposal His comments and criticism on my proposal helped me to present better final thesis Further, I would like to thank the Department of Natural Resources and Environment in Hanoi for support and giving me the chance to study in Besides, I also thank the local authorities in Hanoi for providing valuable information and data of the area I wish to thank the Center of Laboratory and Practice of Vietnam Forestry University for providing me with survey instrument (GPS Garmin) for field survey I also thank my friends for their enthusiastic help in the process collected data in field survey i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ABSTRACT v I INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW Water surface related study II GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Study Goal 2.2 Specific objectives 2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY III METHODS 3.1 Data collection 3.1.1 Interview data 3.1.2 Field survey method 3.1.3 Integration of multi-temporal Landsat data and GIS 3.1.4 Materials and data IV STUDY SITE, NATURAL AND SOCIAL FEATURES 10 4.1 STUDY AREA 10 4.1.1 Climate 11 4.1.2 Topography 11 4.1.3 Social-economic features 11 V.RESULT AND DISCUSSION 13 5.1 Image Classification 13 5.2 Changes in Water surface cover in Hanoi from 1994 to 2016 14 5.2.1 Thematic Water surface cover in Hanoi 14 ii 5.2.2 Accuracy assessment of Water surface cover classification 28 5.2.3 Spatial Water surface area change in the study time 30 5.3 Recommendations for better management of water surface area in Hanoi 31 VI.GENERAL CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER STUDY 33 6.1 General conclusion 33 6.2 Limitations 34 6.3 Further studies 34 VII REFERENCES 36 APPENDIX iii List of Tables Table 5.1 List of Points for Image Classification Table 5.3 Summary of area of water surface area classes from 1994 to 2016 (ha) Table 5.4 Changes in area of Water surface covers in different periods Table 5.5 Changes in area of Water covers in 2016 in comparison with previous years (ha) Table 5.5 Accuracy assessment Points List of Figures Figure 3.1: method proportion of each objectives Fig.3.2: Flowchart of methodology for image classification and change mapping Figure 4.1 Study site Figure 5.1 Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 1994 Figure 5.2 Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 1994(ha) Figure 5.3: Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 1998 Figure 5.4 Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 1998(ha) Figure 5.5: Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 2000 Figure 5.6: Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 2000(ha) Figure 5.7: Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 2005 Figure 5.8: Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 2005(ha) Figure 5.9: Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 2010 Figure 5.10: Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 2010(ha) Figure 5.11: Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 2013 Figure 5.12: Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 2013(ha) Figure 5.13: Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 2016 Figure 5.14: Area of Water Surface in Hanoi in 2016(ha) Figure 5.15: Land cover classes change in study time Figure 5.16 Accuracy assessment site iv ABSTRACT Water surface is considered as a fundamental component for sustainable management of natural resource and monitoring environmental changes In recent years, with increasing in anthropogenic activities and climate change, water surface cover is dramatically changed; and impact adversely affected to environment Hanoi is the capital city of Vietnam, it has vital role in contributed immeasurable socio-economic, cultural, and environmental value at local, provincial, regional, national level Therefore Hanoi’s Water surface area is facing with decline in function and natural resource of the area by human activities and natural calamities This study is carried out with aim to assessing water surface change in Hanoi from 1994 to 2016 using multi-temporal Landsat data combine with GIS technique From that, would have an overview about the trend of water surface cover change which contributed better management of water surface cover in Hanoi city For this study, multi-temporal Landsat imagery includes Landsat TM, Landsat ETM+ and Landsat OLI/TIRS were analyzed using ArcGIS software; and Global Position System (GPS) was acquired for collected ground control points in the field Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was chosen to extract information from satellite data with two land cover classes were identified including water, and Non-water The change detection of water surface cover is divided into four periods (1994-1998, 19982000, 2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2013 and 2013-2016) v I INTRODUCTION Water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth Water circulates through the land just as it does through the human body, transporting, dissolving, replenishing nutrients and organic matter, while carrying away waste materials In Vietnam, there are totally 2360 rivers totaling to more than 10 km and it would appear that this should provide copious supply of water to the nation However, due to the lack of physical infrastructure and financial capacity there is low utilization of the supply along with an uneven distribution of rain fall resulting in water shortages throughout the country (Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – 2015 update and MDG assessment) Realize the significance of water issues in Vietnam, Hanoi city in particular, this research conducted with hope to provide insight information of how water surface area change in Hanoi city between 1994 and 2016 Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam where water surface degradation is seriously happened Water surface cover in Hanoi is decreased 80% compared with past 50 year and water cover in Hanoi declined 72,540 m2 from 2010 to 2015 (Department of Statistic, 2015) With the remote sensing technology widely applied in people’s lives today, the use of that technological applications in the scientific research are also widely applied The remote sensing and GIS technology is a powerful tool to help people go deeper, discover, describe, identify, supervise and assess the natural resources problems of the Earth Many fields have successfully applied the remote sensing technology to fully exploit their advantages such as mapping, surveying the land, forest, environmental management, census, survey and assess the forest, forest classification investigation Especially in recent years, the remote sensing technology has been a powerful application in the study of issues relate to mangroves such as the mapping of status, investigating the change in forest, assessment study the mangrove environment, forest classification survey Despite the advantages of GIS and remote sensing for conducting researches, there are no pre-existed study about water cover change in Hanoi with application of GIS and remote sensing Because of that, we conduct the study: “Applying GIS and Remote Sensing to Assess Water Cover Change in Hanoi City from 1994 to 2016” * Hypothesis: Hanoi water surface cover is decreasing significantly over 22 years between 1994 and 2016 LITERATURE REVIEW Water surface related study Hanoi faces many challenges before every inhabitant has a secure water supply connection meeting his/her needs Water resources are distributed between households, industry, hospitals and farms close to the urban area The main water source is, at the moment, groundwater but overexploitation of this resource calls for new sources of water (FINNIDA, 1993) The city of Hanoi is constantly growing in size and number of inhabitants The water supply network does not keep up with the rate of urbanisation During recent years, much has been done to upgrade and expand the system These efforts have off course had a positive impact on the development, but much is still needed to be done The urbanisation seems to be a newer ending process; therefore, the development of the network must also be a continuous process Management of water resources in Hanoi is not a new occurrence Hanoi City’s Water Master Plan was developed in 1986-87 based on data and documents compiled by Russian experts during the 70’s and 80’s (FINNIDA, 1993) The plan was in great need of revisions and updating something the Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA) did between the years 1985 and 1997 During this time, the Hanoi Water Supply Programme was implemented Currently support to the water sector comes mainly from the World Bank, Asian Development Bank and the Japanese Overseas Economic Co-operation Fund (UNDP, 2000) The long-term development objective of the Hanoi Water Supply Programme (HWSP) is: “To secure adequate and safe water supply to citizens, industry and other consumers in the urban area of Hanoi city by creating a sound public utility, which will provide self-financing, potable water efficiently and at least cost.” (Sarkkinen, 1997) This ambitious objective shows that the authorities recognise water to be an economic good consumers should pay for Recognition alone will not secure the water supply to all consumers The question is how well prepared the authorities are to realize their ambition The overall responsibility for water resources rests with the Office of Transportation and Urban Public Works Service Four companies have been established to assist the Office in its task They are (FINNIDA, 1993): - Hanoi Water Business Company, responsible for management, operation and maintenance of water supply in the urban areas of Hanoi City - Hanoi Sewerage and Drainage Company, responsible for operation and maintenance of the sewerage and drainage system 20 - Environmental Company responsible for the collection and processing of domestic wastes - Design Company for Urban Public Work, which carries out all the design work for distribution pipelines and home connections Effective management of water use requires cooperation between these groups as well as the whole consumer population Until recently, water has been provided at an unmetered, fixed flat rate heavily subsidized by the Government This circumstance made water conservation and at the same time keeping a well-functioning water network difficult (FINNIDA, 1993) Integrated water management and a more aware population of water users should be the main objectives for water planners in Hanoi Currently interaction between stakeholders is weak, causing ineffective management Public participation in the water sector is very limited (SIDA, 2003) 5.2.1.6 Water Surface covers in Hanoi in 2013 Classification of Landsat OLI/TIRS of 2013 as coastal land cover map is shown in Figure 5.11 and 5.12 as illustrated in figure 5.6, water surface cover constitute just 9% of total area of study area( 22605.8 ha) Non-water area constitute 91% remaining land cover (216178.8 ha) 24 Figure 5.11 Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 2013 Figure 5.12 Areas of Water surface cover in Hanoi in 2013(ha) 25 5.2.1.7 Water Surface covers in Hanoi in 2016 Classification of Landsat OLI/TIRS of 2016 as coastal land cover map is shown in Figure 5.5 and 5.6 as illustrated in figure 5.6, water surface cover constitute just 9% of total area of study area( 21433.7 ha) 91% remaining land covered by non-water areas (217350.9 hectares) 26 Figure 5.13 Thematic Land cover of Hanoi in 2016 Figure 5.14 Areas of Water surface cover in Hanoi in 2016(ha) 27 5.2.2 Accuracy assessment of Water surface cover classification 5.2.2.1 Secondary Survey In this study I based on this research to choose ranging for NDVI for water is from minus to 0.05 When I recheck the accuracy of it, I choose 30 points in my Arcmap that NDVI ranging from minus to 0.05 and here is the result Number Latitude 21° 7'54.04"N 21° 7'56.59"N 21° 7'52.83"N 21° 8'16.77"N 21° 8'37.09"N 21° 8'34.95"N 21° 8'10.44"N 21° 7'53.15"N 10 21° 4'20.97"N 11 21° 4'16.63"N 12 21° 4'8.22"N 13 21° 3'59.81"N 14 21° 3'46.03"N 15 21° 2'29.90"N 16 21° 2'26.38"N 17 21° 1'50.77"N 18 21° 1'52.64"N 19 21° 0'26.90"N 20 21° 0'26.58"N 21 21° 0'18.74"N 22 21° 0'17.13"N 23 20°59'9.80"N 24 20°59'8.18"N 25 20°59'6.18"N 26 20°59'4.03"N 27 21° 2'43.44"N 28 21° 2'45.62"N 29 21° 0'42.05"N 30 21° 1'10.08"N Longitude NDVI 105°40'20.98"E -1.33429 105°40'42.90"E -1.21371 105°40'43.19"E -0.78167 105°41'18.93"E -1.21371 105°41'26.49"E -0.79169 105°42'26.56"E -0.05905 105°42'21.27"E -0.02182 105°42'38.91"E -0.12131 105°48'55.62"E -0.01291 105°48'52.44"E -0.02315 105°48'46.78"E -0.0105 105°48'43.02"E -0.121312 105°48'42.30"E 0.049132 105°47'45.77"E -0.18236 105°47'42.76"E -0.190217 105°48'21.57"E 0.05754 105°48'36.81"E -0.224669 105°51'14.62"E -0.8521 105°51'15.77"E 0.03192 105°51'11.55"E -0.21962 105°51'12.71"E 0.049131 105°51'17.16"E -0.7351 105°51'16.85"E -0.155512 105°51'16.48"E 0.03092 105°51'17.79"E -0.14321 105°49'42.09"E 0.104921 105°50'19.37"E 0.01291 105°50'39.95"E 0.049232 105°52'8.59"E -0.152131 Table 5.5 Accuracy assessment Points 28 Note River bed River bed River River bed Lake Lake Lake Lake Pond Pond Pond Pond Non-Water Water Water Non-Water Water Non-water Water Water Non-Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Non-Water Water These 30 points showed as water in my Arcmap but actually there are points is not actually water, it is kind of area that covered by water when exceed precipitation happen So the accuracy of this study is around 83% 5.2.2.2 Accuracy assessment by Google Earth In order to check the accuracy of this study, by using Google Earth, all Ponds Lakes, and River within Hanoi Capital are selected (draw polygons by Google Earth) After that, I transfer the polygon into Arcmap and calculate the real water surface cover The entire region of Hanoi capital, including districts, also selected and add to the Arcmap to calculate the water surface cover that the Processed Image shown The result shown that total area of water surface cover in that polygon is 652.8 Total area of rivers, lakes and ponds in that polygon is 597.1 So the result of this study is about 91.5% Figure 5.17 Accuracy assessment site 29 5.2.3 Spatial Water surface area change in the study time 5.2.3.1 Area of Water surface Cover Change from 1994 to 2016 The land cover proportions of 1994, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2013 and 2016 were represented in Table 5.1 and Figure 5.7 As shown in Table 5.2 and Figure 5.7, it is clear to know that the majority of the land cover changes have occurred within water While the Non-water area have slightly changed over 22 years with the total study area is 238785 Table 5.3: Summary of area of water surface change from 1994 to 2016 (ha) 1994 Land cover classes 1998 2000 Ha % Ha % Ha % Water 39652.5 17 39053.1 16 38620.8 16 Non-water 199132.2 83 199731.5 84 200163.8 84 2005 Land cover 2010 2013 2016 classes Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Water 33594 14 24061.7 10 22605.8 21433.7 Non-water 205190.6 86 214722.9 90 216178.8 91 217350.9 92 Figure 5.15: Land cover classes change in study time 30 5.2.3.2 Changes in Water surface cover in different periods There is a downward trend in the area of water surface in study time However, in the peak years Table 5.4: changes in area of Water covers in different periods 1994-1998 Land cover classes Ha Water 1998 -2000 % -599.4 Land cover Ha -1 Ha Water % -423.3 2005-2010 classes 2000-2005 Ha 2010-2013 % -9532,3 Ha -4 % -5026,8 -2 2013-2016 % -1455,9 Ha -1 % -1172,1 Table 5.5: changes in area of Water covers in 2016 in comparison with previous years (ha) 2016 1994 1998 2000 2005 2010 2013 -18218,8 -17619,4 -17187,1 -12160,3 -2628 -1172,1 From 1994 to 1998, water surface cover did not change much, merely 1% decrease (599.4 hectares) Between 1998 and 2000, total area of water surface in Hanoi did not change much (423.3 hectares disappeared) However, the most dramatic decrease happened in the period from 2000 to 2005 and 2005-2010, going down by 2% and 4% (5026.8 and 9532.3 hectares) respectively From 2010 to 2016, water surface continued to decrease 1% (26280 hectares) In summary, during the study time, total area of water surface area decrease by 10% (18209.8hectares) compared with total land cover area of Hanoi and 46% to total area of water cover in Hanoi in 1994 5.3 Recommendations for better management of water surface area in Hanoi Based on findings in the study area through previous sections, realized that Hanoi has problems such as: lack of land use planning, management board haven’t complete, 31 management plant haven’t carried effectively, study propose some key recommendations for management of water surface cover in Hanoi Water-use planning needed: the land use (water-use) for Hanoi is essential and urgent Governments of Hanoi should clearly define the boundary of water bodies, establishing sub-division areas, prevent and inhibit individuals and organizations destroying water surface to cater their needs Institutional frames needed among districts: staffs at environment and community in districts should communicate to one another to figure out solutions to raise people awareness of water surface nearby their homes Enhancement of international cooperation in sustainable management of water surface: promoting and enhancing international cooperation on conservation and sustainable development of coastal water surface need to be encouraged There is a need of cooperation with MCD to have projects with policies needed to raise local people’s awareness Besides, management plans should enable them to participate in conservation and sustainable use of water bodies in Hanoi Public media enhancement: enhancing communication and awareness raising of local people on the issues of climate change and risks of the area as well as sustainable use of water bodies should be taken into account as designing a land use planning Enhancement of scientific research: promoting scientific research in the area, including on monitoring and forecast the trends of natural resources and water surface change should be prioritized These researches would help propose policies, action plans for purpose of conservation and sustainable development in Hanoi Besides, developing scientific research in the area will attract investment of governmental and nongovernmental organizations 32 Promote training courses, workshop is needed for staffs to meet the requirement knowledge for conservation and wise use natural resources Develop and apply relevant models on wise use of the area, such as ecological aquaculture and other environmentally friendly models VI.GENERAL CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER STUDY 6.1 General conclusion The objectives of this study is to identify and analyze change detected from water surface cover using multi temporal Landsat data and GIS based techniques in Hanoi between 1994 and 2016 Combining RS data and GIS technique has given result of land cover map of Hanoi in 1994,1998, 2000, 2005, 2013 and 2016, as well as detection of land cover change during study time With accuracy for main factor (water) is 83% From 1994 to 1998, water surface cover did not change much, merely 1% decrease (599.4 hectares) Between 1998 and 2000, total area of water surface in Hanoi did not change much (423.3 hectares disappeared) However, the most dramatic decrease happened in the period from 2000 to 2005 and 2005-2010, going down by 2% and 4% (5026.8 and 9532.3 hectares) respectively From 2010 to 2016, water surface continued to decrease 1% (26280 hectares) In summary, during the study time, total area of water surface area decrease by 10% (18209.8hectares) compared with total land cover area of Hanoi and 46% to total area of water cover in Hanoi in 1994 Hanoi is the capital city of Vietnam, where has a significant role in industrial activities, social and economic factors and political aspect It also possesses high valuable ecology Therefore, management plans always combines between conservation and sustainable use of natural resources and communities based management However, Hanoi had to clearly define land-use purposes, improving staff’s experience, skill and knowledge 33 In addition, promoting and enhanced international cooperation communicate and awareness-raising of local people, promoting scientific research, and solve environmental pollution Using satellite image data and GIS technique can be a valuable tool in locating and predicting land cover change With rapid change of natural resource because of pressure of human and natural induced Currently, GIS and RS is considered as achievement science in monitoring and management natural resource, particularly vulnerable zones 6.2 Limitations In this study, using Landsat can identify relatively well land cover classes in the area, with overall accuracy of water cover is almost 83% However, there are some limitations in this study Limitation of Landsat imagery is primary data source of detection land cover change Firstly, detection land cover change has large difference of each period because of some reasons for choosing Landsat imagery The choosing imagery hasn't same date of acquired and same season, therefore affected to detection land cover change of the area Ideally, all satellite images used in this study from dry season (from November to March) to propose better solution of water surface area change Other limitation is lack of reference data in 1994, 1998, 2000, 2005 and 2010 to accuracy assessment of classification class in those years There are some misclassification in identify land cover class when using Landsat TM and Landsat ETM+ because of low spatial resolution 6.3 Further studies In this study, Landsat imageries used for classification land cover, have fairly low spatial resolution (30m) The classification result produced fairly low accuracy For the future study, using higher spatial resolution as SPOT and 7, and QuickBird for monitoring land cover to improve the quality of coastal land cover mapping The limitation of time, data sources and satellite imagery are also limitations of this study, only years (1994, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2016) and four time periods 34 (1994-2000, 2000-2005 and 2005 to 2010 and 2010 to 2016) are used for detecting the change of water surface area Thus, it can limit the overall trend of changes this area to the some extent Therefore, more years and time periods should be conducted for land cover change detection in future study 35 VII REFERENCES Adubofour Frimpong (Bsc Geodetic Engineering), 2011 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Forest Cover Change Detection (A case study of Owabi Catchment in Kumasi, Ghana) Abdullah Al Mamun, Asif Mahmood, Mafizur Rahman, 2010 Identification and Monitoring the Change of Land Use Pattern Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Dhaka City Ashraf M Dewan & Yasushi Yamaguchi, 2008 Using remote sensing and GIS to detect and monitor land use and land cover change in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh during 1960–2005 Ellis, E.; Robert P and Cutler J (2009) "Land-cover" In: Encyclopedia of Earth Eds Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, 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Evidence from analysis of land cover change in Tat hamlet from 1952 to 2003", in: Farming with Fire and Water: The human ecology of a composite swiddening community in Vietnam Northern Mountains Le Ngoc Cau, et al, 2006 The Existing Urban Environmental Sanitation System in Hanoi and Problems Related Ping Ping Luo, et al, 2001 Water Quality Assessment for Tracking Water Pollution to Enhance Urban Water Environments in Jakarta and Hanoi 37 APPENDIX Staffs of management board and authorities interviewing schedule General information Name: Age: Position: Address: Interviewer: Gender: Date of interview: Content How is organizational structure management and infrastructures in the area? What are policies and plans of management implemented current in Hanoi? How many hectares of Water surface cover are in the Hanoi Reserve? How water surface cover has changed over the years? And causes and consequences of it? How does it influence to citizen? + If it is good, why? + If it is bad, why? 38 ... ? ?Applying GIS and Remote Sensing to Assess Water Cover Change in Hanoi City from 1994 to 2016? ?? * Hypothesis: Hanoi water surface cover is decreasing significantly over 22 years between 1994 and. .. Points for Image Classification 13 5.2 Changes in Water surface cover in Hanoi from 1994 to 2016 5.2.1 Thematic Water surface cover in Hanoi 5.2.1.1 Water surface covers in Hanoi in 1994 The Water. .. Change of Land Use Pattern Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Dhaka City Ashraf M Dewan & Yasushi Yamaguchi, 2008 Using remote sensing and GIS to detect and monitor land use and land