2 2 irradiance reflectance and remote sensing

... spruce 22 Aug 20 06 18 Oct 20 02 18 - 23 European larch 20 Aug 20 07 19 Oct 20 06 16 - 19 Common birch 22 20 03* 21 Oct 20 02 22 - 25 Year Oct 20 02 – Oct 20 07 Aug 20 03 – May 20 07 Sept 20 03 – May 20 07 ... characteristics of the stands Age and year N G d of (trees.ha-1) (m2.ha-1) (cm) measurement h (m) 22 years (20 06) 022 17.7 10 .2 5.7 20 years (20 07) 140 27 .8 12. 0 10.8 22 years (20 03) 725 10.9 8.5 9.1 ... Mg 335.5 28 .3 138.3 158.7 27 .8 10 82. 3 85.9 176.4 22 .3 21 .7 48.0 2. 9 4.4 41.8 1.5 Above-ground biomass Blue spruce 307.0 21 .0 136.0 122 .0 53.0 Forest-floor 383.9 23 .4 195.8 50.3 135.9 52. 6 3.8...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... = 2 − 2 , p c ( ) vg ω = c − ωp ω τ= , ( 2 pz c ω −ω 2 p ) (2. 86) By assuming that ω >> ωp for the ionosphere, then: τ= ωp ω 2z = c f e Nz 2. 92 ⋅ 10 2 Nz = π 2mc f (2. 87) And the pass band ... formulas: © 20 05 by CRC Press TF1710_book.fm Page 42 Thursday, September 30, 20 04 1:43 PM 42 Radio Propagation and Remote Sensing of the Environment S0 = ( ) ( ) a − b cos 2 a − b sin 2 a2 + b2 , S1 ... in Equation (2. 36), and the extraordinary one, for which the (–) sign would be chosen Equations (2. 32) and (2. 34) can be used to represent Equation (2. 36) more simply as:   u 2 n1 ,2 = − v 1...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21

... cases Figure 2. 2h: The decision tree rules generated from the data distribution in Figure 2. 2a Copyright 20 02 Andrew Skidmore Environmental Modelling with CIS and Remote Sensing 2. 3.3 Discussion ... between 0.6 and 1.5 Other examples of Copyright 20 02 Andrew Skidmore 16 Environmental Modellins with CIS and Remote Sensing empirical models where thresholds are used include CART (see 2. 3 .2) and BIOCLIM ... Figure 2. 5), and given a target value of, for example, 0.90 Clearly, the neural network is trained using induction (see 2. 3 .2) Copyright 20 02 Andrew Skidmore Environmental Modelling with GIS and Remote...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 02:22

... at 25 % to 40% into stance phase and the second peak at 65% to 85% into stance Figure 2- 8: Schematic drawing of Sander's interface stress transducer [Source: Sanders and Daly, 1993] Sanders and ... 20 6 DISCUSSION 20 7 CONCLUSION 21 1 FUTURE WORK 21 3 8.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCKET REACTIONS AND STUMP/SOCKET INTERFACE PRESSURE 21 3 8 .2 PROSTHETIC ... ALIGNMENT 2. 1 INTRODUCTION 2. 2 MEASUREMENT OF PROSTHETIC ALIGNMENT 2. 3 ALIGNMENT INSTRUMENTATION 10 2. 3.1 Manual Equipment 10 2. 3 .2 Automatic...

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2015, 19:01

... 12 Disturbed > Reservoir 26 27 164.19 1.64 0 .24 13 Wet paddy > Reservoir 1941 121 .31 1 .21 0.17 14 Evergreen Forest > Bare land 329 7 20 6.06 2. 06 0.30 15 Disturbed > Bare land 20 361 1 ,27 2.56 12. 73 ... 164 .27 23 .60 305.1 43.8 Bamboo 22 .98 3.30 12. 4 1.8 Field crop 32. 53 4.67 4.0 0.6 Wet paddy 24 .08 3.46 23 .6 3.4 0 10.5 1.5 22 .56 3 .24 0 Reservoir 0. 02 0.00 6.6 0.9 Mekong 6. 62 0.95 3.1 0.4 Sandy ... 67º59'13" Long: 22 2º79'96" to 22 5º56 '22 " 43 villages Study area 125 0msl 300msl • • Area 696 km2 • Watershed boundary area = 22 km2 • Elevation from 300 to 1 ,23 5 msl 10 The lowland farms are located...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 11:20

... 300 US cent / kg 25 0 20 0 150 100 50 20 00 20 01 20 02 2003 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 Year Figure 1: Yearly mean price of rubber in US cent per kilo (source: Malaysian Rubber Board, 20 08) For the enormous ... year 20 00 prices Comparison of rubber and oil prices (percent of year 20 00 price level) percent of year 20 00 price level 450 400 350 300 25 0 rubber 20 0 oil 150 100 50 20 00 20 01 20 02 2003 20 04 20 05 ... 1994 -20 06 Data is unavailable for 1996, 20 00 and 20 02 (source: PAFO Luang Namtha in Shi, 20 08) 15 Figure 4: Comparison of Spectral Bands between ASTER and Landsat-7 Thematic Mapper (% Ref is reflectance...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 11:20

... isometry (Ho: α = 1) Treatment R2 P α F P C 0.00 0. 720 2. 52A 105.36 0.000 S 0.10 0.003 1.99A 52. 39 0.000 M 0 .24 0.000 1.59B 22 .77 0.000 C 0.80 0.000 1.18A 14. 02 0.000 S 0.89 0.000 1.07A 3.37 ... Maděra, Diana Lopéz and Martin Šenfeldr 75 VI Contents Part Remote Sensing of Biomass 127 Chapter Introduction to Remote Sensing of Biomass 129 Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Mohd Jamil Maah and Ismail Yusoff ... and numerous taxa in laboratory and natural populations (e.g., Reznick, 1985; Sinervo & DeNardo, 1996; Zuk, 1996; Tucić et al 1997, 1998; Tucić & Stojković 20 01; Roff, 20 02; Stojković et al 20 09)...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... 10.4 29 2 8.1 Boreal forests 1.9 13.7 395 2. 6 Artic tundra 0.9 5.6 117 0.5 Mediterranean shrubs 2. 8 88 1.4 Crops 3.1 13.5 15 4.1 Tropical savanna and grasslands 7 .2 27.6 326 19.9 Temperate grasslands ... cm) 6.1 9.8 5 .2 5.3 4.4 4.5 3.9 3.4 3 .2 3.5 3.4 5.7 2. 9 2. 6 3.6 4.1 2. 3 2. 3 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 0.9 1.6 1.3 1 .2 1.3 1.3 1 .2 Data adapted from; a Senegal data adapted from Deans et al (20 03) Only species ... example Kinyamario & Imamba (19 92) taking into account mortality and decomposition obtained an NPP (g m -2 y-1) of 129 2 and found that the ‘standard IBP method’ and the ‘maximum-minimum’ methods...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... Pereza 32. 00 – 643.00 (27 8.40 ± 26 2.17) 20 .09 – 184.18 ( 121 .77 ± 79.50) Protozoans Quebrada Seca 98.00 – 24 72. 00 (1 129 .80 ± 871.30) 25 9.46 – 1833.49 (1 127 .26 ± 710.50) Protozoans Suata 133.76 – 25 18.47 ... 73.00 – 21 8.00 ( 123 .17 ± 41.17) 69.80 – 22 8.10 ( 127 .25 ± 49.77) Copepods El Cigarrón 35.00 – 27 2.00 130.00 ± 69.66) 40.00 – 360.00 (164.67 ± 103.86) Copepods El Cují 125 .50 – 330.60 (22 8.05 ± ... (10 92. 40 ± 546.93) Copepods El Andino 8.80 – 616.40 (28 7.89 ± 20 1.36) 4 02. 98 – 634.67 (381. 72 ± 169.46) Rotifers + Copepods La Mariposa 111.00 – 669.00 ( 423 .33 ± 1 82. 13) 154.83 – 129 7.77 (787.42...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... Dry standing biomass (g m -2) St.Dev in parentheses England and Wales Schoeno–Juncetum ~ 20 0 England and Wales Acrocladio–Caricetum ~ 20 0 England and Wales Potentillo–Caricetum ~ 20 0 England and ... 40–100 50–150 150 25 0 100–300 20 0 150–380 150–300 20 0–400 23 0 80 100 25 0 150–300 80 20 0 (300) 150–500 20 0 25 0 100–450 100–450 40–100 50–150 50–180 100 20 0 25 0 26 0 125 80–300 Table Mean above-ground ... g m -2 and from 600 to 1750 g m 2 for both tall graminoids and tall herbs For comparison, in Canada and adjacent USA mean above-ground biomass was 337 ± 1 42 g m -2 for fens and bogs, and 924 ±...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... cm 10 -20 cm CE 27  abc 36  28 a 75  19 a 58  11 a 47  16 ab 32  a 1CT 23  12 ab 27  22 a 35  25 ab 43  22 ab 21  cd 20  bc 2CT 33  a 22  10 a 24  25 b 32  14 abc 28  bcd 31  ... 1CT 20 03 – 20 04 rice (CT) fallow land 1.00 4.5 6.5 24 .0 2CT 20 02 – 20 03 rice (CT) fallow land 0.93 4.5 5.7 20 .1 20 03 20 04 rice (CT) fallow land 20 01 – 20 02 rice (CT) fallow land 1.11 4.7 9.4 32. 5 ... 32. 5 20 02 – 20 03 rice (CT) fallow land 20 03 – 20 04 soybean (NT) maize 20 00 – 20 01 rice (CT) fallow land 0.98 5.0 15.4 39.1 20 01 – 20 02 rice (CT) fallow land 20 02 – 20 03 soybean (NT) sorghum 20 03...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... 190 XII (11.00– 12. 00) 330 380 24 0 23 0 22 0 XIII ( 12. 00–13.00) 22 0 310 21 0 190 23 0 XIV (13.00–14.00) 20 0 23 0 300 24 0 24 0 XV (14.00–15.00) 70 170 120 160 130 XVI (15.00–16.00) 100 120 23 0 150 100 XVII ... 50 120 20 0 120 XVIII (17.00–18.00) 30 60 110 110 20 0 30 80 90 60 XIX (18.00–19.00) XX (19.00 20 .00) 80 130 100 XXI (20 .00 21 .00) 40 50 130 XXII (21 .00 22 .00) 10 70 80 XXIII (22 .00 23 .00) 10 20 ... (22 .00 23 .00) 10 20 40 10 30 XXIV (23 .00 24 .00) XXV (24 .00 25 .00) XXVI (25 .00 26 .00) 10 XXVII (26 .00 27 .00) XXVIII (27 .00 28 .00) 10 XXIX (28 .00 29 .00) 10 Total 24 7600 125 040 69733 10950 Table The numbers...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... vegetation, darker greens are stronger vegetation 1.9 Background on remote sensing 1.9.1 Remote sensing Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon ... remote sensing The following graph shows the typical reflectance spectra of water, bare soil and two types of vegetation Fig Spectral resolution of different materials 136 Biomass and Remote Sensing ... "true" colours of the targets For example, the bands (red band), (green band) and (blue band) of a AVHRR image can be assigned respectively to the R, G, and B colours for display In this way, the...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... blue and, especially red, bands, somewhat lighter in the green band, and notably light in the near-IR bands (maximum in Landsat's Multispectral Scanner Bands and and Thematic Mapper Band and SPOT's ... Type and Maturity, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 44, 43-55 Curran, P J (1989) Remote sensing of foliar chemistry, Remote Sensing of Environment, 30, 27 1 -27 8 Curtiss, B and Goetz, ... IR reflectance, as shown in this general diagram: Fig 27 Crop stress by high and low reflectance Fig 28 Soybean plant leaves indicating patterns of high and low reflectance 1 62 Biomass and Remote...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... species varies between 26 8 g m -2 and 25 76 g m -2, with an average of 999 g m -2 The dry weight varies between 31 g m -2 and 317 g m -2, with an average of 122 g m -2 (Table 2, Figure 3) The moisture ... included the Landsat ETM band 1, 2, and band and combination of bands and for the calculation of NDVI, with spatial resolution of 30 x 30 m The acquisition date of the image was 22 June 20 01 The subset ... 190 Site Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass Regression model SOM(%) =2. 433-0.011(Band2)+3.8 72( NDVI) SOM(%)= 1.3766+4.78(NDVI) -0.0 12( Band1) R2 0.54 0.77 MAE 0.18 0.09 RMSE 0 .26 0.13 SOM: Soil...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... SOM in rangeland and 0.09 and 0.13 for the forested area using MLR On the other hand, ANN improved the MAE and RMSE to 0.09 and 0. 12 for rangeland and 0.01 and 0.09 for forested land, respectively ... 1 92 Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass band and with relative coefficients of sensitivity ranking as 1 .21 and 1.06, respectively Two other selected variables included band 7, and the ... Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass Leaf (WL) = 0.0140*(D2 H) 0.669 and Stem (WS) = 0.0396*(D2 H) 0.9 326 (5) Branch (WB) = 0.003487*(D2 H) 1. 027 Leaf (WL) = ( (28 .0/ WS + WB) + 0. 025 )-1 Where Ws...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... 22 1 Grass steppe with 65% S chrysophylla, 3% P dusenii, 1% F pallescens and 1% C andina 2. 50 2. 84 1.48 2. 38 2. 25 86.1 97.55 Grass riparian with 70% F pallescens 2. 92 4.38 1.73 5.17 3.49 20 5 .2 ... 25 0 20 0 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 20 0 25 0 Carbon accumulation rate (kg C tree-1 year-1) Age (years) (b) 1.4 1 .2 Dom 1.0 Cod 0.8 Int 0.6 0.4 Sup 0 .2 0.0 50 100 150 20 0 25 0 20 0 25 0 Age (years) 2. 5 ... forest in eastern Finland and changes associated with clear-cutting Forest Ecology and Management, (February 20 03), Vol.174, No.1-3, pp 51-63, ISSN 0378-1 127 22 4 Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... m -2) and UV-B ( ~2 W m -2) except for the second day during MII where PAR and UVR values were very low (i.e., ~100, 17, and 0.6 W m -2 for PAR, UV-A and UV-B, respectively; Figs 2A-C) The high irradiance ... inhibition of carbon fixation and photoinhibition (e.g., see Barbieri et al 20 02; Villafaủe et al 20 04a; Villafaủe et al 20 04b; Villafaủe et al 20 08; Helbling et al 20 10), and relatively less studies ... 82, 923 -935 Hernando MP, Malanga G, Ferreyra GA (20 05) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses generated by solar UV in a sub-Antarctic marine phytoflagellate Scientia Marina, 68, 28 7 -29 5 24 6...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... 25 2 Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass concentrations (0.1N-0.2N-0.5N-1N-2N-5N which correspond to final HCl concentrations of 0.004N-0.008N-0.02N-0.04N-0.08N-0.2N, respectively, ... dinoflagellates and an undetermined Cryptophycea as a typical small phytoflagellate (Table 2) We stored the mix culture for 24 h at 15°C and 12: 12 light:dark photoperiod (50 µmol photons s-1 m -2) The ... on 30th January 20 07 if compared to the chl a content estimated on the other two sampling dates (0.88 and 0. 52 µg l-1 in 20 06 and 20 08, respectively) Focusing only on the first and last experiments,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... S Information mining in remote sensing images archives - part a: system concepts IEEE Trans on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41( 12) :29 23 29 36, 20 03 Picard, R W.; Pentland, A & Sclaroff, S Photobook: ... reflectance and NDVI to NOAA-9 AVHRR-equivalents (Trishchenko et al., 20 02) Both the (Steven et al., 20 03) and the (Trishchenko et al., 20 02) approaches are land cover and dataset dependent and ... remote sensing: Vegetation classification from landsat tm and terrain data IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 35, 308- 325 Caselli, M., Trizio, L., De Gennaro, G & Ielpo, P (20 09)...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 14:20