BIOMASSANDREMOTE SENSINGOFBIOMASS EditedbyIslamAtazadeh Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass Edited by Islam Atazadeh Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Niksa Mandic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright linerpics, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass, Edited by Islam Atazadeh p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-490-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Biomass 1 Chapter 1 Biomass in Evolving World - Individual’s Point of View 3 Biljana Stojković Chapter 2 Ecological Aspects of Biomass Removal in the Localities Damaged by Air-Pollution 21 Jiří Novák, Marian Slodičák, David Dušek and Dušan Kacálek Chapter 3 Invasive Plant Species and Biomass Production in Savannas 35 John K Mworia Chapter 4 Zooplankton Abundance, Biomass and Trophic State in Some Venezuelan Reservoirs 57 Ernesto J. González, María L. Matos, Carlos Peñaherrera and Sandra Merayo Chapter 5 Estimation of Above-Ground Biomass of Wetlands 75 Laimdota Truus Chapter 6 Soil Microbial Biomass Under Native Cerrado and Its Changes After the Pasture and Annual Crops Introduction 87 Leidivan A. Frazão, João Luis N. Carvalho, André M. Mazzetto, Felipe José C. Fracetto, Karina Cenciani, Brigitte J. Feigl and Carlos C. Cerri Chapter 7 The Above-Ground Biomass Production and Distribution in White Willow Community During 11 Years of Primary Succession 111 Petr Maděra, Diana Lopéz and Martin Šenfeldr VI Contents Part 2 Remote Sensing of Biomass 127 Chapter 8 Introduction to Remote Sensing of Biomass 129 Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Mohd. Jamil Maah and Ismail Yusoff Chapter 9 Biomass of Fast-Growing Weeds in a Tropical Lake: An Assessment of the Extent and the Impact with Remote Sensing and GIS 171 Tasneem Abbasi, K.B Chari and S. A. Abbasi Chapter 10 Application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to Predict Soil Organic Matter Using Remote Sensing Data in Two Ecosystems 181 Shamsollah Ayoubi, Ahmahdreza Pilehvar Shahri, Parisa Mokhtari Karchegani and Kanwar L. Sahrawat Part 3 Carbon Storage 197 Chapter 11 A Comparative Study of Carbon Sequestration Potential in Aboveground Biomass in Primary Forest and Secondary Forest, Khao Yai National Park 199 Jiranan Piyaphongkul, Nantana Gajaseni and Anuttara Na-Thalang Chapter 12 Carbon Storage in Cold Temperate Ecosystems in Southern Patagonia, Argentina 213 Pablo Luis Peri Part 4 Primary Productivity 227 Chapter 13 Long-Term UVR Effects Upon Phytoplankton Natural Communities of Patagonian Coastal Waters 229 Silvana R. Halac, Virginia E. Villafañe, Rodrigo J. Gonçalves and E. Walter Helbling Chapter 14 In Situ Primary Production Measurements as an Analytical Support to Remote Sensing - An Experimental Approach to Standardize the 14 C Incorporation Technique 249 Tamara Cibic and Damiano Virgilio Preface Generally,biomass is used for all materials originating from photosynthesis. In other words,biomassincludesallplantgrowth,herbaceousplants,microalgae,macroalgae andaquaticplants.Butbiomasscanequallyapplytoanimalaswell.Infact,biomassis carbonbasedandiscomposedofamixtureoforganicmoleculescontaininghy drogen, usually including atoms of oxygen, often nitrogen and also small quantities of other atoms,includingalkali,alkalineearthandheavymetals. There are various ways and methods used for evaluation of biomass. One of these waysisremotesensing.Remotesensingprovidesinformationnotonlyaboutbiomass but also about biodiver sity and environmental factors estimation over a wide area. This information includes temporal resolution and a synopsis and digital formatting that allows for the initial processing of large amounts of data. There is a high correlation between spectral bands and vegetation parameters. The advantages of mostremotesensingapplicationforplantsandphytoplanktonininlandwatersaimat the retrieval of the chloroph yll a, as this pigment is a useful proxy for the plant biomass. Although the pigment ratio provides an easily quantifiable approach to monitoring,doubtshavebeenraisedaboutinterpretationoftheresults,sothemethod should only be used as one of several methods for monitoring. The shift in pigment ratiomaybeinfluencedbythefactthatmoreoldplantmaterialislikelytobeincluded insamplesfromsiteswheretheorganismisstressed. Thegreatpotentialofremotesensinghasreceivedconsiderableattentionoverthelast few deca des in many different areas in biological science including nutrient status assessment, weed abundance, deforestation, glacial features in Arctic and Antarctic regions,depthsoundingofcoastalandoceandepths,anddensitymapping. IslamAtazadeh ResearcherinPlantScience, RaziUniversity, Kermanshah, Iran [...]... recognizes three conceptual and methodological meanings of this term: 1) the growth of one part of an 4 Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass organism in relation to the growth of the whole organism or some other part of it, 2) the study of the consequences of size on organic form or process, and 3) any departure from geometry and shape that is conserved among a series of objects differing in size... Test of isometry (Ho: α = 1) Treatment R2 P α F P C 0.00 0.720 2.52A 10 5.36 0.000 S 0 .10 0.003 1. 99A 52.39 0.000 M 0.24 0.000 1. 59B 22.77 0.000 C 0.80 0.000 1. 18A 14 .02 0.000 S 0.89 0.000 1. 07A 3.37 0.070 M 0.89 0.000 0.99B 0.04 0.8 41 C 0.64 0.000 0.82A(e) 10 .92 0.0 01 S 0.79 0.000 0.80B(e) 22.37 0.000 M 0.83 0.000 0.78C(e) 33.75 0.000 C 0.68 0.000 1. 41B(e) 37.39 0.000 S 0.75 0.000 1. 54A(e) 73. 31 0.000... reproductive success of females is achieved by producing more and smaller eggs Berrigan (19 91) performed metaanalysis of the relationship between egg size and number in three orders of insects and found negative correlations (i.e., trade-off) among these life-history traits One of the most important determinants of life-history evolution is ‘age-specific selection’ (Rose, 19 91; Charlesworth, 19 94) which is... general for a group of related species or higher taxonomic levels The comparative analyses of species, genera, families and classes demonstrate broad patterns of the evolution of allometry, trade-offs and life-history The examples of how lineage-specific mode of growth affects metabolic and growth rates, and reproduction, can be found all over the living world Major groups of ectothermal and endothermal... history traits have been demonstrated in a large number of studies and numerous taxa in laboratory and natural populations (e.g., Reznick, 19 85; Sinervo & DeNardo, 19 96; Zuk, 19 96; Tucić et al 19 97, 19 98; Tucić & Stojković 20 01; Roff, 2002; Stojković et al 2009) The number of possible relations between different life-history traits is great, and the ways in which they can change under various environmental... (Weiner, 2004) This process is a consequence of inherent continuous changes in directions of biomass allocation into different structures and activities during the course of development, and reflects alterations in priorities at any point of time of individual ontogenesis For example, early in development, after germination and emergence of radicle (part of a plant embryo which develops in a root),... 0.86 0.000 1. 53A(e) 11 9.84 0.000 Table 1 Standardized major axis tests of the allometric relationship (log scaled variables) for reproductive effort (FW) and relative biomass investments to stems (SW), leaves (LW) and roots (RW) based on weight measures of L maculatum plants grown in three experimental treatments (control - C, intraclonal - S and interclonal - M competition) Scaling slope α, R2 and P values... intraclonal competition (thin line) and interclonal competition (thick line) Symbols for individuals in control (□), intraclonal (+) and interclonal (■) competition (Stojković et al., 2009) 10 Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass Allocation analyses between other plant organs (weight of flowers, stems, leaves and roots) also suggested that in L maculatum specific allometry strategy of smaller plants in intense... correlated with 6 Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass adult lifespan within lineages of birds, mammals, some reptiles and fishes, although the relationships between the two life-history traits differ among these large groups If corrected for body size, the data suggests that increase in longevity with delay of reproduction is the highest for birds and mammals (Charnov & Berrigan, 19 90) The results of comparative... plastic To understand the nature of complex and dynamic relations between different types of trade-offs, which impose both constraints and a basis for their evolution, environmental influences on allometric patterns must be analyzed 2.2 .1. 1 Plastic allometry It is a common knowledge that the fitness of an individual depends both on its genotype and its environment When live in variable abiotic and biotic . Contents Part 2 Remote Sensing of Biomass 12 7 Chapter 8 Introduction to Remote Sensing of Biomass 12 9 Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Mohd. Jamil Maah and Ismail Yusoff Chapter 9 Biomass of Fast-Growing. forms and processes. Niklas (19 94) recognizes three conceptual and methodological meanings of this term: 1) the growth of one part of an Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass 4 organism in. BIOMASS AND REMOTE SENSING OF BIOMASS EditedbyIslamAtazadeh Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass Edited by Islam Atazadeh