This page intentionally left blank Law in Times of Crisis Emergency powers in theory and practice The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the ensuing ‘‘war on terror” have focused attention on issues that have previously lurked in a dark corner at the edge of the legal universe. This book presents the first systematic and comprehensive attempt by legal scholars to conceptualize the theory of emergency powers, combining post-September 11 developments with more general theoretical, historical and comparative perspectives. The authors examine the interface between law and violent crises through history and across jurisdictions, bringing together insights gleaned from the Roman republic and Jewish law through to the initial responses to the July 2005 attacks in London. The book examines three unique models of emergency powers that are used to offer a novel conceptualization of emergency regimes, giving a coherent insight into law’s interface with and regulation of crisis and a distinctive means to evaluate the legal options open to states for dealing with crises. Particular attention is given to the interface between international law and regulatory mechanisms and emergency powers, as a key element of the contemporary political response to violent crises. fionnuala ní aoláin Professor of Law and Associate Director of the Transitional Justice Institute at the University of Ulster and Dorsey & Whitney Professor of Law at the University of Minnesota Law School. oren gross Irving Younger Professor of Law and Director, Minnesota Center for Legal Studies, at the University of Minnesota Law School. cambridge studies in international and comparative law Established in 1946, this series produces high quality scholarship in the fields of public and private international law and comparative law. Although these are distinct legal sub-disciplines, developments since 1946 confirm their interrelation. Comparative law is increasingly used as a tool in the making of law at national, regional and international levels. Private international law is now often affected by international conventions, and the issues faced by classical conflicts rules are frequently dealt with by substantive harmonisation of law under international auspices. Mixed international arbitrations, especially those involving state economic activity, raise mixed questions of public and private international law, while in many fields (such as the protection of human rights and democratic standards, investment guarantees and international criminal law) international and national systems interact. National constitutional arrangements relating to ‘‘foreign affairs’’, and to the implementation of international norms, are a focus of attention. The Board welcomes works of a theoretical or interdisciplinary character, and those focusing on the new approaches to international or comparative law or conflicts of law. Studies of particular institutions or problems are equally welcome, as are translations of the best work published in other languages. General Editors James Crawford SC FBA Whewell Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, and Director, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge John S. Bell FBA Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge Editorial Board Professor Hilary Charlesworth Australian National University Professor Lori Damrosch Columbia University Law School Professor John Dugard Universiteit Leiden Professor Mary-Ann Glendon Harvard Law School Professor Christopher Greenwood London School of Economics Professor David Johnston University of Edinburgh Professor Hein K ¨ otz Max-Planck-Institut, Hamburg Professor Donald McRae University of Ottawa Professor Onuma Yasuaki University of Tokyo Professor Reinhard Zimmermann Universit¨at Regensburg Advisory Committee Professor D. W. Bowett QC Judge Rosalyn Higgins QC Professor J. A. Jolowicz QC Professor Sir Elihu Lauterpacht CBE QC Professor Kurt Lipstein Judge Stephen Schwebel A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume. Law in Times of Crisis Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice Oren Gross and Fionnuala N ´ ıAol ´ ain CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK First published in print format ISBN-13 978-0-521-83351-6 ISBN-13 978-0-521-54123-7 ISBN-13 978-0-511-28500-4 © Oren Gross and Fionnuala Ni Aolain 2006 2006 Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521833516 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written p ermission of Cambrid g e University Press. ISBN-10 0-511-28500-0 ISBN-10 0-521-83351-5 ISBN-10 0-521-54123-9 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not g uarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or a pp ro p riate. Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org hardback paperback paperback eBook (EBL) eBook (EBL) hardback For Aodhtan, Noa, and Malachi [...]... times It’s a bad world out there (I): spatial distinctions Colonies and empire: the origins of DORA The curtailment of the right to silence in the United Kingdom Interrogation in depth in Finchley? From l’Alg´rie française to la France alg´rienne e e 11 3 11 9 12 3 13 0 13 2 13 4 13 4 13 7 14 2 14 6 14 7 15 3 15 5 15 6 15 9 16 2 16 2 16 9 17 1 17 2 17 4 18 1 18 1 18 3 18 8 19 0 contents xi The war on terror: Guantanamo and... Law) , 2002 Suppression of Terrorism Bill, 253 Republic of Ireland Criminal Justice Act of 19 84 230, 232 Offences against the State Act of 19 39, 230 31 Spain Organic Law 4 /19 81 44 Turkey Criminal Code and Terrorism Act, 287 United Kingdom Act of Indemnity, 13 1 32, 13 8, 14 1, 14 7, 15 0 51, 15 3 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 20 01, 320, 409 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Bill, 71, 205, 395 Aviation... 19 78), 71, 17 7, 275, 3 21 Suppression of Terrorism Act 19 78, 394 Taking of Hostages Act 19 82, 394 Terrorism Act of 2000, 71, 17 7, 320 United States An Act Relating to Habeas Corpus, and Regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases, ch 81, 12 Stat 755 (18 63), 91, 12 9 Emergency Banking Act, 70 Enemy Aliens Act of 17 98, 227 Feed and Forage Act of 18 61, 230 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 19 78,... Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 US 388 (19 71) , 13 8 Block v Hirsh, 256 US 13 5 (19 21) , 75 Brandenburg v Ohio, 395 US 444 (19 69), 16 0 table of cases xix Carlson v Green, 446 US 14 , 21 (19 80), 13 8 Coalition of Clergy v Bush, 18 9 F.Supp.2d 10 36 (CD Cal 2002), 202 Cook v United States, 288 US 10 2 (19 33), 209 Diggs v Shultz, 470 F.2d 4 61 (19 72), 209 Dow v Johnson, 10 0 US 15 8 (18 79), 12 6 Dred Scott case 13 5 Edgar... A/RES/54 /10 9 (19 99), 397, 4 01 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, Jan 9, 19 98, GA Res 16 4, UN GAOR, 52nd Sess., Supp No 49, UN Doc A/52 /16 4 (19 98), 397, 4 01 International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, GA Res 34 /14 6, UN GAOR, 34th Sess., Supp No 46, UN Doc A/34 /14 6 (19 79), 396 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec 16 , 19 66, 999 UNTS 17 1, 247,... No R /15 /64, 298, 299 Fals Borda v Colombia, Case No 46 /19 79, 300 01 General Comment 29, States of Emergency, UN Doc CCPR/C/ 21 Rev 1/ Add 11 (20 01) , 250, 328 Jorge Landinelli Silva et al v Uruguay, Communication No 34 /19 78, 298 Kavanagh v Ireland (No 1) Case No 818 /19 98, 298 Kavanagh v Ireland, Communication No 11 14/2000/Rev 1, UN Doc CCPR/C/76D /11 14/2002/Rev 1, 376 Maria del Carmen Almeida de Quinteros... US 4 21 (18 84), 230 Kadic v Karadzic, 70 F.3d 232 (2nd Cir 19 95), 3 81 Kennedy v Mendoza-Martinez, 372 US 14 4, 7 Khalid v Bush, 355 F.Supp.2d 311 (DDC 2005), 202 Korematsu v United States, 323 US 214 (19 44), 82, 99, 15 9, 16 0 Little v Barreme, 6 US (2 Cranch.) 17 0 (18 04), 12 7 28, 12 9 Marbury v Madison, 5 US (1 Cranch.) 13 7, 17 6 77 (18 03), 14 1 Marcus Brown Holding Co v Feldman, 256 US 17 0 (19 21) , 75 Mitchell... at 309 10 (19 81) ; Kennedy v Mendoza-Martinez, 372 US 14 4 at 16 0 (19 63) (‘‘[W]hile the Constitution protects against invasions of individual rights, it is not a suicide pact’’); Terminiello v Chicago, 337 US 1 at 37 (19 49) (Jackson, J., dissenting) Robert H Jackson, ‘‘Wartime Security and Liberty under Law ’ (19 51) 1 Buffalo Law Review 10 3 at 11 6 Pnina Lahav, ‘‘A Barrel without Hoops: The Impact of Counterterrorism... Edgar A Levy Leasing Co v Siegel, 258 US 242 (19 22), 75 Ex parte Merryman, 17 F.Cas 14 4 (CCD Md 18 61) , 96 Ex parte Milligan, 71 US (4 Wall.) 2 (18 66), 74 75, 76, 77, 86 87, 88, 89 93, 94 10 1 Ex parte Starr, 263 F 14 5, 14 7 (19 20), 79 Ex parte Vallandigham, 68 US (1 Wall.) 243 (18 63), 96 Filartiga v Pena-Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2nd Cir 19 80), 3 81 Habson v Wilson, 737 F 2d 1 (DC Cir 19 84), 213 Haig v Agee,... Bill, 19 76 (19 77) IR 15 9, 62 Ireland v United Kingdom, 19 76 YB Eur Conv on HR (Eur Comm’n on HR), 276 Murray v DPP (19 94) 1 WLR 1 (HL), 18 7 R v Cowan (19 95) All ER 939, 18 8 R v Kane, Timmons & Kelly (Cr Ct, N Ir., Mar 30, 19 90), 18 7 R v Martin & Others (Cr Ct, N Ir., May 8 19 91) , 18 7 R v McLernon (19 90) NIJB 91, 18 7 R v Murray (Cr Ct, N Ir., Jan 18 , 19 91) , 18 7 Re McGrath and Harte (19 41) IR 68, 62 State . States, 323 US 214 (19 44), 82, 99, 15 9, 16 0 Little v. Barreme, 6 US (2 Cranch.) 17 0 (18 04), 12 7 28, 12 9 Marbury v. Madison, 5 US (1 Cranch.) 13 7, 17 6 77 (18 03), 14 1 Marcus Brown Holding Co. v. Feldman,. 256 US 17 0 (19 21) , 75 Mitchell v. Clark, 11 0 US 633 (18 84), 13 0, 15 0 Myers v. United States, 272 US 52 (19 26), 211 NY Times Co. v. United States, 403 US 713 , 214 O.K. v. Bush (DDC July 12 , 2005). xiii Table of cases xv Table of treaties xxi Table of legislation xxiv Table of international materials xxviii Introduction 1 Part I 15 1 Models of accommodation 17 Classical models of accommodation 17 The