Aristoteles; hay còn được Anh hóa là Aristotle, phiên âm trong tiếng Việt là Aritxtốt; 384 – 322 TCN) là một nhà triết học và bác học thời Hy Lạp cổ đại, học trò của Platon và thầy dạy của Alexandros Đại đế. Di bút của ông bao gồm nhiều lĩnh vực như vật lý học, siêu hình học, thi văn, kịch nghệ, âm nhạc, luận lý học, tu từ học, ngôn ngữ học, Kinh tế học, chính trị học, đạo đức học, sinh học, và động vật học. Ông được xem là người đặt nền móng cho môn luận lý học, và được mệnh danh là Cha đẻ của Khoa học chính trị. Ông cũng thiết lập một phương cách tiếp cận với triết học bắt đầu bằng quan sát và trải nghiệm trước khi đi tới tư duy trừu tượng. Cùng với Platon và Socrates, Aristoteles là một trong ba trụ cột của văn minh Hy Lạp cổ đại.
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL PHILOSOPHY OF ARISTOTLE Name: TRUONG THI THU HA DOAN THU TRANG Class: VISK2016A Group: 02 Professor: NGUYEN VU HAO ARISTOTLE Contents Contents .2 OPENNING I FAMILY BACKGROUNG AND LIFE CHANGES II ARISTOTLE'S THEORY TRUTH 1.Aristotle’s perspectives Aristotle's critique of Plato's theory of Idea - Formal cause is a change or movement caused by the arrangement, shape or appearance of the thing changing or moving A simple example of the formal cause is the mental image or idea that allows an artist, architect, or engineer to create a drawing - Efficient cause consists of things apart from the thing being changed or moved, which interact so as to be an agency of the change or movement For example, the efficient cause of a table is a carpenter, or a person working as one, and according to Aristotle the efficient cause of a boy is a father - Final cause is that for the sake of which a thing is what it is For a seed, it might be an adult plant For a sailboat, it might be sailing For a ball at the top of a ramp, it might be coming to rest at the bottom .7 In which, form and material play the most important role (dualism) However, he argues that form has a more decisive role than material (idealistic monism); because without form, material is only passive and not realistic The form is the essence of existence, the positive nature of things, it contains within itself the motive and purpose Thanks to the positivity of the form, all things move; and the movement of things is an objective process that happened in pre-arranged sequences, it’s mean purpose of God He argued that the existence of both the original non-formal material (the passive ability) and the original non-physical form (the form of all forms, pure reason, God, the first engine the first of the world, the ultimate cause, the ultimate purpose of all phenomena) Thus, when he moved from the dualistic standpoint to idealism, he fell into the theology of theology, his theory of reason approached and even merged into Platonic Concepts Epistemology .7 Logic Politics and Political Philosophy 10 10 Evaluation 13 III ARTS, POETICS AND ECONOMIC THOUGHT .13 V DEATH AND HERITAGE 15 VI CONCLUSION .16 VI REFERRENCE .16 ARISTOTLE OPENNING Philosophy was born and developed until now has a history of about 3000 years The development of human philosophical ideas is a long, diverse process with many different schools, development and influence varying by geographical region Ancient Greek Philosophy is a potential beginning of the history of human philosophy as a premise for the entire Western Philosophy system And one of the philosophers has a great influence on the Western philosophy, we must refer to Aristotle philosopher The essay will go through six major parts: Part 1: FAMILY BACKGROUNG AND LIFE CHANGES Part 2: ARISTOTLE'S THEORY TRUTH ARISTOTLE Part 3: ARTS, POETICS AND ECONOMIC THOUGHTS Part 4: WRITING Part 5: DEATH AND HERITAGE Part 6: CONCLUSION I FAMILY BACKGROUNG AND LIFE CHANGES Aristotle was born at Stagira in Thrace region in 384/3 (BC) Aristotle was the original Renaissance Man long before the Renaissance He wrote about biology, ethics, logic, physics, rhetoric, politics and countless other subjects In sum, Aristotle’s work comprised the first Systematic form of Western Philosophy Aristotle is also the first genuine scientist in history Stagira is a small province in the East of Salonica, which close to the border of Macedonia kingdom, also a Greek colony on the Northern Aegean coast which today is the Stavro His father was Nicomachus, the court physician in Macedonia under King Amyntas III In 367 BC, when Aristotle was 17, he was sent to Athens to pursue higher education Athens at this time was the best place in the world to be educated Aristotle enrolled in The Academy, the school founded by Plato Aristotle was a star pupil at the Academy, and stayed on at the school as an instructor He remained at the Academy for 20 years Although Aristotle was a valued member of the Academy, he was not seen as Plato’s successor This was because of some fundamental differences between their philosophies Plato believed that true knowledge could only be achieved through Reason, while Aristotle favored experimentation with ARISTOTLE real objects When Plato died, Aristotle did not take over the Academy as some imagined he might, but instead went back to Macedonia Aristotle was welcomed back into the Royal fold in Macedonia He became a tutor to King Philip II’s teenage son Alexander (whom be known as Alexander The Great) Meanwhile, Aristotle returned to Athens and in 335 BC founded his own school, called the Lyceum where he spent most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and writing He liked to walk about while teaching and discussing ideas His students following him on these walks They came to be known as “The Peripatetics” from the Greek for “walking around” When Alexander the Great died in 323 BC, the government support Macedonia was overthrown, and in view of those who opposed Macedonia, Aristotle was accused of disrespect for his relationship with his former pupil and the Macedonian palace In order to avoid execution, he left Athens and fled to Chalcis - where he died a year later II ARISTOTLE'S THEORY TRUTH 1.Aristotle’s perspectives Aristotle said that human nature is the aspiration towards when awake, people are born to realize, who is not aware, that person is not human Awareness is the process that comes from the reality of reality through the feeling period, symbol to thinking, reasoning Without the impact of the perceived object on the senses there will be no knowledge; sensory awareness is not capable of going into the nature of things; it is only the rational awareness that discovers the common, inevitable, the law, the nature of things Although awareness is the active nature of the human soul, but the human soul is born as a blank sheet of paper (Aristotle outlines the uselessness of conceptualism and fabrication contained in the conception of perception of Plato, denies the existence of innate knowledge in the soul) Awareness is the process of reflecting the external reality into the soul, which is a record of the souls of the words of knowledge To avoid mistakes in the process of understanding the nature, discovering the laws of objective reality, the rational soul must be equipped with the right thinking methods, must comply with the requirements of logic Aristotle's critique of Plato's theory of Idea Aristotle primarily articulates his arguments against Plato in ARISTOTLE Metaphysics: In Aristotle’s view, because he has made an important distinction between things that exist and things that not exist; it is, in large part, what he finds missing in Plato But that lack in Plato must be traced back to its origins in his predecessors, from whom he borrowed many things Aristotle’s structure of the Metaphysics is therefore initially historical Aristotle states that the object of philosophy’s search is “wisdom” and wisdom is “to deal with the first causes and the principles of things”.In that search he then summarizes and criticizes his predecessors, beginning with Thales’s prioritizing of the element water, of which he says, “He got his notion from this fact, and from the fact that the seeds of all things have a moist nature, and that water is the origin of the nature of moist things.”He notes though a shared flaw – a flaw that he will also see in Plato: “The question of movement – whence and how it is to belong to things – these thinkers, like the others, lazily neglected.” Ethics: Aristotle conceived ethics as a very important science and according to him it deals with actual human behavior Unlike Plato, he affirmed that the empirical world and life in it are valuable But unlike the materialists, he adopts a teleological conception of human life and hence conceived that there is a higher purpose to life, which needs to be realized in our present life in this world Metaphysics Aristotle’ doctrine of four causes: - Material cause is the aspect of the change or movement which is determined by the material that composes the moving or changing things For a table, that might be wood; for a statue, that might be bronze or marble ARISTOTLE - Formal cause is a change or movement caused by the arrangement, shape or appearance of the thing changing or moving A simple example of the formal cause is the mental image or idea that allows an artist, architect, or engineer to create a drawing - Efficient cause consists of things apart from the thing being changed or moved, which interact so as to be an agency of the change or movement For example, the efficient cause of a table is a carpenter, or a person working as one, and according to Aristotle the efficient cause of a boy is a father - Final cause is that for the sake of which a thing is what it is For a seed, it might be an adult plant For a sailboat, it might be sailing For a ball at the top of a ramp, it might be coming to rest at the bottom In which, form and material play the most important role (dualism) However, he argues that form has a more decisive role than material (idealistic monism); because without form, material is only passive and not realistic The form is the essence of existence, the positive nature of things, it contains within itself the motive and purpose Thanks to the positivity of the form, all things move; and the movement of things is an objective process that happened in prearranged sequences, it’s mean purpose of God He argued that the existence of both the original non-formal material (the passive ability) and the original non-physical form (the form of all forms, pure reason, God, the first engine the first of the world, the ultimate cause, the ultimate purpose of all phenomena) Thus, when he moved from the dualistic standpoint to idealism, he fell into the theology of theology, his theory of reason approached and even merged into Platonic Concepts Epistemology • There are two epistemological problems: Knowledge of the external world Vision is not sufficient to give knowledge of how things are Vision needs to be “corrected” with information derived from the other senses Most people have noticed that vision can play tricks Although such anomalies may seem simple and unproblematic at first, deeper consideration of them shows that just the opposite is true For example: A straight stick submerged in water looks bent, though it is not Each of those phenomena is misleading in some way Anyone who believes that the stick is bent is mistaken about how the world really is The other-minds: ARISTOTLE Suppose a surgeon tells a patient who is about to undergo a knee operation that when he wakes up he will feel a sharp pain When the patient wakes up, the surgeon hears him groaning and contorting his face in certain ways Although one is naturally inclined to say that the surgeon knows what the patient is feeling, there is a sense in which she does not know, because she is not feeling that kind of pain herself Unless she has undergone such an operation in the past It follows from the foregoing analysis that each human being is inevitably and even in principle prevented from having knowledge of the minds of other human beings Despite the widely held conviction that in principle there is nothing in the world of fact that cannot be known through scientific investigation, the other-minds problem shows to the contrary that an entire domain of human experience is resistant to any sort of external inquiry Thus, there can never be a science of the human mind • Aristotle's remarks on how we come to know the starting points are somewhat baffling What is clear is that sense perception is a crucial ingredient in the process of coming to know, but that sense perception by itself does not constitute knowledge This is because sense perception shows us only particular objects; genuine knowledge is by definition about universal characteristics of things One thus needs to be able to grasp the universal characteristics present in a body of related sensory information Aristotle shows no lack of confidence in the ability of human beings to this reliably But this is no surprise; it is clear that he conceives of the world as ordered in such a way as to be understandable, and of human beings as having the capacities necessary to achieve that understanding—most notably, rationality However, he stresses, particularly in his ethical works, that one cannot expect complete precision in all subjects; the study of ethics, no matter how expertly conducted, is bound to yield conclusions less exact and more subject to exceptions than the study of mathematics Logic Aristotle was the first philosopher to analyze the method whereby some propositions were deduced logically as true, based on some other propositions already recognized He believes that this process of logical deduction is based on a form of debate that he calls Syllogism In a thesis, a proposition is deduced from two other correct propositions An example of this argument is as follows: (1) All men are mortal; (2) Socrates is a man; therefore, (3) Socrates is mortal Three episodes have played an important role in later Philosophy by creating more complex reasoning systems In logic, Aristotle made a clear distinction between two things, dialectic and analytic According to him, dialectics only test opinions based on logical consistency, while analytic ARISTOTLE works are derived from principles based on clear experience and observation This is a difference with the position of Plato's Academy, where dialectics is the only method suitable for Science and Philosophy Ethics True happiness lies in the active life of a rational being or in a perfect realization and outworking of the true soul and self, continued throughout a lifetime Aristotle expands his notion of happiness through an analysis of the human soul which structures and animates a living human organism According to him, the human soul is divided into three parts: -Nutritive soul -Rational soul -Appetitive soul Virtue according to Aristotle is the virtue of moral conduct It is not automatically given to people, naturally showing people the possibility of virtue His list may be represented by the following table: VICE OF DEFICIENCY VIRTUOUS MEAN VICE OF EXCESS Cowardice Courage Insensibility Temperance Illiberality Liberality Pettiness Munificence Humble-mindedness High-mindedness Vaingloriness Want of Ambition Right Ambition Over-ambition Spiritlessness Good Temper Surliness Friendly Civility Ironical Depreciation Sincerity Boastfulness Boorishness Wittiness Buffoonery Shamelessness Modesty Bashfulness Callousness Just Resentment Spitefulness Rashness Intemperance Prodigality Vulgarity Irascibility Obsequiousness Aristotle insists on the "autonomy of will" as indispensable to virtue: courage for instance is only really worthy of the name when done from a love of honor and duty: munificence again becomes vulgarity when it is not exercised from a love of what is right and beautiful, but for displaying ARISTOTLE wealth The wisdom and knowledge of human beings can be obtained by learning, and virtue of being educated Most moral virtues, and not just courage, are to be understood as falling at the mean between two accompanying vices Aristotle believes that human virtue is the result of education In addition, Aristotle considers morality not only in human behavior but on its rights as well Human can only be considered to have full virtue if he tries to reach wisdom - that is to become a philosopher Politics and Political Philosophy Aristotle does not regard politics as a separate science from ethics, but as the completion, and almost a verification of it The moral ideal in political administration is only a different aspect of that which also applies to individual happiness Humans are by nature social beings, and the possession of rational speech (logos) in itself leads us to social union The state is a development from the family through the village community, an offshoot of the family Formed originally for the satisfaction of natural wants, it exists afterwards for moral ends and for the promotion of the higher life The state in fact is no mere local union for the prevention of wrong doing, and the convenience of exchange It is also no mere institution for the protection of goods and property It is a genuine moral organization for advancing the development of humans Aristotle examines the relationship between ideals, laws, practices and properties in real cases The family, which is chronologically prior to the state, involves a series of relations between husband and wife, parent and child, master and slave Aristotle regards the slave as a piece of live property having no existence except in relation to his master He recognized slavery but insisted that the owner should not abuse his authority because the owner and slave had the same rights Aristotle wrote the "The Constitution of Athens" while the Lyceum Library's collection consists of 158 copies of the Constitution of Greece and different countries The Soul and Psychology Aristotle is the world's first biologist Contrary to Plato's emphasis on Mathematics, Aristotle collected a lot of animal and plant samples, learning about the characteristics and related factors In zoology, Aristotle argues that a species continues to reproduce in the same pattern and has no evolutionary way He sees that "recognizing the human soul strongly motivates the realization of all truths, especially awareness of the natural world " When mentioning human, Aristotle argues that it is the cohesion of the soul and the body, in which the soul plays the leading role of "the soul is the 10 ARISTOTLE formula that determines the nature of things." According to Aristotle both souls and bodies cannot exist without each other, but they are not identical He said: " That is why we can wholly dismiss as unnecessary the question whether the soul and the body are one: it is as meaningless as to ask whether the wax and the shape given to it by the stamp are one, or generally the matter of a thing and that of which it is the matter.” Aristotle argues that humans are made up of shapes and materials The soul is the root of life Aristotle argues that there are three types of souls: 1) Plant souls with the ability to nurture and reproduce themselves 2) Animal souls are able to touch the surroundings Both of these souls are classified as "physical souls" (they attach themselves organically and are destroyed with the body) 3) The rational soul is the highest form of soul and exists only in humans, which is the thinking and intellectual ability of man The objects of the senses may be either (1) special, (such as color is the special object of sight, and sound of hearing), (2) common, or apprehended by several senses in combination (such as motion or figure), or (3) incidental or inferential (such as when from the immediate sensation of white we come to know a person or object which is white) There are five special senses Of these, touch is the must rudimentary, hearing the most instructive, and sight the most ennobling The organ in these senses never acts directly , but is affected by some medium such as air Even touch, which seems to act by actual contact, probably involves some vehicle of communication For Aristotle, the heart is the common or central sense organ It recognizes the common qualities which are involved in all particular objects of sensation It is, first, the sense which brings us a consciousness of sensation Secondly, in one act before the mind, it holds up the objects of our knowledge and enables us to distinguish between the reports of different senses Aristotle defines the imagination as "the movement which results upon an actual sensation." In other words, it is the process by which an impression of the senses is pictured and retained before the mind, and is accordingly the basis of memory The representative pictures which it provides form the materials of reason Illusions and dreams are both alike due to an excitement in the organ of sense similar to that which would be caused by the actual presence of the sensible phenomenon Memory is defined as the permanent possession of the sensuous picture as a copy which represents the object of which it is a picture Recollection, or the calling back to mind the residue of memory, depends on the laws which regulate the association 11 ARISTOTLE of our ideas We trace the associations by starting with the thought of the object present to us, then considering what is similar, contrary or contiguous Reason is the source of the first principles of knowledge Reason is opposed to the sense insofar as sensations are restricted and individual, and thought is free and universal Also, while the senses deal with the concrete and material aspect of phenomena, reason deals with the abstract and ideal aspects But while reason is in itself the source of general ideas, it is so only potentially For, it arrives at them only by a process of development in which it gradually clothes sense in thought, and unifies and interprets sense-presentations This work of reason in thinking beings suggests the question: How can immaterial thought come to receive material things? It is only possible in virtue of some community between thought and things Aristotle recognizes an active reason which makes objects of thought This is distinguished from passive reason which receives, combines and compares the objects of thought Active reason makes the world intelligible, and bestows on the materials of knowledge those ideas or categories which make them accessible to thought This is just as the sun communicates to material objects that light, without which color would be invisible, and sight would have no object Hence reason is the constant support of an intelligible world While assigning reason to the soul of humans, Aristotle describes it as coming from without, and almost seems to identify it with God as the eternal and omnipresent thinker Even in humans, in short, reason realizes something of the essential characteristic of absolute thought the unity of thought as subject with thought as object Natural philosophy and other Aristotle argues that the natural world is the whole thing, the process always moving in relation to each other and is made up of a physical being Movement cannot be destroyed and also inseparable from natural things and processes There are six modes of movement: arising, destroying, changing status, increasing, decreasing, changing positions Aristotle stopped at the notion of the natural movement of matter, but accepted that God outside of the natural world was the divine origin of all movements occurring in the natural world Aristotle also studied the movements of celestial bodies and explored changes when an object was created or destroyed Aristotle also believes that the earth is the center of the universe, made up of four substances: earth, air, fire and water 12 ARISTOTLE 10 Evaluation • • • • Advantage Aristotle's theory can be defended because it is made up from his studies of the natural world, reliable Strong compared to Plato's forms which are not observable in the physical world The four causes can be applied to things that exist within the world as a way of explaining them There are no anomalies to contradict the argument so not much opposition e.g God or the big bang • Disadvantage Rely on experience this is unreliable because experience changes from person to person (We cannot be sure that chairs look the same to every person) • Has no concrete evidence that the material world is the source of knowledge • Perhaps things don't exist for a reason, some things happen by chance • If the prime mover cannot interact with the world, it is very different from the Judaeo-Christian understanding of God III ARTS, POETICS AND ECONOMIC THOUGHT Art is considered to be the entire physical activity of people and its products "The art of speaking, Aristotle emphasizes - in some cases completing things that the natural world cannot do, in some other cases, simulations." He particularly emphasized the function of simulating the natural world of art Among Aristotle's art forms is particularly poetic, considering it a language in general It covers both epic comedy, tragedy each art form has a different form and nature of simulation Aristotle has profound economic views C Mac called him a great researcher, for the first time in history understood the form of exchange 13 ARISTOTLE Aristotle also studied the phenomena of social life such as division of labor, goods, exchange, distribution he also found a link between exchange with division of labor, divided into primitive families into small families When studying exchange, Aristotle approached two forms of ownership: natural and unnatural; At the same time, they also deliberately unified the duality of value monopoly ideology and monopoly prices also appeared in his economic theory IV WRITING Aristotle wrote about 200 works, mostly in the form of notes and manuscripts They include dialogues, documents through scientific observation and systematic works His pupil, Theophrastus, oversaw these works, then transferred them to Neleus students - who stored them in a crypt to avoid moisture until they were taken to Rome and given by scholars there use Of about 200 works by Aristotle, only 31 are still being preserved Most were written during Aristotle's time at Lyceum Aristotle's main works on logic include: Categories, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics and Posterior Analytics In it, he discussed his reasoning system and his sound argument development system 14 ARISTOTLE Aristotle also composed a number of works of art, including "Rhetoric", and scientific work such as "On the Heavens", then "On the Soul", in which he moved from discussion of astronomy to study human psychology His writings on how people perceive the world continue to be the foundation for many principles of modern psychology V DEATH AND HERITAGE In 322 BC - just one year after he fled to Chalcis, Aristotle became ill with digestion, then died The following century, his works were no longer used, but were revived in the first century Over time, they became the foundation of philosophy for more than centuries Only in terms of influences on philosophy, Aristotle's works influenced the ideas from the late ancient period to the Renaissance The influence of Aristotle on Western thought in the humanities and social sciences is largely regarded as having no second person, except for his previous contributions of Plato, and Plato's teacher is Socrates The interpretation and debate of Aristotle's philosophical works has continued 15 ARISTOTLE VI CONCLUSION Aristotle is the greatest encyclopedia, philosopher of Greek and Roman times Heren remarked on his writings: "contains all human notions, Aristotle's wisdom refers to every aspect and every realm of the real world." Although his conceptions were inconsistent, wavering between materialistic and idealistic stance, he was the one who laid the foundation for European and world philosophy, and was the one who opened the direction for research a series of specialized humanities and social sciences such as politics, economics, ethics, aesthetics, psychology and especially the logic of formology to this day and the latter is still valid VI REFERRENCE • “A History Of Philosophy Volume 11: Medieval Philosophy” Frederick Copleston, S.J • https://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/ 16 .. .ARISTOTLE Contents Contents .2 OPENNING I FAMILY BACKGROUNG AND LIFE CHANGES II ARISTOTLE' S THEORY TRUTH 1 .Aristotle? ??s perspectives Aristotle' s... philosophy, we must refer to Aristotle philosopher The essay will go through six major parts: Part 1: FAMILY BACKGROUNG AND LIFE CHANGES Part 2: ARISTOTLE' S THEORY TRUTH ARISTOTLE Part 3: ARTS, POETICS... while Aristotle favored experimentation with ARISTOTLE real objects When Plato died, Aristotle did not take over the Academy as some imagined he might, but instead went back to Macedonia Aristotle