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Chiing tdi quan niem rang sU ra ddi cua van hpc hien dai Campuchia khong phai theo con difdng phu dinh (tat nhien la phai bien chUng va tflng bifdc) nen van hpc truyen thong de tie'n[r]
(1)BAN THEM VE GIA TRJ CUA TUM TIEU •
TRONG NEN VAN HOC CAMPUCHIA N G U Y E N SY TUAN^*
Cau chuyen ve T u m Tieu diia theo t a m t h a m kich cd t h a t xay r a vao the ky XVI d v u n g Td-bdng K h d - m u m , thupc t i n h P r a y - v e n g T a m t h a m kich dupc luu t r u y e n t r e n g d a n gian sud't nhieu the ky sau de Den cud'i t h e ky XIX, Ok-nha Xdn-tha Mdc diia vao cau chuyen viet t h a n h t r u y e n thd Tum Tieu NhUng truyen thd ft dUdc biet den N a m
1915, B c - t u m M a t - t h e Xom (1852-1932), sU t r u tri d chua Kdm P r a u , h u y e n Xit-the Kon-dal, tfnh P r a y - v e n g viet lai Tum
Tieu theo the thd Pia p r a m - p i (the
chU)'"
Ve cot t r u y e n , Tum Tieu thupc loai truyen phd bien giUa nhUng doi trai tai gai s i c gap n h a u ThUdng thi t i n h yeu cua hp dii gap nhieu t r i e trd, phai t r a i qua nhieu gian t r u a n , nhUng cue'i cung, t i n h yeu va leng c h u n g t h u y da la lieu thue'c dieu ky giup he chien t h a n g , dUdc h a n h phuc vien m a n Day la me tip phd bien d nhieu nUdc t r e n g k h u vUc Tuy nhien,
Tum Tieu cd nhUng k h a c biet r a t 16n Tum
va Tieu yeu n h a u say d i m Mdi tinh m a n h bet cua hp da lay chuyen dUdc: vua Ria-mia, ngUdi vd'n cung r a t yeu men va muen Tieu trd t h a n h h o a n g h a u Vua Ria-mia cho phep hai ngUdi dUdc lam dam cUdi NhUng t i n h yeu ciia hp hi ba P h a n , me cua
Tieu ca'u ket vdi bo'con Or-chun, mpt vien q u a n vung, n g a n can T u m bi bpn hp lap mUu s a t hai cUdi cua Tieu va Mdn Ngudn - cdn t r a i ciia Or-c h u n (ba P h a n da lUa gat va ep bupOr-c Tieu phai la'y Mdn Ngudn) Tha'y ngUdi yeu bi giet, Tieu ciing tU van theo No, ngUdi h a u gai cua Tieu ciing quyen sinh thee chit Hay tin T u m hi giet hai va n a n g Tieu vi dau khd ma chet thee, n h a vua ndi gian, lenh bat bo O r - c h u n va ba P h a n ' chon sd'ng, d u n g bUa bUa qua cd, toan bp dan lang Td-bong K h d - m u m , nhUng ngUdi khdng lien can ciing bi b a t lam no le Vi ket cue bi t h a m ma nhieu ngUdi da gpi
Tum Tieu la mpt Romeo va J u l i e t ciia dat
nUdc Chua t h a p
Bi kich T u m Tieu chUa dUng t r e n g dd nhUng van de gi da tUng la cau hei dUdc d a t r a tU h a n g t h a p nien qua tU nd ddi
O Campuchia, Tum Tieu da n h a n dUdc nhUng d a n h gia, k h e n che khac n h a u NhUng ngUdi dUng tren q u a n diem n h a n van thi cam t h e n g va chia se ndi dau cua hai ngUdi tre tudi NhUng ngUdi khac, nhu Ok Xa-mon, lai p h a n xet Tum Tieu dudi n h a n q u a n cua l u a n ly truyen thd'ng va dao dUc P h a t giao Ok Xa-mdn cho rang, cau chuyen nay, ca ba ngUdi
(2)12 Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 5/2010
ba P h a n , T u m , Tieu deu sai "Ba P h a n la ngUdi me t h a m lam, coi, tien bac, cua cai, dia vi, quyen l u c l a nguon goc cua h a n h phuc" Tieu la "con gai nhUng lai trai ldi bd' me", da "tU bd dad dUc, nen nep t r u y e n tho'ng" de "chay theo sU khoai lac" ("vUa nghe ldi, tha'y m a t da yeu ngay") Dac biet, tac gia da " d a n h " chd T u m ldi phe p h a n gay g i t nha't T h e e tac gia, T u m la ngUdi "da theo eifa P h a t nhUng k h d n g vupt qua dupc cam cua nhue due, la ngUdi da tU bd mpi dao dUc, p h a m each, quen dn quen tpi, q u e n ca hd t h e n de chay theo tieng gpi cua t i n h yeu"'-> Rd rang, theo tac gia, t a t ca bpn hp deu m a n g tpi t h a m , san, si cua dao dUc P h a t giao
0 Viet N a m , Tum Tieu cung dUdc cac n h a nghien cUu don n h a n vdi mot t h a i dp t r a n trpng, k h a c h q u a n Tuy sac t h a i c6 khac n h a u , nhUng tUu t r u n g , cac n h a nghien cUu, co ngUdi viet bai nay, cho r a n g Tum Tieu la b a n tinh ca t h a m dam nudc m i t , ca ngdi nhiing k h a t vpng t u dd yeu dUdng, rpng r a la tU dd dinh ddat h a n h phuc ca n h a n ; la b a n cao t r a n g khong the d a n h t h e p hdn te' cad che dp chuyen che, m e t che dp ma d dd tieng ndi cua ke t h e n g tri la c h a n ly, la tieng ndi tuyet dei''" NhUng y kien d a n h gia t r e n day, du it hay nhieu, deu chUa d u n g nhUng h a t n h a n hdp ly cua nd, t h e e "che dUng" cua mdi ngUdi Dudi day, c h u n g tdi chi b a n t h e m mpt vai khia c a n h ve gia tri cua Tum Tieu nen van hpc C a m p u c h i a nhUng n a m dau t h e ky XX
1 Cai thien va cai ac Cd le hiem cd mot tac p h a m nao m a tac gia cua no da d a n h den bon t r a n g de t h u y e t giang cho muc dfch s a n g tac cua m i n h n h u Tum Tieu Theo B o - t u m M a t - t h e Xom, ngUdi sinh da la k h d d a u (ddi la be khd), nhUng Cdn ngUdi c u n g cd t h e h o a n toan
t r a n h difdc mpi k h d d a u , t h o a t dUdc mpi benh t a t neu n h u hp dUdc che chd, dUdc an n a p dudi bong cua cac d a n g uy vu be tren n h u cha me sU t h i y , ton giao va cad hdn nUa la m a t t r a n g , m a t trdi Khdng chi la ldi giao dau (qua ldi tUa), tU t u d n g cdn dupc tai k h a n g d i n h qua ldi k e t ciia tac p h a m :
"Hdi t a t ca t h i e n n a m tin nii Sinh lam ngUdi hpc chU m a xem Le thUdng q u a bao la n h a n hpc Tu tri, tu t a m ay p h a i ren"
(3)Nguyen SyTiid'n - Bdn them ve gid tri ciia Tum Tieu nen van hoc 13
tpi ac, c h a n g t h e bien m i n h T h e nhUng tac gia lai cd^ t i n h nhin n h a n nd d mdt gdc dp khac: lam dieu ac n h a n d a n h cai thien: Mucn d a n tha'y l u a t h i n h nghiem n g a t Bao n h a u song lay dUc cho toan Chd hpc thoi b a t n h a n bac ac Ludi gUdm c h a n g k e t tpi oan Hdn the, tac gia bien m i n h t h e m r a n g dd ddn gian la "vi nudc vi dan": "NgUdi vi nUdc vi d a n tri nUdc / L u a t mUdi dieu nghien cUu t h e m sau" N h u t h e ma tac gia van che r a n g "DUc vua trd ve kinh de cu / Tri t u e v a n cae dUc van day" (!) Khdng, bat ky ai, du b a t ky ly gi, bat ky dUng t r e n q u a n niem dao dUc nao (quan niem dao dUc P h a t giao lai cang khong) cung k h d n g t h e ddng t i n h ve q u a n niem cung n h u muc dich s a n g tac n h u vay cua tac gia (mac du n a m mUdi n a m sau, quan niem lai dUdc Ok Xa-mon chia se qua viec t h a bdng cho nhUng h a n h dpng tan bad ciia vua R i a - m i a qua cdng t r i n h
Nghien ciiu Tum Tieu (tai lieu da dan)''*'
NhUng neu chi n h u vay ce le T u m Tieu da k h e n g dUdc n h a n dan C a m p u c h i a yeu men va d a n h gia cae den vay suot may chuc n a m qua, ke tU nd ddi (1915) Bdi le, "tuyen ngdn" la vay, nhUng dieu l i n g dpng trdng ldng dpc gia khdng phai la thU triet ly m a n g d a m s i c m a u P h a t giad, khd cUng Hp se q u e n nhUng t h u y e t giang luan ly de de'n hien thiic sdng dcng dpc nhUng cau thd day h i n h a n h va bieu cam:
Ldi Tieu l a p t r e n g riing hdn d i m Tdc em day m a y t h a m bdng b e n h Mdi em nd ndng n a n hda t r a i NgUc em t r a n len ca mei anh"^'
Va ngUdi dpc chi tha'y vi mot sac dep me hdn cua n a n g Tieu ma vi no, Tum,
(4)14 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 5/2010
hdi Chfnh vi the, cai chet cua Tum va Tieu kheng phai la sU ket thuc ma chinh la sU khdi dau, nd khdi gdi bad nhieu van de, bad nhieu cau hdi: tinh yeu hay cua cai, bao lUc hay tU do; ve bao moi quan he: b6' me va cai, gia dinh va xa hpi, cai cu va cai mdi , nhUng van de chi co the dUdc dat va giai quyet "rot rao" van chUdng hien dai Va nhu vay co the ndi, vdi Tum Tieu, Truyen thd Campuchia da phat trien thee chieu hudng giai phdng van hpc khdi cac muc dich phi van hpc - muc dich giao ly (ta't nhien la dan dan va chua triet de) de tiem can vdi nen van hpc hien dai
2 Budc tien mdi ve tinh hien thuc trong Truyen thd Vdi Tum Tieu, Truyen thd Campuchia da di dUdc mpt budc tien dai tu the gidi than linh de'n the gidi cua loai ngUdi va tU the gidi ngUdi vdi tU each la Idai den cen ngUdi ca the, c6 ddi sd'ng va quan he rieng ciia nd Ve van de nay, chung ta tha'y, tU Truyen thd dau tien mang ten "Ld-b6c Angkor Voat" (1609), cac truyen Banh-nhg-xa Xe-ra-xa, Pre Xa-mut cua Ok-nha Khd-leng Nong (dau the ky XVII 1) den Truyen Ndng Ca-cdy cua Ang Uudng (1815), cac nhan vat chinh deu la cac vi than linh day quyen phep Den truyen M6-ra-na Mia-da cua Thom Banh-nha Uk (1877) thi ngUdi da dong vai tro nhan vat trung tam**'' Mac dau vay, "con ngUdi" truyen chi mdi dUdc "cha'm pha" b mUc dp "loai" Nhung den Tum Tieu, ngudi mdi dUdc khac hpa mpt each kha ro net NhUng nhan vat chinh nhU Turn, Tieu khong la ngUdi "nha't phien" ma la ngUdi CO ddi sdng npi tam phong phu, phUc tap, bi giing xe, chia se giUa mpt ben la bdn phan lam con, lam phat tif, than dan , vdi mpt ben la khat vpng, la tieng gpi cua
tinh yeu
Va, ciing c6 the noi ring, vdi Tum Tieu, the gidi ky ao ndi thUdng gidi hay nhUng dia danh xa x6i tan xU sd an Dp da dUdc thay the bang nhUng ten dat, ten lang, ten chua than thupc, gan gui, vdi nhUng ngUdi cu the Hdn the, Tum Tieu cung bat dau hudng tdi mot xa hpi hien thuc, vdi day ray cam bay; vdi tat ca dac tinh thien - ac, - gian - tham lan Ipn; vdi day du mpi loai ngUdi, tU binh dan de'n quy tpc, vua quan, tU t6n giao den the tuc v.v
3 Su each tan ve ngon ngii Vdi Tum Tieu Truyen thd Campuchia da c6 budc phat trien theo hUdng tU ngon ngii mang phong each "bac hoc" (Sangskrit, Pa-li) chuyen sang ngon Khmer, mpc mac, gan gui vdi dan chung "binh dan" Dac biet, la mdt nha sU nhUng tac gia da sif dung mpt ngdn ngU rat tran tuc va tUdi rdi cupc ddi Tuy d6i luc nhu6'm mau nhue due nhUng phai ndi rang Xom da m6 ta moi tinh cua Tum va Tieu het sUc s6ng dpng va tran day sUc sdng NhUng cau thd sau day mac du dUdc chuyen sang Viet ngU rat hay nhung cung chUa lot ta dUdc tinh than nguyen ban: Tum sung sUdng pha niem sd hai / Gat Tum mat lanh trach chang / Rifng mdn mdn nd pha / Ma phan, ngiic day, tay dUa ngang*'"
(5)Nguyen SyTud'n - Bdn them ve gid tri ciia Tum Tieu nen vdn hoc 15
em n h u trdi / Con a n h yeu quy nhU m a t t r a n g / Sao mpc r a i rac k h a p bau trdi / Vay q u a n h m a t t r a n g khdng xa vdi" N h u n g t h u d n g t h i tac gia sif d u n g 16'i so sanh cu the, g a n giii: " T h a n a n h n h u sU tif / Con em k h a c nao h a n g da / Su tif dUdc ndi d tdt / C h a n g bad gid lai m u o n rdi ra" Hdac: "Anh n h u cdn vdi / Em khac nad cay mia / Dudc m a t ngpt c h a n g chiu ddi chan / Voi co bao gid bd mia " Con ndi ve n6i budn r a u cua Tieu p h a i xa T u m , thi: "ThUc a n nUdc u o n g kh6ng tUdng den / Thit ldn, t h i t ga, t h i t vit day b a t / De nguoi ngat, an c h a n g dUdc /N6i budn ve sU chia li lam bee ldng" N h u n g c i n , thi tac gia cung h e t sUc y nhi, bdng bay: "Em tiia dda hda t h d m / A n h k h a c nao ong m a t / Em la b e n dd /Anh nhU t h u y e n xuoi ngUdc B o - t u m M a t - t h e Xom Cling thfch diing cac t h a n h ngU, tuc ngU va sif dung c h u n g mot each "dac dia": b a n h ldn hdn khuon", "chin trUdc chua" (tUdng tii "trUng k h o n hdn vit", "an cdm trUdc keng" t r d n g t h a n h ngii Viet), "ngUdi (chet) de tie'ng, vdi (chet) de nga", "lam rupng xem ce, cudi ga cdn c h a u xem ky ndi chen", "tha ma't mpt t h u n g bac chd de m a t ldi ndi" v.v *'^'
Co the noi, cung vdi nhUng c a n h hudng, nhiing t a m t r a n g , nhUng t i n h tiet da dupc tac gia d u n g cong xay diing thi nhUng each so s a n h , vf von t r e n day thUc sii lam say d i m mpi gidi dpc gia C a m p u c h i a qua cac thdi ky Q u a n t r p n g hdn, Idai ng6n ngU r a t gan vdi ngdn ngii v a n xudi va la mpt nhiing t i e n de cho viec h i n h t h a n h n e n v a n xuoi n g h e t h u a t cuoi nhiing n a m b a mUdi cua t h e ky trUdc
4 Mot budc tien mdi ve each thifc ket ca'u Vdi Tum Tieu, T r u y e n t h o Campuchia da co nhUng budc t h a y ddi ve each thiic k e t ca'u TrUdc day, mpt t r u y e n
thd dUdc viet theo nhieu t h e thd khac n h a u M6i t h e thd d u n g de bieu dat nhUng npi dung khac n h a u Vi du: the B r a h m a -kit (5-6-5-6) d u n g t r o n g viec dan k h u y e n r a n , m a n g t i n h c h a t t h a thiet t i n h cam; the K a - k a - t e (4-4-4-4-4-4-4) dung de t h u a t lai cac cau chuyen; the P h u -chu6ng-li-lia (6-4-4) d u n g de dien ta cac cupc h a n h t r i n h hoac luc dUa tien n h a u ; t h e P u m - n61 (6-4-6) dung cupc t r a n h l u a n d6'i thoai '^' Cac the thd khdng chi dUdc sif d u n g de the hien npi dung cu the ciia tUng trUdng doan ma dam nhiem vai tro chuyen c a n h hay to chUc, lien ket ciia tac pham'^"' Nay vdi
Tum Tieu, cau chuyen chi dUdc viet theo
mpt thd thd (the Pia p r a m - p i , the chU) se la met khd k h a n ddi vdi tac gia NhUng m a t khac, dd se la "da't dien" de tac gia cd the t h e hien tai nang, de "tung tay" ngoi b u t cua minh, nha't la viec mieu ta nhUng cam xuc t a m t r a n g n h a n vat, viec lien ke't tac p h a m , lien ket mach chuyen Tuy nhien, vdi Tum Tieu, tac gia cung chUa t h o a t khdi t i n h c h i p khue v6'n cd cua T r u y e n thd (vf du, de chuyen sang mpt trUdng ddan khac, tac gia thudng d u n g "ring ", "vi rang " liic d6 " Dieu cung tUdng tU nhU each nei cua cu Nguyen Dinh Chieu: "ThU de'n Luc Van Tien" Luc Vdn Tien) Tuy nhien, day cung co t h e la mpt each "dien dat" p h u hdp do'i vdi mpt do'i tUdng ceng chung von "thich lam k h a n gia hdn dpc gia, thich boat dpng hdn la suy tU, thich hdat dpng gifla trdi hdn la t h u m i n h vad phdng hep "
(6)16 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 5/2010
p h a m d a n h da'u mpt sii each m a n g t h a t sU cua Truyen thd C a m p u c h i a , kh6ng chi d sii ket t h u c m a n g t i n h bi kich n h u n h a n xet cua T d - r a n g N g h i a " ", m a cen dUa den cho ngUdi dpc sU cam thong, chia se ve moi t i n h t h u y c h u n g cua doi t r a i tai gai s i c vdi nhflng cau thd me hdac ldng ngUdi Va q u a n trpng hdn no c h u a n bi nhUng tien de de t h a m gia vao dUdng hien dai h6a nen van hpc C a m p u c h i a s a u nay, t r e n ta't ca cac phUdng dien tfl npi d u n g den thi p h a p " - ' Nhflng p h a n tich, ly giai t r e n day, c h u n g t6i hy vpng co nhflng ddng gdp nhd trdng viec d a n h gia m e t nhflng •tac p h a m ldn cua n e n v a n hpc t r u y e n
tho'ng Campuchia./
C H U T H I C H
1 Nam 1942, can chuyen dan gian mot lan nfla difdc Nu Kon viet lai theo the thd Pia pram-bay (the chfl) difdi tieu de
"Tieu Ek"
2 Nghien ciiu Tum Tieu Ok Xa-mon, Phnom Penh, 1966, tr 224-225 (tieng Khmer) 3 Xem them: Vdn hoc Campuchia qua nhiing
chang diidng lich sii Vu Tuyet
Loan-Nguyln Sy Tuan Nxb KHXH, H 2000 vd
Vdn hoc Dong Nam A Lifu DUc Trung
(chu bien), Nxb Giao due, H 1998 Trong cong trinh Ok Xa-mon chi ket
tpi ba nhan vat: ba Phan, Tum, Tieu (nhif da noi), vua Ria-mia khong he difdc nhae tdi
5 Tum Tieu, ban dich cua Phung Huy Thinh, Nxb KHXH, 1987, tr 58
6 Chuyen viet ve mpt moi tinh rat manh liet va tham khoc: Kdom-pi dem long yen say dam mpt co gai Hai ngifdi bo trdn de'n sinh song d mot viing da't xa xoi Khi da trd nen giau co, ngu'di chdng da giet chet ngifdi vp da mpt thdi chung song luc ban
vi de song vdi mpt ngifdi dan ba khac, bd lai ngifdi gai bd vd
7 Nguyen van cau 425 nguyen ban:
"ddm hon len md, sd len vu\
NhUng cau thd chung toi dich (nghia) tif nguyen ban tieng Khmer, khong tuan theo diing nguyen t i c van luat cua the thd Pia pram-pi
8 Xem them: Nghien ciiu Tum Tieu, Sdd, tr
226-227
9 Xem Kien Rem: Thii tim hieu nen thi ca
ciia dong bdo Viet goc Mien Luan dam,
1963, Bp III, sd 1, tr 65-70
10 Vi du Truyen thd Ndng Ca-cdy, Ang-DUdng, da sfl dung the thd xen ke (tuy tUng trifdng doan): Ka-ka-te, Pum-nol, Brah-ma-kit, Phii-chuong-li-lia Con Riem Ke, mpt tuyet tac khac cua van hpc Campuchia cung viet theo nhieu the thd: tfl chifdng de'n cbifdng 10, theo cac the Ka-ka-te, B r a h - m a - k i t , Phii-chu6ng-li-lia, Pum-nol, B6n-t6-la-ka, tif chifdng 75 den chifdng 80 lai difdc viet theo the Pia pram-mudi, v.v