Chfnh vi the, cai chet cua Tum va Tieu kheng phai la sU ket thuc ma chinh la sU khdi dau, nd khdi gdi bad nhieu van de, bad nhieu cau hdi: tinh yeu hay cua cai, bao lUc hay tU do; ve bao
Trang 1BAN THEM VE GIA TRJ CUA TUM TIEU
• TRONG NEN VAN HOC CAMPUCHIA
N G U Y E N SY TUAN^*
Cau chuyen ve T u m Tieu diia theo
t a m t h a m kich cd t h a t xay r a vao
the ky XVI d v u n g Td-bdng K h d - m u m ,
thupc t i n h P r a y - v e n g T a m t h a m kich nay
dupc luu t r u y e n t r e n g d a n gian sud't nhieu
the ky sau de Den cud'i t h e ky XIX,
Ok-nha Xdn-tha Mdc diia vao cau chuyen nay
viet t h a n h t r u y e n thd Tum Tieu NhUng
truyen thd nay ft dUdc biet den N a m
1915, B c - t u m M a t - t h e Xom (1852-1932),
sU t r u tri d chua Kdm P r a u , h u y e n Xit-the
Kon-dal, tfnh P r a y - v e n g viet lai Tum
Tieu theo the thd Pia p r a m - p i (the 7
chU)'"
Ve cot t r u y e n , Tum Tieu thupc loai
truyen phd bien giUa nhUng doi trai tai
gai s i c gap n h a u ThUdng thi t i n h yeu cua
hp dii gap nhieu t r i e trd, phai t r a i qua
nhieu gian t r u a n , nhUng cue'i cung, t i n h
yeu va leng c h u n g t h u y da la lieu thue'c
dieu ky giup he chien t h a n g , dUdc h a n h
phuc vien m a n Day la me tip phd bien d
nhieu nUdc t r e n g k h u vUc Tuy nhien,
Tum Tieu cd nhUng k h a c biet r a t 16n Tum
va Tieu yeu n h a u say d i m Mdi tinh m a n h
bet cua hp da lay chuyen dUdc: vua
Ria-mia, ngUdi vd'n cung r a t yeu men va muen
Tieu trd t h a n h h o a n g h a u Vua Ria-mia
cho phep hai ngUdi dUdc lam dam cUdi
NhUng t i n h yeu ciia hp hi ba P h a n , me cua
Tieu ca'u ket vdi bo'con Or-chun, mpt vien
q u a n trong vung, n g a n can T u m bi bpn hp lap mUu s a t hai ngay trong ngay cUdi cua Tieu va Mdn Ngudn - cdn t r a i ciia
Or-c h u n (ba P h a n da lUa gat va ep bupOr-c Tieu phai la'y Mdn Ngudn) Tha'y ngUdi yeu bi giet, Tieu ciing tU van theo No, ngUdi h a u gai cua Tieu ciing quyen sinh thee chit Hay tin T u m hi giet hai va n a n g Tieu vi dau khd ma chet thee, n h a vua ndi gian,
ra lenh bat bo con O r - c h u n va ba P h a n ' chon sd'ng, d u n g bUa bUa qua cd, toan bp dan lang Td-bong K h d - m u m , nhUng ngUdi khdng lien can ciing bi b a t lam no le Vi ket cue bi t h a m nay ma nhieu ngUdi da gpi
Tum Tieu la mpt Romeo va J u l i e t ciia dat
nUdc Chua t h a p
Bi kich T u m Tieu chUa dUng t r e n g dd nhUng van de gi da tUng la cau hei dUdc
d a t r a tU h a n g t h a p nien qua tU khi nd
ra ddi
O Campuchia, Tum Tieu da n h a n dUdc
nhUng d a n h gia, k h e n che khac n h a u NhUng ngUdi dUng tren q u a n diem n h a n van thi cam t h e n g va chia se ndi dau cua hai con ngUdi tre tudi NhUng ngUdi khac,
nhu Ok Xa-mon, lai p h a n xet Tum Tieu
dudi n h a n q u a n cua l u a n ly truyen thd'ng
va dao dUc P h a t giao Ok Xa-mdn cho rang, trong cau chuyen nay, ca ba ngUdi
TS Nguyin Sy Tuan, Vien Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A
Trang 212 Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 5/2010
ba P h a n , T u m , Tieu deu sai "Ba P h a n la
ngUdi me t h a m lam, coi, tien bac, cua cai,
dia vi, quyen l u c l a nguon goc cua h a n h
phuc" Tieu la "con gai nhUng lai trai ldi
bd' me", da "tU bd dad dUc, nen nep t r u y e n
tho'ng" de "chay theo sU khoai lac" ("vUa
nghe ldi, tha'y m a t da yeu ngay") Dac
biet, tac gia da " d a n h " chd T u m ldi phe
p h a n gay g i t nha't T h e e tac gia, T u m la
ngUdi "da theo eifa P h a t nhUng k h d n g
vupt qua dupc cam do cua nhue due, la
ngUdi da tU bd mpi dao dUc, p h a m each,
quen dn quen tpi, q u e n ca hd t h e n de
chay theo tieng gpi cua t i n h yeu"'-> Rd
rang, theo tac gia, t a t ca bpn hp deu m a n g
tpi t h a m , san, si cua dao dUc P h a t giao
0 Viet N a m , Tum Tieu cung dUdc cac
n h a nghien cUu don n h a n vdi mot t h a i dp
t r a n trpng, k h a c h q u a n Tuy sac t h a i c6
khac n h a u , nhUng tUu t r u n g , cac n h a
nghien cUu, trong do co ngUdi viet bai nay,
cho r a n g Tum Tieu la b a n tinh ca t h a m
dam nudc m i t , ca ngdi nhiing k h a t vpng
t u dd yeu dUdng, rpng r a la tU dd dinh
ddat h a n h phuc ca n h a n ; la b a n cao t r a n g
khong the d a n h t h e p hdn te' cad che dp
chuyen che, m e t che dp ma d dd tieng ndi
cua ke t h e n g tri la c h a n ly, la tieng ndi
tuyet dei''" NhUng y kien d a n h gia t r e n
day, du it hay nhieu, deu chUa d u n g
nhUng h a t n h a n hdp ly cua nd, tuy t h e e
"che dUng" cua mdi ngUdi Dudi day,
c h u n g tdi chi b a n t h e m mpt vai khia c a n h
ve gia tri cua Tum Tieu trong nen van hpc
C a m p u c h i a nhUng n a m dau t h e ky XX
1 Cai thien va cai ac Cd le hiem cd mot
tac p h a m nao m a tac gia cua no da d a n h
den bon t r a n g de t h u y e t giang cho muc
dfch s a n g tac cua m i n h n h u Tum Tieu
Theo B o - t u m M a t - t h e Xom, con ngUdi
sinh ra da la k h d d a u (ddi la be khd),
nhUng Cdn ngUdi c u n g cd t h e h o a n toan
t r a n h difdc mpi k h d d a u , t h o a t dUdc mpi benh t a t neu n h u hp dUdc che chd, dUdc an
n a p dudi bong cua cac d a n g uy vu be tren
n h u cha me sU t h i y , ton giao va cad hdn nUa la m a t t r a n g , m a t trdi Khdng chi la ldi giao dau (qua ldi tUa), tU t u d n g nay cdn dupc tai k h a n g d i n h qua ldi k e t ciia tac
p h a m :
"Hdi t a t ca t h i e n n a m tin nii Sinh lam ngUdi hpc chU m a xem
Le thUdng q u a bao la n h a n hpc
Tu tri, tu t a m ay p h a i ren"
"Tuyen ngdn" cua B o - t u m M a t - t h e Xom cung gan giong vdi N g u y e n Du doi v6i T r u y e n Kieu, mac dau muc dfch cua hai tac gia co k h a c n h a u N e u n h u Nguyen Du lam cho ngUdi t a hieu r i n g eng cd xiiy cho t h u y e t "tai m e n h tUdng dd" ("chu tai chu m e n h k h e e la ghet nhau") thi Xom t r u e tie'p hdn, k h u y e n cen ngUdi hay t r a n h xa "luyen ai n a m nii" de tap
t r u n g vad viec "tu tri, t u t a m " Cd t h e , khi dUa r a ldi k h u y e n nay, B d - t u m M a t - t h e Xdm da m a n c a m tha'y t r u 6 c - d u cdn r a t mdng m a n h - nguy cd lam xdi mdn dan dUc P h a t giad trudc sU "nga'p nghe" cua van hoa Tay phUdng d C a m p u c h i a nhUng
n a m dau t h e ky XX NhUng dieu d a n g nei trong "tuyen ngdn" (ca triic tiep va ca gian tiep) nay la, mot m a t tac gia bao ve dao dUc P h a t giao (cho'ng lai t h a m , san, si),
m a t khac tac gia lai ddng loa vdi cai ac (mac dii cdt de giii dudc dao difc P h a t giao) Viec s a t hai ca ba ngUdi Or-chun, Mdn Nguon, ba P h a n b i n g h i n h thUc chon sdng, d u n g t r a u biia len cd, ddng thdi b i t
t o a n bp d a n l a n g Td-bong K h d - m u m vd tpi lam nd le, du n h i n n h a n d gdc dp nad va
b i n g ba't cU ly dd gi t h i ciing la mpt tdi ac Tri tdi nhUng ke gay r a dieu ac b i n g met
h a n h dpng k h o n g t h e ac hdn c u n g la mpt
Trang 3Nguyen SyTiid'n - Bdn them ve gid tri ciia Tum Tieu trong nen van hoc 13
tpi ac, c h a n g t h e bien m i n h T h e nhUng
tac gia lai cd^ t i n h nhin n h a n nd d mdt gdc
dp khac: lam dieu ac n h a n d a n h cai thien:
Mucn d a n tha'y l u a t h i n h nghiem n g a t
Bao n h a u song lay dUc cho toan
Chd hpc thoi b a t n h a n bac ac
Ludi gUdm kia c h a n g k e t tpi oan
Hdn the, tac gia con bien m i n h t h e m
r a n g dd ddn gian la "vi nudc vi dan":
"NgUdi vi nUdc vi d a n tri nUdc / L u a t mUdi
dieu nghien cUu t h e m sau" N h u t h e ma
tac gia van che r a n g "DUc vua trd ve kinh
de cu / Tri t u e v a n cae dUc van day" (!)
Khdng, bat ky ai, du b a t ky ly do gi, bat
ky dUng t r e n q u a n niem dao dUc nao
(quan niem dao dUc P h a t giao lai cang
khong) cung k h d n g t h e ddng t i n h ve q u a n
niem cung n h u muc dich s a n g tac n h u vay
cua tac gia (mac du n a m mUdi n a m sau,
quan niem nay lai dUdc Ok Xa-mon chia
se qua viec t h a bdng cho nhUng h a n h dpng
tan bad ciia vua R i a - m i a qua cdng t r i n h
Nghien ciiu Tum Tieu (tai lieu da dan)''*'
NhUng neu chi n h u vay ce le T u m Tieu
da k h e n g dUdc n h a n dan C a m p u c h i a yeu
men va d a n h gia cae den vay suot may
chuc n a m qua, ke tU khi nd ra ddi (1915)
Bdi le, "tuyen ngdn" la vay, nhUng dieu
l i n g dpng trdng ldng dpc gia khdng phai la
thU triet ly m a n g d a m s i c m a u P h a t giad,
khd cUng Hp se q u e n ngay nhUng t h u y e t
giang luan ly nay de de'n hien thiic sdng
dcng khi dpc nhUng cau thd day h i n h a n h
va bieu cam:
Ldi Tieu l a p t r e n g riing hdn d i m
Tdc em day m a y t h a m bdng b e n h
Mdi em nd ndng n a n hda t r a i
NgUc em t r a n len ca mei anh"^'
Va ngUdi dpc chi con tha'y vi mot sac
dep me hdn cua n a n g Tieu ma vi no, Tum,
mpt chang t r a i d a n g nap bdng eifa P h a t
da dUt ad ra di, bd lai sau lUng minh c a n h eifa chua ngan n a m quyen ru NgUdi dpc cung tha'y r a t ro vi t i n h yeu ma Tieu, mdt
Cd gai doan t r a n g hien t h u c dam bd ngoai tai nhUng ldi r a n day ciia me cha vdn day quyen uy de chay theo tie'ng gpi t i n h yeu Cae hdn, vi t i n h yeu ma Tieu dam lieu linh budc qua ngUdng eifa cua t a p tuc
k h a t khe ve t h a n p h a n ngUdi con gai de tU nguyen trao t a n g , d a n g hien sU t r a n g trong ciia m i n h cho y t r u n g n h a n Trong hoan canh n g a t ngheo dd t i n h yeu hien ra
va vUdt len t h a n h mpt phep nhiem mau giup hp cd t h e m sUc m a n h , cd du can dam
de thd 16 md'i t i n h cua m i n h tru6c vi vua t6'i thupng, quyen uy ma khdng sd phep nu6c Trong cupc d6'i dien cam go, nghiet nga nay t i n h yeu hay chinh xac la sUc
m a n h t i n h yeu da chien t h a n g Vdi h a n h dpng ddng y cho Tieu trd t h a n h vd ciia
T u m (chU kh6ng p h a i trd t h a n h Hdang
h a u cua minh), chinh vua Ria-mia da thUa n h a n sii chien t h i n g cua sUc m a n h
t i n h yeu c h a n chinh N h u vay, c6 the ndi, tinh yeu da t h i n g , k h a t vpng tii de yeu dUdng da t h i n g T h i n g giad ly n h a P h a t ,
t h i n g phdng tuc, t a p quan, t h a n g quyen lUc cua cha me, t h i n g quyen lUc toi thupng cua n h a vua Ndi mpt each tdng
q u a t thi t i n h yeu da t h a n g ca t h a n quyen
va the quyen De m6i la cai thien dfch thuc - "thien can d tai ldng ta" Va ngay ca cai chet cua Tieu ben canh T u m khi chang
bi sat hai cung la sii chien t h i n g cua t i n h yeu T i n h yeu da chien t h a n g nei sd hai ( b i n g cai chet, Tieu se dUdc s6'ng ben c a n h
T u m m a i mai) Vdi Tum Tieu, sU l i n g
dpng trong long dpc gia chinh la qua t r i n h
h a n h dpng co y thUc cua h i n h tUdng n h a n vat, nd p h a n a n h quy l u a t cua sU van dpng kh6ng ngUng cua con ngUdi va xa
Trang 414 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 5/2010
hdi Chfnh vi the, cai chet cua Tum va
Tieu kheng phai la sU ket thuc ma chinh
la sU khdi dau, nd khdi gdi bad nhieu van
de, bad nhieu cau hdi: tinh yeu hay cua
cai, bao lUc hay tU do; ve bao moi quan he:
b6' me va con cai, gia dinh va xa hpi, cai cu
va cai mdi , nhUng van de chi co the dUdc
dat ra va giai quyet "rot rao" trong van
chUdng hien dai Va nhu vay co the ndi,
vdi Tum Tieu, Truyen thd Campuchia da
phat trien thee chieu hudng giai phdng
van hpc ra khdi cac muc dich phi van hpc
- muc dich giao ly (ta't nhien la dan dan
va chua triet de) de tiem can vdi nen van
hpc hien dai
2 Budc tien mdi ve tinh hien thuc
trong Truyen thd Vdi Tum Tieu, Truyen
thd Campuchia da di dUdc mpt budc tien
dai tu the gidi than linh de'n the gidi cua
loai ngUdi va tU the gidi ngUdi vdi tU each
la Idai den cen ngUdi ca the, c6 ddi sd'ng va
quan he rieng ciia nd Ve van de nay,
chung ta tha'y, tU Truyen thd dau tien
mang ten "Ld-b6c Angkor Voat" (1609),
cac truyen Banh-nhg-xa Xe-ra-xa, Pre
Xa-mut cua Ok-nha Khd-leng Nong (dau the
ky XVII 1) den Truyen Ndng Ca-cdy cua
Ang Uudng (1815), cac nhan vat chinh
deu la cac vi than linh day quyen phep
Den truyen M6-ra-na Mia-da cua Thom
Banh-nha Uk (1877) thi con ngUdi da
dong vai tro nhan vat trung tam**'' Mac
dau vay, "con ngUdi" trong truyen nay chi
mdi dUdc "cha'm pha" b mUc dp "loai"
Nhung den Tum Tieu, con ngudi mdi dUdc
khac hpa mpt each kha ro net NhUng
nhan vat chinh nhU Turn, Tieu khong con
la con ngUdi "nha't phien" ma la con ngUdi
CO ddi sdng npi tam phong phu, phUc tap,
bi giing xe, chia se giUa mpt ben la bdn
phan lam con, lam phat tif, than dan ,
vdi mpt ben la khat vpng, la tieng gpi cua
tinh yeu
Va, ciing c6 the noi ring, vdi Tum Tieu, the gidi ky ao ndi thUdng gidi hay
nhUng dia danh xa x6i tan xU sd an Dp da dUdc thay the bang nhUng ten dat, ten lang, ten chua than thupc, gan gui, vdi
nhUng con ngUdi cu the Hdn the, Tum Tieu cung bat dau hudng tdi mot xa hpi
hien thuc, vdi day ray cam bay; vdi tat ca dac tinh thien - ac, ngay - gian - tham lan Ipn; vdi day du mpi loai ngUdi, tU binh dan de'n quy tpc, vua quan, tU t6n giao den the tuc v.v
3 Su each tan ve ngon ngii Vdi Tum Tieu Truyen thd Campuchia da c6 budc
phat trien theo hUdng tU ngon ngii mang phong each "bac hoc" (Sangskrit, Pa-li) chuyen sang ngon Khmer, mpc mac, gan gui vdi dan chung "binh dan" Dac biet, la mdt nha sU nhUng tac gia da sif dung mpt ngdn ngU rat tran tuc va tUdi rdi cupc ddi Tuy d6i luc nhu6'm mau nhue due nhUng phai ndi rang Xom da m6 ta moi tinh cua Tum va Tieu het sUc s6ng dpng va tran day sUc sdng NhUng cau thd sau day mac
du dUdc chuyen sang Viet ngU rat hay nhung cung chUa lot ta dUdc tinh than nguyen ban: Tum sung sUdng pha niem sd hai / Gat Tum ra mat lanh trach chang / Rifng mdn mdn kia ai nd pha / Ma phan, ngiic day, tay dUa ngang*'"
Cai hay trong each mieu ta khong chi
la ndi mpt ndi each manh bad pha chut mau sic tu nhien chu nghia ma con the hien trong each sif dung ngon tif mot each phii hdp, dac biet la trong each so sanh vf von Nhieu ngUdi thich doan do'i dap giiia Tum va Tieu, trong do tac gia mieu ta tinh yeu cua do'i trai tai gai sic nay d tam voc
vu tru (mpt each so sanh quen thupc trong van hpc phUdng Dong): "Tieu r i n g than
Trang 5Nguyen SyTud'n - Bdn them ve gid tri ciia Tum Tieu trong nen vdn hoc 15
em n h u sao trdi / Con a n h yeu quy nhU
m a t t r a n g / Sao mpc r a i rac k h a p bau trdi
/ Vay q u a n h m a t t r a n g khdng xa vdi"
N h u n g t h u d n g t h i tac gia sif d u n g 16'i so
sanh cu the, g a n giii: " T h a n a n h n h u sU tif
/ Con em k h a c nao h a n g da / Su tif dUdc
ndi d tdt / C h a n g bad gid lai m u o n rdi ra"
Hdac: "Anh n h u cdn vdi / Em khac nad
cay mia / Dudc m a t ngpt c h a n g chiu ddi
chan / Voi co bao gid bd mia " Con ndi ve
n6i budn r a u cua Tieu khi p h a i xa T u m ,
thi: "ThUc a n nUdc u o n g kh6ng tUdng den
/ Thit ldn, t h i t ga, t h i t vit day b a t / De
nguoi ngat, an c h a n g dUdc /N6i budn ve sU
chia li lam bee ldng" N h u n g khi c i n , thi
tac gia cung h e t sUc y nhi, bdng bay: "Em
tiia dda hda t h d m / A n h k h a c nao con ong
m a t / Em la b e n dd /Anh nhU con t h u y e n
xuoi ngUdc B o - t u m M a t - t h e Xom
Cling thfch diing cac t h a n h ngU, tuc ngU
va sif dung c h u n g mot each "dac dia":
b a n h ldn hdn khuon", "chin trUdc khi
chua" (tUdng tii "trUng k h o n hdn vit", "an
cdm trUdc keng" t r d n g t h a n h ngii Viet),
"ngUdi (chet) de tie'ng, vdi (chet) de nga",
"lam rupng xem ce, cudi ga cdn c h a u xem
ky ndi chen", "tha ma't mpt t h u n g bac chd
de m a t ldi ndi" v.v *'^'
Co the noi, cung vdi nhUng c a n h hudng,
nhiing t a m t r a n g , nhUng t i n h tiet da dupc
tac gia d u n g cong xay diing thi nhUng
each so s a n h , vf von t r e n day thUc sii lam
say d i m mpi gidi dpc gia C a m p u c h i a qua
cac thdi ky Q u a n t r p n g hdn, Idai ng6n ngU
nay r a t gan vdi ngdn ngii v a n xudi va la
mpt trong nhiing t i e n de cho viec h i n h
t h a n h n e n v a n xuoi n g h e t h u a t cuoi
nhiing n a m b a mUdi cua t h e ky trUdc
4 Mot budc tien mdi ve each thifc ket
ca'u Vdi Tum Tieu, T r u y e n t h o
Campuchia da co nhUng budc t h a y ddi ve
each thiic k e t ca'u TrUdc day, mpt t r u y e n
thd dUdc viet theo nhieu t h e thd khac
n h a u M6i t h e thd d u n g de bieu dat nhUng npi dung khac n h a u Vi du: the B r a h m a -kit (5-6-5-6) d u n g t r o n g viec dan do
k h u y e n r a n , m a n g t i n h c h a t t h a thiet t i n h cam; the K a - k a - t e (4-4-4-4-4-4-4) dung
de t h u a t lai cac cau chuyen; the P h u -chu6ng-li-lia (6-4-4) d u n g de dien ta cac cupc h a n h t r i n h hoac luc dUa tien n h a u ;
t h e P u m - n61 (6-4-6) dung trong cupc
t r a n h l u a n d6'i thoai '^' Cac the thd nay khdng chi dUdc sif d u n g de the hien npi dung cu the ciia tUng trUdng doan ma con dam nhiem vai tro chuyen c a n h hay to chUc, lien ket ciia tac pham'^"' Nay vdi
Tum Tieu, cau chuyen chi dUdc viet theo
mpt thd thd (the Pia p r a m - p i , the 7 chU)
se la met khd k h a n ddi vdi tac gia NhUng
m a t khac, dd se la "da't dien" de tac gia cd the t h e hien tai nang, de "tung tay" ngoi
b u t cua minh, nha't la trong viec mieu ta nhUng cam xuc t a m t r a n g n h a n vat, trong viec lien ke't tac p h a m , lien ket mach
chuyen Tuy nhien, vdi Tum Tieu, tac gia
cung chUa t h o a t khdi t i n h c h i p khue v6'n
cd cua T r u y e n thd (vf du, de chuyen sang mpt trUdng ddan khac, tac gia thudng
d u n g "ring ", "vi rang " liic d6 " Dieu nay cung tUdng tU nhU each nei cua
cu Nguyen Dinh Chieu: "ThU nay de'n Luc
Van Tien" trong Luc Vdn Tien) Tuy
nhien, day cung co t h e la mpt each "dien dat" p h u hdp do'i vdi mpt do'i tUdng ceng chung von "thich lam k h a n gia hdn dpc gia, thich boat dpng hdn la suy tU, thich hdat dpng gifla trdi hdn la t h u m i n h vad phdng hep "
D a n h gia mpt each tdng quat, c6 the
noi, Tum Tieu tfl khi ra ddi da tao nen
mot so'phan rieng, vUdt qua gidi ban, vUdt qua muc tieu giao ly ma tac gia vdn da kh6ng h e da'u diem, de trd t h a n h mpt tac
Trang 616 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 5/2010
p h a m d a n h da'u mpt sii each m a n g t h a t sU
cua Truyen thd C a m p u c h i a , kh6ng chi d
sii ket t h u c m a n g t i n h bi kich n h u n h a n
xet cua T d - r a n g N g h i a " ", m a cen dUa den
cho ngUdi dpc sU cam thong, chia se ve
moi t i n h t h u y c h u n g cua doi t r a i tai gai
s i c vdi nhflng cau thd me hdac ldng ngUdi
Va q u a n trpng hdn no con c h u a n bi nhUng
tien de de t h a m gia vao dUdng hien dai
h6a nen van hpc C a m p u c h i a s a u nay, t r e n
ta't ca cac phUdng dien tfl npi d u n g den thi
p h a p " - ' Nhflng p h a n tich, ly giai t r e n
day, c h u n g t6i hy vpng co nhflng ddng gdp
nhd trdng viec d a n h gia m e t trong nhflng
•tac p h a m ldn cua n e n v a n hpc t r u y e n
tho'ng Campuchia./
C H U T H I C H
1 Nam 1942, can chuyen dan gian nay mot
lan nfla difdc Nu Kon viet lai theo the thd
Pia pram-bay (the 8 chfl) difdi tieu de
"Tieu Ek"
2 Nghien ciiu Tum Tieu Ok Xa-mon, Phnom
Penh, 1966, tr 224-225 (tieng Khmer)
3 Xem them: Vdn hoc Campuchia qua nhiing
chang diidng lich sii Vu Tuyet
Loan-Nguyln Sy Tuan Nxb KHXH, H 2000 vd
Vdn hoc Dong Nam A Lifu DUc Trung
(chu bien), Nxb Giao due, H 1998
4 Trong cong trinh nay Ok Xa-mon chi ket
tpi ba nhan vat: ba Phan, Tum, Tieu (nhif
da noi), con vua Ria-mia khong he difdc
nhae tdi
5 Tum Tieu, ban dich cua Phung Huy Thinh,
Nxb KHXH, 1987, tr 58
6 Chuyen viet ve mpt moi tinh rat manh liet
va tham khoc: Kdom-pi dem long yen say
dam mpt co gai Hai ngifdi bo trdn de'n
sinh song d mot viing da't xa xoi Khi da
trd nen giau co, ngu'di chdng da giet chet
ngifdi vp da mpt thdi chung song luc ban
vi de song vdi mpt ngifdi dan ba khac, bd lai ngifdi con gai bd vd
7 Nguyen van cau 425 trong nguyen ban:
"ddm hon len md, sd len vu\
NhUng cau thd nay chung toi dich (nghia) tif nguyen ban tieng Khmer, khong tuan theo diing nguyen t i c van luat cua the thd Pia pram-pi
8 Xem them: Nghien ciiu Tum Tieu, Sdd, tr
226-227
9 Xem Kien Rem: Thii tim hieu nen thi ca
ciia dong bdo Viet goc Mien Luan dam,
1963, Bp III, sd 1, tr 65-70
10 Vi du trong Truyen thd Ndng Ca-cdy,
Ang-DUdng, da sfl dung 4 the thd xen ke nhau (tuy tUng trifdng doan): Ka-ka-te, Pum-nol, Brah-ma-kit,
Phii-chuong-li-lia Con Riem Ke, mpt tuyet tac khac cua
van hpc Campuchia cung viet theo nhieu the thd: tfl chifdng 1 de'n cbifdng 10, theo cac the Ka-ka-te, B r a h - m a - k i t , Phii-chu6ng-li-lia, Pum-nol, B6n-t6-la-ka, tif chifdng 75 den chifdng 80 lai difdc viet theo the Pia pram-mudi, v.v
11 Xem Td-rang Nghia: Vdn minh Khmer
Phnom Penh, 1972, tr 15 (ban tieng Khmer)
12 Chiing tdi quan niem rang sU ra ddi cua van hpc hien dai Campuchia khong phai theo con difdng phu dinh (tat nhien la phai bien chUng va tflng bifdc) nen van hpc truyen thong de tie'n tdi mot nen van hpc hien dai ma do sU tac dpng cua nhieu yeu to' ben ngoai, nhif anh hifdng cua van hpc Phap, sU doi hoi cua mot xa hpi mdi vdi nhflng dieu kien mdi (ldp ngifdi sang tac mdi, cong chung mdi, dieu kien in
an ) Du vay thi van hpc truyen thdng, trudc het la Truyen thd v i n cd anh hUdng ldn den npi dung va hinh thfle cua van xuoi hien dai Campuchia ndi chung va tieu thuyet hien dai Campuchia noi rieng ('iing can noi them rang, viec hien dai boa nen van hpc Campuchia, xet ve phifdng dien the loai, cung co nhflng dac diem rieng Trong khi tieu thuyet da hinh thanh va b i t dau phat trien thi kich noi dien ra cham hdn nhieu va dac biet la thd mdi vdi tif each la mpt the loai khdng xuat hien Cho de'n nay, d Campuchia, v i n chi