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Neu nhfl tin ngfldng phdn thflc gan lien vdi khat vpng c i u mong sfl sinh sdi nay nd ma hien nay chi cdn Id mot thU trdm tich vdn hod^^^; Tin ngfldng thd eflng td tien tdn tai dfld[r]
(1)thd Mau Viet Nam
VU TRUNG*
Dan luan
Tin ngfldng thd Mau eua ngfldi Viet ed tfl bao gidfl Nd ed cflng Iflc vdi tin ngfldng phdn thflc, tin ngfldng thd eflng td tien, hay tuc thd hoangfl Day la cau hdi ma cac nha nghien cflu lich sfl, van hoa Viet Nam cdn chfla thd'ng nhat ve cau tra ldi Neu nhfl tin ngfldng phdn thflc gan lien vdi khat vpng c i u mong sfl sinh sdi nay nd ma hien chi cdn Id mot thU trdm tich vdn hod^^^; Tin ngfldng thd eflng td tien tdn tai dfldi nhieu dang thfle khdng chi ed d ngfldi Viet ma bao trflm len ddi sd'ng cua nhieu tde ngfldi; Tin ngfldng thd Thanh hoang da tao cho nhflng ngdi dinh Viet trd mdt khdng gian sinh boat tin ngfldng dae biet; thi tin ngfldng thd Mau qua trinh van ddng da khdng chi phd bien rpng k h i p ma cdn hinh nen cac trung tam thd cflng ldn, vfldt quan khdng gian mdt lang, mdt xa Hay ndi each khac, qua trinh van ddng cua tin ngfldng thd M i u d Viet Nam la qua trinh lan toa ve khdng gian - sud't tfl Bac vao Nam, tfl mien duyen hai, qua chau thd len mien nui; tfl nhflng ndi heo lanh den trung tam dd thi
1 Tin ngvfdng thd Mau t r o n g q u a t r i n h v a n dong
Neu chi nhin vao hinh thflc, ngfldi ta thfldng thd'ng nhat va xep tin ngfldng thd Mau vao loai hinh tin ngfldng dan gian Sdng tren thfle te', tin ngfldng ket hdp vdi cac giad ly, nghi thfle cua rat nhieu tdn giae khac nhfl Balamdn giad, Phat giad Tfl tin ngfldng sd khai la thd me, thd nfl t h i n tiep xflc vdi Phat giao cac vi than ma d day chinh la he thd'ng Tfl phap da dfldc Phat hda Phat M i u Man Nfldng va cac cdn la Phap Van, Phap Vfl, Phap Ldi, Phap Dien Dae biet hdn nfla, GS T r i n Qud'e Vfldng da phat hien d quin the di tich Phfl Diy - ndi thd mau Lieu Hanh, phfl Van Cat gan vdi t h i n may, ngdi den De Sat g i n vdi t h i n mfla, phfl Cdng Ddng phdi thd Ldi Cdng va den Ddng Cad phdi thd t h i n gid Cd the thay ring, tin ngfldng Tfl phap da nhat d i n khai pha xong chau thd sdng Hdng va chuyen hda tin ngfldng Tfl phu Hien nay, tin ngfldng thd Mau rat da dang, he thd'ng cac den, cae phfl trai dpc tren cae mien dat nflde tfl Quang Ninh, Lang Sdn, Lao Cai, Yen Bai den tan Chau Dd'c (An Giang)
(2)68 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 7/2010
Vi lai ed nhflng chuyen ddi nhfl vay, tai den tan the ky 16, 17 Mau Lieu lai trd mdt tfl bat tfl ciia ngfldi Vietfl Va tin ngfldng mang tinh qud'e gia vdi mflc anh hfldng sau rpng khdng thua kem bat cfl mdt tdn giao nao d Viet Nam De giai thich cau hdi nay, chflng tdi mud'n nhae den mot nhan vat, mdt vi Mau da di sau vao tiem thflc cfla ngfldi Viet, dd la M i u Liiu Hanh
Truyen thuyet ve M i u Lieu Hanh xuat hien vao the ky 16 ma trflde tien la d Phii D i y sau dd den Lang Sdn, Phu Tay Hd, den Ddng Cudng rdi den den Sdng Phd' Cat da cho thay: Khdng phai ngau nhien ma nhflng trung tam thd Mau ldn lai n i m tren nhflng vi tri dia chinh tri - quan sfl dac biet quan trpng cfla cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam Phfl Diy n i m tren dfldng thien ly tfl kinh Thang Long di ve phia Nam, day la vi tri phdng thu khu vflc cua sdng Day tfl bien Ddng vao kinh Thang Long Khdng nhflng the day cdn la trung tam giao Iflu budn ban ldn cua vflng Sdn Nam Phu Tay Hd - ndi Mau Lieu Hanh gap gd vdi Trang Bflng - Phflng Khac Khoan la mot minh chflng dien hinh cho sfl ket hdp gifla yeu td' thfle ciia ddi sd'ng hang vdi truyen thuyet ve Mau N i m tren dai dat sa bdi cua vflng thfldng Chau thd ven sdng Hdng, den Ddng Cudng xfla la ngdi den thd than ve qudc cd ten huy la Thd Lenh va Thach Khanh, nhflng ngfldi cd cdng bao ve td qudc, chfla benh cflu giflp dan lanh Ve sau ed phdi thd m i u Lieu Hanh
Mdt ly khac de tin ngfldng thd M i u phat trien mang tinh qudc gia la vao the
ky 16, 17 - day la thdi ky dat nflde cd nhieu bien ddng: sfl tranh gianh quyen Iflc gifla dang trong, dang ngoai; qua trinh md rpng dat nflde ve phia Nam mdt manh me; sfl xuat hien eua kinh te hang hda vdi hai thfldng cang ldn Phd' Hien, Hdi An, cflng sfl xam nhap cua dao Thien chfla vao Viet Nam Chinh nhflng tac ddng ve chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi la dieu kien ed b i n de tin ngfldng thd Mau phat trien va lan toa
(3)tiep Ngoai ra, cdn ed nhi vi mau Sdn Trang dfldc tach thd rieng tfl Mau Thfldng Ngan
He thdng cae vi t h i n trdng tin ngfldng thd Mau rat da dang phong phfl ed ngudn gd'c khac nhau, sfl lien ket gifla cac vi t h i n kha long leo, rieng re nhflng van cd sfl qui dinh rd rang la cac vi t h i n deu la nhflng ngfldi phfl trd hay giflp dd cho mau Lieu Hanh
2 Vi tri cua N a m than tin ngfldng thd Mau
Tin ngfldng thd Mau cd rat nhieu vi than treng da nam t h i n chiem g i n mdt nfla Nhflng thfle chat chi cd mdt vai vi la cd danh tinh rd rang va ed vai trd quan trpng khdng chi tin ngfldng thd Mau ma ed vi tri nhat dinh lich sfl dan tde nbJ: dfle Tran dfldc suy tdn la Vua Cha - ndi thd chinh la den Kiep Bac, tinh Hai Dfldng Vua Cha Bat H i i Dai Vpng Ld, huyen Phu Dfle, la xa An Li, huyen Quynh Phu, tinh Thai Binh Khie sat ve mat dia ly ndi thd cae vi than trdng tin ngfldng thd Mau ndi chung, hay he thd'ng nam t h i n ndi rieng, thi t h i y phin ldn cac vi tri thfldng tran gifl nhflng dfldng huyet maeh ve giae thdng dfldng thuy, ndi hiem yeu ve mat quan sfl, giae Iflu kinh te nhJ: den Dong Bdng la vi tri bao ve tdng mieu cfla nha Tran, tran gifl cfla sdng Hda, tien sau vao phia la den thd Quan ldn Tuan Tranh, den thd dng Hodng Mudi n i m tren dfldng thien ly Thanh - Nghe va den Ciia Ong n i m d cfla sdng Bach Dang Nhfl vay, chflng ta cd the khang dinh ring: he thd'ng nam t h i n da nhap
vao tin ngfldng thd Mau qua trinh phat trien He thd'ng gdp p h i n quan trpng viee md rpng pham vi anh hfldng va khang dinh vi tri eua nd tren binh dien qud'e gia
3 Qua trinh md rong cua tin ngfldng thd Mau ve phia Nam
Cflng vdi qua trinh md rpng lanh thd ve phia Nam cfla cac trieu dai phong kien thi tin ngfldng thd Mau da tich hdp, hda quyen vao cac tin ngfldng mang tinh tfldng ddng cfla cac tpc ngfldi khac nhfl Cham, Khd me Vi nhfl lang Thu Bdn thude tinh Quang Nam thd hai "ldp" thin, ldp t h i n thfl nhat la Pd Infl Naga hay cdn gpi la Thien Yana - vi t h i n cfla ngfldi Cham va ldp thfl hai la Le Ba Thu Bdn cua ngfldi Viet
Tfl Quang Nam - ndi cd ddng sdng Thu Bdn, dia My Sdn, dd thi ed Hdi An ngfldc len ed' dd Hue - ndi cd ddng sdng Hfldng, la kinh dd cfla trieu Nguyen vdi dien Hdn Chen la met nhflng trung tam tin ngfldng thd Mau ldn nhat mien Trung Ngay nay, chflng ta rat khd nhan dien met each diy du ve tin ngfldng thd M i u cua cfl dan ndi day Chi biet ring: cac nhang de tfl cfla Mau tfl phia Bac, chfl yeu la cfl dan Thanh Hda - ndi ed den Sdng Phd' Cat da mang theo linh tfldng eua Mau nhfl mdt hanh trang tinh t h i n vad lap nghiep d vflng dat mdi, hp da phdi thd M i u Liiu Hanh vdi Thien Yana eflng cac vi t h i n ban dia
(4)70 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 7/2010
truyen dfldi day vflc la hang thuy tpc, ed rfla to bang tam chieu, mdi rfla ndi at cd dieu chang lanh Sfl tich cua ngdi den cdn gan lien vdi cau chuyen ve vi hoang phi eiia Vua Thieu Tri, den day da danh rdi chie'c dng nhd b i n g vang xud'ng vflc, cho dfl chfla tin l i m nhflng nha vua van khan Thanh M i u : Neu chiee dng nhd ndi len thi ta se cho tu siia dien thd Sau ldi khan, chiee dng nhd ndi len Vua Thieu Tri mat chfla thflc hien xong ldi hfla nen den thdi Ddng Khanh nam 1885, ngdi den dfldc tu sfla va bflc hoanh phi Hue Nam Dien thay the cho ten cfl Ngpc T r i n Sdn Tfl Qua day, chflng ta thay dfldc vi tri nhat dinh cfla ngfldi phu nfl dfldi che dp phong kien
L i hdi dien Hdn Chen dfldc td chflc vao thfldng t u i n thang am lich, tat ca nhang de tfl tai Hue va cac vflng phu can nhi?: Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Da Nang deu hanh hfldng ve day L i hdi dfldc td chflc vdi nhflng nghi le cao yet, phdng sinh, phdng dang Le rflde M i u dpc sdng Hfldng ve ngfl tai dinh lang Hai Cat la mdt nghi l i trang trpng n h i m tdn vinh M i u nhfl mdt ba me ldn cua ca cdng ddng
Vdi vflng da't Nam Bd, tac gia cfla cud'n Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, cflng nhfl cac tac gia ciia cud'n Dai Nam nhat thd'ng chi deu cd nhan xet r i n g : ngfldi Viet d day "tin viee ddng bdng, kinh nd thdn nhu bd chila Ngpc, bd chua Dong, bd Hod Tinh, bd Thuy Long " Can cfl theo nhflng thfl tich d dia phfldng cho thay: tinh Dinh Tfldng cfl la tinh Tig'n Giang cd r a t nhieu ndi thd Trinh nfl, Hoa Tinh nfldng nfldng, Tfl vi nfldng nfldng;
tinh Ben Tre, Long An, C i n Thd cflng cd kha nhieu mieu thd Ba nhfl Ba Chfla Ngpc, Ba chfla Tien, Ba Thien Hau, Ba Nfl Oa va Ciiu Thien Huyen Nfl G i n vdi nhflng tin ngfldng la nghi le mfla bdng rdi Trong nhflng ndi thd Mau d Nam Bd dang chfl y nhat la viee thd phung Linh Sdn Thanh M i u d nfli Ba Den va Ba chfla Xfl d khu vflc nfli Sam, An Giang Sach Gia Dinh Thanh Thdng Chi ed ghi chep ve nfli Ba Den nhfl sau: "Nfli - tfle nfli Ba Den - cao ldn tren cd chfla Van Sdn, dfldi ed ao hd, canh tri that u nha, xung quanh rflng hd' sau tham bao la"
Dai Nam Nhat Thd'ng Chi eflng cd chep: "Nfli Linh Sdn, tren nfli cd chfla da, it ngfldi di den " Nfli cd ten nfla la nui Dien Ba, nam Tfl Dfle thfl ba ddi ten nhfl hien
Cdn cud'n Dai Nam Qudc Am Tfl Vi ghi r i n g : Dien Ba la den thd Ba Den Nhfl vay, cac thfl tich deu khang dinh Ba Den dfldc phong lam Linh Sdn Thanh Mau Phdi chdng (?) viee phong cho nH thdn niii Bd Den thdnh thdnh Mau nam trong chu trUdng cua nhd Nguyin tii Bac vdo Nam nhU thdnh Mdu Lieu Hanh vd Thien Yana
(5)cudi thdi ky M i n h M a n g (1820-1840) vflng nfli S a m cdn r a t h o a n g vu, cfl d a n thfla thdt; T r o n g Dia B a n a m 1836 cdn ghi: thdn Vinh T e e d m i u dlft t h d ev?; Va vflng bien gidi C h a u Dd'c - C a m p u e h i a mdi dfldc xac lap vad eudl t h e ky 19 Vi vay, viee thd Ba Chfla Xfl la r a t mdi
Khi k h i d cflu ve tfldng Ba Chfla Xfl vao n a m 1942, n h a k h a o cd hpc ngfldi Phap M a l l e r e t cho r i n g day la tfldng t h i n Visnus, cdn cae n h a n g h i e n cflu a n Dp r a t ngae n h i e n k h i g a p tfldng t h a n Shiva Linga d nfli S a m Cd le tfldng n a y la di vat cua n e n v a n hda c Eo - g i n vdi vfldng qud'e Phfl N a m , bdi day la mdt tfldng d a n dng, tde ud'n t h a n h h u p xoan t h i ve phia s a u , t r e n m a t tfldng cd mot vanh nhfl vfldng mien Nhfl vay, khdng cflng n g u d n goc vdi v a n hda Viet nhflng nd da hdi n h a p vao dien t h i n Ba chfla Xfl va dfldc Viet hda Cflng vdi thdi gian, l i hdi Ba Chfla Xfl cdn ket hdp vdi hdi c i u yen, c i u mfla va le thflc cflng d i n h cua ngfldi d a n vflng C h a u Dd'c, An Giang
Tin ngfldng t h d M a u ed mdt h e thd'ng t h i n r a t da d a n g : ddi tfldng thd eflng la me, la t h a n h M i u ; Dia diem thd cflng la nhflng ndi cd vi t r i c h i e n Iflde ve m a t q u a n sfl, cung nhfl la ndi giao Iflu ve k i n h te; Nghi thflc, n g h i l i cua tin ngfldng k e t hdp dfldc t a t ca cac n h u cau ciia mpi t a n g ldp xa hdi , t i n ngfldng n a y la dien hinh cua h i e n tfldng v a n h d a d a n gian tdng the, t h e h i e n q u a t r i n h tiep xflc giao Iflu, hdn d u n g v a n h d a n h i e u t a n g , d a chieu nhfl e h i n h nhflng ddi hdi thflc te'cua
cudc ddi va dieu dd tao n e n sfl n a n g ddng, boa n h a p thich flng cfla tin ngfldng vdi cudc sd'ng./
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O
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ddn dd Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoa dan toe
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C H U T H I C H
1 Tran Qudc Vudng (chu bien) Cd sd vdn hoa
H2001.tr.93