INTRODUCTION 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT Livestock is declared to be an important component of smallholder farms In Laos. Trades of livestock account are more than 50% of cash income and over 95% of livestock is commonly produced by smallholders. Cattle are regarded as one component of livestock that is expressed the importance for smallholder and it is mainly related to the Yellow Cattle and adapted to the environment as well, small body, agile, hardy, good reproductive rates, and it has few calving problems. The bodyweight of local yellow cattle is up to 350 kg for males, 250 kg for females (Werner et al. 2002). Cattle production can ameliorate livelihood by providing several productions such as meat, traditional ceremonies, draught power, transportation, and manure (Phanthavong and Wanapat 2004). Cattle are presented in all provinces in Lao PDR which the total number of cattle is about 1,827,800 heads. The highest population of cattle is in Savannakhet province (central region) accounting for 24% follows by Champassak, Saravan (southern region) and Vientiane (central region) (DOPF 2017). Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is widely cultivated throughout the country by lowland and upland farmers due to the high demand for starch export. Its‘ byproducts are mainly foliage and pulp. Cassava root can be processed in form of chips, pellets and ensilages, it is a good source of soluble carbohydrate as high as about 88% of fresh and 76% dry, and its‘ leaves can be used as ensilage and dried in order feed supplementation (FAO 2017). Earlier studies of Binh et al. (2018) postulated HCN concentration in cassava leaves can be reduced methane production in In vitro rumen incubation by decreasing the amount of methanogenesis. Nevertheless, the potential disadvantages of fresh cassava root are suddenly rotten, low protein content, and hydro cyanide (mainly presents in the root tissues). Anyway, based on the cassava root processing can be overcome as well as to conserve the quality, in which the numbers of hydro cyanide in cassava root can be reduced by either sun-drying or ensiling. Cassava processing has displayed the alternative ways to preserve the qualities of cassava root, especially in the dry season that feed is not available and rainy season that sun drying is difficult which may cause the low quality of cassava root production by several contaminations of Aspergillus that relates aflatoxin (Loc et al. 1997). Rice straw is regarded as a by-product of rice production which is widely has found in several regions in Southeast Asia even Laos, it is the main feed source for ruminants in both rainy and dry season when natural grasses are in short supply. The characterization of rice straw is contained high fiber level (39-53% ADF) and nutrient deficiencies such as protein (2 to 4% crude protein), vitamins, minerals, and soluble carbohydrates. Around 98% of silica is presented in rice straw so the digestibility of ruminants is low, the performance of which ranging from 41- 59% (Sangkhom et al. 2012; McAllister et al. 1994). 1
HUE UNIVERSITY HUE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY BOUNTHAVY VONGKHAMCHANH USES OF BIOCHAR AND CASSAVA FOR CATTLE PRODUCTION AND METHANE REDUCTION IN LAO PDR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES HUE, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS GUARANTEE iii DEDICATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACTS iii LIST OF FIGURES .xii LIST OF TABLES xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND EQUIVALENTS xvi INTRODUCTION 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 2.1 AIMS OF THE STUDY 2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 4 SIGNIFICANT/INNOVATION OF THE DISSERTATION REFERENCES CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW CATTLE POPULATION AND PRODUCTION IN LAO PDR 1.1 THE ROLE OF CATTLE 1.2 CATTLE POPULATION 1.3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF HOUSEHOLD S‘ CATTLE RAISING 12 1.4 CATTLE PRODUCTION 12 1.4.1 BREEDS AND BREEDING 12 1.4.2 Cattle meat consumption 13 1.4.3 Cattle production system 14 1.5 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE 16 1.6 MARKET SYSTEM OF CATTLE 17 1.7 OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINS OF CATTLE PRODUCTION 19 1.7.1 Potentials of cattle production 19 1.7.2 Constrains of cattle production 19 v LOCAL FEED AND FEEDING 20 2.1 SITUATION OF FEED RESOURCES 20 2.2 IMPORTANCE OF BY-PRODUCT 20 2.3 BY-PRODUCT FROM INDUSTRIES 21 2.3.1 Cassava pulp 21 2.3.2 Brewers‘ grain 22 2.3.3 Rice distillers‘ by-product 23 2.3.4 Molasses 23 2.4 BY-PRODUCT FROM AGRICULTURE 24 2.4.1 Agricultural by-product properties 24 2.4.2 Straw from cereal crop 24 2.4.3 By-product from cassava production 25 2.5 UTILIZATION OF BY-PRODUCT FOR RUMINANT 25 2.6 FEEDING THE RUMEN MICROBES 26 2.6.1 Multi-nutrient blocks 27 2.6.2 Ammoniation 27 GREENHOUSE GAS FROM AGRICULTURE AND MITIGATING WAYS 27 3.1 GREENHOUSE GAS FROM AGRICULTURE 27 3.2 THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR 28 3.3 GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION FROM AGRICULTURE 29 3.4 LIVESTOCK AND MANURE MANAGEMENT 30 3.5 CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL WARMING 30 3.6 CLIMATE AND NATURAL DISASTERS IN LAO PDR 31 3.7 GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION FROM LIVESTOCK IN LAO PDR 32 BIOCHAR 32 4.1 PRODUCTION OF BIOCHAR 32 4.2 THE INFLUENCE OF BIOCHAR FOR MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EFFECT 34 4.3 MECHANISM OF BIOCHAR ON METHANE PRODUCTION IN THE RUMEN 34 vi CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA, CRANTZ) 35 5.1 GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES 35 5.2 YIELD AND AVAILABILITY 35 5.3 NUTRITIVE VALUE 36 5.4 CONSTRAINTS OF USING CASSAVA 45 5.5 THE EFFECTS OF HCN FOR ANIMALS 45 5.6 BARRIERS OF CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN LAOS 46 THE RELATED STUDIES ON USING BIOCHAR FOR GROWING CATTLE 47 REFERENCES 48 CHAPTER 2: EFFECT OF BIOCHAR LEVELS IN DRIED CASSAVA FOLIAGE AND RICE STRAW AS SUBSTRATES ON IN VITRO METHANE PRODUCTION 58 ABSTRACT 58 I INTRODUCTION 58 II MATERIALS AND METHODS 59 Location and duration 59 Treatments and experimental design 59 Substrates 59 Source of biochar 59 The In vitro incubation system 60 Experimental procedure 61 Data collection and measurements 62 Chemical analyses 62 Statistical analysis 62 III RESULTS 62 Gas and methane (CH4) production 63 Digestibility 64 IV DISCUSSION 65 V CONCLUSION 67 VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 67 vii REFERENCES 67 CHAPTER 3: EFFECT OF PROCESSED CASSAVA ROOTS AND BIOCHAR ON IN VITRO METHANE PRODUCTION BY USING RUMEN FLUID OF LOCAL YELLOW CATTLE 72 ABSTRACT 72 I INTRODUCTION 72 II MATERIALS AND METHODS 73 Location 73 Treatments and experimental design 73 Energy source 73 Biochar source 74 The In vitro incubation system 74 Experimental procedure 75 Data collection and measurements 76 Chemical analyses 76 Statistical analysis 76 III RESULTS 77 Gas and methane (CH4) production 77 Digestibility 79 IV DISCUSSIONS 80 V CONCLUSIONS 81 VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 81 REFERENCES 81 CHAPTER 4: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FRESH CASSAVA ROOT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL YELLOW CATTLE IN LAO PDR 84 ABSTRACT 84 I INTRODUCTION 84 II MATERIALS AND METHODS 85 Location and duration 85 Treatments and experimental design 85 viii Feeds and feeding system 86 Feeding management 86 Data collection 87 Chemical analysis 87 Statistical analysis 87 III RESULTS 87 Feed intake 88 Growth and feed conversion 88 IV DISCUSSION 89 V CONCLUSIONS 90 VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 91 REFERENCES 91 CHAPTER 5: EFFECT OF BIOCHAR IN ENSILED CASSAVA ROOTS, FRESH BREWERS' GRAINS AND RICE STRAW DIETS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL YELLOW CATTLE IN LAO PDR 95 ABSTRACT 95 I INTRODUCTION 95 II MATERIALS AND METHODS 96 Location and duration 96 Treatments and experimental design 96 Feeds and feeding system 96 Feeding management 96 Data collection 97 Chemical analysis 97 Statistical analysis 97 III Results 97 Feed intake 97 IV DISCUSSION 99 V CONCLUSIONS 100 VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 100 ix REFERENCES 100 CHAPTER 6: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DRIED CASSAVA FOLIAGE INCORPORATED WITH ENSILED CASSAVA ROOT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL YELLOW CATTLE IN LAO PDR 104 ABSTRACT 104 I INTRODUCTION 104 II MATERIALS AND METHODS 105 Location and duration 105 Animals and housing 106 Treatments and experimental design 106 Feeding and management 106 Data collection and measurements 107 Chemical analysis 107 Statistical analysis 107 III RESULTS 107 Chemical composition of feeds 107 Feed intake 108 Growth rate 108 IV DISCUSSIONS 110 V CONCLUSIONS 110 VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 111 REFERENCES 111 CHAPTER 7: GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 114 GENERAL DISCUSSION 114 1.1 UTILIZATION OF BIOCHAR 114 Mitigation of methane production 114 Improving animal productions 115 1.2 UTILIZATION OF CASSAVA FOR MITIGATING METHANE EMISSION AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CATTLE 116 1.3 UTILIZATION OF BREWERS‘ GRAINS INCORPORATE WITH BIOCHAR FOR FATTENING CATTLE 117 x CONCLUSIONS 118 IMPLICATION AND FURTHER RESEARCH 119 REFERENCES 119 PUBLICATIONS LIST 125 xi LIST OF FIGURES Table Number of Livestock and Density by Province and Region 10 Table Cattle herd sizes or percentage of cattle holdings in the whole country 11 Table Statistics of meat consumption in the first six months 2017 13 Table Diseases of livestock in South East Asia of highest rank according to their impact on the poor and their status in the Lao PDR 17 Table The export and import of livestock in 20017 18 Table Greenhouse gasses from livestock in Lao PDR 2016 32 Table Chemical compositions of cassava 44 Table The ingredients and quantities use (g DM) in the In vitro fermentation 60 Table Ingredients of the buffer solution 61 Table 10 Chemical composition of substrates 63 Table 11 Mean values of gas production, percent of methane in the gas, methane (ml), DM mineralized, and methane per unit of DM mineralized for different processing of cassava root and supplementation with biochar 64 Table 12 The crude protein (% CP in DM) in the ingredients and quantities used (g DM) in the fermentation 75 Table 13 The ingredients of the buffer solution Tilly and Terry (1963) 76 Table 14 Mean values of gas production, percent of methane in the gas, methane (ml), DM mineralized, and methane per unit of DM mineralized for different processing of cassava root and supplementation with biochar 78 Table 15 The feed formula as treatments and approximate crude protein content 86 Table 16 Chemical composition (CP is crude protein) of diet ingredients (% DM basis, except for DM which is on % fresh basis) 87 Table 17 Mean values for intake of diet components (kg DM) during the 84-day trial 88 Table 18 Mean values for live weight, DM intake and feed conversion for local Yellow cattle fed fresh cassava root, urea, elephant grass and rice straw with and 1% biochar 88 Table 19 Chemical composition (CP is crude protein) of diet ingredients (% DM basis, except for DM which is on % fresh basis) 97 xii Table 20 Mean values for intake of diet components (kg DM) during the 56-day trial 98 Table 21 Mean values for live weight, DM intake and feed conversion for local Yellow cattle fed ensiled cassava root-urea, brewers‘ grains and rice straw with and without biochar 99 Table 22 The feed formula as treatments (kg, DM) 106 Table 23 Chemical compositions of experimental diets (DM) 108 Table 24 Mean values for intake of diet components 108 Table 25 Mean values for growth performance 109 xiii VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the president of Champasack University to provide the places and equipment for experimenting and I would like to thanks GSGES seeds research funding program for providing the financial support for my experiment that enable me to complete this experiment REFERENCES AOAC 1990 Official Methods of Analysis 15th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC Inthapanya, S., Preston, T.R and Leng, R.A., 2016 Ensiled brewers‘ grains increased feed intake, digestibility and N retention in cattle fed ensiled cassava root, urea and rice straw with fresh cassava foliage or water spinach as main source of protein Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 28, Article #20 Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/2/sang28020.htm Khalili, H., Varvikko, T and Osuji, P.O., 1993 Supplementation of grass hay with molasses in crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) non-lactating cows: effect of timing of molasses supplements on feed intake, digestion, DM degradation and rumen fermentation Animal Feed Science and Technology 41(1): 39-50 Available at: http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=NL9302893 McAllister, T.A., Bae, H.D., Jones, G.A and Cheng, K.J., 1994 Microbial attachment and feed digestion in the rumen Journal of Animal Science 72, 3004– 3018 Available at: https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.72113004x Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 2016 Statistic of Agriculture and Forest Production, Lao PDR Available at: http://www.maf.gov.la/ MINITAB 2000 Minitab Software, Release 16 User‘s guide to statistics Minitab Inc., USA Phanthavong Vongsamphanh and Wanapat, M., 2004 Comparison of cassava hay yield and chemical composition of local and introduced varieties and effects of levels of cassava hay supplementation in native beef cattle fed on rice straw Livestock Research for Rural Development Vol 16, Art No 55 Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/8/vong16055.htm Phongphanith, S., Preston, T.R and Leng, R.A., 2016 Effect of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and cassava leaf meal (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with or without biochar on methane production in an In vitro rumen incubation using ensiled or dried cassava root meal as source of carbohydrate Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 28, Article #112 Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/6/seng28112.htm 111 Phuong, L.T.B., Khang, D.N and Preston, T.R., 2012 Effect of NPN source, level of added sulphur and source of cassava leaves on growth performance and methane emissions in cattle fed a basal diet of molasses Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 24, Article #70 Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/4/phuong24070.htm Sangkhom, I and Preston, T.R., 2016 Effect of brewers‘ grains and rice distillers‘ byproduct on methane production in an In vitro rumen fermentation using ensiled or fermented cassava root (Manihot esculenta, Cranz) as energy substrate Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 28, Article #194 Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/11/sang28194.html Sangkhom, I., Preston, T.R., Khang, D.N and Leng, R.A., 2012 Effect of potassium nitrate and urea as fermentable nitrogen sources on growth performance and methane emissions in local yellow cattle fed lime (Ca(OH)2) treated rice straw supplemented with fresh cassava foliage Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 24, Article #27 Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/2/sang24027.htm Sath, K., Borin, K and Preston, T.R., 2008 Effect of levels of sun-dried cassava foliage on growth performance of cattle fed rice straw Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 20, supplement Retrieved June 4, 2014 Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/sath2.htm Sengsouly, P and Preston, T.R., 2016 Effect of rice-wine distillers‘ byproduct and biochar on growth performance and methane emissions in local yellow cattle fed ensiled cassava root, urea, cassava foliage and rice straw Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 28, Article #178 Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/10/seng28178.html Sina, V and Preston, T.R., 2017 Effect on methane production of source of carbohydrate, and processing/variety of cassava leaf supplement, in an In vitro rumen incubation Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 29, Article #213 Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd29/11/sina29213.html Tham, H.T., Man, N.V and Preston, T.R., 2008 Performance of young cattle fed rice straw sprayed with mixture of urea and molasses supplemented with different levels of cassava leaf meal Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 20, supplement Retrieved June 4, 2014 Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/supplement/tham1.htm Tilahun, S., Animut, G., Urge, M., 2013 Effects of supplementing cassava leaf meal, brewers' dried grain and their mixture on body weight change and carcass traits of local goats fed urea treated tef straw Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O.Box: 307, Jimma, 112 Ethiopia Vol.4 pp.31-43 ref.60 Available content/uploads/2013/03/Samuel-ethiopiaf.pdf at: http://livestockscience.in/wp- Werner, S., Douglas, G and Geoffrey, B., 2002 Review of the Livestock Sector in the Lao People‘s Democratic Republic, International Livestock Research Institute Available at: Email: d.gray@cgiar.org, www.ilri.org 113 CHAPTER 7: GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS GENERAL DISCUSSION 1.1 UTILIZATION OF BIOCHAR Mitigation of methane production The results from this study were indicated that biochar can be used as an additive feed incorporated with the diets as well as its property cannot just only ameliorate the live weight gain of cattle but it is enable to reduce percentage of methane production in the gas which are in line with several publications Leng et al (2012); Phanthavong et al (2015); Vongkhamchanh et al (2015); Hansen et al (2012); Winders et al (2019); Calvelo Pereira et al (2014); Cabeza et al (2018) and Saleem et al (2018) were tested the properties of biochar on methane production in an In vitro rumen incubation, which biochar was processed by carbonization of rice husks and woods by low (350 – 600°C) and high (>600°C) temperature, the results were attributed the mitigation of methane production in the gas was ranked from – 34% The In vivo experiment was done by Sengsouly and Preston (2016) to evaluate the efficacies of biochar that was applied as an additive feed included in the rice-wine distillers‘ by-product, it was able to reduce methane concentration from eructed rumen gas by 36% Thuy Hang et al (2019) was supported the effect of biochar on growth and methane emissions of goats fed fresh cassava foliage, the outcome proved that biochar inclusion in the goat diet resulted to the reduction of methane emissions with a linear trend as the level of biochar in the diet was increased Leng et al (2013) was evaluated the properties of biochar from Lao PDR on methane concentration in the gas, which biochar was produced by carbonization of rice husks in an updraft gasifier stove, it can be improved the capacities to decrease methane production in the gas (from to 14%) when the incubation time was extended to 48 h Leng et al (2012) ascribed the mitigation of methane concentration by biochar inclusion in the diets is related the large surface area and highly porous structure provide a favourable habitat for the organisms involved in a methanotrophic interaction increasing the potential for anaerobic methane oxidation BrunauerEmmett-Teller (BET) surface area is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb gases Biochar often has BET surface areas of 2- m2/g biochar (figure 31), the greater surface areas maybe have a potential to create habitat for biofilm residing microbes is substantial where gases could be adsorbed on to the surfaces of the biochar Furthermore, biochar might act as an electron acceptor to encourage for reducing methane production in the rumen and Schmidt et al (2019) was supported the concepts of methane reduction by biochar inclusion in the diet that it is acted as a redox-active 114 electron mediator that takes up electrons from microbial oxidation reactions (e.g., oxidation of acetate to CO2) and donates the electron at a certain distance from the microbial reaction center (at another spot of the same biochar particle) to mediate an abiotic reduction of nitrate Added to the diverse positive effects of biochar on animal and plant growth are the findings of the reduction in rumen methane production (Leng et al 2013; Vongkhamchanh et al 2015; Saleem et al 2018) Figure 31 Biochar surface area Source: http://biocharproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Jocelyn-biochar-electron-microscopeimages-1.jpg Improving animal productions The experiments were illustrated that biochar can be employed as an additive feed combined with the diets to improve live weight gain of local yellow cattle, this results were reasoned by various reports such as Leng et al 2012; Sengsouly and Preston 2016 were indicated the positive production response from feeding the biochar with cattle, Silivong et al 2018; Thuy Hang et al 2018 were shown the benefit application of biochar with goats, Sivilai et al 2018; Prasai et al 2017 and Lan et al 2016 were applied biochar incorporated with diets to improve growth performance of monogastric animals This concept is supported by the report of Prasai et al (2017) that supplied biochar with laying hens‘ diets, zeolite or bentonite improved egg yield and feed conversion ratio, with these additives potentially acting as detoxifiers or inhibiting growth of microbial pathogens, slowing digestion or altering the gut anatomy and microbiota to improve feed conversion ratio Biochar was included in the cattle diets by incorporating with molasses, which the cattle excreta was expressed ameliorating effects on plant growth when recycled to the soil (Joseph et al 2015) In the light of recent knowledge, it is hypothesized that mycotoxins may have proliferated in the stored cassava roots so feeding biochar to cattle may has positive means as well as it may act as a binding of mycotoxins (Leng 115 2017) Biochar is not just only used for feeding animals but it can be applied in cropping systems (Kammann et al 2017) as a means of improving soil fertility (Bouaravong et al 2017) and sequestering atmospheric carbon (Lehmann 2007) 1.2 UTILIZATION OF CASSAVA FOR MITIGATING METHANE EMISSION AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CATTLE Sengsouly and Preston (2016) was manifested chemical compositions of dried cassava foliage which crude protein and ash were resemble with our studies and Tilahun et al (2013) was also reported chemical composition of dried cassava foliage found 21.9% of crude protein (CP) and 12.3% of Ash Chemical composition of cassava root was analyzed by Gómez et al (1983) and found that crude fiber and crude protein levels contained in root were lower but higher sugar and starch contained Study of FAO (2017) was illustrated that cassava root can be processed in form of chips, pellets and ensilages, it is a good source of soluble carbohydrate as high as about 88 % of fresh and 76% of dry and its‘ leaves can be used as ensilage and dried in order feed supplementation The effect of cassava root processing on methane production would appear to be related to the levels of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) precursors, which are known to be reduced by ensiling and to a greater extent by drying (Bui Huy Nhu Phuc et al 2001) The study of Phuong et al (2012, 2015) postulated that HCN precursors in cassava leaves were decreased by drying and the attribution of Smith et al (1985) and Rojas et al (1999) on the effect of HCN, which it was subsequently exhibited in reducing production of methane, apparently due to the toxic effect of HCN on methanogens and Vongkhamchanh et al (2015) was processed cassava root (fresh, ensiled and dried cassava root) incorporated with biochar, the results exhibited that fresh and ensiled cassava root (high HCN contents) were tended to reduce methane production in the gas in an In vitro rumen fermentation Cassava leaf has investigated to incorporate with the diet of cattle to reduce methane emission from cattle production, which methane is considered as large amount of gas that cause to global warming, Sina and Preston (2017) was reported the effects of cassava leaf processing and variety of cassava leaf on methane production in an In vitro rumen incubation, the results indicated that methane production was lower when the substrate contained bitter cassava leaf rather than from sweet cassava variety and fresh rather than sun-dried cassava leaves Also, Phongphanith, Preston and Leng (2016) was displayed the evidences by using cassava leaf meal (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with biochar in an In vitro rumen incubation which methane emission was decreased when cassava leaf meal replaced water spinach leaf meal as the major protein source, and when biochar was added to the substrate 116 The positive effects on adding dried cassava foliage for fattening local yellow cattle were indicated that the supplementation of 50% dried cassava foliage of total diet DM had the potential benefits for improving live weight gain of local yellow cattle as displayed in the FCR was 14.9 Many reports were evaluated the utilization of dried cassava foliage for fattening cattle such as Phuong et al (2012) was studied on effects of NPN source as cassava leaves on growth performance and methane emissions in cattle found similar amount of FCR as about 16.2 and Tham et al (2008) was employed the different levels of cassava leaf meal (CLM) were 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% of body weight sprayed with mixture of urea and molasses fed rice straw as a basal diet, which the results of this study exhibited that applying 0.75% of cassava leaf meal was able to increase live weight of cattle about 205 g/day and FCR was 16.1 Cassava root has been studied by several researchers namely Leng et al (2012); Inthapanya et al (2016); Sengsouly and Preston (2016); Sangkhom et al (2017); Saroeun et al (2018) were supported our experiment on using ensiled cassava root as an energy source to improve the live gain of local yellow cattle One of important part of cassava is the cassava foliage that is excellent sources of protein, as a direct supplementation or in concentrative mixtures as well as can be supplied to correct the deficiencies of essential nutrients, thereby increasing basal feed intake and animal production as well (Tham et al 2008) Cassava foliage can be made as a sun-dried cassava foliage that is used as a supplement feed for ruminants and it also can be fed for reduce the nematode egg counts in buffaloes (Sath et al 2008) 1.3 UTILIZATION OF BREWERS’ GRAINS INCORPORATE WITH BIOCHAR FOR FATTENING CATTLE The utilization of adding 1% biochar (DM diet) incorporated with 1% brewers‘ grain/LW (DM) was had the potential trend to improve the live weight gain as well as about 0.635 kg/day of local yellow cattle (table 21) Employment of ensiled brewers‘ grain at 4% (DM basis) as a supplementation feed incorporated with biochar and fed fresh cassava foliag was able to enhance the growth performance of goat as high as 128 g/day (Thuy Hang et al 2019) The study of Winders et al (2019) tested the effects of wet distillers‘ grains integrated with 0.8% biochar was increased dry matter intake (DMI) gradually (p=0.07) in the finishing steers (12.9 kg/d) The report from Silivong et al (2018) was postulated the brewers‘ grains at 5% of diet DM combined with Bauhinia accuminata and foliage from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) or water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) can be improved the growth rate of the goats by 44% The apparent feed intake and digestibility of cattle were ameliorated straightly when adding 5% of brewers‘ grains to the diet (Inthapanya et al 2016) The small amount of brewers‘ grain was evaluated by Binh et al (2017), which low concentration of brewers‘ grain at 4% added to the cattle diets DM was able to refine DM intake by 47% and live weight gain (380g/day) Crawshaw (2004) and Mussato et 117 al (2006) were rationalized on positive effects of brewers‘ grain for feeding cattle, which it is regarded as a by-product from factory and it is known as a lignocellulosic material, good source of bypass protein and it is available utilization throughout the year Besides, brewers‘ grain not just only to be a source of bypass protein but also it can be utilized as a supporting probiotic or specific biofilms (Leng 2014) The capacity of brewers‘ grain can be biodegraded HCN or precursors in the ―bitter‘ cassava foliage (Inthapanya et al 2016) Further support by Inthapanya et al (2016) on the small amount of brewers' grains has used for stimulating the growth in ruminants as it can be input into a low true protein diet, which brewers' grains has usually been attributed to the "escape" properties of the protein where ammonia levels in the rumen are adequate for optimal microbial growth Brewers‘ grains can be explained by a high level of protection (escape characteristics) or a high level of essential amino acids in the escape component Brewers' grains are also rich in phenolic compounds, particularly ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid In other words, the brewers' grains enhance the protein to energy ratio in the metabolisable protein arising in the intestines and which are digested and absorbed This is a similar effect to that of fish meal added to a diet of molasses-urea fed to ruminants CONCLUSIONS Biochar conclusion in the substrates (1 and 2%) can be mitigated methane concentration in gas when compared with control (without biochar), but between and 2% of biochar were not indicated any significantly difference in mitigating methane The processing of cassava root (fresh, ensiled and dry) was significantly resulted to the mitigation of methane percent in the gas was 21, 22.1 and 23.4%, respectively The effect of cassava root processing on methane production would occur as related to the levels of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) precursors (fresh cassava root), which are known to be reduced by ensiling and to a greater extent by drying Biochar can be statistically mitigated methane production in the final 18-24 h of incubation as 1% biochar can be produced methane percent (21.6%) lower than no-biochar (22.8%) significantly 84 days of experiment with local yellow cattle fed fresh cassava root-urea, elephant grass and rice straw, and added 1% biochar there were positive indications that, the growth rate of cattle was significantly highest when fed 30% of fresh cassava root incorporated with 1% biochar in the diet DM was 252.38 g/d of live weight gain (p