hinh sii dung ddt do'i vdi sUphdt trien nong nghiep a huyen Yen Chdu, tinh Son La. Luan an tie'n si nong nghiep[r]
(1)d Ban Than, xa Chieng Pan, huyen Yen Chau, tinh Sdn La
I ' M / ' »; NGUYEN THI THUAN,*
1 Vai n e t v e ngifd?i Khtf mii b b a n T h a n , x a C h i e n g P a n , h u y e n Y e n Chau, t i n h Stfn La
Yen Chau la mpt 10 huyen c i a tinh Sdn La, gdm 14 xa va mpt thi t r a n , huyen Yen Chau cd nMeu dan tdc thieu so sinh song dan xen vdi n h a u nhUng dong hdn d la ngUdi Thai Ngudi Thai chiem de'n 53,7% dan so'trong huyen, 20% ngudi Kinh, 12,8% ngudi Hmong, 13 % ngUdi Xinh mun, 0,5% ngUdi Khd mu N h u vay, dan tpc Khd mfl la dan tpc cd so' dan It n h a t huyen va Men t a p t r u n g c h i yeu d ban: b a n T h a n xa Chieng P a n va b a n Khum Hien xa Vieng Lan d xa Chieng P i n cd 12 b a n vdi 874 n h a n khau, dd dan tpc Thai chiem 72%, dan tpc Kinh chiem 22%, d a n tpc Khd mfl chiem 6% Ban Than thupc xa Chieng P i n day la xa nam canh dUdng so' 6, each t r u n g t a m thi t r a n Yen Chau km, nhUng den dUdc vdi ban T h a n tM phai di 3km dudng dat Toan ban cd 49 hp gia dinh, 231 n h a n k h a u (tinh den t h a n g n a m 2010), dd c h i hd ngUdi Khd-mfl la 48/49 ho Ca b a n cd
ddng hp: Me, H I , L i , Vi Trong dd, hp Me cMem dai da so'
Dac diem boat dpng san xuat c h i yeu c i a dan tdc Khd-mfl b a n T h a n la lam ndng nghiep nUdng ray d reo gifla va reo cao, lam rupng nudc r a t It Ca b a n chi cd h a rupng Ifla nUdc, so' dien tich tren da sd da chuyen sang cay hoa m a u lam h a n g hda cung c l p cho chd huyen va cac diem ban khdng nMeu dpc dUdng so' doan chay qua xa Chieng P a n Hien nay, da so' cac hp dan c i a ban T h a n xa CMeng P i n da chuyen sang trdng ngd tren nUdng ddi xen cai vdi trdng cay cao su theo du a n c i a cong ty Cd p h l n cao su Sdn La, ngd v i a lam lUPng thUc chan nuoi vfla lam h a n g hda , Tuy phUdng thflc s a n x u a t c h i ye'u van la ndng nghiep nhUng ddng bao Khd mfl da p h a t trien k i n h te ndng hp theo hUdng san x u l t h a n g hda, mac dfl n a n g s u a t chUa t h a t cao nhUng cung da gdp p h l n n a n g cao ddi song Binh q u a n cac hp gia dinh b a n hd nao cflng cd xe may, ti vi Ca b i n cM cdn hp dang la dien ngheo cMem k h o i n g 12,24% so' hp c i a b a n :
(2)54 Nghien cicu Ddng Nam A 8/2010_
2 H o n n h a n c u a ngifdi Kho! m u b b a n T h a n , x a C h i e n g P a n , h u y e n Y e n C h a u
Tap tuc hon n h a n c i a dan tpc Khd mfl tien h a n h t r i n h tU tfl tim hieu den a n hdi, cUdi d re, cUdi xin dau theo nghi Id cflng nhflng quan niem cd tfl lau ddi
Tim hieu vd ldm le dn hoi
Xua kia, ngudi dan Khd-mfl xUa so'ng du c a n h du cU, d a n so' thUa nen cai lay n h a u t h u d n g theo ldi hen Udc c i a cha me, cai dp 14 den 15 tudi da xay dung gia dinh To chflc d a m cUdi t h u d n g sau kM t h u hoach vu mfla Hien d a n tpc Khd-mfl da thUc Men hon n h a n tfl 18 tudi trd len theo Iuat hon n h a n va gia dinh c i a N h a nUdc, thdi gian td c h i c hon le cflng t h a y ddi khong cfl vao l i e gat hai xong ma chi chpn dep, t h a n g td't la dupc
De tien den hon n h a n , giai doan trUdc tien la tim hieu: ngUdi t r a i la ngUdi c h i dpng den b a n cd ngudi gai m i n h thich hoac bo' me da h e n udc vdi n h a co gai dd Khi den d i u b a n (neu c h a n g t r a i la ngUdi khac ban) p h a i thdi dan moi de bao hieu minh den de t i m hieu gai d b a n t r a n h nghi ngd la ke trpm, c h a n g t r a i da den c h a n c l u t h a n g n h a ngUdi gai minh thich t h i tieng d a n c i a c h a n g t r a i la bao Meu ngudi g i i dd s i a soan tU trang, nhdm bep l i a rdi md c i a mdi chang t r a i vao n h a S a u dd cflng ngdi ben bep l i a de tro chuyen
Sau mpt thdi gian tim hieu, ddi n a m nfl da t h a y hdp n h a u , ngUdi t r a i ve thUa vdi bd me m i n h chpn va chuan hi Ie vat sang dat van de vdi bd me n h a co gai
de thdng n h a t cUdi Ld vat cua n h a trai sang n h a gai gdm ga mpt trdng mpt mai, chum rUpu va mpt It gao nep Trudc day, nhflng ngUdi s a n g n h a gai de an hdi gdm cd bo' me chang t r a i va chang trai Men cd t h e m ong d i t mdi (ngUdi ndi chuyen, dat van de vdi n h a gai) va mpt so' ngudi t h a n tin gia dinh n h a t r a i c i n g sang KM n h a t r a i dat van de dupc n h a n h a gai ddng y t h i gia dinh cflng n h a t t r i cUdi d re, sau dd td chflc a n cdm b a n g nhflng Ie vat ma n h a trai m a n g sang Chpn ngay, gid chan de td c h i c la q u a n niem cd t i lau ddi c i a dan tpc Khd-mfl vi cho r i n g c h a n de cd doi cd cap
Le cUdi d re
N h a t r a i c h u a n bi nhflng le vat cho cUdi d re gdm:
T r l u , cau, voi, vd cay chay, mudi, dt kho (mdi thfl p h l n ) ldn, cdn ga mai, mpt ga trd'ng, c h u m rUpu (4 chum nhd va chum to) bp vay ao cho dau, k h a n pieu, day dai lUng, doi n h a n bac, doi hoa tai b a n g bac, vdng tay bang bac, cham tdc Day dUdc coi nhU c i a hdi mon me chong t a n g dau Nhflng le vat dupc m a n g sang nha gai Ingay trUdc td chflc cUdi d re Nha gai cflng phai c h u a n hi ga trd'ng
C h a n g t r a i di s a n g n h a gai cUdi d re p h a i dem theo chan, dem, goi mdi thfl chiec de c h u a n hi cho viec d re sau td chflc Ie cUdi xong, b e n hong luon deo theo hop dao the Men c i a cdng cu lao ddng ma c h a n g t r a i se dflng de cham chi lam t r a cdng bd' me co dau thdi gian
(3)KM td chflc cudi d re, ngUdi Khd-mfl td chflc cflng td tien d n h a gai de bao r i n g chau da lay vp, lay chdng M a m cflng p h l i CO hao bac t r I n g , thit Idn da che bien t h a n h mpt so' mdn, dia mudi dt da r a n g kho Le cflng t h u d n g td chflc d bep ngoai va khong t h i p hUdng, chi k h i n thdi Gian bep la gian sau cflng c i a nha, n h a ngUdi Khd-mu cM cd mpt ldi di vao va bep la gian c i n g Td c h i c Ie cflng n h i t thiet phai ngudi nha, khong nhd ngUdi ngoai, ngon ngfl cflng td tien la tieng Khd mfl Trong Ie cflng td tien, doi t r a i gai p h l i ngdi gan nhau, tay p h a i c i a nfl vdi tay t r a i cua nam dUdc bupc b i n g sdi chi den Ben canh la mot doi n a m nfl khac, dd n h a gai mUdn ngUdi trai, n h a t r a i mUpn CO g i i de ngdi c a n h l i e lam le cung td tien va cflng bupc cd tay n h u ddi cMnh, doi trai gai mUdn gpi la ddi phu NgUdi bupc chi CO tay cflng p h a i chpn hp hang, thudng la cau ben n h a gai va mp ben nha trai Cau tM bupc chi cd tay ddi cMnh, mp bupc cd tay ddi phu Sau kM lam Id budc cM cd tay xong, dng cau se bUng mpt mam t r e n dd cd n i m cdm, d i i ga da lupc cMn, mpt din ga mdt diii ga mai den (dfli ga la ga n h a chang trai mang den, ga mai la c i a n h a gai) DUa cho CO dau d i i ga trong, chfl re dfli g l m l i , chfl re CO dau se eheo tay n h a u va t r a o Iai dfli ga rdi p h l i a n den bet Muc dich a n xong de nhflng ngUdi ldn tudi se xem t i y d i i ga dac hay loang, neu t i y d l y , dac tM cho biet ddi vp chdng se du an, giau cd, neu loang se ngeo kho
Sau k h i l a m le cung td tien, ddi t r a i g i i lam le a n t r l u Xem tflng ddi mpt qua
each n h a i t r a u rdi n h a vao m a n g t r e cd ddng da cd nUdc trong, xem m a u nUdc t r l u de d o i n tfnh d e b c i a moi ngUdi NgUdi K h d - m i cho r i n g n e u dd t h i tot, t i n h t i n h diem t i n h khong dd thi t i n h t i n h ndng hoac cau t h a
Tiep den le uong rUdu d n , vdi chum nhd n h a t r a i m a n g sang, moi chum d m d n dan vao n h a u , moi doi uong chum dd doi chinh uong chum cd vdng bac dat d gifla de d m d n rUdu, doi p h u uong chum khong cd vdng bac Mdi doi p h a i uong h e t sflng khong de rUdu t r a o ngoai, neu trao r a t h i cho r i n g la dieu khdng tot, nghia la vd chdng se khong nghe ldi n h a u Khi uong xong, vdng bac se dupc trao cho co dau
Sau td chflc cac nghi Ie t r u y e n thd'ng n h u t r e n cho doi t r a i gai, thi le a n cudi dUdc td chflc de hp h a n g , h a n g xdm c i a n h a trai, n h a gai den a n m i n g Ludng thuc, thuc p h a m de to c h i c a n cUdi d n h a gai la n h a t r a i p h a i c h u a n hi m a n g den va che bien Qua m i n g c i a hp hang, khach ben nao ben dd n h a n , n h u n g chan dem neu t a n g n h a t r a i thi van p h a i de Iai n h a g i i , nao den Ie cUdi ddn dau thi cd dau se m a n g theo ve n h a chdng Co dau cUdi d re p h a i t a n g cho me chdng chan, dem n a m , dem ngdi, k h a n pieu, va k h a n m a t cho t a t d a n h em gia dinh n h a chdng moi ngudi chiec
(4)56 Nghien cicu Ddng Nam A 8/2010_
Q u a n niem d re c i a d a n tpc Khd mfl la de t r a cong lao sinh t h a n h va nuoi dUdng cho n h a bo' me co dau, va cho den tuc d re v i n cdn nhUng k h o n g cdn n a n g ne n h u xUa la chfl r e p h a i d lien tuc thdi gian ma gia d i n h n h a gai quy dinh, h i e n chfl re cM d Iai mpt thdi gian n g i n tfl den n a m s a u dd Iam le cUdi ddn dau
Le cUdi don ddu
Het giai doan d re, n h a t r a i c h u a n hi Ie vat va chpn n g a y de Iam d a m cUdi ddn dau Trong Ie cUdi ddn d a u n h a t r a i c h u a n bi m a n g den n h a co dau c h u m rUpu nhd, chum rUdu to, ga, ldn k h o a n g 50 kg trd Ien de m a n g den n h a gai td chflc Iam Ie xin d a u va to c h i c a n uong cho n h a gai ddn dau
Cac Ie v a t n a y dUde m a n g s a n g n h a gai t i hom trudc c i a cUdi ddn dau H a i chum rUdu to n h a t r a i m a n g s a n g de cflng to tien, to'i hom dd, Idp t r a u ben t r e n c i a c h u m rUdu dupe vdt r a de d gdc bep ngoai B i n h rUpu d n dupc dong nUdc t i sflng t r a u dd vao, d n d m p h a i quay vao gdc bep du y mdi td tien C a n h b i n h rUdu d n la mot m a m cdm cflng td tien: cd xoi, muoi dt Khi k h a n mdi td tien, ngUdi Iam Ie t h u d n g lay n a m xoi c h i m mud'i dt, day la nghi Ie k h o n g t h e t h i e u Ie k h a n to tien c i a ngUdi Khd-mfl t h e hien vd chdng se cung c h u n g sflc va c h u n g chi hudng, vi ngudi khd mfl khdng cd m i m m a m cPm, dd c h i m n h a t la muoi dt Cac le v a t dupc h l y t r e n t a m dan vuong, Iam ngM le xong tM t a m dan dupc gifl Iai de d gdc bep, cd nghia la gifl Iai td tien c i a n h a minh Tfl Iflc tdi cung to tien cho den b e t cUdi ddn
dau, CO dau, chu re va k h a c h kieng khdng dupc budc qua Idp t r a u da vdt tfl c h u m rUdu de gdc bep ngoai
Ngay hdm cUdi ddn dau, l i cUdi ddn dau khong cd ddi phu N h a t r a i chpn gid dep de ddn d a u xuo'ng t h a n g , p h a i la gid c h i n Trong ddn d a u xudng t h a n g , chfl re xuo'ng t h a n g trUdc, co d a u dUpc mpt ba mdi d a t xuo'ng sau, ngUdi d i t mo'i t h u d n g chpn ngUdi d a n ba Men, dong Khi cd dau dUdc ddn ve den n h a trai, me chdng dflng t r e n d u t h a n g , dUa dau mpt gid cd cdm n i m , t h u d n g la cdm nep va t h i t nUdng s a u dd d i t dau vao nha Me chdng k h o n g xuo'ng bac t h a n g , du y n h a cd mpt c h i n e n dau p h l i dudi quyen va se n g h e Idi me chdng Khi cd dau dUdc ddn ve n h a chdng, ben n h a chfl re cflng to c h i c le cflng td tien de bao cao td tien cd d a u n h a p vao ddng hp Mam cflng to tien p h a i cd d l y d i t h i t Ip-n da che bien t h a n h t h i t nUdng, t h i t gdi nUdng, ga lupc (1 ga trong, ga m l i ) , hao bac t r I n g , b a t muoi dt KM ngUdi n h a t r a i da lam le cflng to tien xong, nhflng ngUdi n h a t r a i cflng co d a u se a n cflng mpt m a m cdm trUdc sU chflng kien c i a nhflng ngudi da den du le cUdi du y gia dinh se quay q u i n , doan k e t ben n h a u Khi nha trai ddn dau, b d m e vd khdng dupc dUa gai m i n h ve n h a chdng the Men sU ton trpng n h a m i n h chi cd chu S a u cUdi ddn dau, vd chdng chpn gid dep den ddn bd' me vp len t h a m n h a m i n h Va tfl day, ddi vp chdng mdi b a t d i u cupc sd'ng dn dinh, a n cU de p h a t trien k i n h te', nudi day cai s a u k h i td chflc xong t a p tuc
(5)Day la cac ngM Id va cac bUdc cd ban t a p tuc cudi hdi c i a dan tdc Khd-mu, cho den v i n cdn nhieu Id nghi m a n g theo mpt tin ngudng, mdt q u a n niem cd t i lau ddi c i a hp Quan niem ngUdi gia dupc coi trpng gia dinh, vp chdng sd^ng ben h a n h phflc, cd nhieu cai, an nen lam r a nen sU kien d a n h dau md dau cho cupc song dpc lap c i a moi ngUdi van t u a n t h i nhflng nghi Ie cd tfl lau ddi Vdi nhflng quan niem m a cho den t a p tuc cUdi hdi c i a ngudi Khd-mfl van cdn gifl dupc cac Ie ngM rieng, m a n g tinh dpc dao c i a dan tdc minh
3 Nhufng n h a n x e t t h a y k e t l u a n
Hon n h a n c i a dan tpc Khd m u luon t u a n theo nhflng nghi Ie t r u y e n thd'ng dupc dflc ket tfl n h i e u n a m , cho den cd nhflng nghi le dd v i n dupc t u a n t h i mdt each t r i n h tU mac d i dp tudi ket hon da t u a n theo M a t cua N h a nUdc Qua nghi le hon n h a n c i a ngUdi Khd mfl t h e Men t i n h n h a n van: ton trpng h a n h phuc c i a ngUdi, nhflng nghi le the Men niem tin cua ngUdi kM td c h i c d l y d i nhflng nghi Ie dd de b i o d a m cupc hon n h a n dUdc ben chat; Hay qua each doan t i n h each cflng n h u van m e n h c i a ddi t r a i gai thdng qua xem t i y ga, a n t r l u de k h u y e n n h i cflng n h u khich Ie vp cho'ng g i n bd vdi hdn de xay dUng cupc song
Den nay, hdn n h a n c i a ddng bao dan tpc Khd m i d ban T h a n , xa Chieng P i n , huyen Yen Chau, t i n h Sdn La cflng cd nhieu bien ddi; Bien ddi ve Ifla tudi hon n h a n va thdi gian d re, dd p h a t trien hdn d la hdn n h a n hdn hpp gifla cac dan
tpc Hon n h a n hon hpp gifla ngUdi Khd mfl va ngudi Thai la nhflng net van hda mdi the Men mdi q u a n he to't dep gifla cac dan tpc ddng thdi la chi so' bao Meu sU p h a t trien k i n h te xa hpi cang ddng deu gifla cac dan tpc d xa Chieng P a n , huyen Yen Chau, t i n h Sdn La Nhflng net van hda dan tpc dpc dao c i a ngUdi Khd m u hon n h a n van dupc tri cflng vdi net mdi nghi le hon n h a n c i a ngUdi Khd m i lam cho hon le c i a ngudi Khd mfl t h e m da dang./
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO
1 Khdng Dien (chu bien), Bui Minh Dao, Nguyen The Hue Bdn tgc Kha mu a Viet
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dogn 1945 - 1995 Tap the tac gia: Nguyen
Ngoc Luan, Hoang Yen, Vi Quang Thinh Nha xuat ban CTQG H 2001
3 Nhom tac gia: Dang Nghiem Van, Nguyen True Binh, Nguyen Van Huy, Thanh Thien Nhiing nhdm ddn toc thuoc ngvt he
Nam - A a Tdy Bac Viet Nam, Nha xuat
ban KHXH H 1972
4 Mgt sd net vi kinh te, xd hgi ciia ddn tgc
Kha-mu d Viet Nam vd cdc khuyen nghi, gidi phdp phdt trien NXb VHDT H 2003
5 Le Quoc Thanh Tdc dgng cua cdc logi
hinh sii dung ddt do'i vdi sUphdt trien nong nghiep a huyen Yen Chdu, tinh Son La
Luan an tie'n si nong nghiep HN 2003 So tdng hpp so'ho gia dinh va nhan khau