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Sti bflng tinh cua tinh than dan toe da lam nen mot cao trao dau tranh yeu nflde, d i n tdi sii ra ddi cua nhieu quo'c gia doc lap nifa dau the ki XX, khi ma cac sii kien cita cudc d[r]
(1)^ ^
NHUNG VAN DE DAT RA
DOI VOI BIEN SOAN UCH SU PHONG TRAO • •
GIAI PHONG DAN TOC DONG NAM A •
THOI CAN - HIEN OAI • • •
DO THANH BINH*
Lich sii Ddng Nam A ndi chung va - Hai la, viel ljch sit ndi chung va lich lich sif phong trao giai phdng dan sif da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc ndi rieng tdc ciia khu vUc ndi rieng da dUde cac dfldi gdc khu vfle hgc, nhfl cud'n "Lich nha nghien cflu Ddng Nam A va sd Ddng Nam A" cua D.G.E Hall, "Ddng ngoai nflde viet kha nhieu dfldi nhflng gdc Nam A lich sd the gidi" cua X.N do khac nhau; hoac dfldi dang mgt cud'n Rostopxki va E.O Berzm, "Lich sd Ddng thdng sif, hoac la dfldi dang mdt cdng trinh Nam A" cua GS Lfldng Ninh (cb),v.v chuyen khao hay mgt bai nghien cflu, Qo^g ^ a m A la khu vfle dja If neng v.v Nhflng tUu chung, cac cong trinh ay biet, cac nUdc khu vilc cd nhflng net dfldc tie'p can bdi hai each khac nhau; ^^^^g ddng ve dia If, ljch sit, van boa, kinh - Mdt la, viet lich sif ndi chung va lich te Tinh da dang ciia moi nflde nhflng lai sif da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc ndi rieng, mgt the tho'ng nhal Tfl nifa sau the cua tflng nflde Ddng Nam A rieng biet, ki XX trd di, xu the hgi nhap ciia the nhfl cud'n "Inddnexia - nhflng chang dudng gidi, cac nflde khu vfle da tflng bfldc lich sif" cua PGS Ngd Van Doanh, "Ddt hgi tu vdi mdt td chflc rieng
-nUdc Ldo • Lich sd vd vdn hod" ciia GS ASEAN Ben canh nhflng bd lich sif rieng
Lfldng Ninh (cb), "Lich sd Campuchia" cua tflng qud'c gia va nhflng cud'n lich sii cua PGS Pham Dfle Thanh, "A short his- chung ctia khu vfle da dfldc khai pha thi
tory of Indonesia: The Unlikely nation" viet mgt bd sif tdm cd cita Dong Nam A,
(2)34 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2009
gianh ddc lap cua cac nUdc khu vfle mdi lien he tfldng ddng, gdn ket la dieu nen lam,
Lich sit phong trao giai phdng dan tdc cua nhan dan Ddng Nam A la mdt nhflng ndi dung Idn va cd ban toan bg lich sif Ddng Nam A ndi chung, De cd the gdp phan bien soan cd cha't lUcing ndi dung nay, chung tdi xin gdi y va tfl va'n mot vai diem sau
- Danh gia nhflng cdng trinh trfldc dd da cdng d mflc nao viet ve phong trao giai phdng dan tdc d Ddng Nam A thdi can - hien dai
- Van de ngudn sii lieu sti dting - Van de noi dung va phan ki cuoc dau tranh giai phdng dan toe, v.v
1 Muc t i e u viet m o t c u d n t h o n g sut ve D o n g N a m A Ian n a y la viet t h e o each t i e p c a n t h i i h a i : lich suf Dong N a m A, tijfc la lich sdt k h u vfle, chut k h o n g p h a i la lich sut c a c niidc Dong Nam A Do dd ta't ca cac va'n de dUdc de cap ngi dung cung phai dflcic the hien dfldi gdc khu vtic hgc, dd lich sif ve phong trao da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc cung phai tuan thu theo each tie'p can ay
Theo each tiep can nay, hien va ngoai nflde da cd nhflng cud'n thdng sii dflcic viet nhfl the, ma tieu bieu la cac cud'n;
2
O ngodi nddc:
• Lich sdDdng Nam A ctia D.G.E Hall
• Dong Nam A lich sd thegidi ctia
tap the tac gia Lien Xd
- Lich sd Dong Nam A cita tap the tac gia ngfldi Nga
O nddc la cud'n: Lich sd Dong Nam A GS Lfldng Ninh chii bien
Ve cud'n "Lich sd Dong Nam A" cua D.G.E.Hall, giao sfl danh dti cua bo mdn lich sif Ddng Nam A, trfldng Dai hoc Luan Don, dflcic xua't ban nam 1981, day 1293 trang Day la cud'n lich sif khu vfle be the, mgt cong trinh nghiem tuc va cd gia tri Ve cudc da'u tranh giai phdng dan toe cl Ddng Nam A dfldc Hall de cap phan thfl tfl cua cud'n sach Dd la sii quat khdi cua cac dan toe Dong Nam A cuoc da'u tranh gianh dgc lap nita dau the ki XX Sti bflng tinh cua tinh than dan toe da lam nen mot cao trao dau tranh yeu nflde, d i n tdi sii ddi cua nhieu quo'c gia doc lap nifa dau the ki XX, ma cac sii kien cita cudc da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc cdn dang tie'p dien vdi sti phflc tap cua cuoc khang chie'n cl Inddnexia va cl Ddng Dfldng, cudc da'u tranh ddi chit quyen thtic sti d nhieu qud'c gia khu vtic Hdn nfla, each tie'p can cdn dflng cl quan diem thtic dan
Cud'n sach "Dong Nam A lich sd
the gidi" cua tap the tac gia Lien Xd:
(3)Do Thanh Binh - Nhdng van de ddt ddi vdi bien sogn lich sd 35 phan III va phan IV cd de cap den cudc
da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc ciia khu vilc Ddng Nam A Day la mdt cud'n sach viet ve khu vfle kha tdi ca ve each tiep can va ngi dung Tuy nhien, cud'n sach cd diem chflng tdi ban khoan;
- Ve phan ki cudc dau tranh giai phdng dan tgc d Ddng Nam A lai diia vao sfl phat trien cua each mang Nga thi chfla thuyet phtic va chUa dung vdi nhflng gi dien d Ddng Nam A Vf du nhU, cac tac gia viel ve cudc da'u tranh cua nhan dan Ddng Nam A chdng thiic dan da la'y mdc Cach mang 1905 - 1907 va Cach mang thang Mfldi (1917) cua Nga Ngi dung dfldc trinh bay trdng muc; "Cdc nUdc Ddng
Nam A thdi ki chdu A thdc tinh (1907 - 1917)"; Tie'p dd cac tac gia lai de
cap cudc da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc cua nhan dan Ddng Nam A tfl nam 1917 den nam 1945
- Cudn sach dflng lai vao nam 1945, tflc la dflcic viet ve Ddng Nam A thdi ki Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl hai va cudc da'u tranh chdng Ach chiem ddng ctia Nhat Ban (1939 - 1945) NhU vay, cac tac gia mdi de cap den sti bat ddu cua cudc dau tranh sdi ndi, quyet liet cua cac dan tgc d Ddng Nam A Bdi vi, sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl hai, nhan dan Ddng Nam A mdi bat ddu tran chie'n cuoi cflng vdi chu nghia thflc dan de gianh dgc lap that sti Giai doan "quyet liet" ctia cudc da'u tranh a'y d Ddng Nam A lai khdng cd cud'n sach - Do day cud'n sach khiem td'n, dd, cung khdng thfi' hi$n chi tigl, ki cang vi
cudc da'u tranh ciia cac dan tdc Ddng Nam A; hay ndi each khac, nd mdi chi la nhflng net cha'm pha dau tien ciia qua trinh lich sil da'u tranh ddi ddc lap cua nhan dan Dong Nam A
Cud'n sach thfl ba ma chflng tdi de cap de'n d day la "Lich sd Dong Nam A" cua tap the cac tac gia Nga: D.V.Mdxiacd'p va V.A.Chiurin Dai hgc phfldng Ddng xua't ban nam 2004 Day la cud'n sach viet cap nhat ve cac ndi dung, dd cd de cap de'n cudc da'u tranh chong thflc dan ciia nhan dan Ddng Nam A cac chfldng III, IV va V each phan ki so vdi trfldc day la khac, khdng la'y nam 1917 lam chuan de phan ki cho lich sif da'u tranh ciia Dong Nam A nfla, ma la'y moc ket thflc Chien tranh the gidi thfl nha't va mdc chie'n tranh Dong Dfldng phan ki cho lich sit Ddng Nam A Cach phan ki nay, chflng tdi cflng khdng dam khang dinh la chuan, tham chf cdn nhieu van de can trao doi, nhien day cflng la each tiep can mdi, sat vdi nhflng dien bien cua cudc da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc d khu vfle Cac tac gia cflng da danh nhieu trang de trinh bay cudc dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc d khu vtic Tuy the, khuon khd va day cua cud'n sach, cho nen ndi dung cuoc dau tranh giai phdng dan tgc cita cac dan tgc cl Ddng Nam A cung khdng dflcic trinh bay thoa dang
(4)36 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009
mong ddi Tuy nhien, dd la nhflng cdng trinh cita ngfldi nflde ngoai Dieu ma chflng ta suy nghi nhieu va mong ddi la mdt bd lich sii Ddng Nam A ddy du, ben the, ngfldi Viet Nam viet Cudc da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc d khu vfle da hoan tfl lau (neu lay mdc nam 1975) Cdn cd mdt sU nhin nhan, danh gia mdt each toan dien, ki Ifldng ve cudc dau tranh Do ddi hdi cua viec hgc tap, nghien cflu va tim hieu ve khu vfle ciia cac tang ldp tfl hgc gia den sinh vien, hgc sinh, gan day da cd mdt vai cdng trinh khiem td'n ciia cac tac gia Viet Nam dfldc cdng bd' nhfl cud'n "LUdc sd Ddng Nam A" GS Phan Nggc Lien chu bien Tuy nhien, cud'n sach mang tinh phd bien, qua mdng, khdng du chfla dflng nhflng dieu can thdng bao Be the nha't la cud'n "lich
sd Ddng Nam A" ciia ba tac gia; Lfldng
Ninh (cb), Dd Thanh Binh, Tran Thi Vinh Day la cud'n lich sii Ddng Nam A dflcic viet kha day du, chi tiet lich sit khu vfle vdi gan 700 trang sach khd ldn Ve phong trao da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc ciia khu vfle dfldc cac tac gia danh met lfldng kien thflc khdng nhd so vdi ti le ciia cud'n sach Ngi dung euge da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc dflcic trinh bay ca hai phan (phan hai va phdn ba) d cac chfldng IX, X va XI Cud'n sach khdng chi trinh bay kha toan dien ve cudc da'u tranh gianh dgc lap d khu vtic ma trinh bay cudc da'u tranh tti ve trfldc dd cung vdi each phan ki cudc da'u tranh theo mdt each tie'p can mdi
Tuy nhien, khudn khd va so' trang dfldc qui dinh, cac tac gia khdng cd cd hgi
de -viet ki hdn, nhieu hdn ve cac ngi dung, dd cd ngi dung ve cudc da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc d khu vfle Nhflng viec lam dflcic cua cac tac gia, theo chflng tdi, la nhflng gdi y tdi de chflng ta phat trien, bd sung mdt cdng trinh be the hdn
2 Ngudn sif lieu ve phong trao giai phdng dan toe d Ddng Nam A kha phong phu bang t i e n g Viet, tieng Anh, tieng Nga, v.v
- Nhflng cdng trinh ve lich sif khu vUc da cdng bd' nhfl: "lich sd Ddng Nam A" cua D.G.E.Hall - cung cap mdt ngudn set lieu tdt, phong phfl, chi tiet, tin cay; "Ddng
Nam A lich sd the gidi" va "lich sd Ddng Nam A" ctia cac tac gia Lien Xd va
Nga (ban tie'ng Nga); "lich sd Ddng Nam
A" (History of South - East Asia) ciia
Joginder Singh Jessy (Kedah Malaysia, 1985), "lich sd hien dgi Ddng Nam A" (A Modern History of Southeast Asia -Decolonization, Nationalism and Separation) cua Clive LChristie, Singarpore, 1996; "lich sd Ddng Nam A
hien dgi" (A History of Modern Southeast
Asia) cua John Bastin Harry, London,
1968, V.V
(5)Do Thanh Binh - Nhdng vdn de ddi ddi vdi bien sogn lich sd 37
cdng t r i n h b d n g tie'ng Anh, tie'ng Nga hoac ngdn ngfl cac nflde sd tai Uu diem cua ngudn tfl lieu viet ve cudc da'u t r a n h gianh ddc lap d a n tdc ndi rieng va lich sii ctia qud'c gia ndi c h u n g dfldc viet ti mi, chi tiet, cung cap ngudn sif lieu phong phfl, da dang C h a n g b a n nhfl cac cud'n:
"Uch sd Philippin" cua lU.O.Leptdndpva,
Matxcdva, 1979; "Lich sd Mien Dien" cua I.V.Mddaycd va A.N.Udiandp, Matxcdva, 1973; "Phong trdo ddu tranh gidi phdng
ddn tdc d Inddnexia (1942 - 1945)",
Matxcdva, 1970; "Lich sd Malaixia" ciia V.A Chiurin, Matxcdva, 1980.v.v dfldc viet b a n g tie'ng Nga
0 Viet N a m , lich sif tflng qud'c gia Ddng Nam A cflng da dfldc nhieu tac gia the hien qua cac cdng t r i n h nghien cflu ciia minh, nhfl cac cdng t r i n h ciia Nguyen The Anh (Lich sif cac qud'c gia Dong Nam A, Lifa thieng, Sai Gdn, 1972), Lfldng
Ninh (Nflde Lao - Ljch sif va van boa, Nxb Chfnh trj qud'c gia, Ha Ndi, 1996), P h a m Dfle T h a n h (Lich sif Campuchia, Nxb Van hoa Thdng tin H a Ndi, 1995), Ngd Van Doanh (Inddnexia - nhflng chang dfldng lich sif, Nxb Chinh tri qud'c gia Ha Ndi, 1995), H u y n h Van Tdng (Lich sif cac qud'c gia Ddng N a m A, tap, Nxb T P Hd Chf Minh, 1994), Vu Dfldng Ninh (Lich sif Vfldng qudc Thai Lan, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi, 1994).v.v
Cd the ndi, day la nhflng tai lieu qui, gdi y nhieu van de cflng nhfl cung cap nhflng sti lieu cd gia tri viet ve cudc dau t r a n h giai phdng dan tdc d khu vUc
- Loai thfl ba la cac bai bao nghien cflu ve phong trao giai phdng dan tgc d Ddng Nam A dang cac t a p chf; Nghien cflu lich sif, Nghien cflu Ddng N a m A, hoac cac chuyen de chuyen s a u b a n ve van de Vf du nhfl cac cud'n chuyen khao;
"Mdy van de liqh sd chdu A vd Hch sd Viet Nam - mdt cdch nhin" ciia Nguyen Van
Hdng, Nxb Van boa dan tgc Ha Ndi, 2001;
"Su thdnh lap vd phdt trien ciia Ddng Cdng sdn Nam DUdng" ciia D.N.Ai Dfch,
Nxb Sfl t h a t Ha Ngi, 1958 hay cud'n
"Problems of the Indonesia Revolution",
DEMOS, 1963; "Cdc dUdng cdu nUdc
trong ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tgc d mdt sd nddc chdu A" ciia Dd T h a n h Binh (cb),
Nxb Dai hgc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi, 1999; "lich
sd phong trdo gidi phdng ddn tgc the'ki XX - mdt cdch tie'p can" cua Do T h a n h Binh,
Nxb Dai hgc Sfl p h a m , 2006
(6)38 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009
bd sung n a m 1995; Hiep fldc bf m a t gifla Xiem va Anh n a m 1897; Thoa fldc bien gidi (1889); T u y e n b d K e l a n t a n va T r e n g g a n u (1902).v.v
Cac bao cao; - Hoat dgng each m a n g ciia Viet kieu d Thai Lan, dd cd ndi d u n g Viet kieu "hfldng ve each m a n g Ddng Dfldng gdp p h a n vdi n h a n dan Lao gianh lai nen dgc lap nudc Lao (1938 - 1946)
- Bao cao tdng ket thdi ki 1930 - 1946 ve each m a n g Lao, tai lieu lflu trfl Vien Lich sif q u a n sfl, v.v
3 Van de dat r a doi vdi viec p h a n ki va ngi d u n g phong t r a o da'u t r a n h giai phdng dan tdc d Ddng N a m A Lau nay, each tiep can khac, q u a n diem k h a c n h a u nen each p h a n ki cung k h o n g giong n h a u Day la mdt van de d a n g dat trfldc cac n h a nghien cflu Chflng ta can phai b a n bac, thao l u a n dfla t r e n nhflng cd sd li l u a n va thtic tien dien d Ddng N a m A de cd each tiep can thd'ng n h a l va di tdi chan li Chflng tdi xin t r i n h bay y kien cua minh de gdp p h a n vao cudc t h a o l u a n nay; Ve
phddng phdp ludn, b a n ve p h a n ki,
chflng ta cdn cd q u a n diem cdi md, viec p h a n chia cac mdc lich sif ndi chung, lich sif phong trao giai phdng d a n tgc ndi n e n g chi m a n g tfnh tfldng ddi Bdi vi, lich sit la ddng chay lien tuc, khdng dflt doan, dd, ta khong the t u y e t ddi hda, neu tuyet del boa se khdng the nao p h a n ki dflcic Hdn nfla, p h a n ki can dfla vao ngi d u n g ljch sif va dac trflng lich sii cua giai doan ay de p h a n chia mdc
Ve thiic tien, can cfl vao lich sif phong
t r a o da'u t r a n h chdng thflc d a n cua cac d a n tdc Ddng N a m A cflng nhfl ndi dung ciia cudc da'u t r a n h n a y de cd each p h a n ki cho sat hcip Dfla vao phfldng p h a p l u a n va can cfl vae thtic tien cudc da'u t r a n h ehd'ng thtic d a n d Ddng N a m A, c h u n g tdi dfla q u a n diem p h a n ki ciia m i n h nhfl sau:
- Thcfi ki td the ki XVI de'n nhdng ndm
cudi the ki XIX - ddu tranh chdng xdm lUdc, bdo ue dgc lap ddn tdc D a y cflng la
giai doan cac nflde thflc d a n c h a u Au tflng bfldc den x a m Ifldc cac nflde Ddng N a m A va dd vay, xen ke vdi q u a t r i n h xam Ifldc ay cua thflc d a n la q u a t r i n h cac n h a nflde phong kien cflng vdi n h a n d a n dflng len chdng x a m Ifldc de bao ve chu quyen quo'c gia va ddc lap cua da't nflde Chflng toi nghi r a n g can p h a i t r i n h bay van de mdt each he thd'ng
- Thdi ki thfl hai la ddu tranh gidi
phdng ddn tdc td nhdng ndm cudi the ki XIX de'n ndm 1975 Day la thdi ki cac nflde
Ddng N a m A tien h a n h cudc d a u t r a n h giai phdng s a u k h i bi cac nflde thtic dan thdn t i n h h o a n toan T r o n g thdi ki nay, tfnh chat va bfldc p h a t t r i e n cua cudc dau t r a n h , dd cd t h e chia phong t r a o giai phdng d a n tdc r a t h a n h cac giai doan khac n h a u Chflng tdi xin thii n e u r a cac giai doan sau:
+ Giai dogn nhdng ndm cudi the'ki XIX
de'n ndm 1920 Day la giai doan ddu tien
(7)DS Thanh Binh - Nhdng vd'n de dca dc'n vdi bien sogn lich sd 39
cung m a n g tfnh qua do; phong trao m a n g y thflc he phong kien - phong trao theo xu hfldng tfl s a n - phong t r a o tfl san
-t- Giai dogn td ndm 1920 de'n ndm
1945 d giai doan nay, phong trao giai
phdng dan tgc chuyen s a n g mdt na'c t h a n g p h a t trien mdi va cd nhflng dac diem mdi Dd la sfl p h a t trien song song gifla hai loai phong trao; giai cap vd san l a n h dao va giai cap tfl san dflng ddu Day cflng la giai doan "ban le" cho toan bg qua trinh da'u t r a n h gianh dgc lap, n h a l la cho giai doan tfl sau n a m 1945 trd di Bdi vi, giai ddan vfla tich luy lflc lfldng, c h u a n hi cd sd va tao dieu kien cho viec gianh t h a n g ldi d nhflng giai ddan tie'p thee; vfla la sfl tim kiem, Itia chgn dfldng giai phdng dan tgc Chinh viec Ifla chgn dd quyet dinh ca dfldng di len xa hgi hien dai cua moi qud'c gia k h u vilc sau gianh dfldc ddc lap d a n tdc Neu nhfl nhflng n a m cudi the ki XIX va hai thap nien ddu the ki XX, nhflng n h a lanh dao cita cac d a n tdc Ddng N a m A cdn chfla tim dfldc dfldng di dflng ddn, phfl hgp vdi dan tgc de di tdi ddc lap, thi den day, hg da tim cho m i n h mdt hfldng di, mgt giai p h a p phfl hdp vdi dac diem, dieu kien cua dan tdc m i n h de dat dfldc muc tieu: d a n h dd chu nghia thflc dan, gianh dgc lap chinh tri
Trong giai dogn 1920 - 1945, dac diem ciia cudc da'u t r a n h va ke thfl khac nhau, nen cd the lai chia t h a n h hai giai doan nhd hdn; giai dogn 1920 - 1940 - da'u t r a n h chdng thflc d a n phfldng Tay, giai phdng dan tgc va giai dogn 1940 1945
-ket hdp da'u t r a n h giai phong dan tgc vdi da'u t r a n h chdng p h a t xit
+ Giai dogn td ndm 1945 de'n ndm
1975: ddu tranh gidnh, cung cd vd bdo ve ddc lap ddn tdc
0 giai doan khdng cd mo'c chung cho ca k h u vUc n h u nhflng giai doan trUdc, ma cd nhflng dfldng khac n h a u de di tdi dgc lap dan tdc Neu n h u cd moc chung thi chi dflng vdi nhdm nflde Ddng Dfldng Tuy nhien, day la giai doan hoan t h a n h cudc da'u t r a n h giai phdng dan tgc Trfl nhdm nflde Ddng Dfldng, B r u n a y va Ddng Timo, cac nflde Ddng Nam A cdn lai deu gianh dflcic dgc lap vao nifa sau nhflng n a m 40 hoac nifa sau nhflng nam 50 cua the kl XX Sfl p h a t trien cua phong trao giai phdng dan tdc d Ddng Nam A da lam sup dd hoan toan he thd'ng thudc dia cua chu nghia thflc dan d khu vilc Cac dfldng khac n h a u di den dgc lap dan tdc cho tha'y sfl da dang cua cac quo'c gia Ddng Nam A cd ca'u giai cap xa hgi, xu hfldng p h a t trien ngi tai va tac dgng ciia cac cfldng qud'c ben ngoai doi vdi tflng nflde k h u vfle