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Ddng A ndi chung va Nhat Ban ndi rieng la ndi cd liic iQdng quan dpi My ldn nha't d khu vQc chau A - Thdi Binh dUdng, vi ndi day tap trung nhQng ldi i'ch quan trpng eiia My, cung nhU[r]
(1)CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2009 47
NHAN TO NHAT BAN TRONG
CHINH SACH DONG A CUA MY SAU CHIEN TRANH LANH
•/• , ; , Ts N g u y g n Thi HUtfng Canh ' ' ' ' TniimgDHSP-DHThdi NguyCm
Ddng A la mdt t r d n g bd'n k h u vQe dia - chinh tri quan trpng chien ludc toan eau eua My (khu vUe c h a u Au: khu viic Nga v i p h a m vi a n h hudng eua Nga; k h u vtic T r u n g Ddng: khu viic Ddng A) TQ giQa t h e ky XIX, My da cd nhQng hoat ddng dinh h u tdi khu vUc nay, md d a u b a n g viec ky ket "Hiep Udc hda binh va hQu nghi" vdi Nhat Ban (ngay 81/3/1854), Dd la dpng thai md m a n eho iiuan he My -Nhat B i n , bao bieu k h i n a n g hdp t i c Hen minh ve n h i e u m a t giQa hai nu'dc, dd ehu yeu la ve k i n h te thUdng mai va an ninh - ehinh tri, q u a n sU,
Cuol t h e ky XIX d i u t h e ky XX My va Nhdt Ban deu cd g a n g vtldn lon n h a m thiic hien mtic tieu chien hide cua m i n h My trd t h a n h nude cdng nghiep h a n g d a u t h e gidi, vdi tiem liie qiuin sQ va cae h a m dpi h u n g m a n h My da thtlc hien "cbinh sach phao h a m " t r o n g chien lUdc ddi ngoai cua m i n h d Ddng A ndi r i e n g va khu viie c h a u A - T h a i Binh dUdng ndi eliung Cdn N h a t B i n , s a u cudc Duy T a n M i n h Tri (1868) da trd t h a n h mrit nQdc tQ b a n vd bQdc vdo h a n g ngu de qudc
Chien ti-anb T h e gidi thQ nha't ket thue My va Nhdt B i n deu mong mudn gianh dudc vi tri l a n h dao chau A, dd tbi trQdng rdng ldn eiia
T r u n g Qud'e la muc tieu b a n g d i u eua ea bai ben Sau "Thuyet Dai Ddng A" eua N h a t Ban vdi sil k h a n g dinh "chau A cua ngUdi chau A" da i n h hudng den quyen lpi va vai trd ctia My P k h u viic c h a u A - Thai Binh dUdng Vi vay My bat dau cd nhQng chinh saeh n g a n c h a n quyet liet ddi vdi N h a t B i n n h a m b a n che tdi da sii b a n h trQdng ciia N h a t Ban
" N h a n to' N h a t Ban" ehinh sach ddi ngoai eua My d Ddng A ed the dude xac dinh sau each m a n g T r u n g Qudc t h d n h edng (10/1949), bdi ke tQ dd My khdng t h e tiep tuc tri "Trung Hoa dan qud'e" n h u mdt ddng minh chu yen d Ddng A ma phai chuyen s a n g N h a t B i n , giup dd v i sQ dung N h a t B i n t r o n g viee thUe hien mue tieu ctia m i n h My vQa giup dd N h a t Ban phuc hdi va p h a t tridn kinh te, vQa ky ket vdi N h a t B i n "Hiep Qdc an n m h My - N h a t (1951)", "Hiep dinh h a n h cbinh My - Nhat" TQ dd My cd t h e ddng q u a n t r e n l a n h thd N h d t B i n v i v u n g x u n g q u a n h , ddng thdi My cd quyen "duy tri hda binh va dn dinh" d Vien Ddng Vi vay, q u a n he My - N h a t trd t h a n h nen t a n g chinh sach Ddng A cua My va ddi t h u chinh la T r u n g Qudc
(2)48 SO 05-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
h i n g dau ctia My khdng chi d Ddng A ma cdn ca tren the gidi Hdn nQa, trdng eanh tranh va hdp t i c kinh te, My phii xem xet de can b i n g mdi quan he vdi hai ddi t i c Nhat Ban va Trung Qud'e Ddi vdi Nhat Ban, sti "trdi day" ctia Trung Qud'e cung la mdi lo ngai tiem an cupc canh tranh giQa hai ben
Ve linh viie an ninh, Nhat Bin la ddng minh quan trpng nha't ctia My trong chien iQdc chau A - Thai Binh dQdng, dd cd Ddng A, Ddi vdi Nhat Bin lien minh an ninh Nhat -My cd y nghia ciic ky quan trpng, khdng nhQng de ddi phd vdi Trung Qudc, md cdn de Qng xQ vdi Nga ve lau dai, n h i t la viec tranh chap 4 dao phia Bae, ddi phd vdi tinh hinh tren b i n dio Trieu Tien Do vay, sau Chien tranh Lanh, lien minh an ninh My - Nhat khdng nhQng khdng suy yeu md cdn dUdc cung cd', tang cUdng hdn Mue tieu tdng the chinh sdch cua My ddi vdi Nhat B i n la de cho Nhat Bin dii sQc manh hdp tac vdi My, ddi phd vdi Trung Qud'c, nhUng khdng trd ddi thu canh tranh cd the tdn hai de'n ldi Ich ctia My My khuye'n khich Nhat B i n "chia se trich nhiem" vdi My "dim bio an ninh" khu vtic va toan ciu ve tai chinh va lilc iQpng My khuyen khi'ch Nhat Bin dua Itic iQdng phdng ve tham gia iQc ludng giQ gin hda binh sau chien tranh vung Vinh nam
1991, d Campuchia nam 1993, sau chien tranh Iraq nam 2003 Id n h i m muc dich dd
Sau sti kien 11/9/2001, Nhat Bin la qud'c gia ddng minh khu viic chau A - Thai Binh dQdng ting hd nhiet tinh cac hdat dpng chien tranh chdng khiing bd ctia My, dac biet Id trong hai cupc chien d Afghanistan va
Iraq, Nhin ve lau dai, cac boat ddng cho'ng khiing bd' ciia My dQdc Nhat Ban hQdng Qng cd the ddn den ket qua vanh dai bao vay Trung Qudc se dUdc siet chat hdn, thdng qua viec My phdt trien Itic iQdng sang Nam A, Trung A, Ddng Nam A va Ddng Bic A
Ddng A ndi chung va Nhat Ban ndi rieng la ndi cd liic iQdng quan dpi My ldn nha't d khu vQc chau A - Thdi Binh dUdng, vi ndi day tap trung nhQng ldi i'ch quan trpng eiia My, cung nhU nhQng t h i c h thQc ldn ddi vdi vai trd ciia My todn khu vQc, ma lo ngai chu yeu ctia My chinh la sU trdi day cua Trung Qud'c Tuy nhien, vdi sti x u i t hien ctia nhQng ky thuat va chie'n thuat quan sii mdi My khdng cin tang quan md cd the giam quan d Nhat B i n de Nhat B i n phai "chia se trich nhiem" Bio eao ciia Bd Qud'c phdng My (thang 2/1995) da chii trUdng giim t i m quan trpng ciia cic can cQ tien tieu vd nang t i m quan trpng ctia cic liic iQdng trien khai nhanh de ddi phd vdi cac cudc khiing hoing va xung dot tiem tdng xiy trong khu vtic Theo dd, lilc iQdng quan sii ddng tai Ddng A se dUdc cit giam vd cic nUdc ddng minh khu viic (chti ye'u la Nhat Bin) nhan trich nhiem phdng thu ban d i u "khi bi tan cdng hay bi de dpa tan cdng"
(3)CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2009 49 tdi kha n a n g hdp tac My - N h a t
tinh hud'ng k h a n cap d "cac v u n g xung q u a n h N h a t Ban" (cd t h e hieu dd la dm chi Dai Loan) Tuyen bd My -N h a t dau n a m 2005 tien t h e m mot bude k h a n g dinh p h a m vi bieu lile eua Hiep Qdc an n i n h My - N h a t , bao gdm ca vung bien Dai Loan
NhQ vay ed t h e thay, de ddi phd vdi sQ trdi day eua T r u n g Qudc, My chu trUdng t a n g cUdng q u a n he q u a n sQ vdl N h d t B i n , lam cho Hiep Qdc an ninh My - N h a t ed t h e p h a t huy tac dung kiem che T r u n g Quo'c NhUng mat khae My cung mudn kiem ehe e i N h a t Ban khdng de lUc lup'ng q u a n sU Nhiit B i n ldn m a n h den mQc thoat khdi sil chi phdi eua My, t h a m ehi de dpa tdi vi tri q u a n sQ eua My
Trong linh vtic k m h te - thUdng mai, quan he My - N h a t la quan he giQa bai n e n k m h te ldn nha't, nhi t h e gidi Trong nhQng n a m 90 t h e ky XX, thdm h u t m a u dich cua My budn ban vdi N h a t B a n b a n g nam len tdi 50 - 60 ty USD, chiem mdt nQa tdng t h i m biit m a u dieh cua My vdi toan the gidi, n a m 2000 len tdi <S1,.'] ty USD Trong dd, b a n g nam Nhat 15an lai p h a i ehi h a n g chuc ty USD eho nhUng ho;it dpng q u a n sif n h a m bao ve lpi ich cila My, dieu dd khien N h a t Ban cung cd n h i e u bQc xuc quan he vdi My N h u n g n a m cudi t h e ky XX d i u t h e ' k y XXI, k i n h te T r u n g Qudc t a n g trQPng n h a n h , cho nen Trung Qud'c cang trd t h a n h ddi tac hpp tac va ddi t h u eanh t r a n h kinh te - t h u d n g mai q u a n trpng cua My Trong t i n h h i n h dd, cang t h a n g q u a n he thQdng m;ii My - N h a t da dudc giam bdt so vdi thdi gian trUdc dd
N h u n g n a m g i n day, Chinh quyen My td lo ngai ve sti ldn m a n h cua T r u n g Qudc, My cang q u a n t a m
nhQng diem ndng ed lien qu;in den T r u n g Qudc, n h i t la van de hat nh;in t r e n ban dao Trieu Tien, van cte Dili Loan, van de t r a n h c h i p Bien Ddng De t a n g t h e m t h e vd Itic cua My cupc canh t r a n h vpi T r u n g Qudc My cang t a n g cUdng q u a n he toan dien vdi N h a t Ban M a t k h i c My eung khdng de q u a n he My - Nh;it anli hudng tdi nhQng lpi ich cua My q u a n he My - T r u n g
Trong van de h a t n h a n t r e n ban d i o Trieu Tien, c;i hai nUdc My Nhat deu r a t q u a n t a m vi it n h i e u dcii i n h hQdng d e n an n i n h va ldi ich cua h a i n u d e T h e o t h d a t h u a n ve n g u y e n t a c " h a n h d d n g ddi h a n h dpng" giQa My va C H D C N D T r i e u Tien, dQ l u d n qudc t e da h>' vpng v a n de b a t n h a n t r e n b a n dao Trieii Tien se du'dc giai q u y e t t r o n g n a m 0 , C H D C N D T r i e u Tien t u y e n bd' dd bd Id s i n x u a t vu k h i h a t n h a n Yongbv'on vao cudi n a m 2007 T r e n thitc td C H D C N D T r i e u Tien da l a m viec dd, nhu'ng cuoi n a m 0 , C H D C N D T r i e u Tien hu t u y e n bd ed t h e dQng viec p h a ho, t h a m chi khoi p h u c trd lai Id s;in xua't vu k h i biit n h a n Yoiigbyon, vi eho r a n g My da vi p h a m n g i u ' o n t a c " h a n h dpng ddi h a n h dpng" t r o n g t i e n t r i n h phi h a t n h a n hda t r d n b a n dao T r i e u T i e n D a u n a m 2009, v a n de b a t n h a n t r e n b a n d i o Trieii T i e n c a n g trd n e n h e t sue c a n g t h i n g Cudi t h a n g 3/2009 C H D C N D T r i e u Tien t u y e n bd sd p h d n g ve t i n h va neu l)i t r u n g ph;it vi ke h o a c h n a y Trieii Tien se khdi dpng Id phiin Qng h a t n h a n de chiet xua't P l u t o n i u m (i c i p dp san xuai vu k h i
(4)50 SO 05-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
tai vung bien ngodi khdi Nhat Bin Ngay 27/3 N h i t B i n lenh cho Luc lupng Phdng ve (SDF) cua nUdc ndy phai pha huy ten Itia CHDCND Trieu Tien, neu vu phdng ve tinh cua Binh NhUdng that bai vd ten liia hay cac manh vd rdi xud'ng lanh thd Nhat Bin" [1] Ben canh dd, Nhat Ban cung tich ctle trien khai ten lila Patriot ciia Itic lupng phdng ve tren khdng de san sang ban tra ed b i t trac viec phdng ve tmh cua CHDCND Trieu Tien gay
Ngay 5/4/2009, CHDCND Trieu Tien tuyen bd' da phdng thdnh cdng ve tinh vien thdng vao quy dao Trai da't Day la mdt viec ldm cd ich vi Trieu Tien phdng ve tinh chQ khdng phii ten IQa dan dao Tuy nhien, cd nhieu phin Qng khac ve viec lam n i y ctia CHDCND Tneu Tien.' Nga v i Trung Qudc eho rang, viec phdng ve tinh ctia Trieu Tien khdng vi pham nghi quyet cua Hpi ddng Bio an Lien hiep qudc My liii cho rang, du Trieu Tien phdng bat ky phUdng tien ndo len quy dao deu la hanh d(Dng khieu khich va vi pham nghi quyet ctia Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hiep qud'c Nhat Ban thi tim kiem mpt quyet dinh trQng phat tQ Lien hiep qud'c Viec My - Nhat lien ket trien khai ke hoach phdng thti v i ldn tie'ng phan ddi ke hoach phdng ve tinh cua CHDCND Trieu Tien nhu vay dd tti khang dinh lau Nhat Bin vin la chd dUa ve mat an ninh cila My d Ddng A va Trieu Tien cung n i m pham vi khd'ng che cua Hiep udc an
ninh My - Nhat NhQng ldi ich chien iQdc lau dai trdng viec tri lien minh an ninh My - Nhat van la n h i n td cot ldi, quyet dinh chieu hudng chinh sich cua My ddi vdi Nhdt Bin vd chinh sach ciia My d khu vile chau A - Thii Binh dUdng ndi chung, Ddng A ndi rieng nhQng thap ky tdi
Tdm lai, vi tri het sQc quan trpng ciia N h i t B i n cho nhQng boat ddng quan sii ciia My d khu vtic chau A - Thai Binh dUdng, My vdn cdi N h i t B i n la mot ddng minh chQa the thay the d khu vtic Nhat B i n cung cd nhQng ly'do de tiep tuc diia vdo chiec d an ninh ctia My Vi vay, quan he My - Nhat van dQdc tri hien tai va phat trien tQdng lai •
Tdi lieu thatn khdo: 1 Bao Nhan dan ngiiy 28/.3/2009
2 Bao Nhan diin cac 29, 30 31/;3/2009 Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi - TrUOng
DHKHXH va NV, Dong A Dong Nam A -NhUng vii'n de lich sii va hien tai, Nxb The gidi, HN, 2004
4 Nguyin Quo'c Hung, "My va Dong A: Nhin tU lich sii va hien tai" Tap chi chiiu My nay, so 11 (104) 2006 tr 40 - 45 TTXVN, Bao ciio ve chie'n lUdc an nmh
Dong A - Thai Binh Dudng ciia Bo Quoc phong My t h a n g 2/1995, TLTKDB, so 4/1995
6 Van phong Nha Triing, Chie'n lUdc an ninh quo'c gia cho the ky mdi, Tiii lieu dich ciia Hoc vien QHQT - 86 Ngoai giao, HN, 12/1999