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Tnrdc hdt, Nguyen Ai Qudc vach tran tdi ac khdng the dung tha do de qudc Phap gay ra cbo nhan dan E)dng Duong, td ehinh phue bing hidi le, den ap biic, bde lot tan bao. Nba tu cua chi[r]
(1)HO CHI MINH VA CON Ol/ONG CACH MANG VIET NAM NGUYEN Al QUOC - NGU'CXI TAO DU'NG NEN TANG
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PHAT T R I E N C U A C A C H M A N G DONG DU'ONG
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GS, TS TRINH NHU*
Trai qua nhieu eon dudng diu tranh chdng xam luge va ach thdng tri cua thuc dan Phap tir cudi the ky XIX den 20 nam diu the ky XX, nhung nhan dan Ddng Duong ehua gianh duge ddc lap, tu va van khat khao tim den mdt eon dudng mdi de ed the dua su nghiep giai phdng dan tde tdi cdng Nguyen Ai Qudc la ngudi di tien phong dam duong sii menh eao ca ay
Sau nhieu nam nghien ciiu ly luan each mang va khao sat ddi sdng chinh tri, xa hdi tai nhieu nudc de qudc va thudc dia, Nguyen Ai Qudc khdng dung lai d dudng each mang tu san va van vuon tdi kham pha chan ly each mang soi sang dudng giai phdng cac dan tdc thudc dia, giai phdng dan tde Viet Nam va hai nude Lao, Campuchia Thang - 1920, khat vgng dd cua Ngudi dugc dap ung, Ngudi phat hien d ban
Sa thdo lan thir nhdt nhitng luan cuang vi vdn di ddn tpc vd vdn di thuoc dia eiia Lenin, cai cam
nang ve giai phdng dan tdc thudc dia
Dieu quan trgng nhat nhan thuc ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc ddi vdi chii nghia Mac-Lenin dugc tihe hien nhit quan eudc ddi hoat ddng each mang cua Ngudi, la lap trudng cua giai cap vd san ve gjai phdng dan tdc thudc dia, giai phdng cac giai cap bi ap biic, giai phdng ngudi; quan
* Hoc vien CT-HC quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
diem each mang Iriet de "each mang rdi phai giao quyen eho dan ehiing sd nhieu"; phuong phap bien ehiing vat; xir ly mdi quan he anh em, ddng ehi, ddng bao ed ly, ed tinh Ngudi van dung nhiing dieu dd vao dieu kien cu the eua cac dan tdc bi ap biic de dua nhiing luan diem ve each mang gjai phdng thudc dia, each mang Ddng Duong va each mang Viet Nam
Cd the thay rd nhiing luan diem cua Nguyen Ai Qudc ve each mang Ddng Duong bao ham nhiing ndi dung cdt yeu sau day:
I Con dirong giai phong nhan dan Dong Dutmg la dutrng each mang vo san
Tnrdc hdt, Nguyen Ai Qudc vach tran tdi ac khdng the dung tha de qudc Phap gay cbo nhan dan E)dng Duong, td ehinh phue bing hidi le, den ap biic, bde lot tan bao Nba tu cua chinh quyen Ihudc dia chat nich ngiroi ban xii bi giam giii CJ E)dng Duong hoan toan khdng ed tir tu tudng, diing nhu nhan xet eiia Nguyen Ai Qudc: "Bat ky ngudi ban xir nao ed tu tudng xa hdi chu nghia eiing ddu bi bit va ddi bi gidt rna khdng can xet xtf''
Dap ling nguyen vgng thiet tha nhat ciia nhan dan Ddng Duong la tixit bd gdng ciim nd le eiia thue dan Phap, Nguyen Ai Qudc dua luan didm quan trgng nhat ve giai phdng Ddng Duong la duang cdch mgng vo sdn
Tunan 1921, bai'Bdng Duong''dang tren
(2)Nguyen Ai Qudc dua tren cii lieu lich su de khing djnh rang, chu nghia cdng san tham n h ^ de dang vao chau A hon la chau Au Ngudi cho rang, ngudi Ddng Duong deu bi thuc dan Ph^ diu ddc nhung khdng Ihe lam cho tu tudng each mang aia hg bi te liet Lan gid each mang Ihdi tu nude Nga Xdvidt, tir Trung Qudc each mang, tu An Do chien diu dang thuc tinh hg Tren diai dan E)ai hdi Dang Xa hdi Ph^ cudi thang 12-1920, Nguyen Ai Qudc de nghi Dang Xa hdi phai tuyen truyen chu n^iia xa hdi tai cac thudc dia cua tu ban Phap va de xuat nhiing boat ddng can phai tien hanh tai dia ban nay, cd Ddng Duong va cii ngudi tdi Ddng Duong nghien ciiu tinh hinh vi: "Ndi rang E)dng Duong gdm hai muoi trieu ngudi bi bde lot Men da chin mudi cho mdt cude each mang la sai, nhung ndi rang Ddng Duong khdng mudn each mang va bing ldng vdi ehe bay gid nhu cac dng ehii cua ehiing ta thudng van ngbl nhu the, thi lai cang sai hon niia"^ Su tiiat la ngudi Ddng Duong liic bay gid chua ed nhiing dieu kien can thiet de hieu biet ly luan, lai bi diu ddc, bi giam ham tinh trang lac hau, edng vdi su dan ap khde Uet ciia che tiiudc dia Nguyen Ai Qudc da tiiay ro
sice song manh Hit cua nguoi Dong Duang Tu
dd, Nguyen Ai Qudc de nghi Qudc te Cdng san tang cudng giiip each mang Ddng Duong ve dao tao can bd, xay dung td chiie each mang
2 Cach mang can phai giang giai ly luan cho dan hieu de dan doan kk va dau tranh
Tu mdt nha yeu nudc, giac ngd ly tiidng each mang ciia giai cap vd san, tai nudc Phap nhiing nam dau tiiap ky 20 tiid ky XX, Nguydn Ai Qudc da siie tuyen tinydn dd nhan dan Phap hieu rd ban chit xiu xa cua che tiiudc dia ma iing hd su nghiep giai phdng dan tgc bi
ap biic; ddng tiidi Ngudi tham gia sang lap va phat hanh bao Le Paria^ (Nguai cung kho), mgt cdng eu tuyen truyen, giac ngd nhan dan cac nudc thudc dia Phap Ddng Duong la mgt dia chi tiep nhan va luu hanh td bao
Nam 1923, danh gia kdt qua boat ddng ciia Hdi Lien hiep thudc dia va bao Nguai ciing kho, Nguyen Ai Qudc viet Thu gid cdc bgn
ding hogt dong: "Cdng vide ehung ciia chiing ta
"Hdi Lien hiep thuge dia" va td bao NGUClI CUNG KHO da ed nhiing kdt qua tdt Nd da lam eho nudc Ph^, nudc Phap chan chinh hieu ro nhiing viec xay cac thudc dia Lam cho nudc Phap hieu ro bgn ca map thuc dan da lgi dung ten tudi va danh du ciia nudc Phap de gay nen nhiing tdi ac khdng the tudng tiigng duge Nd da tiiiic tinh ddng bao chiing ta Ddng thdi nd ciing khien cho ddng bao chiing ta nhan ro nudc Ph^, nudc Phap tii binh ding va bac ai"^
Trudc rdi nudc Phap len dudng ve nudc, Ngudi dat cau hdi cho cac ban cung hoat ddng va tu neu cau tra Idi cho rieng minh:
"Chiing ta phai lam gi?
Chiing ta khdng the dat van de ay mdt each may mdc
Ddi vdi tdi, cau tra loi da rd rang: trd ve nude, di vdo qudn ehung, thicc tinh hg, to chiec
ho, dodn ket hg, hudn luyen hg, dua ho ddu tranh gidnh tudo dpc Idp"^ (TG nhan manh)
C> thdi diem khdi ngudn eho chii nghia Mac-Lenin va tu tudng each mang Nguyen Ai Qudc den vdi nhan dan Ddng Duong, cudn sach Bdn
dn chi dp thuc ddn Phdp ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc
xuit ban nam 1925 tai Pari, dugc chuyen tdi nhidu tiiudc dia Phap, da giii vai ti'd quan ti-gng giac ngd tiianh nien, hgc sinh, sinh vien, tii tiiiic
(3)H CHi MINH VA CON Dl/ONG CACH MANG VIET NAM
ve tu tudng each mang giai phdng thudc dia tiieo dudng each mang vd san, bat diu tii dau tranh ket lieu ehe thuc dan tan bao de md hudng xay dung mdt xa hdi mdi theo guong Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga
Nguyen Ai Qudc dua luan diem mdi cua minh ve phuong phap dau tranh tbii tieu ehe tu ban tren quy md toan the gidi bang sir hgp luc giiia gjai cap vd san d chinh qudc va giai cap vd san thudc dia: "Chii nghia tu ban la mdt eon dia cd mdt cai vdi bam vao giai cap vd san d chinh qudc va mdt cai vdi khac bam vao giai cap vd san d thudc dia Neu mudn giet eon vat ay, ngudi ta phai ddng thdi eat ca hai vdi Neu ngudi ta ehi cat mdt vdi thdi, thi cai vdi edn lai van tiep tiic hiit mau ciia giai cap vd san, vat van tiep tuc sdng va cai vdi bi cat diit lai se mgc ra"^ Hinh tugng tren giiip ngudi dgc thau hieu each mang tiiudc dia la mdt bd phan hiiu co cua each mang vd san the gjdi nhu Nguyen Ai Qudc da viet: " khdi Uen minh se la mdt nhirng cai canh ciia each mang vd san"'
Nguyen Ai Qudc tdi Quang Chau (Trung Qudc), tiiang 11-1924 Dau nam 1925, Ngudi md ldp huan luyen cho nhiing nien Viet Nam yeu nudc dang ham mudn tiep nhan ly luan ehinh tri Dua ti^en eo sd cac bai giang tai ldp huan luyen, Nguyen Ai Qudc viet tac pham Duong cdch
menh neu bat gia tri cua ly luan each mang ddi vdi
su tiianh edng eiia each mang ma Lenin da tdng ket: "BChdng ed ly luan each menh, tiii khdng cd each menh van ddng Chi cd theo ly luan each menh tien phong, dang each menh mdi lam ndi trach nhiem each menh tien phong"*
Tac pham Duong cdch minh rat xung dang la cuon sach giao khoa ly luan, ciiinh tri va
phuong phap boat ddng each mang; la tac pham giao due dao diic each mang, bdi dudng tu tudng, y ehi dau tranh cho can bd va quan ehiing nhan dan Viet Nam, Lao - nhiing dia ban ma Nguyen Ai Qudc dang ddc ldng, ddc siie gieo mam each mang^ Tac pham edn giii vai ti"d quan trgng tien trinh ehuan bi ve nhieu mat eho su ddi cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam va khdng lau sau lap chuyen Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong
Giiia nam 1925, Nguyen Ai Qudc lap Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien va sang lap bao Thanh niin - td bao each mang diu tien bang ehii qudc ngii, thuc hien chiie nang giao due, tap hgp va thdng nhat tu tudng, hanh ddng ciia cac chien si each mang va trang bi kien thiic chinh tri eho ddi ngu can bd van ddng quan chiing
Sau nhiing hoat ddng tren, thdi gian boat ddng tai Xiem (Thai Lan), Nguyen Ai Qudc tdi Ban Ddng, Udon, Nogng Khai, Saedn - noi cu tni ciia nhieu kieu bao Viet Nam Tu tiiang 7-1928 ddn tiiang 10-1929 (tai Ban Ddng, Ngudi tu gidi thieu la Thg, biet bieu Nam Son; tai Udon, Ngudi lay ten la Chin), Nguyen Ai Qudc sinh sdng, lao ddng chan boa va giac ngd kieu bao ta tai cac dia ban
Trong tiidi gian boat ddng tai Udon, Nguyen Ai Qudc dich cudn Nhdn logi tiin hod sir va C^ng sdn
ABC: Ngudi sang tac Bdi ca Trdn Hung Dgo va vd
(4)Trong hai nam 1928-1929, Nguyen Ai Qudc tu tiid nghiem phuong phap van ddng quan ehiing Viet kidu bing each dan xen, kdt hgp nhidu hinh tiiiic hoat ddng, vua giao due chinh tri, tu tudng, bdi dudng nang cao long yeu nudc cho ddng bao viia dao tao can bg va ciing cd, md rdng td ehiie each mang, ehi dan bien phap that chat quan be than ai, doan ket vdi cu dan ban dia va ndi bd kieu bao Ddng thdi, bang Idi sdng gian di, gan giii ddng bao, Ngudi ciing nhan dugc sir tin yeu, kinh trgng eiia hg
Ket qua dan van eiia Nguyen Ai Qudc tai Xiem va Lao la nhan td quan trgng tao dung
nin mong bin chdc cua luc lugng hau thudn cho cdch mgng Viet Nam vd Lao
3 Phai xay dung dang each mang
Nhan td quan trgng hang diu quydt dinh thang lgi eua each mang da dugc Nguyen Ai Qudc luan dinh sang rd tac pham Duong
cdch minh tra Idi eau hdi Ngudi neu ra:
"Cach menh tiirde bet phai cd cai gi? Trudc bet phai ed dang each menh, dd tbi van ddng va td ehiie dan chiing, ngoai thi lien lac vdi cac dan tde bi ap biic va vd san giai cap mgi noi Dang cd vung each menh mdi cdng, ciing nhu ngudi cam lai ed vung thuyen mdi chay Dang mudn viing tbi phai ed chu nghia lam cdt, dang eiing phai hieu, ciing phai theo chu nghia ay Dang ma khdng ed chu ngbia ciing nhu ngudi khdng cd tii khdn, tau khdng cd ban ehi nam Bay gid hgc thuyet nhidu, chii nghia nhieu, nhung chu ngtua chan chinh nhit, chac chan nhat, each menh nhit la chu ngMa Lenin"'°
Thang 6-1925, Nguyen Ai Qudc tiianh lap
Hpi Viet Nam Cdch mgng Thanh niin, mdt td
chiie tien tiian eua Dang Cdng san nhu chii dich
ma Ngudi gui gim d td chuc nay: "No la qua triing, ma tii nd chim non cdng san" Tdn chi cua Hdi la: "phu ti-ach td chiic va Imh dao cude each mang d Viet Nam bet siic phan diu dd tiiau phuc liy dai bg phan tiig tiiuyen, dan cay va binh linh, dan dao cho quan chiing lao khd bi ap biic ay Uen hiep vdi vd san giai cap the gidi dd mdt mat danh dd qudc chu nghia Phap, che phong kien va chu nghia tii ban ma dung chinh quydn ddc tai (tiic chuyen chinh - TG) eua tiig tiiuyen, dan cay va binh Unh; mdt mat tham gia vao cude the gidi cm (tiic each mang - TG) san trir tu ban chii nghia ca the gidi dang thue hidn chii nghia cdng san"'\ Td ehiic va boat ddng cua Hgi phat tiien rgng khap toan Ddng Duong Rieng tai Lao, tii nam 1928 td chiic Hdi da dugc lap tai Vieng Chan, Tha Khec, Phdn Tiu, md Thiec, Xavannakhet, qua Duong cdch minh, bao
Thanh nien va nhidu tac pham cua Nguyen Ai
Qudc ciing duge tmyen ba tai Lao
Nhiing boat ddng tren cac Imh vuc chinh tri, tu tudng, dao tao can bg xay dung Hpi Viet
Nam Cdch mgng Thanh niin Nguyen Ai
Qudc tien hanh sau rdng tac ddng tiiie tiep tdi su chuyen bien ciia each mang Viet Nam va Lao, dua tdi sir ddi cua Dong Lhcang Cpng
sdn Ddng, An Nam Cpng sdn Ddng, Dong Duong Cpng sdn liin dodn, xuat hien mdt yeu
cau cap bach la lap mdt Dang Cdng san Trudc tinh hinh do, Nguyen Ai Qudc chii ddng td chiic Hdi nghi hgp nhat cac td chiic cdng san, lap Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam tai Hdng Kdng, diu nam 1930 Cac van kien:
Chdnh cuang vdn tdt cua Ddng, Sdeh luge vdn tdt cua Ddng, Chuang trinh tdm tdt Dieu li vdn
(5)H CHi MINH VA CON Dl/ONG CACH MANG VIET NAM
tdt cua Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam Nguyen Ai
Qudc soan thao, dugc Hdi nghi thao luan va nhat tii thdng qua the hien rd ban chat eiia Dang la dang vd san kieu mdi, lanh dao nhan dan diu tranh gianh ddc lap dan tdc, thuc hien each mang mdng dat, xay dimg dat nude theo hudng di len chu nghia cdng san Dang chii truong doan ket cac giai cap va tang ldp yeu nude, doan ket vdi cac dan tdc bi ap bire va vd san the gidi Nguyen Ai Qudc dat nhiem vu chong di
quoc, gidi phong ddn tpc a vi tri quan trgng nhdt so vdi nhiem vu each mang mdng dat va
huy ddng siie manh eao nhat la lire lugng dai doan ket cac giai cap, cac tang ldp xa hdi, eae dang phai yeu nude de gianh ddc lap, tu Dieu dd bat ngudn tii tu tudng Nguyen Ai Qudc lay tinh than yeu nude chdng de qudc lam co sd xay dimg khdi doan ket dan tde, bao gdm cdng ndng, tieu tu san tri tiiiie, trung ndng va phii ndng, trung, tieu dia chu, tu san "ehua rd mat phan each mang" cimg cac td chiic dang phai yeu nude Mat khac, dieu ciing la su the hien quan diem cua Ngudi da viet cudn
Duong cdch minh: " dan tde each menh thi
chua phan giai cap, nghia la si, ndng, cdng, thuong deu nhat tri chdng lai cudng quyen"'^
Ldi phat bieu cua Hd Chi Minh tai Dai hdi n ciia Dang (thang 2-1951) da neu eao gia tii to Idn cua su kien lap Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ddi vdi each mang Viet Nam va gdp phan thiic day su phat trien eua each mang the gidi: 'Tdi sung sudng vi tdi nhd lai lue Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong lap Thanh lap nhu the nao? Thanh lap bi mat Dang ta liie sinh eiing nhu mdt ngudi de bi mat Nd de d dau? Tren mdt cai ddi tam thdi thudc de qudc Nd de
ra d dau? Ben mdt san bdng eiia de qudc tu ban, Liie dd chi ed mdt nhdm nhd con ddng ehi Sd ngudi it nhung long kien quyet rat to Tuy sd ngudi eon nhung da tin tudng Dang se giai phdng dan tde va giiip vao cude giai phdng the gidi Bay gid ehiing ta dang giai phdng dan tdc, dang giiip vao edng eudc bao ve hoa binh the gidi, cude giai phdng the gidi The la cai mue dieh, cai hy vgng nho nhd eua mdt sd it ddng ehi khdng nhiing da muc dich, by vgng Idn eua toan dan tde ma ciing la muc dich hy vgng Idn cua da sd nhan dan the gidi The la:
Ring bay gid mdi thay day
Ma long da chac nhiing cdn tho"'^ Den thang 10-1930, Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ddi ten Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong, lanh dao each mang toan Ddng Duong
4 Cach mang Dong Duong nhan dan Dong Duong tu tien hanh, ket hop vol su ung ho va giiip do* cua ban be quoc te
Dudi ach thdng tri eua thue dan Phap, nhan dan Ddng Duong bi dau ddc va ap biic, bde lot nang ne nhung khdng phai vi the ma tiem nang each mang ciia hg bi voi can? Giai dap van de dd, Nguyen Ai Qudc khang dinh: "Khdng:
Nguoi Dong Duong khong chit nguoi Dong Duong vdn song, song mdi mdi Su dau ddc cd
he thdng eua bgn tu ban thuc dan khdng the lam te Uet siic sdng, cang khdng the lam te Uet tu tudng each mang eiia ngudi Ddng Duong"'"*
Nguyen Ai Qudc chi ro: "Dang sau su phuc tiing tieu cue, ngudi Ddng Duong giau mdt cai gi dang sdi sue, dang gao thet va se biing nd mdt each ghe gdm, thdi co den Bd phan uu tii cd nhiem vu phai thiic day cho
15
(6)Ngudi giai tiiich: "Dau khd, ngheo ddi va sir dan ap tan bao la nhirng ngudi thay nhat eiia hg"'^ Mat khac, hg eiing ehiu tac ddng tieh cue eiia nhieu phong trao each mang ti'en the gidi nhu Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga, each mang Trung Qudc va phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan An Do Ndi nhu vay khdng cd nghia la vao thap nien 20 the ky XX, each mang Ddng Duong ed the biing nd va thu duge thang lgi la sai, "nhung ndi rang Ddng Duong khdng mudn each mang va bang ldng vdi ehe bay gid nhu eae dng ehii eua ehiing ta thudng van nghi nhu the, thi lai cang sai hon niia"''
Y thiic rd siie manh eua tiie he nien ddi vdi sir tiiay ddi van menh dan tdc va edng tac giao due, thu hiit hg vao eon dudng each mang, vugt qua su dau ddc nang ne eua chu nghia thue dan, Nguyen Ai Qudc keu ggi thdng thiet nien, nham giiip hg tu nhan rd ti-ach nhiem ddng gdp xung dang eho sir nghiep giai phdng Ddng Duong khdi hiem hoa diet vong: "Hdi Ddng Duong dang tiiuong hai! Ngudi se chet mat, neu dam nien gia edi eua Ngudi khdng sdm hdi sinh"'^
Hpi Liin hiep thuoc dia - mdt nhiing
td chiic ma Nguyen Ai Quoc tiiam gia lap tai Phap nam 1921 la de giiip nhan dan cac nude thudc dia, ti'ong cd Ddng Duong, tidn hanh sir nghiep tii giai phdng Tuyin ngon cua
Hpi liin hiep thuoc dia viet: 'Van dung edng
thiic cua Cac Mae'^, chiing tdi xin ndi vdi anh em rang, cdng cude giai phdng anh em chi cd the thuc hien dugc bang su nd lire cua ban than anh em
Hdi Liin hiep thuoc dia tiianh lap ehinh la dd giiip dd anh em edng eudc iy"^°
Ndu Hdi Uen hiep thudc dia va td bao Le
Paria ciia Hdi ddng vai trd "thiic tinh ddng bao
chiing ta" nhu Nguyen Ai Qudc da viet, thi tii lap (nam 1925), Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien va bao Thanh niin ciing thiie day manh me xu the ay phat tridn len trinh mdi: vua giac ngd ngudi Ddng Duong, vira td ehiic hg lire lugng each mang d khap lanh tiid xu nay, tao dieu kien chin mudi cho su tiianh lap chinh dang ciia giai cap vd san va phong trao each mang phat tridn ram rd tii dau nam 1930
Van de ly luan dugc Nguyen Ai Qudc ehii trgng lam sang td la quan he giiia dudng tii giai phdng va gia tri doan ket qudc te Ngudi eho biet: "Mien Can Ddng va Vien Ddng, ke tii Xyri den Trieu Tien - ehi tinh nhirng nudc thudc dia va nua thudc dia thdi - cd mdt dien tich rdng hon 15 trieu kildmet vudng, vdi sd dan hon
1.200 trieu ngudi Tat ca nhiing nudc rdng Idn ay hien dang d dudi ach ciia chu ngbia de qudc tu ban Va mac diu dan sd cua hg dang le phai lam eho hg ed siic manh, cdc ddn tpc bi dp bice
do vdn chua bao gia sice tim toi that din nai din chon duong tu gidi phong, cho nin hg chua hiiu dugc gid tri cua su dodn ket ddn tpc vd dodn kit quoc ti (tac gia nhan manh) Hg
chua cd nhiing mdi Uen he giiia cac luc dia nhu cac dan tgc chau Au va chau My"^'
Trong tiiu gui ddng chi Petordp, Tdng Thu ky Ban phuong Ddng, Ngudi cdn nhan manh nguyen nhan lam suy yeu sue dau tranh ciia cac nudc phuong Ddng la tibnh trang biet lap Ngudi giai thich ro them nguydn nhan va hau qua ciia hien tugng ay: "Hg hoan toan khdng biet den nhiing viee xay d cac nudc lang gieng eua hg,
(7)H CHi MINH VA CON OU-QNG CACH MANG VIET NAM
do hg THIEU SU TIN CAY LAN NHAU, SU PHOI HOP H A N H D Q N G V A SU CO VIJ
LANNHAU"^l
Ndi tiep boat ddng eua Hdi Lien hiep thudc dia (1921-1926), tiiang 7-1925, Nguydn Ai Qudc chu ddng phdi hgp vdi mdt sd nha each mang Trung Qudc lap Hpi Liin hiep cdc ddn tpc
bi dp bice, mdt td chiie qudc te doan ket nhieu
dan tdc thudc dia, nira tiiudc dia nhu Viet Nam, Trung Qudc, An Do, Trieu Tien, Inddnexia Tuyen ngdn cua Dai hdi lap Hdi neu rd: "Con dudng thoat nhat de xoa bd sir ap biic ehi cd the la Uen hiep eae dan tdc bi ap biic va giai cap vd san toan the gjdi ap dung nhiing phuong phap each mang dd lat dd ve can ban chii nghia tu ban de qudc cue ky ac"^
Nam 1927, Hdi da xuat ban cudn Duomg
cdch minh dirng lam tai Ueu giao due, tuyen
tmyen each mang d Ddng Duong
Vdi danh ngbia la hdi vien Hdi lien hiep cac dan tdc bi ap biic, Nguyen Ai Qudc den gap Uy ban bai cdng Gang Tinh (dia danh chi Hdng Kdng va Quang Chau) de nghi tiiam gia Ddi dien thuyet Ngudi duge Uy ban ddng y mdi den mdt sd eo sd bao eao ve van de Quan hi
giiia cong nhdn Trung Quoc voi cdc ddn tpc bi dp bice vd su cdn thiit phdi liin hiep lgi ddnh di quoc
Tai nhieu dien dan qudc te, Ngudi len tieng keu ggi Qudc te Cdng san, Qudc te Cdng hdi dd, Qudc te Ndng dan va cac Dang Cong san Anh, Phap img hd, giiip each mang E)dng Duong
Dat diing tam quan trgng Ludn cuong ve vdn
di ddn tpc vd thupe dia Lenin trinh bay tai
Dai hdi II Qudc te Cdng san nam 1920, va ydu cau cua thuc tien each mang giai phdng thudc
dia, tai Dai hdi V Qudc te Cdng san nam 1924, Nguyen Ai Qudc keu ggi: "Thua cac ddng chi, vi ehiing ta tu coi minh la hgc trd ciia Lenin, cho nen ehiing ta can phai tap trung tat ca siic lire va nghi lire de tiiue hien tren tiiuc te nhirng ldi di huan quy bau eiia Lenin ddi vdi chiing ta ve van dd thudc dia ciing nhu cac van de khae"^''
Ciing d tam ly luan eiia van de doan ket giiia each mang phuong Tay va phong trao giai phdng thudc dia, Nguyen Ai Qudc luan giai sang rd luan diem eua Lenin: " each mang d phuong Tay mudn thang lgi thi nd phai Uen he chat ehe vdi phong trao giai phdng chdng chu nghia de qudc d cae nude thudc dia va cae nude bi nd dieh va van de dan tdc, chi la mdt bd phan cua van de ehung ve each mang vd san va chuyen ehinh vd san"^^
Tu nhiing quan diem each mang diing din tren, Ngudi dua nhiing nhan dinh rat xac dang ve vi tri quan trgng nhat eua van de thudc dia ehinh sach eua Dang Cdng san Phap, Dang Cdng san Anh: " se khdng phai la qua dang neu ndi rang chimg nao Dang Phap va Dang Anh chiing ta ehua thi hanh mdt chinh sach that tich cue van de tiiude dia, tham ehi chua de cap den quan ehiing cae nudc thudc dia, thi toan bd chuong trinh rdng Idn eua hai dang van khdng ed bieu qua gi"^^
(8)ddu bi dan ap khde Uet Nguyen nhan eiia tinh trang la ndng dan "thieu td chiic, thidu ngudi lanh dao" Ngudi dd nghi "Qudc te Cdng san ein phai giup dd hg td chirc lai, can phai eung cap can bd lanh dao cho hg va ehi eho hg eon dudng di tdi each mang va giai phdng"^^
Nguydn Ai Qudc khai quat: Ddng Duong, thuc dan Phap da phuc hdi chd nd le Liic bay gid, giai cap vd san Ddng Duong chua the lam gi duge de chdng lai che bde lot dd, vi ehua xay dung duge td chiic nao cua hg Nhung Nguyen Ai Qudc da chi ldi thoat: " vdi sir giiip dd eua cae td chiic gan giii vdi Qudc te Cdng hdi do, ehiing tdi quyet dap tan luc lugng eua chu nghia de qudc chau Au ap biic ehiing tdi"^* Tidp theo, Ngudi kien nghi giai phap dua tdi kdt qua eua giai cap vd san Ddng Duong: " cae ddng ehi ehiing ta cac td chirc cdng nhan each mang Phap phai tich cue giiip
do chiing tdi cude dau tranh giai phdng
cua chiing tdi"^^
Mdt ket qua hoat ddng kip thdi eiia Nguyen Ai Qudc la Tdng Cdng hdi thdng nhat (Phap) cimg kien nghi dua vao Nghi quyet cua Dai hdi vdi nhiing nhiem vu trudc mat: "1- Td chiie nhiing ngudi Ddng Duong hien lam vide d Phap
2- Tien hanh mdt chien dieh manh me vi quyen lgi edng doan cua ngudi ban xii song song vdi chien dich eho edng ehiic
3- Cir nhiing dai bieu thudng true (it la 2) sang Ddng Duong vdi su menh la tiiydn tmyen dan ban xu va td chiic hg"^°
Tren day la nhiing luan diem dau tien cua Nguyen Ai Qudc ve each mang Ddng Duong dugc neu khoang tiidi gian 10 nam tii nam 1920 den nam 1930, tiid hien kdt qua
nghien cuu ly luan gan kdt chat che vdi boat ddng thuc tidn cua Ngudi Dd la nhirng nhan td xac dinh hudng phat tiidn ciia each mang Ddng Duong, thd hidn rd phuong phap tu ddc lap, sang tao ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc ti'en co sd van dung, phat trien chii nghia Mac-Lerun
1,2,4,5,14,15,16,17,18,22,24,25,26,27,28,29 Ho
(JnMinh Toan tap, CTQG, H, 1995, T I , 1r22,27,191,192,
118,28,28,27,133,236,282,277,277,289,292-293,293 3 Bao Le Paria: Ca quan tuyen truyen cua Hoi Liai hiep thuoc dia Nguyen Ai Quoc lam Chii nhiem kiem chu but va quan ly, xuit ban ttr tiiang -1922 den thang
4-1926, dinh ban sau so 38
6,7,8,10,12,20,21 //o CM Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T 2, tr 120,124, 259; 267-268; 266; 128; 123
9 N ^ quyet chinh tri cua E)ai bieu Dai hoi lan thii nhit Dang Cong san Dong Duong, thang 3-1935, cho bi8t, a Lao, tac phim Ehtang cdch minh duoc dung lam tai lieu huan luyen (xem Dang Cong san Viet Nam; Vdn Men
£)dng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2002, T.5, tr 20)
11 Dang Cong san Viet Nam; Vdn kien Ddng Todn
tap, CTQG, H, 2005, T.l, tr 118
13 Bien bdn Dgi hpi lan thicn cua Ddng, tr 122.Liru
tai Kho Luu trii Trung uong E)ang ' 19 Cong ihiic CMac vi^ Diai le cua Hoi Lien higj lao dgng quoc t^: "Su n ^ e p giai ptoig cua giai c%) (Ag nh&i phffl la su n ^ e p cua bm ttian giai cap cong nhan''
23 T Lan: Vim di dudng vira ke chuyen, ST, U, 1976, tr27
30 Vien N ^ e n cuu chu n ^ a Mac-Lenin va tu tuong H6 Chi Minh, Vien H6 Chi Minh: Ho Chi Minh
Bien nien tieu sir CTQG, H, 1993, T.l, tr.l99