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Bài viết trình bày những nhân tố tác động đến mối quan hệ giữa các quốc gia Bancăng sau Chiến tranh thế giới thứ nhất; mối quan hệ giữa các quốc gia Bancăng trong những năm 1919-1939. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu.
SW'>'|3!i MOI OUAN HE GIUA CAC QUOC GIA BANCANG TRONG THdl GIAN GlUA HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH THE GI61 (1919-1910) DAO TUAN THANH* l.Mddau Sau Chien tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't ket thuc cudi ndm 1918, hau bet cac qudc gia tren ban dao Bancdng: Hy Lap, Nam Tu (1), Rumani, Anbani, Bungari, vd Thd Nhi Ky (2) deu da gidnh dUdc ddc Idp trai qua nhieu ndm dd'u tranh kien cUdng, anh dung Khoang thdi gian ngdn ngui gifla hai cupc chien tranh the gidi (1919-1939) da khdng dem lai mdt n I n hoa binh vflng chdc vd sfl binh yen thflc sfl ddi vdi mdi qud'c gia chdu Au ndi rieng va the' gidi ndi chung, ma ngupc lai ddy lai Id giai doan khung hoang thudng xuyen Cd the ndi, nhflng he qua tieu cflc cua cudc Chien tranh thd gidi thfl Nhd't (1914-1918), nhflng han che cila trdt tfl Versailles - Washington, he qua tieu cflc cua cudc dai khung hoang kinh te' the gidi 1929-1933, da cd tac ddng da chilu tdi td^t ca cdc qud'c gia Bancdng ndi rieng, chdu Au ndi chung Thiic td, cdc cU dan sinh sd'ng tren ban dao Bancdng chi dUdc tdn hudng bdu khdng hod binh vd thinh vUdng chi vai ndm ngan ngili, rdi sau dd, mpi viec deu diin bid'n theo hUdng khac, ddy tinh tieu ciic, ma dinh cao Id sau nam 1940, ban dao Bancdng da thiic sU trd chien trUdng cua cac chien dich quan sU ldn, khdc liet Vay sau dd gidnh dUdc ddc Idp, trd thdnh nhflng nhd nfldc ddn tpc thd'ng nhd't, chinh sach ddi ngoai cua cdc qud'c gia tren ban dao Bancdng cd nhflng diem gi mdi so vdi giai doan trfldc dd? Mdi quan h$ ddng minh lien Bancang lieu cd dfldc thiet Idp? Cac qud'c gia Bancang cd nhflng dd'i sdch gi de ngdn can dfldc sfl can thiep cua cac cfldng qud'c chdu Au, nhdm bao ve thdnh cdng ldi ich dan tpc? Trong khudn khd cua bai viet ndy, chung tdi mudn gdp phdn lam sang td nhflng cdu hdi neu tren NhiJng n h a n to' t a c d p n g d e n moi quan h§ giiifa c u a c a c q u o c gia B a n c a n g sau Chien tranh t h e gidi thiif N h a t Sau cudc chien tranh ddm mdu ddu tien lich sil nhan loai ket thuc, cdc qud'c gia tren ban dao Bancang tie'p tuc chiu sfl tac ddng sau sac cua boi cdnh chdu Au vd the gidi Sfl bien mdt tren san khd'u chinh tri chdu Au cua bd'n cfldng qud'c tflng cd anh hfldng to ldn, ldu dai tdi tie'n trinh lich sfl cua ban dao Bancdng (de qud'c Ottoman, de qud'c Ao - Hung, de qudc Nga va de qud'c Dflc) da thflc sU tao nhflng cd •PGS.TS Khoa Ljeh sfl - Trudng D?ii hoc Su pham Hd Npi 40 hdi phdt trien mdi ddi vdi cdc nha nUdc ddc Idp non tre tren bdn dao Bancang, song ddng thdi cung dUa lai khdng it thdch thflc Ben canh dd, sfl bung nd vd thdng Ipi cua cupc Cdch mang xa hdi chu nghia thdng Mudi Nga nam 1917, viec thdnh Idp nUdc Nga Xd viet cung cd tdc ddng khd manh tdi ddi sd'ng chinh tri - xa hpi cac nUdc Bancdng Nhflng tac ddng tieu cflc cila cudc Dai khung hoang kinh te' the' gidi cudi thdp nien 20 - ddu thdp nien 30 cua the' ky XX vd sfl xud't hien, ldn manh cua chu nghia xdt lai, chil nghia phdt xit d chau Au da dUa den nhilu thay ddi ldn chinh sach ddi ndi, ddi ngoai cua chinh phu cac nUdc Bancang Su cang t h i n g ddi sd'ng xa hdi, chinh tri d cdc nUdc Bancdng tdc ddng cua cdc cudc khung hoang kinh te da lam sdu sdc them mau thudn ddn tdc, sdc tpc d mdi qud'c gia vd gifla cdc qud'c gia Bancdng vdi Tfl nam 1919 trd di, td't ca cac qud'c gia Bancdng d i u phai ddi mdt vdi vd'n de cd ban: Thd nhd't Id sfl tiep tuc da'u tranh gifla cdc ddn tpc khudn khd nha nfldc dan tpc vd sfl xung dot ldi ich gifla cac qud'c gia Bancdng lien quan de'n dudng bien gidi, tranh chd'p lanh thd; Thd hai la nhflng khd khan kinh te hdu qua cua chidn tranh; Thd ba Id anh hudng cua nhdn to' nUdc Nga XP viet tren sdn kha'u quan he qud'c te chau Au vd Thd tii Id sU dilu chinh cac mdi quan he qudc te cho phu hdp vdi bdi canh mdi d chdu luc vd qud'c te' Nhflng vdn de ddn tpc, mdu thudn ddn tpc CM vd mdi khudn khd mdi qud'c gia Bancang cd tdc ddng manh me de'n chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua tflng nfldc Hp thd'ng cdc hiep dinh hod binh dfldc ky ke't gifla cac nfldc chie'n thdng vd chie'n bai cudc Rghien curu Lich sit, sd 6.2010 Chien tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't nhflng nam 1919-1923 (3) da khdng nhflng khdng giai quyet dUdc vdn d l dan tpc gifla cac qud'c gia chau Au noi chung, Bancang ndi rieng, md lai cdn ldm cho nd cdng thdng vd phflc tap them Mdt thflc td Id, d tren ban dao Bancdng rd't khd xdc Idp dfldc mdt nhd nfldc dan tdc thudn nhd't cd dudng bien gidi dupc phan dinh r5 rdng Sau nam 1918, quyln dan tdc tU quyet dUdc nhd'n manh ddi sd'ng quan he qud'c te d chau Au, vd cd the coi nd chinh Id 'Tdm chi nam" ddn dudng cho sfl thdnh Idp cdc nhd nfldc dan tdc thd'ng nhd't d chau Au dfla tren quy dinh cua cac hiep dinh hda binh cila he thd'ng Versailles Tuy vdy, cung cdn phai thdy rdng, quyln ldi cua ban thdn mdi qud'c gia Bancdng ma each nhin nhdn v l nguyen tdc "quyln tfl quyet dan tdc" cung khdc Cdc nfldc thdng tran mudn cd dfldc nhilu chien ldi ph^m, cac nfldc bai tran lai h&a viu vdo quyln tfl quye't dan tdc de h a n che' nhflng mdt mat to ldn v l lanh thd He qua la nhilu vung dd't lich sfl, ndi vd'n la que hfldng cua nhilu ddn tpc da hi cat nhfldng, trao di ddi lai ma khdng cdn dfla tren tieu chi dan tdc Trong cdc qud'c gia Bancang thi Nam Tfl va Rumani la nhflng nfldc cd nhilu phflc tap lien quan den vd'n d l dan tpc va xung dpt ddn tpc Cac cudc xung dot dan tpc d Nam Tfl chii yeu xoay quanh mau thudn v l ldi fch gifla cdc dan tdc chie'm da so' nhfl Serbi, Croat, Sloveni vd Bosni theo Hdi giao; mau thudn gifla cac dan tdc chie'm da sd'vdi cdc dan tdc thieu sd (4); ben canh dd, mdu thudn gifla ngfldi Serbi vdi ngUdi Anbani (lien quan de'n viec kiem soat Kosovo (5), Vojvodina) Nam Tu cdn cd sU tranh chd'p v l lanh thd vdi Italia vd Ao (nhflng qudc gia kiem soat nhflng vung dd't cd ddng dao ngfldi Slavd rotfi qaan h& giura cAc (|udc gia Ban(Uing— 41 Bancdng deu vay mdt so' tien kha ldn tfl trfldc hay thdi gian xay chie'n tranh, viec tra cac khoan vay cung Chfnh phu Rumani cung phai dfldng khdng de giai quye't Trong cac nfldc ddu vdi nhflng phflc tap v l vd'n d l dan tdc, Bancdng, Bungari vd Thd Nhi Ky la nhflng ddc biet la mdi quan he gifla ngfldi Rumani nfldc bai trdn (10), vd khoan bdi thfldng chiem da so' vd cac cdng ddng dan tdc thieu chien phf ma cac nfldc ndy phai tra cho cac so Sau Chien tranh the gidi ldn thfl Nhd't, nfldc thang tr^n cung da tao khdng ft ddn sd' nfldc Dai Rumani tang hdn ldn so khd khan cho n I n kinh te sau chien tranh vdi trfldc ndm 1914, ca'u tnic dan tpc cung (11) Sau nam 1918, sfl bien ddng cua cac cd nhflng thay ddi quan trpng, hdn trieu thi trfldng truyin thd'ng da gay nhilu tac ngfldi tren tdng so' hdn 18 trieu dan khdng ddng tieu cflc tdi boat ddng ngoai thfldng phai Id ngfldi Rumani (6) cila cac nfldc Bancang Trfldc chien tranh, Nhin nhan v l vdn d l dan tdc d Bancdng cdn ban che song de qud'c Dflc vd Ao sau nam 1918, cdng trinh nghien cflu Hung vdn la nhflng ddi tac thfldng mai cua minh, mdt chuyen gia v l Lich sfl ban hang ddu cua Serbia vd Rumani; sau ndm dao Bancang, Barbara Jelavich da cho 1918, hai nfldc phai tim kiem cdc thi rdng, "cdc che dp ddn tpc mdi se dp dung trudng thay the' khac Mdt vdt can mdi xud't mpt quan diem khong co cho cho sii thoa hien, nhUng lai cd anh hfldng ldn tdi sfl hiep Vi the' cua mpt cong dong ddn tpc phdt trien cua thi trfldng hen Bancdng dd thieu so'CO the bdt ldi hdn diidi sii tho'ng tri chfnh la khuynh hfldng bao hd cila mdi cua hg so vdi cdc de'quo'c cu Nhin chung, qud'c gia Bancang ddi vdi n I n kinh te dan bdt cd hdnh dpng ndo nhdm chong lai tdc tre tudi cua minh cang dfldc tdng chinh quyen trung lidng hay ung hp sii thay cfldng thdng qua viec thiet Idp hang rdo dPi the che' deu bi coi Id mpt hdnh dpng thue quan Cd the tha'y, kinh te la mdt phdn bpi^' (7) nhan td ddi ndi, song lai cd tac ddng ra't ldn de'n chfnh sach ddi ngoai cila mdi qud'c gia, Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't, bflc nha't la bdi canh xay cudc dai tranh kinh te cua cdc qud'c gia Bancdng khung hoang kinh te 1929 - 1933 thdt am dam Ngheo ddi vd sfl lac hdu cua nIn kinh ^e'tiep tuc deo dudi cac nhd nfldc Sfl bung nd, thdng Ipi cua cudc Cdch dan tpc tre tudi Cd rd't nhilu vdt can kim mang Xa hdi chu nghia thang Mfldi Nga ham qua trinh hdi phuc vd phat trien cua nam 1917 va sfl ddi va cang ldn nIn kinh te cac quoc gia Bancang sau chien manh cua niidc Nga XP viet da khdng chi cd tranh Nhflng hllu qua quan sfl vd kinh te tdc ddng sau sdc tdi dien bien cua cua cudc cua mdt cudc chien kdo ddi khien cho cdc Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't, ciing nhfl nudc Bancang tham chie'n gdn nhU kiet thdi dp cua cdc ben tham chien md nd cdn que Su thipt hfd v l ngUdi Id ra't ldn (Serbia de lai nhilu tac dpng ldu dai tdi ddi sdng ma't 700.000 ngudi; •)»ungari - 300.000 quan he qud'c te d chdu Au sau chie'n tranh ngudi (8); Rumani - 340.000 ngUdi (9), Ddi vdi chinh phu td't ca cac nUdc tren ban dilu ndy cd anh hudng tieu ciic lau ddi tdi dao Bancdng, sii tdn tai cua mdt cUdng ngudn cung cd'p sflc lao ddng cho n I n kinh qudc ludn cd vu nhflng thay ddi cdp tien td Ben canh dd hdu het cac chinh phu td chflc chinh tri, kinh te, xd hdi cila phfldng Nam, ngfldi Sloveni vd Croati sinh sd'ng) 42 cdc nha nfldc dang tdn tai d chau Au nhfl nfldc Nga Xd viet (Lien Xd tfl 1922) thdi gian gifla hai cudc chien tranh thd gidi da tao r a nhflng lo ngai, thu dich (gid'ng nhfl each hdnh xii ciia cac nfldc phfldng Tdy) He qua Id, cho den het thap nien 20 cua the ky XX, khdng mdt chfnh phu ndo d Bancang cdng nhan v l mat ngoai giao vd thiet lap quan he vdi nfldc Nga Xd vie't/Lien Xd (12) Sfl lo ngai khdng phai la khdng cd cd sd, bdi le, sau nam 1918, d Nam Tfl (13) hay Bungari, cac dang Cdng san (dfldc td chflc dfla tren cdc dang Xd hdi mac xft hay Xa hdi - Dan chil) cdn rd't non tre (ddu dfldc thdnh Idp ndm 1919 (14), song da gianh dfldc nhflng thang ldi ldn cac cudc bdu cil, khidn cho cac dang canh hflu cua giai cdp tfl san dang nam q u y l n phai canh gidc, thdn trpng Thai dp ca'p tidn v l va'n de dan tpc cila Qud'c te Cdng san tai Dai hdi ldn thfl dupc td chflc vao nam 1924 dd cd tdc ddng sdu sdc den td't ca chfnh phu cdc qud'c gia Bancdng Viec Qud'c te Cdng san ddi hdi tudn thu "quyln dan tdc tU quye't" cua cac dan tdc hi dp bflc d Macedonia, Tracia, Croatia, Slovenia, Transilvania, Dogrogea, Basarabia vd Bucovina; ddng thdi yeu cdu Basarabia va Bucovina phai dupc tra lai cho Lien Xd, cdn d tren cac Idnh thd cdn lai se t h a n h Idp cdc nhd nUdc rieng re, trd mdt bd phan cua Lien bang Cdng san dUdi sfl lanh dao cua Lien Xd (15) da gay sii lo ngai sau sdc cua chfnh phu cac nfldc Bancdng nhfl Rumani, Nam Tfl, Hy Lap Rd rang, nfldc Nga X6 vie't/Lien Xd la mpt nhan td' quan trpng ma bat ky mdt chfnh phu nao d ban dao Bancang khdng the khdng tfnh ddn xac dinh dfldng ldl ddi ngoai cua minh nhflng ndm gifla hai cudc chidn tranh the gidi Rghign curu Lich sit sd 6.2010 Sfl hinh he thdng cdc dong minh mdi sau Chien tranh thd gidi thfl Nhd't ciing Id mpt nhan td^ cd anh hfldng ldn den chfnh sach ddi ngoai cua cac qud'c gia Bancdng Vipc nfldc Nga Xd viet vd nfldc Dflc cd vai trd ban che ddi sd'ng quan he qudc te chau Au thdp nien 20 cua the ky XX da tao dilu kien thuan ldi cho cac cfldng qud'c khac phat huy va md rdng anh hfldng cila minh Phap trd thdnh cfldng qud'c hdng ddu tren chfnh trfldng chau Au sau chien tranh Mi^c tieu ma Phap theo dudi la ldm phai t n statu-quo (nguyen trang) ban dd chfnh tri chau Au da dfldc ve sau cac hiep dinh hod binh cua Hp thd'ng Versailles Mud'n vdy, cdn phai ngdn can cdng qua trinh phuc hdi cila nfldc Dflc (nfldc cd mdi tham thu truyin kiep vdi Phdp, lai cd so' dan ddng hdn, cd tilm nang kinh td ldn hdn Phap) Ben canh viec dp dat Dflc phai bdi thudng mdt khoan bdi thudng chien phi khdng Id, vUdt qua kha ndng tai chfnh cila ca Dflc l i n he thd'ng tdi chfnh chdu Au, Phap cdn theo dudi vipc thiet Idp mdt vanh dai an ninh bao vay, cd Idp Dflc vdi sfl tham gia cua cac nfldc thdng trdn chd'p nhdn sfl lanh dao, chi huy cua nfldc ndy Sau My n i t bdt sfl can dfl cua minh vdo cac va'n d l cua chau Au sau chien tranh, Anh vd Phap (Italia se cung tham dfl sau dd) Id nhiJng cudng qudc tU cho minh Id nhflng nUdc cd trach nhiem phai bao ve h$ thdng cac hiep dinh hoa binh da dupc ky ket gifla phe thang tr^n vdi cac nfldc bai tran (16), nhdm tri ldi the' cd dfldc sau chien tranh, ddi phd khdng chi ddi vdi Dflc (ke thu cu) ma cdn vdi ca nUdc Nga Xd viet/Lien Xd (ke thu mdi) Ld cUdng qudc manh nhd^t d chdu Au luc dia sau nam 1918 nen Phap Id nUdc ludn khdi xUdng cdc sang kien ngoai giao cua chau Au Chinh sach ^6i quan h& giCra cac qudc gia Bancang ma Phap theo dudi Id lam phai thdng nhd't mpt lien minh manh me td't ca cac nudc dupc hudng ldi tfl he thd'ng cdc hod udc, ddi phd hieu qua vdi sU phuc thu cung nhu tu tudng xet lai cua nhiing nUdc thfl dich (17) Theo tinh toan cua Phdp thi bdii qud'c gia Ddng Au: Ba Lan, Tiep Khdc, Rumani vd Nam Tfl la "mot nhiing dong minh hy vong" (18) cila minh Nhfl vay, sd'cac qud'c gia ndm tren ban dao Bancdng, Nam Tfl va Rumani se cd mot vi tri khdng the bd qua tinh todn chie'n Ifldc cua Phdp Ve m o i q u a n h e givla c a c q u o c gia B a n c a n g t r o n g nhu(ng n a m 1919-1939 Cd the thd'y, sau Chien tranh the gidi ldn thfl Nhd't, vi the qud'c te cua cac nfldc ndm tren ban dao Bancang la rd't khdc Trong luc Viidng quo'c cua nhSng ngiidi Serbi, Croat vd Sloveni (tfl 1929, ddi ten Id Vudng quo'c Nam Tu), Rumani, Hy Lap la nhflng nfldc thudc phe thdng trdn, dUdc hudng ldi tfl nhflng quy dinh cua He thd'ng Versailles thi Bungari vd Thd Nhi Ky lai Id nhflng nfldc bai trdn He qua Id, xem x6t ve chinh sach ddi ngoai cua cdc nUdc Bancang thdi gian gifla hai cudc chien tranh the gidi, theo chiing toi, cd the tam phdn chia ldm hai nhom nfldc: nhom thd nhdt gdm cd Nam Tii, Rumani vd Hy Lap, Anbani Vdi nhom thi muc tieu hang dau hp se phai theo dudi Id ldm tri dupc sii tdn tai nguyen trang cua dudng bien gidi dd dUdc xac dinh bdi he thd'ng cdc hiep dinh hod binh, tim kiem mdi quan he ddng minh tfl phia cac cfldng qud'c dang ndm quyln "cdm can miic" d chau Au sau chien tranh (Phdp, Anh), ddng thdi phai ddi phd cd hieu qua vdi chu nghia xet lai, tham vpng phuc thu cua cac nUdc bai trdn; nhom thd hai gdm Bungari, Tho Nhi Ky Muc tieu ma nhom theo dudi la 42 lam phai xda bd dUdc nhflng quy dinh bd't ldi cua cac hiep dinh hda binh, khdi phuc lai sflc manh kinh te', qudn sfl, thu hdi lai nhflng vung dd't vd'n tflng ndm dfldi sfl kiem soat cua hp da bi tfldc doat Tuy nhien, de dat dfldc nhflng dilu dd, viec Ifla chpn ddng minh mdi khdng h i ddn gian Sii phdn hoa tren Id mpt vat cdn rd't ldn de'n viec xdc lap moi quan he hoa binh, thdn thien gida cdc qudc gia Bancdng sau chie'n tranh, gida hg vdi co qud nhieu bdt hod deep the thiet lap diidc sU phdi hdp vdi nhau, doi co hieu qud sU can thiep tii phia cdc ciidng qudc Sfl thay ddi cua tfldng quan Iflc Ifldng vd vi the mdi cfldng qud'c chau Au sau nam 1918 dd tao cd sd cho cdc nfldc Bancdng thi hanh mdt dfldng ldl ddi ngoai ddc Idp, tfl chu d mflc dp nhd't dinh Cd the khang dinh rdng, chfla bao gid gifla cdc qud'c gia ndm d khu viic Nam Au vd Ddng Au ndy lai cd mdi trUdng thudn ldi de phat trien moi quan he khu vUc, nhdm thiet Idp nen mdng cho mdi quan he song phUdng va da phUdng mang tinh hieu biet ldn nhau, cung bao ve ldi ich chung cua ca ban dao Bancang trUdc sU can thiep cua cdc cUdng qud'c nhU da tflng dien sud't chilu ddi lich sii Sau nam 1919, sfl sup dd, tan rd cua de' qud'c Nga va de qudc Ao - Hung (hai cUdng qud'c da tiing thao tung ddi sd'ng quan he qudc te d khu vUc ndy sud't the ky XIX cho de'n • trUdc nam 1914), cung nhU sii nhang cua Anh ddi vdi khu vUc da tao nhflng khoang trd^ng "tich cflc" cho cac qud'c gia Bancdng the hien cdc sang kie'n ngoai giao cila minh Tuy Phap vd Italia da nd Iflc thiet lap mpt he tho'ng cac ddng minh mdi nang dpng d Dong Au, song ca hai d i u khong CO du tilm Iflc quan sU cdn thiet nhdm cu the hod vd hien thiic boa nhanh chong dupc tham vpng cua minh d khu vUc 44 Nha nghien cflu M^, Barbara Jelavich, da dung nhdn dinh rdng, gifla cdc nfldc Bancdng cd sfl tdn tai nhflng kha ndng thiet Idp mdt td chflc khu viic mang tinh xay dflng, song "viec thda ke sii thu hdn td qud khd dd to la qud ldn" (19) Td't ca cac qud'c gia Bancang d i u nam quyln kiem soat nhflng vflng Idnh thd khdc vd'n tflng dfldc chuyen giao di chuyen giao lai gifla cac nfldc lang gilng trfldc nam 1914, hoac bi cac cfldng qud'c cdt, nhfldng sau cac cudc chie'n tranh gifla cac de' qud'c sud't cdc the ky XIV - XIX (20) Thflc the ndy khien cho cd hpi cila sfl hod giai gifla hp vdi la rd't it va mong manh Ngay sau cudc Chien tranh the' gidi thfl Nhd't ket thuc, sfl quan tam hdng dau cua cdc nfldc thdng tran la lam phai bao ve dfldc thdnh qua dd gianh dfldc Trong bdi canh dien sfl dao ldn cdn cdn Iflc lfl(?ng theo hfldng cd'p tien d chau Au dd, mdt lien minh khu viic mang tinh chd't phdng thu ddu tien da dfldc thdnh Idp vdo thdng nam 1920 - khdi Tieu hiep lidc - vdi sfl tham gia cila Nam Tfl, Rumani vd Tiep lOidc Sfl Idp khdi Tieu hiep fldc dfldc nhflng ngudi sang Idp coi la cdng cu "bdo ve cdc diidng biin gidi dd diidc hiep dinh Trianon quy dinh" (21) - da nhdn dUpc sii hoan ngheng vd ung hd cua Phap, vdi hy vpng thdng qua khdi se cung cd' vi the' cua Phap d Ddng va Nam Au Phdp mudn ben canh Rumani, Nam Tu vd Tiep Khdc, khdi Tieu hiep Udc cdn ldi kdo dUdc sii tham gia cila Ba Lan vd Hy Lap Cd y kie'n cho rdng khdi Tieu hiep fldc dupc td chflc nhfl Id mdt cdng cu cua gidi ngoai giao Phdp nhdm tri statu-quo (nguyen trang), ddng thdi nhdm chdiig lai Hunggari (22) vd Bungari (23) Cd the thd'y khdi lien minh khdng h i phu hdp chut nao cho viec thuc d^y kha nang hod giai gifla cac nfldc Rghien curu Lich siJr sd 6.2010 Bancdng ndi rieng va cdc nfldc Ddng vd Nam Au ndi chung Sii ddi cua khdi Tieu hiep Udc dpn dudng cho viec ky ket hang loat cdc hiep udc ddng minh song phUdng gifla cdc qudc gia chau Au Ngdy 14 thang ndm 1920, hiep udc ddng minh gifla Nam Tfl vd Tiep Khdc da dupc ky ket Theo gUdng Nam Tu, ngdy 23 thang nam 1921, Rumani cung da ky mpt hiep Udc ddng minh tUdng tii vdi Tiep Khdc Phdn md ddu cila hiep Udc neu ro muc dich cua hiep Udc la "nhdm tri hod binh theo tinh thdn cua Hpi Quo'c Liin vd trdt tii diidc thiei lap td hiep dinh Trianon" (24) Phdn ndi dung gdm cd dilu khoan, d l cdp den each thflc hdnh ddng gifla cac ben nhdm ddi phd vdi mdt cudc ta'n cdng ba't ngd cua Hunggari Hiep fldc cd gid tri thdi ban nam (dieu 5), ndi dung cua hiep fldc se dfldc thdng bdo cho Hdi Qud'c Lien (dilu 6) (25) Ngay thang ndm 1921, Bd trfldng Ngoai giao Nam Tfl, Nikola Pasic va ngfldi ddng cdp Rumani, Take lonescu da ky ke't hiep dinh ddng minh ddu tien gifla hai qudc gia Bancdng vdi NhU vdy, thdng qua cac hiep dinh ddng minh song phUdng, ba nUdc (Nam Tu, Rumani vd Tiep Khdc) da thiet lap mdt lien minh phdng thu chung nhdm ddi phd vdi Hunggari Vay tai cac nUdc lai gdp gap dat but ky cac hipp dinh ddng minh nhfl vdy, vfla mdi ciing ky vdi Hunggari hipp dinh Trianon hdn mdt ndm trfldc dd Theo nghien cflu cua Nicolae Ciachir, nhd sfl hpc Rumani, sfl vdi va dd xud't phat tfl sU kien thang nam 1921, ciiu hoang de cua de qud'c Ao Hung, Carol de Habsburg, da quay trd lai HunggEiri, tim each gidnh lai ngai vdng Ngay Idp tflc, ca Nam Tfl, Rumani ldn Tipp Khdc d i u tuyen bd" sfl dung vu Iflc neu cdn de chdiig lai am mflu dd, se cat quan hp ngoai giao vdi Hunggari Trfldc tinh hinh rodi quan h0 giira cac qudc gia Banctog dd, Hpi nghi cac dai sfl dd nhdm hpp tai Paris va thong qua Nghi quyet ngdy 31 thdng nam 1921, bupc Hunggari phai tdn trpng tuyen bd' cua Hdi nghi hod binh ngdy thdng nam 1920, dd neu ro viec phuc hdi lai vfldng trieu Hapsburg la bi cdm Khdng the di ngU(Jc lai y chi cua cdc cUdng qudc thang trdn, ngdy thang 11 ndm 1921, Qudc hdi Hunggari budc phai buy bd quyen thfla ke ngai vdng cua hodng gia Ao va Carol de Habsburg (Carol TV) bi true xud't vd dp giai den qudn dao Madeira (26) Trong nhflng nam 30 cua the ky XX, cdc qud'c gia Bancdng da cd nhflng cd' gdng nhdm hod giai, xod bd sfl hdn thu gifla cac ben, cac nfldc vd'n ddi nghich cudc Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl Nha't, tie'n tdi thiet lap mdi lien he khdng kbit hdn gifla cdc nfldc cung ndm tren mdt ban dao Budc di quan trpng ddu tien da dien tai Aten (Hy Lap) vdo thdng 10 ndm 1930 Hdi nghi Bancdng dUdc khai mac Cudc gap khong chinh thflc da thu hut dfldc sfl tham gia cua dai dien cac td chflc van boa va nghe nghipp, dai dien cdc trfldng dai hpc, vd cac chinh tri gia Nhilu uy ban chuyen mdn dfldc thdnh lap, mpt sd^ budi giao lUu va trao ddi van hoa gifla cdc qud'c gia Bancang da dfldc ky ke't Su kien Hitler va Dang Qud'c xa ndm quyln lUc d nUdc Dflc (thang nam 1933), dac biet Id viec Dflc n i t khdi Hpi Qud'c Lien vd Hdi nghi qud'c te v l giai trfl qudn bi tai Geneva (thdng 11 nam 1933) cung nhU hdnh ddng cua Mussolini (27) ddi xem xet lai cdc dudng bien gidi dUdc thiet Idp tfl he thd'ng Versailles dd khdng chi ldm cho Rumani md ta't ca cdc ddng minh Bancang khac khudn khd khoi Tieu hiep fldc lo ngai (28), tim each ddi vdi sU bien dpng day nguy hiem cua ddi sd^ng quan he qud'c te' chau Au 45 Ngay thang 10 ndm 1933, Bd trUdng Ngoai giao Rumani da tien hdnh chuyen vieng thdm Thd Nhi Ky vd ky ket "hiep lidc hdu nghi, khong xdm liidc, phdn xd tranh chap theo hiidng thoa hiep gida Rumani vd Thd Nhi Ky" (29), tao cd sd cho sU gdn gui vd phdi hdp chdt che nhflng nd Iflc dam bao an ninh, hod binh d khu viic bdn dao Bancdng Mdt sfl kien khdc cung cdn dfldc nhdc de'n, tai phien hpp cua Hdi ddng Thudng tnic cua khdi Tieu hiep Udc tai Zagreb (Nam Tu) vdo thdng nam 1934, doan dai bieu Tidp Khdc dd ddng y viec ky ket mdt Thoa thu^n Bancang, "nhdm phot hdp nhiing nP lUc cua cdc niidc nhdm chdng lai chu nghia xet lai dDPng - Nam Au" (30) Viec Bungari va Anbani, nhflng nfldc chiu anh hfldng cua Dflc vd Italia, khdng cd bd't cfl ddng thai ndo nhdm dap lai ldi d l nghi cung xdy diing mdt td chflc khu viic nhdm cung cd' an ninh vd gin gifl hod binh d Bancdng da thuc d^y cac nfldc tren bdn dao Bancdng phai hdnh dpng gd'p Tai tbil dd Aten cila Hy Lap ngdy thdng nam 1934, Bp trUdng Ngoai giao cua bd'n qud'c gia Bancang la Hy Lap (Demetrios Maximos), Rumani (Nicolae Titulescu), Thd Nhi Ky (Tewfik RUstu Aras) vd Nam Tu (Bogoliub Jeftic) da ky ket Thoa thudn Bancdng gdm cd dieu khoan (31) Phdn md ddu cua ban Thoan thudn neu ro ly cua cdc nUdc quye't dinh ky ke't nd Id "xudt phdt td long mong mudn gop phdn vdo viic cung cp'hod binh d Bancdng; thdm nhudn tinh thdn hiiu biit vd hod gidi diidc neu Hiep Udc Briand - Kellog (32) vd quyei dinh liin quan de'n hiep Udc ndy ciia Hpi Qudc Liin; dong thdi vdi quyet tdm mg.nh me nhdm tri sU tPn tg.i cua cdc thoa thudn co liin quan din tri trdt tU ICnh thn hien thdi d Bancdng" (33) Ndi 46 dung cd ban cila dilu khoan da cho thd'y mong mdi cua bd'n qud'c gia Bancdng vdo thdi diem gifla nhflng nam 30 cua the ky XX Dilu chi r5: "Hy Lap, Rumani, Tho Nhi Ky vd Nam Tu cung ddm bdo sU an todn cua tdt cd ngUdi ddn d Bancdng"; dilu cd ndi dung la: "Cdc ben tham gia ky Thoa thudn co nghia vu dUa y kie'n cua minh ve nhSng bien phdp se dp dung tiing trUdng hdp cu the nhdm bdo ve ldi ich cua minh Cdc ben co nghia vu khong sd dung bdt cd hdnh dpng chinh tri trUdc bdt ky mpt nUdc Bancdng ndo khdc khPng tham gia ky Thoa thudn, trUdc co sii tham khao y kii'n chung vd se khong nhdn bd't ky nghia vu chinh tri ndo trUdc bdt ky mpt nUdc Bancdng ndo khdc trUdc co sU dPng thudn cua cdc ben ky ke't Thod thudn" Npi dung cua dilu cung chi ro rdng: "Thoa thudn ndy se co gid tri hieu lUc sau dUdc chinh quyen cdc nUdc phi chudn thdi gian nhanh nhdt co the Thod thudn se md cda cho bdt ky nUdc Bancdng ndo mong muo'n gia nhdp, sau dUdc cdc nUdc ky Thod thudn xem xet vd co sUdong thudn" (34) Tinh cha't phong thu ciia Thoa thuan Bancang da dfldc k h i n g dinh them Phdn Phu luc cua vdn ban ndy chi ro: "Thod thudn khong nhdm chdng lg,i bdt ky cUdng qudc ndo, no chi Id mot cong cu phong thu Thod thudn se khong dUdc thiic hien trUdng hdp mpt so'cdc ben tham gia ky Thod thuan co hdnh dpng xdm lUdc" (35) De khdng gdy sfl hieu ldm cho Lien Xd, Bd trfldng Ngoai giao Thd Nhi Ky cung dd tuyen bd' sau ky Thoa thudn, dd k h i n g dinh rdng: "Trong bdt ky trudng hdp ndo Thd Nhi Ky cung khPng cho phep coi Thod thudn Bancdng Id mpt vdn kien nhdm chong lai Liin Xd" (36) Thoa thudn Ban cdng da ddt nen mdng cho Rghien curu Lich sJr sd 6.2010 sii ddi cua Khoi Thod thudn Bancdng gdm nudc: Nam Tu, Hy Lap, Rumani vd Thd Nhi Ky Cd the thdy, sU thdnh Idp khdi Tieu hiep Udc (Nam Tu, Rumani, Tiep Khdc) va khdi Thod thudn Bancdng (Nam TU, Hy Lap, Rumani vd Thd Nhi Ky) nhflng thdp nien 20 vd 30 cua the ky XX da tao thdnh mdt lien minh mang tinh chdt phdng thu d khu viic Nam vd Ddng Au, vdi so' ddn tdi 70 trieu ngUdi (37), cd the coi la nhflng nd Iflc cila cdc nfldc Bancdng nhdm chd'ng lai chu nghia xdt lai va banh trfldng dang cdng trd nen manh me d chdu Au Tuy da tuyen bd' cdng khai v l kha ndng gia nhdp td chflc khu viic cua cdc nUdc khac ndm tren ban dao Bancang song khoi Thod thudn Bancdng da khong ldi kdo dUdc sU tham gia cua Bungari vd Anbani Theo chung tdi, nhflng mau thudn sau sdc vl lanh thd, quyln kiem soat cac vung ddt lich sfl da khien cho sfl hdn thu gifla cdc qud'c gia Bancdng qua khfl Id khdng de xod bd Viec Bungari vd Anbani dflng ngoai khdi da khien cho khdi Hiep fldc Bancdng chi Id mdt cdng cu de mdt so' nfldc thdnh vien sfl dung de chd'ng lai sU phan khdng cua Bungari vd tri dudng bien gidi dang tdn tai Mdt nhflng diem ye'u cd ban cua khoi Thod thudn Bancdng Id mdi vien khdi diu khdng sdn sang bao ve ldi ich cua cdc ddng minh khac trfldc sfl can thiep cua cdc cUdng quo'c (Hy Lap khdng h i cd y dinh can thiep vao cudc xung dot Nam TU - Italia; Thd Nhi Ky khdng mudn can dii tnidng hdp xay cudc chie'n tranh Nga - Rumani), viec hp coi la ddng minh chi de nhdm ddi phd vdi Bungari Thflc te cho tha'y, cdc cam ke't gifla cac nfldc tham gia khdi Thoa thudn Bancang "khong thiic sU co ich" (38) 47 EPdi quan giUa e^c qudc gia Bancang Mpt vf du nfla v l sfl cd'gdng nfla cila cac nfldc Bancang nhdm bao ve boa binh cua khu viic la viec 20 thang ndm 1936, da sd' cac nfldc Bancang: Thd Nhi Ky, Rumani, Bungari, Nam Tfl vd Hy Lap da tham gia ky Hi4p Udc Montreux (hiep dinh v l che dp ddi vdi cac eo bien Den, Dardanele va Bosfor) cung vdi cac cfldng qud'c nhfl Phdp, Anh, Lien Xd va Nhdt Ban Dieu dang ndi la hiep dinh ndy khdng chi giup cho Thd Nhi Ky gianh lai chil quyln ddi vdi cdc eo bien Den ma nd cdn quy dinh, "ddi vdi tdt cd cdc nUdc tiep gidp vdi bien Ben thi se khPng co bdt ky han che ndo ddi vdi cdc tdu chien cua hg td Bia Trung Hdi hay vdo bien Ben thPng qua cdc eo biin Dardanele vd Bosfor'' (39) Sfl thoa hiep cua Anh, Phap trfldc nhflng hanh ddng xam Ifldc cila phdt xft Dflc, Italia da cd tdc ddng sau sdc tdi van menh cua cdc qud'c gia Bancdng cung nhfl mdi quan hp gifla cdc nfldc khu viic Sfl kien Dflc de ddng sap nhdp vao ben dfldng bien gidi cua nfldc ndy (thdng nam 1938) dd khuyen khi'ch Hitler hanh ddng manh tay hdn Vi ldi fch cila ban than, Anh vd Phdp da nhfldng bd mdt each dang xd'u hd trfldc tham vpng lanh thd cdng ldn cua Hitler Thod thuan Miinkhen ngdy 30 thdng 12 nam 1938 khdng chi giup cho Dflc nud't gpn Tiep Khdc ma nd cdn ldm tan khdi Tieu hiep fldc sau 18 ndm tdn tai (1920 - 1938), khien cho Rumani vd Nam Tfl them lo sd v l so' phdn cila minh md cac cfldng qud'c da bdt tay vdi de phan chia khu viic anh hfldng Cho de'n thdi diem bung nd cudc Chie'n tranh thd gidi thfl Hai (thdng ndm 1939), cac nfldc Bancang khdng the tfl bao v$ dfldc minh nfla Cd thd coi sii kipn ngdy 23 thang nam 1939 da tao bUdc ngoat quan trpng dfldng loi doi ngoai cua Rumani Bd trfldng Bd Ngoai giao Lien Xd Molotov vd Bp trfldng Ngoai giao Dflc Ribbentrop kf thoa thudn hai nfldc khdng xam Ifldc ldn nhau, cvmg phan chia khu vflc anh hfldng (trong ndi dung cua Nghi dinh thfl bf mdt di'nh kdm Thoa thudn Xd - Dflc cd neu ro: "Liin quan din khu vUc DPng vd Nam Au, phia Liin XP nhdn manh din ldi ich cua minh d Basarabia Phia Bdc tuyen bo'khPng he quan tdm dudi goc dp chinh tri din khu vUc lanh thd ndy" (40) Hp qua la, bdi canh cac cfldng qud'c Anh, Phap thd d Lien Xd vd Dflc bdt tay vdi nhau, Rumani cung gidng nhfl cac nfldc Bancdng khac da khdng the cfl lai sflc dp tfl phfa Dflc vd Italia, ldn Ifldt trd thdnh ddng minh hay chfl hdu cila phe phat xft Ket l u a n Khoang thdi gian hda binh qua ngdn ngili, hiem hoi gifla hai cudc chien tranh ldn tan khdc da khdng hda giai dfldc mdi quan he gifla cac nfldc Bancang thudc phe thang tran vdi cac nfldc thudc phe bai tran cudc Chien tranh the gidi thfl Nha't Do nhflng mau t h u l n ve vSfn d l tranh cha'p lanh thd, cpng them s\f hiem khfch v l va'n d l dan tdc da lam cho cd hdi thiet Idp mpt nen hod binh, hflu nghi gifla cac qudc gia Bancdng trd ndn ra't nhd nhoi Mdt sfl that Id cac nfldc Bancdng da khdng cd kha nang tao Idp dfldc mdt cd sd vflng chdc cho sfl hdp tac vd bao ve ldn trfldc sflc dp tfl ben ngodi Tfl niia sau thdp nien 30 cua the' ky XX, bdi canh phat xft Dflc (41) va phat xft Italia ngdy cdng bdc Id ro tham vpng vd tfnh toan chien Ifldc cua minh ddi vdi ban dao Bancang; vide Phap giam bdt sfl chu y tdi cac vd'n d l cila Ddng va Nam Au; viec Lien Xd vd Dflc cd nhflng nhfldng bd tam thdi vdi da khidn cho sfl an todn cua cac nfldc 48 Rghi&n curu Lich sJr sd 6.2010 khu vflc trd nen mong manh (42) Cd the thd'y, cung gid'ng nhfl sud't chilu ddi lich sfl, tien trinh p h a t trien cila minh, cac qud'c gia Bancang nam d vi the dia chfnh tri quan trpng nen khd thoat khdi sfl nhdm ngd va t h a m vpng thao tung cua cac cfldng qud'c Trinh dp p h a t trien tha'p v l CHU kinh te cua khu vflc Bancdng so vdi mdt bang chung cua chau Au, cdng vdi nhflng di san tieu cue qua ldn cua qua khfl ve lanh thd, dan tpc da khien cho cd hdi t h a n h cdng qua trinh phdn da'u cho sfl thinh vfldng cua cdc nfldc nam d phfa Nam vd Ddng Au thdt hiem hoi va mong manh THICH (1) TU nam 1918 den nam 1929 ten gpi chinh thUc cua quoc gia la Viidng qudc cua ngiidi Serbi, Croat vd Sloveni Den nam 1929 dUpc dd'i ten la VUcfng qudc Nam Tii (Yugoslavia) Song de thuan tipn, chiing tdi xin dUdc ph6p dilng ten gpi ngan Nam Tii de chi vUng lanh thd' ciia ngudi Slavd phUdng Nam khoang thdi gian nghien ciiu ciia bai viet (2) Tuy phan ldn lanh thd' cua Thd' Nhi K^ nam b chau A, song khudn kho cua bai viet nay, chiing tdi v i n coi Tho Nhi K^ la mpt quoc gia thupc ban dao Bancang bdi mpt so li sau: Thii nhdt, dudi khfa canh lich sul, nhieu the ky, de quoc Ottoman/Thd' NhT K;^ nam quyen kiem soat ban dao BancSng; ThU hai, vdi tha't bai cupc Chien tranh the gidi thii Nha't, Thd' Nhi Kj> budc phai ki Hda Udc Sevres (thang nam 1920) vdi cac nUdc thudc phe thSng tran Theo qui dinh ciia Hipp dinh Sevres, b phin da't thupc chau Au, Thd' Nhi K^ vSn cdn kiem soat dUdc phd' Constantinople (Istambul) va viing ngoai d NhU vay v i n cd the coi Thd' Nhi K^ la mpt quoc gia chau Au Lien quan de'n khai nipm "dpc lap", dd'i vdi trudng hpp cua Thd' Nhi K^ cung dn hieu khai nipm cd nhiing diem khac so sanh vdi cac qud'c gia khac tren ban dao Bancang De qud'c Ottoman (Thd' Nhi K^ la h^t nhan) vao thdi kj> thinh tri (khoang tii cud'i the ky XVI den giiia the ky XVIII) da tiing kiem soat nhflng vung lanh thd' rdng ldn vlt ngang qua ba chau luc Au, A, Phi Su thong tri ciia Ottoman d chau Au gom toan bd viing lanh thd' phia Nam Au va phan ldn Ddng Au (ban dao Bancang) Tuy nhien, tii cuoi the ky XVIII, de qud'c Ottoman cang suy yeu, khung hoang roi suy svp, trd bpnh cua chau Au Day chinh la hoan canh vd ciing thuan Ipi de cac dan tpc sinh sdrig tren ban dao Bancang (Hy Lap, Serbi, Rumani, Anbani, Bungari ) vilng len da'u tranh chd'ng lai ach ap bUc cua de quoc Ottoman, gianh lai chu quyen, t\f Ben canh dd, si^l suy ye'u cua Ottoman cung da tao cd hdi cho cac cUdng qudc chau Au can thipp vao cdng vipc ndi bd cua de quoc Tii cuoi the ky XVIII den dau the ky XX, cac de qudc Anh, Phap, DUc, Nga, Ao/Ao Hung (1867-1918), Italia da tranh gianh quyet lipt anh hudng b de quoc Ottoman, thao tiing ve kinh te, tai chinh, khien cho quyen lUc ciia hoang de (Sultan) Ottoman chi la hu vd Trong cupc Chig'n tranh the gidi thfl nha't, Ottoman thupc phe Lien minh (Dflc, Ao - Hung, Bungari) Do la mpt nUdc thupc phe bpi tran nen sau nam 1918, tinh hinh npi bp Ottoman cang roi ren, cac cUdng quoc thang tran tiep tyc thao tung chinh sach doi npi, doi ngoai cua Ottoman, nhieu vflng lanh thd von thupc quyen kiem soat cua de quoc bi cfit x6t Trong boi canh dd, cupc each mang no' thang 11 nam 1922 da xoa bo che dp phong kien ton tai hang nghin nam b Thd' Nhi K^, md dudng cho vipc tuyen bo lap nUdc Cpng hoa Thd' NhT K^ vao thang 11 nam 1923 Si^ kipn trpng d^i cung da gdp phin giup cho quoc gia thoat khdi si^ thao tung, kiem soat ciia cac cUdng quoc chau Au ve rodi quiin h& gii]ra c^c qudc gia Bancang kinh te, chfnh tri Tuy vay, de cd mpt nen dpc lap thi^c sii thi cin phai cd thdi gian va khdng he di dang (3) Hang lopt cac hoa Udc da dUpc cac nUdc thAng tr^n ky vdi cac nUdc b^i trdn, ddi vdi Dflc la hipp dinh Versailles (28 thang nam 1919), ddi vdi Ao la hipp dinh Saint - Germaine (10 thang nam 1919), ddi vdi Bungari la hipp dinh Neuilly (27 thang 11 nam 1919), ddi vdi Hunggari la hipp dinh Trianon (4 thang nam 1920), ddi vdi Thd' Nhi Kj> la hipp dinh Sevres (10 thang nam 1920; sau dd la hiep dinh Lausanne 24 thang nam 1923) (4) ca'u triic dan tdc ciia Vuang qudc cua ngiidi Serbi, Croat vd Sloveni lap nam 1918 nhu sau: ngUdi Serbi chiem 43%, Croati - 23%, Sloveni - 8,5%, Bosni theo Hoi giao - 6%, Slavd d Macedonia - 5%, Anbani - 3,6%, phin cdn Ipi - 14% bao gom ngUdi Dflc, ngudi Hunggari/Maghiar, ngudi Vlahi, ngudi Do Thai va Digan (Din theo Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe between the Two World Wars, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1974, p 202-203) (5) Xem them Dao Tua'n Thanh, Vdn de ddn tpc vd xung dot ddn tpc d Kosovo lich su!, Tap chi Nghien cflu chau Au, so' (92), 2008, tr 19-28 (6) Sau nam 1918, nUdc Dai Rumani cd dipn tich la 295.049 km^ (so vdi 137.000 km^ trUdc nam 1918); cupc thdiig ke dan sd nam 1930 cho tha'y, td'ng sd' dan cua Rumani la 18.052.896 ngudi (so vdi 7.250.000 ngudi trUdc nam 1918), dd, ngudi Rumani chiem 71,9%, ngudi Maghiar/ Hungari chie'm 7,9%, ngUdi Dflc - 4,1%, ngudi Do Thai - 4%, ngudi Ruteni va Ucraina - 2,3%, ngUdi Nga - 2,3%, ngUdi Bungari - 2%, ngudi Digan 1,5%, ngudi Thd' Nhi Kj^ - 0,6%, ngudi Gaugauzi 0,3%, ngudi Serbi, Sloveni va Croat - 0,3%, ngudi Ba Lan - 0,3%, ngudi Tactar - 0,1%, ngUdi Hy Lap 0,1%, cac dan tpc khac - 0,3% [Din theo, loan Scurtu, Istoria Romdniei in anii 1918-1940 Evolutia regimului politic de la democratic la 49 dictacturd (Lich sii! Rumani nhiing ndm 1918-1940 Sii tie'n trien cua che dp chinh tri tii ddn chd de'n dpc tdi), Nxb Giao Dye, Bucaret, 1996, tr (tieng Rumani) (7), (8), (14), (15), (18), (19), (23), (38) Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Balcanilor secolul al XX - lea (Lich sd Bancdng the ky XX), Vipn Chau Au, lasi, 2000, tap II, tr 128-129, 129, 131, 132, 132, 132, 195, 195 (tieng Rumani) (9), (21), (24), (25), (26), (28), (29), (30), (35), (36), (37), (39) Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria relatiilor Internationale de la pacea Westfalicd (1648), pdnd in contemporaneitate (1947) [Lich sd quan he qudc te tii hoa tide Vestfalia (1648) den thdi hien tai (1947)], Bucaret, 1996, tr 124, 135, 135, 135, 135136, 137, 137, 137, 138, 138, 137, 138-139 (tieng Rumani) (10) Cd the coi Hiep dinh Sevres Ik v&n ban phap ly xoa bd si;( ton tpi cua de quoc Hoi giao Ottoman theo hudng cd Ipi cho cac dan tpc theo Thien chiia giao, ngudi Arap va cac cUdng quoc thing tran (Anh, Phap, Italia mdi la nhiing nUdc nim quyen kiem soat thilc sU doi vdi cac vflng da't vdii nim phin cua de quoc Ottoman • Xiri, Palextin, Irlc tach khdi Thd' Nhi K$ vk dat dudi che dp "uy trj" cua Hpi Qudc Lien, dUdc Anh, Phap "bao hp"; Ai Cap phai chiu sU bao hp cua Anh, ban dao Arap dupc qui dinh la "pham vi anh hudng" cua Anh; cac eo bien Thd' Nhi K^/eo bien Den (Dardanele va Bosfor) dUpc dat dUdi sU kiem soat ciia mpt uy ban gom dai bieu cac nfldc Anh, Phap, Italia, Nhat Ban va tau bd cac nUdc tham gia Hpi Qud'c Lien cd quyen qua l^i; Anh, Phap, Italia cdn nim quyen kiem soat tai chfnh cua Tho Nhi Ky va cac nguon tai nguyen cua nUdc nay) Ben canh dd, Hipp dinh Sevres cdn bupc Thd' Nhi Ky phai cat phin ldn d i t dai chau Au cho Hy Lap (mpt phin Tracia), Hy Lap cd quyen chiem ddng Izmir (phai dpi de'n Hipp djnh Lausanne nam 1923, Thd' Nhi Ky mdi cdng vipc thay ddi npi dung Hipp dinh hoa binh Sevres, chim dflt si^ chie'm ddng cua Hy Lap d Tracia va Izmir) 50 [Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria relatiilor Internationale de la pacea Westfalicd (1648), pdnd in contemporaneitate (1947) [Lich sic quan he qudc te tic hoa lidc Vestfalia (1648) den thdi hien tai (1947)], Bucaret, 1996, tr 130, 134 (tieng Rumani) (11) Vdi Bungari, theo quy dinh ciia Hoa Udc Neuilly, ngoai vipc phai cat da't dai cho cac nUdc thing tran, nUdc cdn phai boi thudng khoan tien boi thudng chie'n phf ra't ldn, 2,25 ti phdrang va phai nop cho cac nUdc lang gieng phe chie'n thing (Nam Tu, Hy Lap, Rumani) 37.000 gia sue ldn va 33.000 gia sue nhd (Dan theo, Nguyin Anh Thai, Lich sd The gidi hien dai, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi, 2002, tr 71-72) (12) Mai de'n nam 1934, Bungari mdi cdng nhan Lien Xd, den nam 1940, Nam Tu la nUdc Bancang thfl hai thfla nhan va dat quan hp ngoai giao vdi Lien Xd Vi nhieu ly do, cho den nam 1939, Hy Lap, Anbani va Rumani van chUa the cd dupc mflc dp quan hp vdi nha nUdc Xa hpi chu nghia giong nhU Bungari hay Nam Tu (Din theo, Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Balcanilor secolul al XX lea (Lich sd Bancdng the ky XX), Vien Chau Au, lasi, 2000, tap II, tr 178) (13) Xem them Dao Tuan Thanh, Qud trinh xdc lap quyen liCc da nhSng ngiidi cpng sdn Nam Tii nhiing ndm 30 - 40 cua theki XX, Tap chf Nghien cflu Lich s^, (400), 2009, tr 4760 (16) Ke't cue cua cupc Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nhat (1914 - 1918) dd'i vdi cac qud'c gia nim tren ban dao Bancang la r i t khac nhau, va chinh dieu se cd tac dpng to ldn de'n mdi quan hp gifla cac qud'c gia Bancang sau chie'n tranh Trong Nam Tu (Yugoslavia), Rumani, Hy Lap la nhflng nUdc thudc phe thing tran, dUdc hudng Ipi tfl nhflng quy dinh ciia cac hiep dinh hoa binh (nhan boi thudng chien phf, dUdc quyen sap nhap mpt so vflng dit dai) thi Bungari va Thd' Nhi Ky lai thupc phe bai tran, phai chap nhan nhflng ap dat khic nghipt tfl Rghien cihi Lich sil' so 6.2Qlj^ phe thing tran Dang ke nhat la trfldng hdp Bungari Theo quy dinh cua Hda Udc Neuilly (1919), Bungari phai nhflpng lai cho Hy Lap vflng Tay Tracia, cho Nam Tfl mpt phin Macedonia Ben canh dd, dudng bien gidi gifla Bungari vdi Rumani dUpc xac dinh la tri nguyen trang nhU trudc thang nam 1914 (sau that bai cupc Chien tranh Bancang lin thfl hai nam 1913, Bungari bupc phai chap nhan ky hoa Udc Bucuresti (Rumani, thang nam 1913) vdi cac nUdc thing trsln (Serbia Montenegro, Hy Lap va Rumani), Bungari phai nhUdng cho cho Rumani phin lanh thd' Nam Dobrogea) [Din theo, Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria relatiilor Internationale de la pacea Westfalicd (1648), pdnd in contemporaneitate (1947) (Lich sd quan he quoc te' tU hoa lidc Vestfalia (1648) den thdi hien tai (1947), tr 134 (tieng Rumani) (17) Sau nSm 1919, Italia, Hunggari, Bungari va dupc coi la nhflng nUdc thupc nhom cdc niidc theo chu nghia xet lai Ngoai trfl Italia, la nUdc thupc phe thing tran nhUng khdng dUdc hudng ldi nhieu tfl hp thdiig hoa fldc Versailles, ba nfldc cdn lai deu la nhflng nfldc thudc phe bai trdn (Dan theo, Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Balcanilor secolul al XX - lea (Lich sd Bancdng the ky XX), Vien Chau Au, lasi, 2000, t|ip II, tr 128-129 (tieng Rumani) (20) Cd the din mpt sd'vi du: Anbani ddi hdi chu quyen ciia minh ddi vdi vflng Epir cua Hy Lap va Kosovo thupc quyen kiem soat ciia Nam Tu, ndi cd tdi 1/4 so dan la ngudi Anbani dang sinh sdng; Bungari khdng bao gid cha'p nhan vipc de mit Tracia (do Hy Lap kiem soat) hay Dobrogea (do Rumani nim gifl); Hy Lap khdng chi cd tranh chip vdi Bungari ve lanh thd, ddi hoi ddi vdi vung phfa Nam Anbani ma cdn tranh gianh quyen kiem soat cang Salonic vdi Nam Tfl - dfldng din bien ciia Macedonia; Rumani ludn y thflc dflpc sfl cin thiet phai bao vp dfldng bien gidi cua nfldc Dai Rumani ddi nam 1918, bao vp chii quyen ddi vdi Basarabia, Bucovina (tranh chip vdi nudc Nga Xd ffldi qutm b& giura c6c qudc gia BancSng vie't/Lien Xd, tflng nim phin cua de qud'c Nga, de quoc Ao - Hung), Transilvania (tranh chip vdi Hungari, ndi cd dai da sd' ngfldi Rumani sinh sdiig, tflng nim phin cua de qudc Ao - Hung), Dobrogea (tranh chip vdi Bungari), chdiig lai tfl tudng xdt Ipi va mUu phyc thfl cua cac nfldc lang gieng; Nam Tii cung phai dd'i phd vdi nhUng ddi hoi ciia cac nUdc lang gieng doi vdi vflng dit nUdc kiem soat c6 da so' ngUdi Anbani, ngUdi Macedonia hay Marghiar/Hunggari sinh sdng (22) Bi bai tr^n Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nhat, Hunggari budc phai ky Hipp dinh Trianon vdi cac nfldc thupc phe thing trtkn Dudi gdc dp ddn tpc thi npi dung cua Hipp dinh Trianon thiic sfl la mpt tham hoa dd'i vdi Hunggari Vipc Hunggari phai cit nhieu vflng lanh thd' cho Nam Tu va Rumani (so vdi trUdc chien tranh, Hunggari m&'t 71% dipn tfch dit dai va 63% dan sd) da khien cho tripu td'ng so 11 tripu ngudi Maghiar/Hunggari trd dan tpc thieu so' b cac nudc lang gieng Bancang (Din theo, Steven W Sowards, "Twenty - Five Lectures on Modern Balkans History" http://www.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lec.16) (27) Chfnh sach banh trUdng cua Italia da dupc diy manh vao thdi diem len nim chfnh quyen cua Benito Mussolini (thang 11 nam 1922) Che' dp phat xft Italia da l^p tflc da thdng qua mpt chUdng trinh chinh phyc cac vflng dit dai diy tham vpng, ma myc tieu cuoi cung la tai lap Ipi de qud'c Roma d vflng Dia Trung Hai Phap la nfldc chong Ipi mpnh me n h i t tham vpng ciia Italia De dat dflpc muc dfch cua minh, Italia da tim each ldi kdo cac nfldc nim ngoai hp thd'ng ddng minh cila Phap va cung cd tfl tfldng xdt lai nhfl Ao, Hunggari va Bungari Ben canh dd, phat xft Italia cdn trd giup cho cac nhdm chdng ddi Iflu vong ngudi Croat va Macedonia nhim gay sflc dp ddi vdi Nam Tfl ve vin de tranh chip lanh thd Anbani la ddi tflpng nhdm ngd quan trpng n h i t cua phat xft Italia b ban dao Bancang chfl khdng phai Nam Tfl 51 hay Hy Lap (Dan theo, Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Balcanilor secolul al XX - lea (Lich su! Bancdng the ky XX), Vipn Chau Au, lasi, 2000, tap II, tr 134 (tieng Rumani) (31), (33), (34), (40) loan Scurtu, Romdnia pi marile puteri (1933 - 1940) Documente Editura Fundapiei Romania de Maine, Bucurepti, 2000, p 30 - 31 (Rumani vd cdc ciidng qudc (1933 - 1940) Tii lieu), Nxb cua Quy "Rumani mai", Bucurepti, 2000, tr 30-31, 30-31, 31, 150 (tieng Rumani) (32) Hiep lidc Briand - Kellog hay cdn dfldc gpi la Hiep lidc Paris, dflpc ky ket tai thii dd ciia nfldc Phip 27 thing nam 1928 vdi sfl tham gia cila 15 nfldc (Phap, My, Anh, Dflc, Italia, Nhat Ban, Rumani, Bi, Ba Lan, Ti$p Khic ) Hipp fldc dfldc xay dflng theo sang kie'n cua Bp trfldng Ngopi giao Phap Aristide Briand, vdi sfl hudng flng cila Ngoai trfldng My, Frank Kellog, cd npi dung cd ban la: cim vipc sil dyng chien tranh "nhii mpt cdng cu chinh tri qudc gia mdt quan he givCa cdc niCdc" (dieu 1) va cac ben tham gia ky hipp fldc cdng nhan ring vipc dieu chinh, giai quyet ta't ca mpi khac bipt hay cac cupc xung dpt dfldi bit cfl hinh thflc nao, cd nguon gdc tfl dau se "chi diidc sd dung cdc bien phdp hod binh" (dieu 2) [loan Scurtu, Romdnia pi marile puteri (1918-1933) Documente Editura Fundapiei Romania de Maine, Bucurepti, 2000, p 30-31 (Rumani vd cdc ciidng qudc (1918-1933) Tii lieu), Nxb cila Quy "Rumani mai", Bucaret, 1999, tr 171] (41) Sij quan tam dfldi gdc dp kinh te cua Dflc ddi vdi khu vUc Ddng va Nam Au, ma trUdc tien nhim vao Rumani chil yeu la nguon tai nguyen giau cd: cac san phim ndng nghipp nhu lua mi, gia sue ldn, diu md (nhflng thfl r i t cin thiet cho mpt cudc chien tranh hipn dai) (42) Xem them Dao Tuin Thanh, Tim hieu bdt cdnh tham gia cua Rumani cupc Chien tranh the gidi thii! hai, Tpp chf Nghien cflu Chau Au, sd (65), 2005, tr 33-42 ... vay mdt so' tien kha ldn tfl trfldc hay thdi gian xay chie'n tranh, viec tra cac khoan vay cung Chfnh phu Rumani cung phai dfldng khdng de giai quye't Trong cac nfldc ddu vdi nhflng phflc tap v... cila phe phat xft Ket l u a n Khoang thdi gian hda binh qua ngdn ngili, hiem hoi gifla hai cudc chien tranh ldn tan khdc da khdng hda giai dfldc mdi quan he gifla cac nfldc Bancang thudc phe... tpc d mdi qud'c gia vd gifla cdc qud'c gia Bancdng vdi Tfl nam 1919 trd di, td't ca cac qud'c gia Bancdng d i u phai ddi mdt vdi vd'n de cd ban: Thd nhd't Id sfl tiep tuc da'u tranh gifla cdc