Bài giảng Phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính - PGS.TS.BS. Lê Hoàng Ninh

Bài giảng Phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính do PGS.TS.BS. Lê Hoàng Ninh thực hiện sau đây sẽ trang bị cho các bạn những kiến thức về dữ liệu trong nghiên cứu định tính; tính ứng dụng trong nghiên cứu định tính. Mời các bạn tham khảo bài giảng để bổ sung thêm kiến thức về lĩnh vực này.

PHƢƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỊNH TÍNH GS TS BS LÊ HOÀNG NINH DỮ LiỆU TRONG NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỊNH TÍNH Dữ liệu định tính liệu mà khơng / khó d0o lƣờng số đo, số đếm hay chữ số Kiểu liệu nầy đƣợc dùng nghiên cứu khai thác chi tiết, mơ tả đặc trƣng bàng lời nói, tình cụ thể, hay nơi cụ thể Dữ liệu n.c định tính Data đƣợc xếp theo nhiều thể cách khác nhƣng biểu thị số đo số Data that is not quantitative Tính ứng dụng nc định tính The question is not whether to use qualitative methods in IS, since they are always used in some way The question is how systematic should their application be Qualitative Research What are qualitative data? Where we get them and how? How we analyze them? Why should they be used in IS and how? Qualitative IS design issues Basic Methods Individual Interviews Focus groups Direct Observation Participant-Observation Software: What it does and doesn’t Atlas.ti NVivo/Nud*ist CDC EZ text Anthropac Ryan 2004 Why and how should we use qualitative methods in IS ? Mixing Methods/Qual-quant Three purposes (Sandelowski): Triangulation – convergent validation Complementarity – clarify, explain, elaborate Development – guide additional data collection Priority Decision Quantitative Comp Prelim Qualitative Qualitative Preliminary Qual QUANT Quantitative Preliminary Quant QUAL Qualitative follow-up QUANT Qual Quantitative follow-up QUAL Quant Sequence Decision Comp Follow-up Morgan Steps in the IS/OR Process Identify and diagnose the problem Generate a programmatic solution to solve problem Design and test intervention to solve the problem Ensure results are used Disseminate results Example: Loss to Follow-up from HIV testing to HAART in Mozambique Flow through the HIV care system in Beira and Chimoio, Mozambique, Jun 04 - Sept 05 700 HIV+ Average patients per month 600 500 400 300 200 100 Enroll at HIV clinic (59%) Undergo CD4 testing (78%) Eligible for HAART (48%) Start HAART (46%) Good IS/OR views health programs as interdependent “systems” (2) Local level HIV care system in Mozambique Testing center HIV testing HIV clinic Enroll at HIV clinic Undergo CD4 testing Start HAART, if eligible Adhere to HAART – How can we change the system to improve the flow? – Will improving one step affect other steps? Health programs are complex systems HIV testing Arrives at HIV clinic, sees receptionist Enroll at HIV clinic Schedules doctor appointment Undergo CD4 testing Start HAART, if eligible Doctor orders CD4 Time & drop-off Potential solutions CD4 ordered by non-doctors, at enrollment? All blood draws same-day? CD4 ordered in HIV testing site? Move CD4s to another site? Time & drop-off Adhere to HAART Blood drawn for CD4 (sometimes next-day) Problems & solutions depend on system •Staffing •Lab location, capacity, policies Identify and diagnose the problem How much of problem derives from patient characteristics vs system problems? Qualitative research approaches: - Direct observation - Focus group discussions - Individual interviews with health workers/target pop - Map flow from perspective of patients Why mix methods? Triangulation – convergent validation Complementarity – clarify, explain, elaborate Development – guide additional data collection Generate a programmatic solution to solve problem Qualitative research approaches: - Focus group discussions - Participatory Action Research - Individual interviews with health workers/target pop Examples: Potential systemic solutions - CD4 ordered by non-doctors, at enrollment - All blood draws same-day - CD4 ordered in HIV testing site - Move CD4s to another site - Improved health worker training - Improved counseling Examples: Potential community-based solutions - Improved education about testing and treatment - Community mobilization strategies for social support Design and test intervention to solve the problem - Process: Individual interviewing and direct observation for regular process monitoring and evaluation, and for identification of unintended consequences of intervention - Impact: Interviews, focus groups, observation combined with quantitative measures to test intervention effectiveness and impact Ensure results are used: New research question: How to influence policymakers and program managers?: - Interviews with leaders - Focus groups with HWs - Examine policy documents Disseminate results: Identify best venues for dissemination to influence policy and generate discussion through analysis of data gathered using methods above Qualitative OR Design Issues Need to scale design and plan to rapid turnaround What mix of qual and quant data will you need? What is your unit of analysis? What should your sample strategy and size be to answer the question? Do you need unstructured free flowing responses or structured responses, or both? What contextual data will you need? ...DỮ LiỆU TRONG NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỊNH TÍNH Dữ liệu định tính liệu mà khơng / khó d0o lƣờng số đo, số đếm hay chữ số Kiểu liệu nầy đƣợc dùng nghiên cứu khai thác chi tiết, mô tả đặc... enrollment - All blood draws same-day - CD4 ordered in HIV testing site - Move CD4s to another site - Improved health worker training - Improved counseling Examples: Potential community-based solutions... approaches: - Focus group discussions - Participatory Action Research - Individual interviews with health workers/target pop Examples: Potential systemic solutions - CD4 ordered by non-doctors,