Bài viết trình bày những sự kiện đánh dấu một chương mới trong quan hệ Mỹ - Nhật Bản mà còn làm nảy sinh nhiều vấn đề quan hệ quốc tế dẫn đến chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai.
UCN AAINH NHnr BnN - nNH Tnc D O N G TOI QUnN H€ m - NHRT fiRN TRONG NHUNG NRM 1902-1923 (Tiep theo vd het) TRAN THIEN THANH* Trong nhiJng nam 1906-1907, quan he My - Nhat rdi vao tinh trang khung hoang nghiem trpng Cupc khung hoang lien quan de'n hai va'n &i: Va'n de thfl nha't, Nhat khong tudn thu chinh sdch md c^a Mdn Chdu nhU da cam ke't vdi chinh phu Anh va My dl dd'i la'y vide hai nUdc ilng hp Nhat cupc chie'n tranh vdi Nga nam 1904-1905 Mac du Thu tudng Saionji chinh thflc khang dinh ring chinh phii Nhat da quye't dinh thiic hien chinh sach md cfla Man Chau cdng ham gfli Wilson 11-4-1906 (14), nhidn, tren thiie td, sfl binh dang tren ta't ca cac mat da khdng dupe thiet lap d Man Chau Nhflng hanh ddng sau dd eua Nhat Ban eho tha'y Nhat khdng mud'n chia se ldi ich d dia ban chie'n lUdc Ngoai viec xam nhap manh me ve kinh t-e vao Man Chau, nam quyin hanh chinh va quan sU tai Quan Ddng, ddng thdi tie'n tdi gianh quyen hanh chinh d nhflng vung dpc theo dudng sit, Nhat Ban cdn ky hiep fldc vdi Phap (thang 61907) va Nga (thang 7-1907) Theo dd, Nhat va Phap cdng nhan lpi ich dac bidt eua moi ben vide "duy tri hda binh va trat tfl d Trung Qud'c", "dae biet Id d nhflng khu vuc tie'p giap vdi cac vung lanh thd ma hai nUdc cd quyen cai quan, bao hd hoac chie'm ddng" Nhat Ban va Nga xae dinh dudng phan ranh gidi khu viie anh hudng ciia mdi nudc d Man Chau va cam ke't khdng xam pham cac tuyen dudng sit, he thd'ng dien tin khu viic anh hudng cua (15) Vide tdn tai nhflng khu viie anh hudng rd rang mau thuin vdi nguyen tac thfl hai cua "hpc thuyet Hay" vl "sU toan ven cua Trung Quo'c" Va'n de thfl hai la udn di ngiidi Nhat nhap cii tai My Viec sd' lUdng ngUdi Nhat d Hawaii va vung bd bien phia Tay nUde My tang nhanh, vdi sd lUdng ldn hdn nhieu so vdi d Man Chau, Dai Loan va Trilu Tien da lam tang them ndi lo sd ve "mdi hidm hpa da vang" dan ehung My Vi the, eude chie'n tranh Nga-Nhat chfla ke't thuc, trudc nhflng t h i n g ldi quan sii cua Nhat, lan sdng chd'ng ngUdi Nhat d vung bd bien Thai Binh Dfldng nUdc My da dien Ngay 1111-1906, San Francisco thdng qua Bao luat cdch ly tre em chau A, khdng cho hpc chung vdi tre em da tring Su phan biet ddi xfl va cac vu bao liic ciia mdt bd phSn dan chung My chd'ng lai ngfldi Nhat da 'TS Khoa Lich sfl • Trudng DHKHXH&NV - DHQGHN 68 d i n dd'n khung hoang quan he giiia hai nudc Nhat - My Ngay nhflng hanh dpng bai trfl ngudi Nhat diln ra, Dai sfl Nhat gfli cdng ham phan doi gay gat Bao chi Nhat len an hanh ddng tay chay ngUdi Nhat d San Francisco Mot so' td bao va nhan vat ed anh hfldng d Nhat keu gpi chien tranh chdng My Lo ngai phan flng manh me cua Nhat se pha huy hoat ddng ngoai thUdng ciia My d Vien Ddng va cd the se dan tdi chid'n tranh, mdt mat My bi mat tang cudng luc lUdng hai quan san sang hanh ddng, mat khac cd' gang tim mdt giai phap mang tinh thda hiep vdi ca California va Nhat Ban Kdt qua la^ 24-2-1907, "Thoa thuan cua nhOng ngiidi qudn t^" (Gentlement's Agreement) dfldc ky ke't Theo My cam kd't ngan ehan lan sdng phan bidt ddi xfl vdi ngfldi Nhat, dd'i lai Nhat phai cam ket se ban che ngfldi Nhat di cU sang My Nhung, lan sdng chd'ng ngUdi Nhat d California giam di thi nhflng ddt di cU cua ngudi Nhat vdn tie'p tuc tran tdi Hawaii va bd bien phia Tay nUde My, cd giam di chut it Vi vay, cupc bao ddng ehd'ng ngUdi Nhat lai didn d San Francisco vao thang 5-1907 Khi nguy cd chie'n tranh tai xua't hien quan he My - Nhat, Tong thdng T Roosevelt da ap dung chinh sach "khdng can ndi nhieu chi can mang theo mpt cay gay ldn" Mdt mat, Roosevelt lam ve quan tam xem xet nhflng phan flng gay g i t eua Nhat, mat khac, tieh cflc chuan bi cho mpt cupc bieu dUdng lUe lUdng cua My tren quy md ldn Vide chuan bi eho mdt cupc bieu dUdng liic lUpng ldn cua My xua't phat tfl thUe te My khdng mud'n e l t dflt quan he vdi Nhat vi chfla chuan bi dly dii eho chien tranh P h i n ldn ham dpi My dang tap trung hoat ddng d Dai Tay Dudng, ehi cd Rghien eflu Lieh s^ so 7.2014 mdt vai t u i n dUdng ham d Thai Binh Dudng NhUng My mud'n ran de va cho Nhat Ban thay ham dpi eua My ed thd dl dang dieu chuyen tfl Dai Tay Dfldng sang Thai Binh Dfldng va My khdng "ngon xdi" nhfl de qudc Nga trUdc day (16) Cudc bieu dfldng Iflc lUdng vdng quanh the gidi cua "Ham dpi vi dai mau tring" (Great White Fleet) cUa My tfl 16-121907 dd'n 22-2-1909, dd cd cap ben Yokohama, Nhat Ban va luu lai day den 25-10-1908 thiic sU gay an tUdng manh me vdi Nhat Ban Nguy cd chie'n tranh qua di Thang 8-1908, My va Nhat ky cac hiep dinh ve nhan hieu hang hoa va phan xfl tranh eha'p b Trung Qude va Trilu Tien Vai sau cac chid'n ham My rdi Nhat Ban, 30-10-1908, Ngoai tnidng My Elihu Root va Dai sfl Nhat tai Washington, dng Kogoro Takahira trao ddi cdng ham ddng y thid't lap cac nguyen tac qUan he gifla hai nudc phii hdp vdi chinh sach eua My Cdng ham khang dinh "tdn trpng cac vung da't thude sd hihi ciia mdi nUde d Thai Binh DUdng" va 'hao ve ldi ich chung cua ta't ca cae cUdng qud'c tai Trung Qud'c bang each ung hd mpi bien phap hda binh ma nhiing cudng qud'c sfl dung dd tri nen dpc lap va toan ven lanh thd eua Trung Qudc cung nhfl nguydn tac binh dang hoat ddng cdng nghiep va thUdng mai cua nhflng nxidc tai day" (17) Mac dii vky, cdng ham trao ddi gifla Root va Takahira chi ed ddi chut gia tri vide lam yen long cdng chung chfl khdng dfla de'n sfl cai thidn ldn nao quan hd song phUdng Nhat-My My va Nhat vin nhin nhfl "nhflng ke thu tilm tang va la mdi de dpa thflc sU" va deu hi mat d l ke hoach chie'n tranh chd'ng lai Thiic td tren quan he My-Nhat Ban edng them kha nang Nhat de doa Lien minh Rhal^ B i n - Hnh thudc dia Phihppines cua My khien thai dp ciia My chuyen tfl lo ngai sang cang thfl dich vdi ddng minh Nh^t-Anh Trong nhiem k^ cua tdng thdng mdi die cfl W.H.Taft (1909-1913) vdi Ngoai trudng la Philander C.Knox, chiu anh hudng quan diem cua William Straight - eflu tong lanh sfl My d T h i m DUdng (Man Chau), Trudng ban Viln Ddng Bd Ngoai giao My vai thang tfl 1908-1909 ddng thdi cung la ngudi cd moi quan hd than thiet vdi vua dfldng s i t My Harriman va gidi tfl ban tai chinh d New York, My thay ddi chinh sach tfl "can b i n g quyen lUe" sang "chinh sach ngoai giao dd la" de kiem che tham vpng cua Nhat d Vien Ddng Ndi dung cd ban cua chinh sach mdi la: thdng qua quan he thfldng mai va khuye'n khich cac nha diu tfl My cho nude ngoai vay qua dd md rdng ldi ich ciia My Sau khdng nhflng khdng cdng ke' hoach ddi quyin mua va sau "trung lap hda" cac tuyen dfldng elt thudc sd hflu cua Nga va Nhat Ban d Man Chau eho cac nha bang My va chau Au (thang 10-1909) ma cdn day Nhat va Nga lai gin hdn b i n g hidp Udc ky 4-10-1910 (18), cung vdi viec kien tri thi^c hien y xam nhap manh vao Man Chau, thach thflc ba quyen kinh td cua Nhat Ban va quyin ldi cua Nga, My tim each van dpng de dieu ehinh md'i quan he vdi Anh n h i m lam giam kha nang Anh dflng v l phia Nhat xung dot NhatMJ Bing chflng la nam 1911, My tie'n hanh dam phan vdi Anh (va Phap) ve viec k^ kd't hiep fldc trpng tai phan xfl dfla tren nguydn t i c "trpng tai khong gidi han" cae tranh cha'p gifla cfldng qudc Tuy nhidn, qua trinh dam phan chfla di den hdi ke't thi 13-7-1911, hiep udc ddng minh Nhat-Anh dUde gia ban vdi ndi dung: Tai k h i n g dinh sfl hdp tac Anh-Nhat vide thuc hien cac cam ke't da dUdc neu tai dieu 1, 2, va hidp udc ky nam 1905 va de cap rd rang hdn vl pham vi khdng gian la tri quyen ldi va bao ve nhflng ldi ich dac biet cua mdi ben d khu vflc Ddng A va An Dp (Ldi md diu, Dieu 1, 2, va 5), quy dinh "chi'nh phu hai nfldc se can nhic ap dung cac bidn phap thich hdp de bao vd nhflng quyen va ldi ich neu trdn" (Dilu 1), Bo sung cac dieu khoan: a) Ndu mdi ben ky ke't hiep udc trpng tai phan xfl vdi mpt cUdng qud'c thfl ba thi hiep udc phai khdng chfla dung cae dieu khoan b i t budc nude ky ke't phai tham gia vao cupc chien tranh eung vdi cUdng qudc dUdc quy dinh npi dung hiep Udc da neu (Dieu 4); b) Hiep fldc ed hidu lUc sau dUdc ky ket va cd hidu Iflc 10 nam (Dieu 6) Vide hidp fldc dUdc tai ky trUdc thdi diem hdt ban nam bdi eanh cue didn b Viln Ddng va moi he gifla Nhat Ban vdi cac qudc gia khac dien bidn phfle tap, dan xen cho thay rd tinh trang cang thing kdo dai quan he Nhat-My va nd lUc ciia Nhat nhim true xua't My khdi khu vUc dUde dd" cap hiep Udc, mac dfl tren thflc te' hidp Udc trpng tai phan xfl ky gifla My vdi Anh vao thang 8-1911 khdng dUdc thflc thi va'p phai sfl phan doi cua Thfldng vien My Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nha't bung no d chau Au thang 8-1914, ca My va Nhat Ban deu mudn ldi dung chidn tranh de cung cd va md rdng dia vi cua minh d Trung Qud'c, dac bidt la d vung Man Chau Vide Nhat Ban tham gia khdi Hiep fldc (tii thang 8-1914) la de thflc hien tham vpng phan chia pham vi anh hudng va xae lap vi the cua minh tren trfldng qud'c te Muc dich cua Nhat dflng ve phia Nga • Anh - Rghien cflu Lich sfr so 7.2014 Phap la mudn thdn tfnh eac lanh dia thudc Dflc d Trung Qud'c (Sdn Ddng) va b chau A Thai Binh Dfldng (cac dao Marshalls, Carolines, Marianas) Nhan cd hdi cac nudc ban chid'n tranh b chau Au, Nhat md rdng pham vi anh hudng d Trung Qud'c va Vien Ddng V l phia My, tac ddng cua cudc chie'n tranh the' gidi va vide nhflng ldi ich tai ehinh, cong nghiep phu thudc cang tang vao cac ddng minh chau Au da anh hudng tdi sii dilu chinh chinh sach doi ngoai cua My Ngay 15-9-1914, My ky vdi Anh Dieu Udc cho sU tie'n bp eua hoa binh va dupe Qud'c hdi My thdng qua thang 111914 Chinh phu Anh, sau do, thdng bao vdi Nhat rang Anh coi dieu fldc cd gia tri tUdng tii nhu hiep udc trpng tai phan xfl va vi vay tfldng thich vdi ndi dung die'u cua Hidp Udc ddng minh Anh-Nhat Chinh phii Nhat cha'p nhan quan diem ciia Anh va dieu ddng nghia vdi viec Anh khdng cd nghia vu b i t budc phai dflng ve Nhat cudc chien vdi My Ta't nhien, tai thdi diem nay, nhflng npi dung trao doi tren khdng dfldc cdng bd' edng khai va eung khdng cd bang ehflng eho tha'y mdt hai nfldc thdng bao cho chinh phu My bie't ve quyet dinh (19) Vdi Anh, vide ky dieu ude 15-9 eung khong cd nghia nUde dflng ve phia My cac xung dot lpi ich vdi Nhat Ban Bing chflng la trUdc y dinh cua My ve dung ap luc tap the cua nude vien khdi Hiep Udc la Anh, Phap va Nga cung vdi My chd'ng Nhat, nhflng nudc cho r i n g trUde chie'n tranh ke't thue khong the lam cho quan he vdi Nhat phfle tap them Day la mot nhflng tac dpng ben ngoai, dieu kien Nhat chUa the dung vu luc de ehiem toan bd Trung Qud'c, cdn My ban tham gia chien tranh (tU thang 4-1917), My va Nhat da tam hda hoan vdi cho de'n Chien tranh the' gidi thfl Nha't ke't thuc Sau chien tranh, cac nfldc tu ban chau Au ke ca nhflng nfldc thang tran deu suy yd'u, thi nfldc My cang ldn manh nhd viec lam giau chid'n tranh Sau budc dan khoi cupc khung hoang 1920-1921, nen kinh te' My di vao dn dinh sdm hdn cac nfldc tfl ban khac va cd nhflng bfldc phat trien manh me cae nfldc canh tranh vdi My van cdn tinh trang khung hoang Y thfle dfldc sfle manh eua minh, dudng hUdng quan trpng chinh sach dd'i ngoai ciia My la theo dudi chu trUdng md rpng anh hudng cua My, vUdn ldn lam ba chii the gidi Nha't quan vdi dudng ldi trdn, nhflng nam cudi nhidm ky ciia Tong thd'ng Wilson (19131921), My tfch cue chuin bi cho mpt chie'n dich ldn n h i m chd'ng lai sfl banh trfldng ciia Nhat Ban Chid'n dich dd dUde triln khai theo hUdng cd ban; Co' g l n g dilu chinh vide dau tu ciia Nhat d Trung Qud'c khudn kho cac van ban dUdc ky ke't gifla eac vien cua "to hdp bd'n cfldng qud'c mdi" (gdm My, Anh, Phap, Nhat) Tham gia lien quan vidn ehinh bp vao Siberia nham ngan can y dd ciia Nhat tach cac tinh ven bien khdi sfl cai quan cua nudc Nga Kien quye't gay ap luc buoc Nhat tra Sdn Ddng cho Trung Qud'c Ky cac hiep Udc n h i m dien che eac nguyen t i e chinh sach Vidn Ddng cua My Viec My khdng dat dUdc cac mue tieu neu tai muc 1, va cpng vdi vide van de dao Yap va nhflng quyen ldi trfle tie'p eua My b Viln Ddng, Thai Binh Dfldng chUa dfldc giai quye't tai Hdi nghi Versailles eung nhfl nhieu va'n khac ching ban va'n di Lien minh Rhat Bin - ?tnh dan nhap cU, v^n de chay dua hai quan da khien cho nhflng mau t h u i n mdi lai sinh gifla My vdi Nhat Ban Thflc te' la vdi hfldng thfl hai, vide vidn binh My ddng vai trd mpt luc lUdng ddc lap khdng nhiing khdng nhan dUde sii hdp tac cua Anh va Phap ma cdn khien My nhan thay r i n g My chi la "ngfldi bi Ifla" ke hoach cua Anh-Nhat khid'n My quan tam manh me hdn tdi hiep udc ddng minh Anh-Nhat va mudn hidp Udc dUdc sfla ddi theo hUdng cd the cha'p nhan dUdc vdi My Ngay tfl nhflng nam 1919-1920, trudc "tin ddn" la Anh va Nhat da b i t dau dam phan ve viec tie'p tuc gia ban hidp fldc ddng minh Anh-Nhat, dai sfl My tai London nhan dupc chi thi phai "bao cao than trpng cho Bd Ngoai giao v l ta't ca nhflng thdng tin cd the thu th$.p dfldc vl didn trinh dam phan va quan dilm chung eua Anh ve va'n de Bp Ngoai giao dac bidt mud'n bidt lidu nfldc Anh cd xu hUdng mudn md rdng hoac han che sU edng nhan nhflng lpi ich dae bidt cua Nhat Ban d Ddng A hay mudn sfla ddi pham vi hoac muc tidu cua Hiep fldc ddng minh nkm 1911" Ben canh dd, mpt cau hdi dupc dat cho Dai sfl Davis la "cd ba't cfl can cfl nao cho gia dinh r i n g nfldc Anh ed 5^ dinh ldi dung dam phan dd thuyet phue Nhat Ban tfl bd tuydn bo ve nhflng ldi I'ch dac bidt d Trung Qud'c cung nhfl ddng ^ loai trfl Man Chau va Mdng Co khdi pham vi boat ddng cua lien minh dii kien?" (20) Nhflng trao ddi tid'p theo gifla ngoai trfldng My va dai sfl My tai London nam 1920 cho thay chinh phu My da cd nhflng dpng thai chfla tflng tha'y dd gdi y r i n g hiep fldc Anh-Nhat sd dUdc sfla ddi nhu the nao de' phu hdp nha't vdi mong mudn ciia My Ching han ndi dung cdng didn 10-5-1920: "Chung ta hy vpng r i n g hiep Udc sfla ddi, nfldc Anh sd kien quye't bd sung nhflng dieu khoan nhu se bao vd nguydn t i c cd hdi ddng deu b Trung Qudc va cac quyen hflu hieu hdn ciia Trung Qudc Chung ta cung hy vpng r i n g chu dich cua ddng minh Anh-Nhat khdng phai n h i m vao My Mac du it kha quan hdn nhung cd the dUa gpi y r i n g vi dinh hudng chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia Nhat dudng nhu khdng dn dinh, thdi ban cho ban hiep Udc mdi ndn la nam, thay vi la 10 nam, de chinh phu Anh cd cd hdi ngan ban hdn vide gay anh hudng tdi hoat ddng eua Nhat b Vien Ddng" va hy vpng rang " Anh se dap lai de nghi r i n g hiep Udc ddng minh Anh-Nhat, cac nguyen tic tao ndn nen tang ciia sU ddng cam hien hflu quan he hdp tac Anh-My se dUdc cdng nhan mdt each dflt khoat hdn" (21) Trong nhiem ky tid'p theo eua Tong thd'ng Dang Cpng hda - W.Harding (19211923), My tie'p tuc thiic hien muc tieu ed ban chinh sach eiia My vdi Nhat la gat Nhat Ban khdi thi trfldng Trung Qudc Vide thiic hien muc tieu trd ndn dac bidt quan trpng vdi My vi day la thdi ky quan he thUdng mai gifla My vdi Trung Qude, quan dao Philippines, tham chi ca Hawaii va vung bd bien phia Tay nUde My bi Nhat Ban de dpa nghiem trpng Cd hai ly giai thich dilu nay: ThU nhdt, Nhat Ban khdng ngflng md rdng anh hUdng tai Trung Qudc va Thai Binh DUdng Sau budc Trung Qudc cdng nhan Yeu sach 21 diem, tai Hdi nghi hoa binh Versailles nam 1919, Nhat Ban gianh dupc quyen thay Dflc chie'm ban dao Sdn Ddng va chiem gifl mot sd' dao tren Thai Binh DUdng (Marshalls, Carolines, Marianas) Ben eanh dd, Nhat vin tie'p tuc tri sfl chie'm ddng d Siberia sau quan My da rut khdi day ThU hai, Nhat trien khai chUdng trinh tang cUdng sfle manh quan sU, theo dd den Rghien eihi L|eh afr so 7.2014 gifla nhflng nam 1920, ham dpi Nhat d Thai Binh Dudng se dUdc bd sung 16 chien ham mdi Vdi Iflc lfldng hai quan manh, hien dai va dang chid'm gifl nhidu dao ed vi tri chie'n Ifldc tren Thai Binh Dudng, Nhat Ban la mdi de dpa thudng xuyen va nguy hiem dd'i vdi vide tri va md rdng quan hd thUdng mai cua My vdi Trung Qud'c, quan dao Philippines, Hawaii va vung bd bidn phia Tay nUdc My Tiiih hinh budc My phai tang cudng sflc manh quan sU va thi hanh nhflng bidn phap kidn quyet hdn chdng Nhat Mot sd dd la gay ap Iflc de hiiy bd lidn minh Anh-Nhat Nhflng ngudi My cd tu tudng chd'ng lai lien minh phii nhan ldi giai thich cua Nhat r i n g Anh va Nhat khdng bao gid coi My la cudng qud'c de doa den nhflng quyen lanh thd va ldi ich dac Met ciia hp d Viln Ddng Bao chi My nam 1921 h l u hdt deu ddng ddi hdi cha'm dflt hidp Ude Anh-Nhat de'n thdi diem gia han vao thang 7-1921 (22) Khi chinh phu Anh tie'n hanh cae cdng viec chuin bi cho Hdi nghi dd qud'c td chflc vao mua He nam 1921, Dai sfl Anh tai My Geddes da gfli didn cho Ngoai trudng nUdc Curzon, dd ndu quan diem cua My nhu sau: "Can nhd r i n g ngudi My cung nghi ve ngudi Nhat theo each ma nhieu ngudi Anh nghi ve ngUdi Dflc nam 1913 nhu la ke thu khdng tranh khdi cua cupc chie'n tie'p theo, va quan diem ve sii hdp tae Anh-Nhat ciing gid'ng nhu quan diem eua nudc Anh ve su hdp tac My-Dfle thdi gian dd" (23) Quan diem cua My cung vdi nhilu tae nhan quan trpng khac da anh hudng manh me tdi chinh sach ciia Anh Dd la: Su phat trie'n luong quan diem Nghi vidn va bao gidi Anh r i n g vide gia han hiep ude ddng minh Anh-Nhat se lam td'n hai tdi quan he vdi My va moi quan hd ddng minh vdi Nhat cd lidn quan tdi mpi va'n d l eua khu viic Thai Binh Dudng ciing nhfl v^ii d l giai trfl Iflc lUdng hai quan va chi co mdt thda fldc gifla ta't ca cac cfldng quo'c cd lien quan mdi cd the giai quye't thda dang va'n de Thai dd chdng lai vide tie'p tuc tri quan he ddng minh vdi Nhat cua cac lanh thd tu tri dd' ehe' Anh ma tidu bieu la chie'n dich truyin thdng tren bao chi d i n dau bdi td Toronto Globe d Canada, quan diem cua Dang Lao ddng d Australia; Ldi phan nan nhilu nam cua cac cdng dan Anh sinh sd'ng va budn ban d Vien Ddng ve sfl canh tranh thfldng mai cua ngUdi Nhat va nidm tin ciia hp r i n g Nhat Ban rd't cudc se xae lap sii thd'ng tri hoan toan trdn da't nudc Trung Quoc va la mdt doi thu canh tranh ve kinh td' Nhat Ban khdng the dap flng dly du tieu chuin cua mdt ddng minh v l ehinh tri (24); Sfl phan dd'i cua chinh phu va ngudi dan Trung Qud'c vdi hiep Udc ddng minh AnhNhat va he qua tai hai doi vdi ldi ich cua Anh d day ndu hiep Udc dd dUdc gia han Ket qua la 23-6-1921, Ngoai trUdng My Hughes va Dai sfl Anh Geddes da ed cupc hpi dam quan trpng ban ve hidp Ude Anh-Nhat va tac ddng eua nd tdi quan he Anh-My Tai cudc hdi dam, Ngoai trudng My phat bieu ring: "khdng mudn bay td ba't cfl quan diem chinh thfle nao ve mpt va'n dd rd rang quan he gifla Anh va Nhat, nhflng lUu y vdi dai sfl Anh r i n g ngUdi My quan tam sau sic de'n va'n d l nay", "vdi tU each ca nhan, dng cho rang ehi cd mdt ngudn gd'c nghidm trpng nha't cua nhflng va'n de nan giai d Viln Ddng Chi'nh phii My cd quan diem rat rd rang ve van de Vidn Ddng nhu da thUdng xuyen tuydn bd' va hy vpng r i n g Anh va My se ed cung quan diem cung nhu cd nhflng ldi ich tUdng ddng; Chinh sach ma ehinh phu My U&n minh fth&t Bin - ftah theo dudi gdm chinh sach md cfla va sU toan ven lanh thd Trung Quoc va can cfl vao tinh hinh thuc tidn bao gdm ca sfl toan ven lanh thd Nga" Ddng thdi bay td lo ngai ring: "neii Anh va Nhat cd bai cii thda thuan nao ma theo dd Anh ung hp cac ldi ich dac biet cua Nhat Ban, Nhat Ban ra't ed kha nang, trfldng hdp dang quan phidt n i m quyen, se chiem linh nhflng vi tri cd the gay lan sdng phan dm tfl chinh phu My va trfldng hdp do, chinh phu My se cam tha'y g i n nhfl la ddn ddc va vi vay, nd'u thiic sU la chinh sach cua Anh Viln Ddng tUdng ddng vdi My thi Anh va My nen hdp tac vdi va cd the My se tim tha'y sii ung hd hoan toan cua Anh viec tri va thflc thi dilu do" (25) Ngay 5-7, Ngoai trudng Anh Curzon gdi J vdi dai sfl My tai Anh r i n g Tong thdng Harding nen mdi eac eudng qud'c ed lidn quan trflc tie'p tdi cac va'n de d Thai Binh Dfldng va Viln Ddng tdi tham dfl mdt hdi nghi de dat dfldc hieu biet chung ve kha nSng xoa bd sfl canh tranh hai quan Ngay 8-7, dl nghi cua Anh dUdc Dai sfl My giii ban bao eao nhanh vd Washington Sau nhan dfldc bao cao, vao gid chieu cflng ngay, chinh phu My gfli cdng ham tdi cae dai sfl Anh, Phap, Italia va Nhat Ban tai Washington de ed cSu tra ldi khdng ehinh thflc nhflng ro rang ring lidu chinh phu nhflng nUdc cd ddng y de My mdi tham gia hdi nghi Washington vl ban ehe vu trang hay khdng (26) Ngay 9-7, sau nhan dUdc ldi gdi y cua Anh mdt trUdc dd My quye't dinh bd sung vao ke' hoach thao luan ban dau vide ban thao td't ca cac va'n d l cua Vidn Ddng, Thai Binh DUdng va d l xua't mdi Trung Qudc tham gia hdi nghi (27) Dfl cau tra ldi s i n sang tham gia hdi nghi cua nhflng nUdc cd hen quan dd'n vao cac thdi diem khac nhau, nhflng hoan canh khdng gidng va xua't phat tfl nhflng tinh toan ldi ich cd nhieu dilm khac Met, tfl 12-11-1921 dd'n 6-21922, Hdi nghi qud'c te ban vl viec kiem soat vu va td't ca cac van de cua Vien Ddng, Thai Binh Dudng vdi su tham gia ciia nfldc My, Anh, Phap, Nhat, Italia, Bi, Ha Lan, Bd Dao Nha, Trung Qud'c da dUde trieu tap tai thu dd WasMngton D.C cua My Tai hdi nghi, ba hiep udc chinh da dUde ky kd't gdm: Hiep udc bd'n nUdc (Anh, Phap, My, Nhat) ky 13-12-1921, theo dd cac ben thda thuan "tdn trpng quyen cua ve eac dao d Thai Binh DUdng" Ndi each khac My da lam giam mdi de dpa ciia Nhat ddi vdi vide tri va md rdng quan he thUdng mai cua My d cac dao tren Thai Binh DUdng va vung bd bien phia Tay nUde My Hiep Ude chin nudc ky 6-2-1922 vdi quy dinh Anh, Phap, My, Nhat, Italia, Bi, Ha Lan, Bo Dao Nha, Trung Qud'c cdng nhan nguydn t i c "hoan chinh ve lanh thd va tdn trpng chu quyin cua Trung Qude" ddng thdi neu nguyen tic "md cfla" va "cd hdi ddng deu" eho cac nfldc boat ddng thUdng mai va cdng nghiep trdn toan lanh thd Trung Qud'c Vdi hiep fldc nay, Mj da trdi tay Nhat Ban va hdp phap hda sfl banh trudng cua minh vao Trung Qudc, dieu ma My khdng thuc hien dUdc d Hdi nghi Versailles Hiep fldc nam nfldc (Anh, Phap, My, Nhat, Italia) ky cung 6-2-1922, theo dd Anh phai tfl bd nguyen tic "sflc manh quan sU gd'p ddi" da cd tfl nam 1914 Trpng tai tai chie'n cua cac nfldc d khu viic Thai Binh DUdng dUdc quy dinh theo ty Id: My va Anh ngang - 525.000 ta'n, Nhat 315.000 ta'n, Phap va Italia bing Rghien curu Lieh sil' so 7.2014 74 175.000 ta'n Vdi hidp ude My vUdt eua minh b i n g each md dUdc cfla Trung Qudc, gianh quyin binh d i n g vdi cac nude Nhat Ban ve hai quan Cd the ndi, mac du hidp ude ddng minh khac Tfl day, hai quan My ngang hang vdi Nhat Ban-Anh khdng he dUde de cap Anh va VUdt qua Nhat Trong kM dd, Nhat ldi mdi ehinh thfle ciia My gfli cac cfldng Ban hi suy giam sflc manh tren bidn, ddng qud'c cung khdng dfldc ban thao thdi phai cha'p nhan nhUdng bd van dd Hpi nghi Trung Qudc NhQng sU kien khdng Washington, nhUng trdn thiic td', he thdng nhflng danh dau mdt chUdng mdi quan hidp Udc Washington da dat da'u cha'm het he My - Nhat Ban ma cdn lam sinh cho Mep udc Nhat - Anh, rdt cudc sup vao nMeu va'n de quan he qud'c te d i n den 17-8-1923 My da giai quye't quyin ldi CMd'n t r a n h thd' gidi thfl Hai chUdng CHU trinh nghi sU cua THICH (14) United States Department of State (1906), Papers relating United States president to the foreign with the annual transmitted of the Papers message of the United States, 1920, Volume II, U.S Government to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts) Part I, U.S Government Printing Office, Washington, D C, p.177-180 (15) Esthus, R A (1966), Theodore and Japan, University (20), (21) United States Department of State, relations Press, to the foreign relations of the Printing Office, 1920, p.679, 680-681 (22) Dan theo Charles Nelson Spinks, The Termination Roosevelt of Washington relating of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Pacific Historical Review, Vol, 6, No, (Dec, 1937), University of California, pp 326, Sourcehttp://www.jstor.org/stable/3633877 Seattle, p.l26 (16) Pratt, J W., V P De Santis, et al (1980), A history of United States foreign policy, Prentice- (23) D i n theo Sydney Giffard, Japan among the Powers 1890-1990, Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1994, p.59 Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J, p.217 (24) Dan theo Charles Nelson Spinks, The (17) United States Department of State (1908), Papers relating United States president 1908, to the foreign with the annual transmitted U S relations of the message of the to Congress Government December Printing 8, Office, Washington, D.C, p 511-512 Termination Nga va Nhat tai khing dinh khu vUc anh huSng cua Nga hoang Bic Man Chau va Ngoai Mong Co, va 1937), University (25) United relating United States, (26) United States, Alliance, Termination Pacific Historical (27) United States, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3633877 States of State, relations Department to the foreign of the of State, relations of the 1920, Volume 1, U S Government United California, Source- Department Printing Office, 1921, p.18 Papers 323, pp 327-328, 1920, Volume II, U.S Government relating Review, Vol 6, No (Dec, 1937), University of pp States to the foreign United Papers noi dung ciia hiep dinh 30-7-1907 (19) Charles Nelson Spinks, The of California, Printing Office, 1921, p.314-315 ciia Nhat la cf Nam Man Chau va Noi Mong Co theo of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Source-http://www.j stor.org/stable/3633877 Papers (18) Noi dung cd ban ciia hiep udc la hai nudc of the Anglo-Japanese Pacific Historical Review, Vol 6, No (Dec, relating States Department to the foreign nf State, relations of the 1920, Volume I, U.S Government Printing Office, 1921, p 23 ... va quan diem ve sii hdp tae Anh- Nhat ciing gid'ng nhu quan diem eua nudc Anh ve su hdp tac My-Dfle thdi gian dd" (23) Quan diem cua My cung vdi nhilu tae nhan quan trpng khac da anh hudng manh... cua Anh va Phap ma cdn khien My nhan thay r i n g My chi la "ngfldi bi Ifla" ke hoach cua Anh- Nhat khid'n My quan tam manh me hdn tdi hiep udc ddng minh Anh- Nhat va mudn hidp Udc dUdc sfla ddi theo. .. sach ciia Anh Dd la: Su phat trie'n luong quan diem Nghi vidn va bao gidi Anh r i n g vide gia han hiep ude ddng minh Anh- Nhat se lam td'n hai tdi quan he vdi My va moi quan hd ddng minh vdi Nhat