Bài viết trình bày quá trình hình thành của nhóm động từ trao-nhận trong Tiếng Nhật hiện đại, đề cập đến 3 động từ cơ bản được sử dụng ở thể thông thường là: yaru, kureru và morau. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết của tài liệu.
52 NGON N G f & Btfl S6NG s l (243)-2016 [NGOAI N G g VQl BAN NGU) VAI NET VE QUA TRINH HINH THANH CUA NHOM DONG TlT TRAO-NHAN TRONG TIENG NH^T HIEN DAI AN OVERVIEW ON THE FORMATION PROCESS OF "GIVE-RECEIVE" VERB GROUP IN MODERN JAPANESE LANGUAGE DAO THJ H N G H.JJVH (ThS; B^i hgc Ngogi thuotig Hd Nfi) Abstract: "Give - Receive" is a group of verbs that characterizes the structure, semantics and pragmatics of Japanese linguistics The use of this group reflects the features of agglutination and culture-rlcb of such language as Japanese The formation and development of this verb group in modem Japanese language is closely related to the change of system " preferred to speak" of Japanese from ancient to modem times The principles of causal inference and the speaker's views are important factors influence the order of priority in communication as well as the formation and use ofthe verb "given - received" Key words: Verbs of giving and receiving; honorific; preferential speech; point of view Dfng tft trao - nhgn tieng Nhft hifn tctlK, itadakxi Trong jAgm vi ciia nghien cuu ve qud trinh hlnh thdnh nhdm dgng tft trao - nhan Dfng tft trao- nhgn (^^W0^ la nhdm dfng chiing tdi chi dl c$p din dfng tft co ban digc sir tft bilu hifn ^ n^Ta chuyin ddi mft v|t nao dd tft dyng d thi tiidng tiiudng la: - ^ yaru,< iv6 dii tirgng A sang dii tugng B Tbeo Doe (1975), bfferuvk 'hho morau Okuda (1979 - 1983), Temura (1982), dfng tft Dfng tCic trao- nh§n tiing Nh^t hifn dai mang n ^ a trao - nhgn vdi cac djnh ngjua tren bao dugc ehia thdnh nhdm dya tren edc d ^ trung gIm cdc dfng tft nhu: ^'t'icho vay, cho mugn), vl ngbla, chftc ndng cu phdp vd gdc nhin cik i^^ ^(vgy, mugn), ^Srt(AM), mt>^(hgc), m ngudi ndi: nhdm - ^ yaru, nhdm < tV ^^(dgy), H5(mua), ^i)(bdn), ^7L^(cho, kureru vk nhdm hh^ morau tgng), S (t (rhpn), Tuy nhidn, hau bet cdc nhd Nb6m Nghia Ngiroi Ngircri Goc n ^ € n cftu d^u cbo rdng nlutiiuh9p Idim nifmtiao trao nb§ii nhin - nhgn tbi nhdm c& ^ n g tft kl 1r€n cd mft Trao Chi Bo Ngucri •^5 nhdm dfng tft (7dfng tft) cd ngjua trao-nhan ndi yaru ngtt ngtt trao(crr) diui^ nhung lgi hogt d ^ g klid ddc bift vd mang (CD ff>D Ngucri tinh chit d$c thfl cua tiing Nhgt n&i dugc x ^ vao nhgn mft nhdm riSng Dd Id cdc dfng tft: - ^ yaru,fe ff>D kureru if ageru, $ U fo ("f sashiag^ru, < t t S Nh§n BSngtt Chi Ngudi kureru,^ fz.'^5 kudasaru vdi n ^ a trao vd cdc ngtt nh§n (DD dfng tft 1 ) p morau,\/^tctc'\ itacMu v&i (CD (CD morau nghTa nhgn Nlu phan loai dya tten sdc tb^ bieu *Ghich i: chUthe hanhdgn g:CT;Di 7ithi:DT edm tbi dfng tOr trSn dugc ehia logi: cde Dfng tit trao - nhf n tieng Nhgt cl dfng tft dugc sft dyng d till tiidng thudng Id ' ^ Hf tiling dfng tft bao - nhgn tiing Nh$t yaru,< t l S kureru vk hho morau; cdc dfng c l khdng hodn todn gilng vdi hf thdng dfng tft tft dugc ddng d dgng kftib ngft Id: fctf agent,^ trao- nbfn tiing Nli$t hifn d^ Cde dfng tft b & { " f sashi£^eru, kudasaru vk ^"^ trao- nh|in d thi thdng thudng bao gom: < < n s l (243)-2016 NG6N NGC & Btfl S6NG 53 aku,htz ^ att^ < lAuu; cdc dfng tft traonh|nd dang kinb ngft bao gom: 'ft'iii> tamafiL, fz T ^ O S tatematsuru, fc ^ ( i S tcanaharu Nhung tren thuc tl, nhdm ^ n g tft du>5C sft dyng phi biln Id cdc ^ n g tft d dgng kinb ngft Cde dfng tft d dgng kinh ngfl fc'^^tanu^ fcT^oS tatematsuru; fc'^\'i'S> tamabam cflng dugc ehia lam nhdm gilng nhu cdc dfng tii - ^ yaru, < t l S kureru vk %ho morau ngdy Tuy nhiSn, so viA dfng tft dbn lai, tz.'^i'i.^ tamaharu it dugc sft dyng ngdn ngfl ndi, vl vgy cd till ndi dfng tft fc ^ ^ tome??/vd fcT S o ^ tatematsuru Id dfng tft trung tam hf thong ddng tft trao - nb$n cua tioig Nhgt co Hai dfng tft cung hogt ^ n g trraig cau vdi chftc ndng d ^ tft thyc vd dgng tft b l trg Khi digc dung vdi vai trd dfng tft tiiyc nd khdng bilu 1h| sy kInh trgng ma chi don tbuin tbi hifn sy trao - nh$n v ^ cdn Idii dugc diing vdi vai trd dfng tft b l trg nd lgi khdng he mang n^&t trao- nhgn md chi bioi b i ^ sy koih trgng doi vdi cdc nhan vgt tham gja hfi tfiogi ludn d ^ g vai trd quan tn^g be thong "cddi ndi uu tioi" cua tioigNhft" Vdi cddi hi»i nhu t i ^ khih ngfl bay Uka b i ^ trao- nhgn deu Id bilu b i ^ cua hf tiling "each ndi uu tien".VI vfy qud trinh lilnb thdnh, biln doi cfla nhdm dfng tft trao - nhgn cflng theo quy ludt vd diiu dnh budng trye ti^ tft "cddi ndi uu ti^" ndi diung vd kinb ngft ndi ridt^ Sy ddi, binh tiianh vd phdt trial cua nhdm dfng tft ndy |didn anb qud trii^ "ty d i ^ chinh" lif tiling k&ih n ^ cfla ti^Nh^ 3,1 Sfrbiin Mi cua hp thdng kinh ngdtrong Tsidxii ^ ) cung cho idng, bieu lufn trao nhgn Id mft bf i^i^n khdng thi t h i ^ bf tiling "cddi ndi uu tiwi":" Trong suit qud trinh v§n dgng cfla f ^ n i ^ tft tiidi d d^ d ^ hifn d^ dkig vdi kinh ngfl, b i ^ hifn trao- nhdn tiing Nhgt Risho (2013) ciing chi mft so sy thay doi tnmg qud trinh phdt t r i ^ tft kfnh ngfl tiing Nhgt c l df^ doi ti^ Nhgt h i ^ d^ Khi so sanh kinh ngfl tnmg ti^g NhSt d - tc T S ' ^ S tomq/S/-tofemfl&urKlddoylutlk&ih;^ qi^ #ih Sy tdn kfiib dugc d^ vdo chfl till hdnh dfng thi dfng tft dugc sft dyt^ Id tz.'^^tanu^ Ngugc 1^, nlu sy tdn kfnh hudng tdi dii tugng tilp nhgn Ihl dfng tft dugc lya d i ^ Id fcX'^'O^ tatematsuru Nhung tiing Nhdt hifn dgi nhdn tl quy ^nb sy dii l|p gjfla - ^ S yaru vd < f\t^ kureru 1^ Id quan hf tiidn so (trong - ngosd) Ciing Id chu till cfla hdiih vi trao, cflng gifl chftc ndng cfl [diap Id chfl ngfl cdu, nhung cdn eft vdo sy d ^ gid mli quan bf cflng nhdm (trong nhdm) hay k h ^ nhdm (n^xii nhdm) cfla ngudi ndi md dgng tfl dugc sft dyng sd Id < H ' S kurvru hay^^yaru 3.5 Svgia nhgp nhdm trao ~ nhpn eda ^ng tit 'f}& P morau Nbu dd bilt, xuat hifn diu tiSn nhdm dfng tft trao - nb$n Id dfng tft mang ngjua trao < t l S kureru Bk tri vd bdo ^ nhdm dfng tft trao - n h ^ tiing Nhdt co, dgng tft tiep theo xuat b i ^ Id-^ ;«ru tgo thdnh e ^ doi %) >OTT/kureru E)ay Id sy tilp nii eiia (^p fc^^ - fcT ^ o S Uam/ii -tatemcOsurutiong,tiengNhgt co Vin de phdt sinh sdm nblt nfi bf nhdm cfla cdc dgng tft trao - nhfn tiing Nhgt c l cung n b u t i ^ N b d t h i ^ ^ Id van de doi Ifp^Qaban thSn cdc dfng tft ding ngjua trao md khdng phd la ^ doi lgp gjfta y ngbia trao vd y n^ua nhfn Do v§y, tiq) sau sy Toiat b i ^ efla dgng tft K tl^ kureru Id dfng tft - ^ yaru md khdng phdi Id dfng tft mang yngjluanb^n hh^ morau £)fngtft ^ ^ '9 morau v ^ khdng phdi Id dfng tft dligc sft dyng vdi ^ ngjm nb^n Iheo Ogjno p007),dfngtft h^O morau xuat hifn cae ^ ^ b ^ vdo tiidi Tnit^ dgi nhung lgi mang nglua "yfiu cau, mong muon" VI dy: 55 ^mm (1268=^— 75 ^ ) # simm- 2007 tc i ] (Dan flieo Risho - 2013) (Cdontnd khdng bdo ^p, thgt khdng thi hiiu mi,-thl hifn mong mu^ ) Dfng tft ndy dugc dimg vdi ngjm "nhgn" sau mgt qud trinh bien Sii vk ngbia, Idii net ngjm "ydu cau, mong muon" bj bu hda vk n6t ngbia "nhdn" trd tiidnh ngjua trung tdm Qud trinh dfng tft ^ b morau Argc dua vdo sft dyng vdi y ngbia trao nhgn cd dugc li gjdi thdng qua sy pb^ trien thi khi&n nhudng B qud trinh bioi dii cfla hf filing kfnh ngfl nbu da tiinh bdy d phan tren Khi tii^ df khiem nhudng, ty bg tti^ miiih dugc de eao thi ngucri ndi phdi xuat hifn cufc tho^ vdi vm trd cfla diu the hdnh dfng Sy gja nhSp nhdm traonhgn cfla dfng tft t CJ morau ptikn krh qua trinh b i ^ doi i^jm cfla tft nhdm thda man dieu ki^ndy 36 Tinh da chde ndng eda edc ^ng tdtrao nhpn Cdc dfng tft trao - nhgn tiing Nhgt Id nhftng ^ n g tft hogt dfng cau vin chftc ndng: chftc ndng Id mft dfng tft tiiyc(^$^^ vd chftc nang Id dfng tft bo trg (^^W0!) Sy phdt t r i ^ cfla till lidi sy vd tbi Idiiem nhudi^ B dugc phdn dnh tiyc tilp vdo vifc loilt hifn dfng tft dau ti&i < i x kureru, dfng tft - ^ yaru vkhhV morau Cung vdi sy mit din cfla till khiem nhudng A, dgng khih ngfl dugc thi hifn bdng ket clu " d ^ tft thyc + dfng tii bl tn? knib ngft + d ^ g tft lid bv kinh ngft 2" khdng cdn &igc sft dyng vdi myc dich till hifn sy kfnh trgng doi vdi cac nhdn vft tiiam gja hfi thogi Tuy nhioi, sy mat £ cfla kit clu ndy dugc thay the rang m ^ binh tilde bieu hifn I d ^ Dii vdi cdc dfn^ tft trao nhgn, tfnh da diftc ndng chMi Id mft bdng diung till hifn sy tiiay dii ndy Tuy nhidn, khde vdi dgng kmh ngft tii^ thudng chiic ndng mdi i^iat sinh cua cdc d ^ tft trao nhgn dugc sft dyng i^idm bilu thi quan hf on buf D ^ g tft trao - n h ^ vdi chftc ndi^ Id dfng tft fliyc Vi dy: :km^1^^\^'^^-^of^(Jato t$nghoaHanako) £)fngtirtrao - nb^n vdi chftc ndng Id dfng tft bo tn? Vidy: MUm^PK'^I^^W^X'^ofz (Taro mm boa tgng Hanako) 56 NGON N G f & Bin S N G Dong tir trao - nhan voi chuc nSng la dgngtiibo tro Kp Vi du: Mi^^^Kl^in-sX-^-D X < iXfc(Taiio da mua hoa tgng Hanako gii!ip tfii) Dpng tuf trao - nh|n vdi chiic nang la dOng tir bo tn? cho chinh d^ng tir nh6m Vi dy: :km>1t^i^1ti'¥-o X < nfcCTaro da tang hoa tang Hanako giup toi) T < ^ f c ( Hanako da nhgn hoa cua TaiD giup toi) C6 Ihl Ijm IhAy cac vl du chimg minh khA nSng ket hpp k ^ the hi$n tinh da chuc n ^ g ciHa c ^ dOng tir trao - nlian cac vSn tian tmoc ddy nliu cuong ngon va mpt so tac pham Ihcri c|n dgi DSng tiT thuc+ddng tir h6 tic? Vf dy: t>* i:hbi-X i V ^.S.fc Jx if fc ( \i^\ ii^: