Quan hệ Trung-Pháp trong việc giải quyết vấn đề Đông Dương tại Hội nghị Geneva năm 1954

Quan hệ Trung-Pháp trong việc giải quyết vấn đề Đông Dương tại Hội nghị Geneva năm 1954, góp phần đem lại hòa bình cho bán đảo Đông Dương và hòa bình vùng Viễn Đông, thế giới.

QUAN HE TRUNG-PHAP TRONG VIEC GIAI QUYET VAN DE DONG DUONG TAI HOI NGHI GENEVA N A M 1954 • • • NGUYEN VAN TRi* H di nghi Geneva ve Ddng DUdng n i m 1954 cung nhQng nhan t d t a c ddng tdi Hdi nghi n i y v i n l i mdt mdi quan tam cua gidi sd hpc va ngoai nUdc Trong khudn khd nhQng t i i lieu hipn ed tay, bii viet n i y t i p trung tim hieu l i p trUdng cua Trung Quoc v i Phap vipc giai quyet cudc chien tranh Ddng Duong tai Hdi nghi Geneva n i m 1954 v i t i c ddng cua mdi quan he giQa hai nUdc n i y tdi ket qua cua Hdi nghi Ddng DUdng, cho den luc Hdi nghi Geneva dien ra, l i dia b i n cd vi tri quan trpng ddi vdi ldi Ich qud'c gia cua Phap v i Trung Qud'c Vdi Trung Qud'c, day l i phen diu, l i d u ndi xud'ng phia Nam TQ giQa the ky XIX trd ve trUdc, Viet Nam l i ndi Trung Qud'c cd nhieu anh hudng Vdi P h i p , Ddng Duong l i "hdn nggc" d Vien Ddng ndi mang den cho hp nhidu ldi Ich tQ ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien phong phu; tQ vi tri an ngQ cac ludng giao thdng giQa Ddng Bic A vdi Ddng Nam A, giQa Ddng An Dp DUdng vdi Tay Thai Binh DUdng Chinh vi the, trUdc nUdc Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa ddi, Ddng DUdng da l i dia ban tranh chap quyen ldi giQa Phap vdi Trung Qud'c Trong cudc tranh chip dd, cudi cung hai ben budc phai dung hda, chia quyen ldi d Viet Nam; Trung Qude de cho Phap thiic hipn quyen * Vipn Lich sd Quan si;f Vipt Nam cai tri d Viet Nam; ddi lai, Phap nhupng cho Trung Quoc mdt sd quyen vd kinh te, giao thdng d ndi niy Khi nUdc Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa ddi (1-10-1949), quan he giQa Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa vdi Phap cung nhU quan diim cua Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa vd v i n dd Ddng DUdng cd sU thay ddi: Trung Qude vipn trd cho Vipt Nam khang Phap gianh dde l i p d i n toe, qua dd, bao v§ bien gidi phia Nam cua minh Vipn trd cua Trung Qude cho Vipt Nam khdng chi cd v i t liic mi cd ca nhan lUc- dpi ngu cd vi'n d cac nginh, cic d p Rieng ve vipn trp v^t chit, khdi lupng h i n g Trung Quoc vi^n trd nhdng n i m 1951-1954 Udc chdng 50.000 t i n v i "xdt cho cung-vin dUdi 100.000 t i n , hay cdn kdm xa mdc nUdc Phap n h i n cua My cung thdi gian dd" (1) Vi^c Trung Qude giup nhan dan Vipt Nam khang chidn l i m cho quan he Trung - Phap trd nfin ddi dich (2) Phap khdng cdng n h i n Chinh phu nUdc Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa; hda theo My, Phap thi h i n h chinh sich d m v i n kinh te chdng Trung Quoc Ddi vdi vin dd Ddng DUdng, b§n canh vipc n h i n vi§n trd quan sU cua My, td t h i n g n i m 1950, Phap ldi kdo My va mdt sd ddng minh khic b i n bipn phap ddi phd vdi kha n i n g Trung Qud'c dUa quan tn;(c tiep tham chidn d ndi NhU thd, Ddng DUdng trd t h i n h m^t diem ndng cupc "Chidn tranh l^nh" Quan ht Trung-Ph^p h\>ng viec giQa hai phe x i hdi chu nghla (XHCN) va tu ban chu nghia (TBCN) De'n n i m 1953, cudc "Chien tranh lanh" da cd bien chuyen Idn Cac nUdc Idn deu mudn giai quydt hda binh nhQng xung dot giQa hai phe Ngiy 27 t h i n g n i m 1953, cac ben tham chien tren b i n dao Trieu Tien ky Hipp dinh dinh chidn Bin Mdn Didm Ngiy t h i n g n i m 1953, Lien Xd keu gpi cac nUde Idn (trong dd cd Trung Quoc) trieu t i p mdt hpi nghi ban bien phap lim giam cing t h i n g d Vien Ddng Cung luc nay, d Ddng DUdng, cudc chien cung mang de'n mpt tinh the mdi khien ca Phap Iin Trung Qud'c phai tinh tdi hUdng giai quydt khic TQ n i m 1950, cudc chien tranh Ddng Dudng da phat trien thee hudng cang cd ldi cho liic lUdng khang chien Cudi n i m 1950, tuydn phdng thu bien gidi ViptTrung cua quan Phap bi pha vd, chien trUdng Ddng DUdng khai thdng tren thtic td vdi cic nudc XHCN Dau n i m 1952, he thdng phdng thu d trung du v i ddng bing Bic Bd cua quan P h i p bi chpc thung, cac cin cQ, khu du kich cua quin dan Vipt Nam dupe lien thdng tQ vung nui phia Bic xud'ng trung du, ddng bing Bic Bp v i vao tdi khu vtic Bic Trung Bd Cud! xuin n i m 1953, vung kiem soat cua quin P h i p d ThUdng Lio bi thu hpp: toan bd tinh Sam Neua, mdt p h l n tinh Xieng Khouang v i Phong Saly n i m dudi sU kiem soit cua Itic lUdng khang chidn Lio Vung giai phdng ciia Lio d khu vtic n i y dUdc ndi lien vdi cac vung giai phdng cua Viet Nam d Bic Bd v i Bic Trung Bd Su phat trien dd cua cudc chien mdt m i t budc Phap phai yeu clu My vien trd cing nhieu hdn (3) nhUng m i t khac, tinh hinh dd cung lai l i m gia tdng xu hUdng mud'n thoit khdi cudc chidn ndi bd cua hp (4) Den giQa n i m 1953, gidi d m quyen Phap thd'ng nhi't chpn dUdng thUdng lUdng de' thoat khdi cudc chien 49 danh dii Tai mdt phien hpp Qude hdi Phap vio t h i n g n i m 1953, Thu tUdng Laniel tuyen bd: "Cho den n i m 1953, cdng chiing Phap cd hai xu hUdng ddi ngUdc Mdt so' ngUdi mudn giai quydt cudc chien bing dudng thUdng lUdng, sd khac lai cho r i n g cd the giai quydt cudc chien bing chien tranh Den luc niy, cac cudc tranh l u i n dd can cha'm dQt Tren thtic te, chiing ta deu mong ring cudc chien se giai quyet dUdc bing dUdng thUdng lupng" (5) Ddi vdi Trung Qud'c, cugc chidn cing nghieng phan t h i n g vd phia liic lUdng each mang Ddng DUdng thi cang mang lai nhieu ldi the cho hg quan he qud'c te v i viec bao ve bien gidi phia Nam ciia minh NhUng gid day, nhin nhin cua Trung Qud'c, tinh hinh dd ciia cugc chien cung dUa tdi khd ndng hg phai ddi phd vdi My d Ddng DUdng (6) Trong cugc chien tranh Trieu Tien (1950 - 1953), hai ben Trung - My da dung dau vdi TQ cugc dung diu nay, Trung Qud'c cho ring My la "bd gii'y"- khdng thiic sU manh vi dang sd nhUng ciing tQ day, Trung Qud'c (It nhi't la gidi quan sti) ciing nhin thi'y nhQng ban che kha ning quan sU cda minh Theo Shaul Breshn tic phim Mao Trach Ddng, thi, "d mdt mQc nio dd, chien tranh Trieu Tien da cho cac tUdng linh quan ddi Trung Qud'c, nhi't la Banh DQc Hoii, thi'y r i n g Trung Qude khd cd the til bao ve minh Md hinh chien tranh du kich linh boat da giup ich nhieu va din tdi thing ldi sau thdi gian ndi chien kdo dai, nhQng nhQng cudc xung dot quoc te hien dai lai l i vi'n de khac" (7) NhU the, mpt cudc dung dau vdi My lln nQa, du tnic tiep hay giin tidp, thi v i n l i mpt van de khien Trung Qud'c cdn cdn trgng suy tinh Trong dd, tQ n i m 1953, Trung Qud'c thtic hipn ke hoach n i m lan thQ nhi't Ke hoach ddi hdi hp phai "ddn tim, ddn liic vio giai quyet cac vi'n de nUdc" (8), dong thdi 50 phai tranh thu ngudn lUc tQ cac nUdc phUdng Tay, ndi cd nen khoa hpc va cdng nghp hien dai Trong v i n kien vd chinh sach ngoai thUdng trinh Uy ban Trung Udng Dang Cong san Trung Qud'c t h i n g 3, Bp Ngoai thUdng Trung Quoc xic dinh: 'Tich cUc phat trien quan he budn ban vdi cac nUdc tU ban chu nghla du r i n g Trung Qud'c phai ludn canh giac, khai thic mau t h u i n v i phan bipt ddi xd giQa cic nUdc dd tren nguyen t i c hai ben cung cd ldi" (9) Phu hdp vdi dudng ldi kinh te dd, Trung Qud'c chu trUdng thiic hien mdt chi'nh sach ddi ngoai hda binh, d i thipn quan he vdi the gidi ngoii khdi XHCN Trong mdt cudc hpp cua Bd Ngoai giao, t h i n g n i m 1953, Thu tUdng Trung Qud'c phat bieu: Trung Qud'c " d n phai lam cho thd gidi tin r i n g Trung Qud'c l i ngUdi ung hd thUdng lUdng hoa binh cdn ddi phUdng l i nhQng ke thich dung bao lUc vipc giai quydt cac cudc xung dot qud'c td' (10) Bdi the', ddi vdi vi'n de Ddng Dudng, Trung Qud'c cung mud'n giai quydt bing dUdng thUdng lUdng Ngay 24 t h i n g n i m 1953, sau ky Hipp dinh Ban Mdn Diem, Thu tudng Chu An Lai tuyen bd': "Cd the thao luan "cac vi'n dd khic" sau giai quydt hoi binh van dd Trieu Tien" (11) Chinh vi vay, d Trung Qud'c lan P h i p deu tan sang kien m i Lien Xd dUa t h i n g n i m 1953 Tai Hpi nghi Berlin (DQc) b i n sang kidn dd cua Lien Xd (tQ 25-1 den 18 - - 1954), Phap nha't tri trieu t i p mdt hdi nghi qud'c te (trong dd cd sii tham gia cua Trung Qud'c) d Geneva vio 26 t h i n g n i m 1954 de giai quydt hoa binh cac vi'n de Trieu Tien v i Ddng DUdng Vd vi'n de Ddng DUdng, ngiy t h i n g 3, tai Qud'c hdi Phap, Thu tUdng Laniel xae dinh muc tieu: "Phai giinh dUdc mgt nen hda binh ma d dd tdn trpng the dipn qud'c gia, tU c i nhan va dam bao an toin cho Dao quan Vien chinh" (12) Ddi vdi Rghidn ciJru Ljch sd sg 6.2009 vai trd cua Trung Qude cudc thUdng lUdng du dinh dd, ban ghi nhd ngiy 21 t h i n g 11 n i m 1953 cua Bd ngoai giao Phip k h i n g dinh: "Rd r i n g khdng the cd mdt giai p h i p vQng ben cho cac cudc xung dot d chau A ndu khdng cd Trung Qude tham gia" (13) Ngay 10 t h i n g n i m 1954, Bd ngoai giao Phap cho r i n g : "Tinh hinh quan h$ vdi Trung Qud'c diu di (chUa phai l i mdt lien minh vdi Trung Qud'c) l i mdt nhQng dieu kipn cdng cua Hdi nghi Geneva" (14) Ve phia Trung Qud'c, trUdc Hdi nghi Berlin hpp, ngiy t h i n g n i m 1954, Thu tudng Chu An Lai keu gpi "ti't d cic nUdc Idn lien quan ddn cic cudc xung dot quan sti d chau A ngdi lai thao l u i n vdi de tim bipn p h i p giai quydt hoi binh cac cudc xung dot" (15) Sau cic nUdc tham gia Hdi nghi Berlin nhi't tri tripu t i p Hdi nghi Geneva, ngiy t h i n g nim 1954, Ban BI thU Trung Udng Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c thdng qua ve nguyen tic v i n kipn "NhQng n h i n dinh ban d i u vi cdng tie c h u i n bi vd Hdi nghi Geneva", dd, vd vi'n de Ddng DUdng, Trung Qud'c chu trUdng: "Phai cd' ging hdt sQc de dam bao Hdi nghi se khdng rdi vio tinh trang kdt thuc m i khdng dat mdt kdt qua nao Ngay d Hdi nghi khdng di den mdt hiep nghi, chung ta v i n khdng dQpc de cho cudc thUdng lUdng ve vi'n de van hdi hoa binh d Ddng DUdng bi pha hoai hoin toan Chung ta d n tao mdt tinh thd vQa danh vQa d i m n h i m l i m gia t i n g nhQng khd k h i n vdn cd cua P h i p v i khdi siu them mau t h u i n giQa Phap v i My vipc giai quydt vi'n dd Ddng DUdng, tQ dd phuc vu mdt each ed ldi cho cdng cudc di'u tranh gianh tU cua nhan dan Ddng DUdng" (16) Trong cudc thUdng lUpng dd, Trung Quoc coi vipc P h i p cd mdt lip trUdng dim phan dde l i p vdi My nhU l i bieu hipn eua mdt y dinh thUdng lUdng thiic sU TrUdc Hdi nghi khai mac, theo Phring- Quan h& Trung-Ph6p vi^c xoa Goay-d t i c p h i m Trung Qud'c vd viec gidi quyet cudc chien tranh Dong DiiOng lan thd nhat, cac dai dipn ban chinh thdc cua Trung Qud'c d Hdng Kdng cho biet: D i u tien Trung Qude phai xic dinh "xem lip trUdng cua Phap le thudc hoin toin vio chinh sich ddi ngoai cua My, hoic ngUpc lai P h i p cd the k h i n g dinh rd rang y mudn giai quyet h o i binh vi'n de Ddng DUdng hay khdng" (17) 51 sdc minh l i p lai hda binh" Minh chQng cho thien chi dd, VUdng Binh Nam ndi: 'Trung Qud'c khdng nhi't thiet khuyen khich Viet Minh hudng hoat dgng quan sti vd vung' ddng bing" Nhan xet ve tuyen bd' nay, Phring-xoa Gioay-d cho ring dd la "mdt cau ndi trgng yeu giQa luc viec phdng thu khu vtic H i Ndi - Hai Phdng l i mdi quan t i m Idn nhi't cua cac gidi hQu trach quan sU Phap" (20) TQ cudi thing den dau Nhu viy, trUdc bUdc vio Hgi nghi thing 6, hai ben Trung - Phap lien tiep td Geneva, hai ben Trung - Phap ddi dau chQc cudc gip rieng (27-5; 30-5; 1-6; 5-6; vd vi'n dd Ddng DUdng, Trung Quoc 6-6; T-6) Trong cac cudc thao luan dd, hai ung hd cudc khang chien cua nhan dan ben vQa trao ddi nhQng vi'n de mang tinh Viet Nam chd'ng lai cudc tai chidm Ddng nguyen tic dam phan vQa thao luin DUdng cua Phap NhUng, de phu hop vdi loi nhQng van de cu the ma Hgi nghi dang ich qud'c gia cua minh, hai ben Trung - thUdng thao (van de tap ket chuyen quan d Phap lai tim den dudng thUdng lUdng Viet Nam; van de uy ban qud'c te giam sat thi hanh hiep dinh) Ve cac van de cu the de kdt thuc cudc chien Hdi nghi Geneva vd Ddng DUdng khai dd, phia Phap da cd nhQng nhUdng bd dang mac ngiy t h i n g 5, kdt thuc ngiy 21 ke Ve vi'n de iiy ban qud'c te giam sat thi t h i n g n i m 1954 Tham gia Hdi nghi cd hanh hiep dinh, tai cugc gip 30 thing cac doin dai bieu cua nUdc (18) (doin dai 5, dai dipn Phap Chauvel tuyen bd: 'Tdi bieu Phap Ngoai trUdng G Bidault din hoan toin ddng y vdi quan diem cua ngii diu, doin dai bieu Trung Qud'c Thu VUdng Binh Nam ring nhiem vu cua uy tudng kiem Bd trUdng Ngoai giao Chu An ban li ngin chin sU tai dien xung dot d Lai l i m trUdng doin) Vao nhQng ngiy diu ben v i ngin chin viec dUa phUdng cua cudc thUdng lUdng, hai ben Trung- tien chien tranh cung quan ddi nUdc ngoai Phap cdn khdc biet ve quan diem dam vao lanh thd Dong DUdng Chung tdi cung p h i n den mQc phia Trung Qud'c thi'y khdng nha't tri nghien cQu vice lap sii giam sat d the dung hda dUdc Chu An Lai nhan xet ca tren di't hen Iin tren bien" (21) Ve van ban de nghi diem ngiy t h i n g cua de tap ket chuyen quan d Viet Nam, trUdc Phap l i "lim theo y cua My"; l i "sU chuan viec Trung Qud'c de nghi Phap thao luin bi cho mUu dd l i p khdi phdng thu d Ddng vdi Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda cac Nam A cua My" v i vi the "khdng phai la nguyen tic tai Hpi nghi, ddng thdi thao thQ ding de thUdng lUdng" (19) Du thd, luin cac ndi dung cu the d Ddng DUdng, tai Trung Qud'c v i n mud'n thUdng lUdng vdi cudc gip thing 6, Chauvel phat Phap tren mdt Idp trUdng khach quan m i d bieu: phia Phap 'Vin tin ring mgt thda dd phia Phap cd the trdng ciy de trao ddi t h u i n ve nguyen t i c phai dat dUdc d Tai cupc gip b i n chinh thQc d i u tien giQa Geneva trUdc b i t diu cac cupc thao Trung Qud'c vdi P h i p 18 t h i n g 5, dai luan d tai chien trUdng NhUng du di dipn Trung Qud'c, VUdng Binh Nam tuyen nQa, (Chi'nh phu P h i p d) Paris da yeu d u bd: "Chung tdi den day khdng phai de ung (chinh quyen P h i p d) Sai Gdn cii cic n h i hd quan diem cda Vipt Minh m i de l i m hdt dim phan Phap tiep xiic vdi phia Viet 52 Nam" (22) Ben canh dd, ve nhQng van de nguyen t i c dam phan, Trung Qud'c k h i n g dinh mpt each rd rang hdn lap trUdng khach quan cung nhU mdt thai dp thUdng lupng thUc sti, qua dd hp Id kha n i n g nhUdng bd phia Phap giai quyet vi'n dd Ddng DUdng Tai cudc gip Chauvel 30 t h i n g 5, VUdng Bi'nh Nam tuyen bd': "Bi't ky mpt giai phap nao cung phai diia tren ldi ich rieng cua mdi qud'c gia n h i m dUa den sQ ddng t h u i n va h i i Idng cho cic ben d i m phan" (23) Cu the, VUdng Binh Nam ndi: "Ong Pham V i n Ddng ndi nUdc Phap v i n cd the de cac cd sd v i n hoi va kinh td d Viet Nam Sau t i i l i p hoi binh, Viet Nam se xem xdt vipc tham gia khdi lien hipp Phap va xay diing quan he than thipn vdi Phap" (24) Tinh than thUdng lUdng dd cua phia Trung Qud'c lai dupe Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh cudc gip Bidault t h i n g Cd the ndi, day l i nhQng quan diem mang ndi dung^dn vdi nhQng dieu m i Thu tUdng Phap de t h i n g n i m 1953 Bdi the, cudc gip Chu An Lai lan d i u tien, ngiy t h i n g 6, Bidault d i k h i n g dinh quan diem giQa hai ngUdi g i n nhU hai n h i lien kd (25) Tie'p dd, cupc thao l u i n vdi Chu An Lai ngiy t h i n g 6, Bidault, khdng gii'u didm, ndi r i n g quan diem giQa dng v i Chu An Lai ri't g i n v i nhQng cudc ndi chuyen giQa hai ngudi "cd tinh xay diing hdn nhQng cupc ndi chuyen vdi ngudi khac" (y mud'n am chi Lien Xd) (26) Diu the, neu nhU phia Trung Qud'c diia quan diem thiiOng liiOng mdt cdch rd rdng - tdn trpng the dien cua Phap cung nhU chip n h i n sti tri d mdt mQc dp quydn ldi v i anh hudng cua Phap rridt giai phap dti dinh ve va'n de Ddng DUdng, thi, phia Phap, cudc gip t h i n g 6, Bidault chi "biy td mong mud'n hda binh v i hd Id vdi phia Trung Qud'c (ring phia Phap) se khdng sd dung bi't ky mdt sQc dp q u i n Rghien cijru Lich sd sd 6.2009 sU nao" (27) Thtic chi't, Phap v i n mudn thUc thi chinh sich dung My de tao ldi the thUdng lUdng Trong cudc hdi dim ba ben (Phap, Anh, My) ngiy 17 t h i n g 6, tai Geneva, Phap va My thdng nhi't "khdng giai tda mdi lo ngai cua Trung Qud'c vd vi'n dd d c c i n cQ quan sQ My d Lio vi Campuchia" (28) NhU viy, sau mdt thing dam phan, hai nUdc da nhlch lai gin nhUng v i n cdn khoang cdch thUdng lUdng Trong cudc hdi dim vdi trudng doin Anh, Eden ngiy 19 t h i n g 6, trudng doin Lien Xd, Molotov n h i n dinh: "Quan he Trung - Phap (trong qua trinh Hpi nghi), du da cd sU d i thien ding ghi n h i n nhUng chUa thay ddi nhieu" (29) Ddn giQa t h i n g 6, Hdi nghi ve Ddng DUdng lam vao be t i c hai ben dam phan khdng thda t h u i n dupe vdi ve vipc xem xdt rieng vi'n de Lao v i Campuchia vdi vi'n dd Viet Nam; vd vi'n dd rut quin dpi Viet Nam khdi hai nUdc dd Su be tic n i y gdp p h l n dan den vipc Chinh phu Laniel that bai cudc bd phidu tin nhipm tai Qud'c hdi Phap ngiy 12 t h i n g Vdi Trung Qude, sU be t i c dd cua Hdi nghi khidn hp lo l i n g ve kdt cue cua cudc dim phin Bdi viy, de hdi nghi khdi dd vd, cudc hpp ba doin phia eac nUdc XHCN ngiy 15 t h i n g 6, Trung Quoc da thuyet phuc phia Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hoi (DCCH) rut quan khdi Lio v i Campuchia Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh: "Ndu chung ta khdng thQa n h i n sti cd m i t cua quan dpi Viet Nam d Lio v i Campuchia thi cudc thao l u i n vd Lao v i Campuchia se khdng the tidp ttic dUdc v i tQ dd se lim vd nhQng cudc thUdng lUpng vd Viet Nam Do dd, chung ta phai thQa n h i n r i n g cd quan tinh nguypn Viet Nam d Lio va Campuchia" Ddi lai, Chu An Lai cho ring Viet Nam DCCH cd the ddi Phap nhQdng bd ve vi'n de p h i n chia vung kiem soat Y kien cua Trung Qud'c dUde Lien Xd ung hd Quan he Trung-Phap h-ong vi^c v i cudi cung doin Viet Nam DCCH chip t h u i n (30) Theo gdi y cua phia Anh, trUa ngiy 16 t h i n g 6, trudng doin Trung Qud'c, Chu An Lai gip trudng doin Anh, Eden trao nhQng nhUdng bd cua phia cic nUdc XHCN Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh: "Se "khdng khd" de budc Viet Minh ddng y rut q u i n cua hg khdi hai nUdc i'y khuan khd qui dinh q u i n ddi nUdc ngoii nit khdi (Ddng DUdng)" (31) Ve Lao v i Campuchia, Chu An Lai ndi: Trung Qud'c "sin s i n g cdng n h i n tinh chi't hdp phap cua hai chinh phu Hoang gia d Lio v i Campuchia" nao Trung Qude "dupe dam bao r i n g khdng cd mdt cin cQ quan sU n i o cda My dupe xay diing d hai nudc niy" (32) Trung Qud'c cung "mong mud'n hai nUdc Lio va Campuchia tri quan he vdi Phap" De di de'n hoa binh d hai nUdc nay, Chu An Lai cho ring: Vd trudng hdp Campuchia, "vi liic lupng khang chidn nhd nen chi d n mdt thoa t h u i n chinh tri giQa Chinh phu Hoing gia vdi liic lupng k h i n g chien" Vd trUdng hdp Lio, "vi liic lupng khang chidn Idn hdn nen can tao nhQng khu tap kdt cho liic lupng dd dgc bien gidi Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c" (33) Ndi dung nhUdng bd tren dUdc Trung Qud'c trinh biy lai cudc gip Bidault ngiy 17 t h i n g Tren cd sd dd, 19 thing 6, Hdi nghi di ddn thoa t h u i n : De thiic hipn ddng thdi v i nhanh chdng di den ngQng b i n d Lao v i Campuchia, Bd tu lenh hai ben nghien cQu trUdc bet vi'n de rut quan dpi v i n h i n vien q u i n sU nUdc ngoii khdi hai nUdc niy Cung tai phien hpp niy, cic ben cung nhi't tri r i n g sau cac trUdng doin ve nUdc bao cio, Hdi nghi v i n tidp tuc hpp Nhu viy, nhUpng bd m i Trung Quoc dUa da thao gd bd tic, tao cd sd de Hdi nghi tiep tuc giai quydt cac vi'n de cdn lai Trong luc Hdi nghi cd bUdc chuyen tich ctic nhu thd thi tinh hinh chinh trUdng 53 Phap cung cd sU chuyen ddi cd Ipi cho cudc dam phan Sau Chinh phu Laniel do, ngiy 17 t h i n g 6, Qude hdi Phap bau Mendes France (thanh vien dang Xa hdi ci'p tidn, ngudi khdng t i n t h i n h chi'nh sach t h i n My d i m p h i n cua Chinh phu Laniel) lim Thu tudng chinh phu mdi Tai le n h i m chQc (18-6), M.France cam ket dUa Hdi nghi di den hipp nghi vdng mdt t h i n g (20-7) Nhu viy, cdng chiing vd chinh gidi Phdp mud'n mdt chinh sach thiiOng liiOng dgc lap vdi My hOn; mong mud'n sii ke't thuc chien tranh bdng thiiOng liiOng mg.nh me hOn Sti bien chuyen dd cua phia Phap dupe Trung Qude hoan nghenh Hp ddnh gid cao vd tin tiidng vdo cugc dam phan vdi Chinh phu M.France Ngay 19 t h i n g 6, tiep chuypn dai bieu Canada l i Chester E Ronning, Chu An Lai ndi: 'Tdi sung sUdng thi'y nUdc Phap cd mdt chinh phu kha manh de h i n h dgng 6ng Mendes d i thi'y dupe tinh hinh vi da hinh ddng mdt cich khdn ngoan" (34) Do dd, n h i m thuc dly Hdi nghi, Trung Qude d i de nghi vdi phia Phap td chQc mdt cupc gip giQa Chu An Lai v i M.France Cupc bdi dam giQa hai vi Thu tudng dUdc td chQc vio ngiy 23 thing tai Bern, thii dd Thuy Sy Trong hdn hai gid ddng hd trao ddi, TrungP h i p di den ddng t h u i n ve thii tuc dam phan: dim phan ve v i n de t i p kdt d n di vao b i n cu the; vi'n de phan vung tip kdt giQa hai ben d n giai quyet trUdc Hai ben cung nhi't tri thuc day cic ben lien quan cua phia minh vipc giai quydt cic vi'n dd cua Hdi nghi Die bipt, theo nhin xdt cua phia P h i p , cudc gip niy Chu An Lai da dUa mdt sdquan diem quan trpng the hipn "mdt budc tie'n ding ke" - mdt sti nhupng bd nQa so vdi quan diem trUdc dd cua hp "Lan ddu tien Chu An Lai thda n h i n sU tdn tai tren thiic te cua Chi'nh phu Vipt Nam qud'c gia"; lan ddu tien Trung Qud'c ddng y vdi phia Phap ring "cd hai giai 54 doan cho mdt giai phap d Viet Nam: TrUdc tien la giai quyet van de quan sU, sau dd giai quyet van de chinh tri" (35) Doi lai, M.France cung the hien mdt thai dp rd rang mud'n di den thUdng lUdng thtic sUdieu m i Trung Qud'c khdng tha'y dam thoai vdi Bidault Ldn ddu tien phia P h i p de cip den giai phap ehlnh tri cho ba nUdc Ddng DUdng v i M.France td y s i n sing tiep xuc tnic tiep vdi Pham V i n Ddng NhUng hdn ta't ca, ldn ddu tien Phap the hipn mdt l i p trUdng d i m p h i n doc lap vdi My hdn M.France tuyen bd: 'Tdi mud'n ndi rd rang r i n g chung tdi khdng dinh lap mpt cin cd My nao d Ddng DUdng" (36) Cd the thi'y ring, cugc gip da dUa hai ben Trung - Phap xlch lai gan hdn nQa Hai ben da tha'y dUdc rd hdn quan diem thUdng lUdng cua nhau, tin vio y dinh dam phan cua hdn, tQ dd cd them quyet tam dam phan, cd cd sd de dUa nhQng de nghi thuc day cugc dam phan di den t h i n h cdng Trong luc niy, ben ngoai Hdi nghi, tai Washington, 28 t h i n g 6, hai nUdc Anh, My tuyen bd' chung, dd, thd'ng nhi't d i t bay dieu kien cho vipc tdn trpng mpt hiep dinh d Geneva Vd vi'n de phdng thu d Ddng Nam A, hai nUdc thoa thuan se "thuc day cac bien phap n h i m lap mdt khdi phdng thu d Ddng Nam A" (37) Vdn kien bdy diem ma Anh, My dUa tao cho Phap mgt sU h i u t h u i n de mic ca vdi ddi phUdng Vi vay, ben canh vipc thuyet phuc My trd lai Hdi nghi, Phap chii trUdng "tranh td vdi ving di den mgt hiep nghi" ma yeu d u cua hp khdng dUdc thda man Phap khdng chap nhan chia cit Viet Nam d vi tuyen 13 theo de nghi cua Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda (tai cudc hpp Phap - Viet 28 t h i n g 6) (38), ma, tai cugc hpp ba ben (Anh, P h i p , My) d Paris 13 t h i n g 7, Thu tudng Phap chi ra: Phap chi n h i n "dudng gidi tuydn lui ve Rghien curu Lich sd sg 6.2009 phia Nam mdt chut" (so vdi md'c l i vi tuyen 18 m i hp da de nghi ngiy 26 t h i n g 6)- cd le theo dudng Ddng Hdi- Thakhek hoic hoi qua vd phi'a Nam dudng dd" (39) Ngiy 14 t h i n g 7, Phap cung My tuyen bd chung, dd Phap bay td mong mudn giinh dupe hipp dinh phu hdp vdi Vdn kien bdy diem Doi vdi Trung Qude, sU kipn Anh, My tuyen bd' chung ve vipc lip khdi phdng thu Ddng Nam A khien hp lo ngai hdn vd kha n i n g My nhay vio Ddng DUdng Vi viy, Trung Qud'c chu trUdng di den hipp nghi ban m i Phap d i dUa (20-7) n h i m n g i n c h i n h i n h ddng dd cua My (40) Theo dd, dieu kipn thUdng lUdng se dUa phai cdng b i n g hdp ly de cho phia Phap "cd the chip n h i n dUdc" Tai cudc gip Chu tich Hd Chi Minh d Lieu C h i u tQ ngiy den ngiy t h i n g 7, Trung Qud'c dinh dudng gidi tuyen phan chia vung kiem soat giQa hai ben d Viet Nam tai vl tuydn 17gin vdi de nghi d i t dudng gidi tuyen tai vi tuydn 18 cua phia p h i p ngiy 26 t h i n g 6; ve thdi ban tdng tuyen cd sau ngdng b i n l i n i m (Viet Nam de nghi dudng gidi tuydn tai vi tuydn 16, thdi ban tdng tuyen cd l i t h i n g sau ngQng bin) (41) Ngay 10 thing 7, Trung Qude khdng nhi't tri vdi quan diem cua Viet Nam: NhUdng cho Phap dudng sd v i Da Ning, ddi lai, Vipt Nam DCCH kiem soit Lien khu (khu vtic Nam Trung Bd v i Tay Nguyen) Thay vio dd, Trung Qud'c khuyen Vipt Nam nen nhUpng bd ve VI tuydn, ve vi'n dd Lio v i Uy ban qude te giam s i t thi hanh hipp dinh (42) NhUng, tinh t h i n nhUdng bd dd cda Trung Qud'c v i n khdng phdi Id sU di de'n hiep nghi bdng mgi gid Trung Qud'c chd dinh nhUpng bd n h i m n g i n My vio Ddng DUdng viy nen hp mud'n sU nhUdng bd cua minh cd y nghla thiic sU Ngay t h i n g 7, quydn trUdng doan Trung Qude l i Ly Khic Ndng ndi t h i n g vdi dai dipn P h i p Chauvel: Trung Qud'c se giup Phap cudc thUdng lUpng Quan hg Trung-Phap vigc ndu "mong mudn nhi't" cda Trung Qud'c ve vipc khdng cd cin cQ My d Ddng Duong dupe thoa m i n (43) NhU viy, trUdc cac trUdng doan trd lai Hdi nghi, Trung - P h i p ddu s i n s i n g di den nhupng bd de dUa cudc thUdng lUdng de'n t h i n h cdng NhUng hai ben cung d i t khung gidi ban cu the cho sti nhUpng bd dd - mpt sti cdng r i n hdn ve m i t nguyen t i c thUdng lUdng 55 cd the dat dUdc hipp nghi vai ngiy tdi" Trong hipp nghi dd, Trung Qud'c cdn dinh de cho Phap tri quan d Nam Viet Nam mdt thdi gian (ti't nhien khdng qua thdi gian td chdc tdng tuyen cd) nhim ldi dung Phap ngin chin sil lien ket giQa My vdi Bao Dai Nhu da ndi, de di den hiep nghi, Trung Qud'c mud'n cd sU dam bao trUdc ve viec khdng cd cin cQ My d Ddng DUdng v i ngiy 17 thing 7, hp trao ddi van Vio thUdng t u I n t h i n g 7, cac trudng de dd vdi phia Anh (47) Tuy nhien, tai cudc doin trd lai Hdi nghi (44), hai ben thd'ng gip giQa Caccia vdi TrUdng Vin Thien trUa n h i t thao l u i n rieng giQa cic doan trUdc ngiy 18, phia Anh lai mud'n phia Trung b i t d i u cic phien hpp chung Theo dd, Qud'c nhUdng bd trUdc v i phien hpp mdt tuIn, da cd nhieu cudc gip tay ban che chidu hdm dd, "My biy td ddi, tay ba giQa cac doin vdi Trong quan diem rd rang", "phia Anh va Phap b i t cac cudc gip tay ddi Xd- P h i p (10, 15dau the hien tinh than boa nghi thiic sii" 7), tay ba Xd - P h i p - Anh (16, 17-7) khdng thi, nhu Chu An Lai ndi, phia cac nUdc di den thda t h u i n n i o (ngoai trQ vi'n de di XHCN tha'y "khdng d n gay them sQc 6p lai cua Uy ban qud'c td giim sat thi h i n h (len ddi phUdng) nQa" va quyet dinh nhan hipp dinh) thi d cic cudc gip Trung- Phap nhUdng ddi phUdng trUdc Trong gid giai lao quan diem cua hai ben lai tie'n gdn den ciia phien hpp, Chu An Lai ndi vdi Eden mQc cd the di den hipp nghi dUpc Tai cudc ring dng ddng tinh vdi quan diem cua doin gip M.France ngiy 13 t h i n g 7, Chu An Lai Phap ve t h i n h phan iiy ban qud'c te giam gdi y phia Phap nhUdng bd ve vi'n de Viet sat thi hanh hiep dinh, dd la, tiy ban: gom Nam de ddi li'y sU n h i n nhUdng nhieu hdn An Dp, Ba Lan v i Canada, dd An Dp tQ phia cac nUdc XHCN: 'Tdi tin la neu cac lim chu tich (48) NhU viy, vi'n de ngii tidn len mdt budc thi ben se di phln iiy ban qud'c td giam sat thi hanh hiep nhidu budc hdn ve phia cic ngii" (45) Ngiy dinh dugc giai quyet Hanh dgng cua Trung hdm sau, 14 t h i n g 7, phia Phap hudng Qng Qud'c lam cho phia cac nUdc phUdng Tay gpi y dd b i n g mdt dd nghi mdi, dd cd hai long Trong doan Lien Xd dUdc nhin sQ nhupng bd vd gidi tuydn phan vung kiem n h i n "li t h i n h vien cQng r i n va khd dam soit giQa hai ben Guillermaz thdng bao vdi phan nhi't doan cac nUdc xa hdi chu VQdng Binh Nam: phia Phap se chi chip nghia" (49) thi vipc Trung Qude dUa n h i n dQdng gidi tuye'n d phia Bic dQdng sd nhUdng bd dd khien hp trd diem de (khoang vl tuyen 17, trUdc dd, hp de nghi che phia ben tap trung hy vpng va ddn dudng n i y d vi tuydn 18) Vd thdi gian tdng nd lUc dam phan vao tuyin cd sau ngQng bin, Guillermaz cho That viy, trUa ngiy 19, cd Eden cung bidt, phia P h i p cung chi ddng y khoang thdi gian l i n i m (46) NhQng quan diem du, M.France den gip Chu An Lai Hai ben gin vdi quan diem m i Trung Qud'c da neu nhan nhUdng l l n ve vi'n de Lao Phia cho phia Vipt Nam d i u t h i n g Vi viy, Phap ddng y vung t i p ket cua Itic lUdng tai cudc hpp ba doin (Viet Nam Dan chu khing chien Lio d khu vUc Ddng Bic giap Cdng hda Lien Xd, Trung Qud'c) ngiy 16 vdi Vipt Nam va Trung Qud'c, ddng thdi t h i n g 7, Chu An Lai, n h i n dinh: "Chung ta dam bao quyen cdng dan cho lUc lUdng Rghi&i cdu Lich sd sg 6.2009 56 Doi lai, Trung Qud'c chip nhan cho Phap d i t cin cQ d Lio, nhUng khdng dUdc d i t d gin bien gidi Viet Nam, c i n cQ Xieng Khouang phai chuyen cho ngUdi Lio n i m Thay vao dd, quan P h i p phai ddng cin cQ d phia Nam cua Lao (50) Ngay sau cudc gip tay ba nay, dai dipn Anh, Caccia gip dai dipn Trung Quoc, TrUdng V i n Thien thUdng thao ve van dd Viet Nam Caccia nha'n manh phia Phap nhi't quydt ddi dudng sd v i de cho vipc sd dung "an toin" dudng nay, dng gdi y dudng gidi tuyen la "mdt hai sdng" n i m khu vUc giQa dudng sd' v i vi tuydn 18; n i m 1956 se td chQc tdng tuyen cd Viet Nam NhUng ve vi'n de niy, phia d c nQdc XHCN khdng hoan toan nhi't tri vdi de nghi cua ddi phQdng Chieu cung ngay, TrUdng V i n Thien gip Caccia v i tuyen bd: "dudng gidi tuyen se dUdc thidt l i p cich dudng sd' mUdi kildmet ve phia bic"; hai n i m sau ngdng b i n se td chQc tdng tuyen cd Ve diem niy, "thdi gian v i phUdng thQc tuyen cd cu the se dQdc dai dipn cua cac chinh quydn d hai mien Nam v i Bic Viet Nam quydt dinh nhQng khdng dupe mudn hdn t h i n g n i m 1955"; vipc t i p kdt quan dpi d Viet Nam se phai thtic hien 245 ngiy (Ngay sau cudc gip niy, VUdng Binh Nam gip Guillermaz dUa nhQng quan diem tUdng tU ve vi'n dd Viet Nam) Do dd, dap ldi TrUdng V i n Thien, Caccia cho r i n g nhQng vi'n dd dd d n thao luan them giQa Pham V i n Ddng vdi M.France Ve gidi tuye'n, Caccia ndi: "Ngudi Phap cd le mud'n mdt vai kildmdt CHU nQa (ve phia Bic)" (51) V i , den ngiy 20 t h i n g 7, sau nhidu cupc thao luin, hai ben mdi di den thda t h u i n : dUdng gidi tuyen d Viet Nam d i t d vl tuydn 17, thdi ban tdng tuyen cd sau ngdng b i n la n i m Ngiy 21 t h i n g 7, Hdi nghi di den ky kdt cic hipp dinh dinh chien ve Viet Nam, Lio, Campuchia v i Tuyen bd cuoi cdng, ket thiic cudc thUdng lUdng ve vi'n de Ddng DUdng Nhin chung lai, Hdi nghi Geneva ve Ddng DuOng, nhQng cudc tidp xuc Trung- Phap l i nhQng boat ddng d i m phan quan trpng v i cd hieu qua O dd, x u l t p h i t chu yeu tQ ldi Ich qude gia cda mdi nUdc, hai ben da nhan nhUdng nhau, phia Trung Qud'c da nhUdng bd phia Phap nhidu hdn NhQng nhUdng bd l y da gdp p h l n thuc dly cudc thUdng lUdng di den cdng Die bipt, nhQng cudc tiep xuc niy, phia Trung Qud'c da dUa nhQng quan diem mang tinh nguyen t i c l i m cd sd cho vi^c giai quyet cac vi'n de cua Hdi nghi Qua day, chung ta hieu rd hdn vai trd cua cic nUdc ldn vipc giai quyet vi'n de Ddng DUdng; chung ta cung thi'y rd hdn xu hudng h o i nghi giQa hai phe vipc giai quydt cic tranh chip qud'c td luc dd Cd t h i ndi, Hdi nghi Geneva ve Ddng DUdng khdng chi giai quyet rieng vi'n de Ddng DUdng m i cdn giai quydt d cic v i n dd ngoii Ddng DUdng; Hdi nghi khdng chi dem lai hoi binh eho ban dao Ddng DUdng m i cdn gdp p h l n mang lai hda binh d vdng Vien Ddng va the gidi THICH (1) Phring-xoa Gioay-6, Trung Quoc vd viec gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng Duung ldn thii nhd't, Nxb Thong tin ly luin Hi Npi, 1981; tr 90 (2) Phap di sdm ludng dinh hinh dpng dd eua Trung Qud'c Tii t h i n g n i m 1947, tUdng Salan, To'ng ehl huy quin viin chinh Phip cl Dong DUdng, da dupc ehl thi "lim mpi vifc de khdng cho Vi^t Minh ed the tie'p xiic dUpc vdi cac ddn vj ciia Mao" Cupc t i n cdng len Vi^t Bic cua quin Phip thing 10 nim 1947 m$t phin nhim myc dich dd Thing Quan h& Trung-Ph6p h*ong vt^c 57 n i m 1949, chinh q u y i n T r u n g Hoa Quoc d i n de giiip hui'n luy$n c i c n h i n vien ky t h u i t P h i p dang s i p thi't thii, tudng Reveres, Td'ng t h a m mUu v i bao tri may bay m i hp vien trp; de'n t h i n g t n i d n g q u i n dpi P h i p , dupc cii sang Ddng DUdng Gieng n i m 1954, My lai dUa 200 nhan vien ky tim bi^n p h i p phdng thii b i n dao Reveres ki^n t h u i t khdng quan niia sang Ddng DUdng giiip nghj: q u i n P h i p c i n "thUc hiSn mot h§ thdng lien P h i p Hdn the, trUde nguy cd Phap n i t khdi Ddng h o i n cho ph6p bao dam vi6c phdng thu bien gidi tii Dudng, tii d i u n i m 1954 cac n h i hoach dinh chi'nh Mdng C i i d^n Thi't Khe", ddng thdi t i p t r u n g s i c h My cdn b i n tinh den viec dUa quan My true q u i n phdng thii dong b i n g B i c Bp (Phring-xoa tiep t h a m chien tren chien trUdng n i y (William Goay-6, Trung Qude vd viec gidi quyei cudc chien Conrad Gibbons, The U.S government tranh Ddng DuOng ldn thii nhdt, sdd, tr 74,77) Vietnam war - Executive and Legislative roles and relationships, Princeton (3) N i m 1950, so vi§n trd ciia My cho q u i n P h i p d Ddng DUdng l i 52,0 ty franc, n i m 1953 len tdi 285,0 ty v i n i m 1954 d a t tdi 555,0 ty chiem 73,9% chiJfn phi cua P h a p d Dong DUdng (Ban Chi dao Td'ng ket chien t r a n h trUc tbupc Bp Chinh tri, Chien tranh cdch mgng Viet Nam (1945- 1975)- Thdng lai vd bdi hgc, Nxb Chfnh tri Quoc gia, H i part I: 1945- and 1960, University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1986; p.158- WilUam Conrad Gibbons, Chinh phii My vd cudc chien tranh Viet Nam- Vai trd cua cO quan hdnh phdp vd lap phdp, p h i n I: 1945- 1960, Nxb Dai hpc Princeton, Princeton, New Jersey, 1986, tr 158) (7) Shaul Beslin, Mao Trgch Ddng, N$i, 2000, tr 498) (4) Theo dieu tra cua Vipn Du l u i n Phap, t h i n g n i m 1947 cd 37% ngUdi P h a p t i n t h i n h cu§c chi^n t r a n h ciia P h i p d Ddng Dudng; t h i n g the Nguyen HQu Quang dich, Nxb Tri Thiic, H i Npi, 2008, tr 254 (8) U.S Department of State, Foreign relations 10 n i m 1950, sS'dd l i 27%; t h i n g n i m 1953 of the United l i % v i de'n t h i n g n i m 1954 chi cdn 8% (Bd Geneva conference, Ngo^i Giao, Hiep dinh Gianeua- 50 ndm nhin lgi, Printing Office, Washington, 1981; p 898 (Bp Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia, H i Ndi, 2008, tr 76) (5) Ilya V Gaiduk, Soviet policy toward 1963, Stanford Confronting the indochina University Press, 1952-1954, vol XVI- The United States Government Ngoiii Giao MJ, Quan he ddi ngogi cHa Hop chung Vietnam- conflict, States, 1954- Stanford, California, 2003; p 17 (Ilya V.Gaiduk, Gidt quyet vdn di Vift Nam - Chinh sdch ciia Lien Xd vi cu^c chien tranh Ddng DUdng, 1954 - 1963, Nxb Dai hpc Stanford, Stanford, California, 2003, tr 17) qude Hoa Ky, 1952- 1954, t i p 16- Hpi nghj Geneva, Cd quan in i'n Chinh phu My xua't ban, Washington, 1981, t r 898) (9) Shu Guang Zhang, Economic Cold war: America's embargo Soviet alliance, agaisnt China and the Sino- 1949- 1963, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 2001, p 149 (Shu (6) TrUdc sii thi't b^i cua P h i p , de chd'ng cich Guang Zhang, Chien tranh Ignh vi kinh te: My m?ng Ddng Dudng v i n h i m th6' c h i n P h i p , My cdm vdn Trung Quoc vd sU lien minh Xd- Trung, c i n g n g i y c i n g can thifp s i u v i o cupc chien cua 1949 - 1963, P h i p trgn b i n dao n i y N6'u nhU n i m 1950, California, 2001, tr 149) cdng khai vi^n trd eho P h i p tien h i n h ehifi'n t r a n h cl Ddng DUdng, sii vi$n tnj cua My ehi gom tien b^c v i vu khf thi de'n n i m 1953, sii vifn tn? dd cd si,! ddng gdp tnic tie'p cua ca " b i n tay, khdi dc" cua Nxb Dai hpc Stanford, (10) Shu Guang Zhang, Economic America's embargo agaisnt Stanford, Cold war: China and the Sino- Soviet alliance, 1949 - 1963, ibid, p 143 ngUdi M9 C i c n h i quan sii My t h a m gia l$p k^ (11) Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd vi^c hoiich Nava; til t h i n g Gifing n i m 1953, M9 d i cho gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii P h i p "mUdn" 28 n h i n v i i n kS t h u i t khdng q u i n nhdt, sdd, tr 124 Rghi&n cdu Lich sd, sd 6.2009 5S (12) U.S Department of State, Foreign relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid; p 437 (13) Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec gidi quyei cugc chien tranh Ddng DUcmg ldn thd nhdt, sdd, tr 130 (14) Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii nhdt, sdd, tr 212 (15) Shu Guang Zhang, Economic Cold war: America's embargo agaisnt China and the SinoSoviet alliance, 1949- 1963, ibid; p 144 (24).http://www.Wilsoncenter.org/topic3/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p.27 (25).http://www.Wilsoncenter.Org/topics/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p 30 (26).http://wv(rw Wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p 41 (27)http://www.Wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p 40-41 (28) U.S Department of State, Foreign relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid; p 1174 (29).http://www.Wilsoncenter.Org/topics/pubs/C (16).http://www.Wilsoncenter.org/topies/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, Woodrow Wilson international Center for Scholars, Cold war international history project: Bulletin- Inside China's Cold war Issue 16, Fall 2007/ Winter 2008; p 12 (Trung tam hpc gia qude te Woodrow Wilson, Du i n lich sii quoc te ve chien tranh l^nh: Tap vdn bdn bdo cdo- Chien tranh Ignh phe Trung Quoc, i'n ban tha 16, tr 12) (17) Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DiiOng ldn thii nhdt, sdd; tr 148 (18) (Lien Xd, Trung Qude, Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hoi, Phap, Anh, My, Viet Nam quoc gia, VUdng quoc Campuchia, Vudng quoc Lao) (19).http://www.Wilsoncenter.Org/topic8/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p 17 (20) Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DUcfng ldn thii nhdt, sdd; tr 237 (21) http://www.Wilsoneenter.Org/topics/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p 28 (22).http://www.Wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p 36 (23) http://www.Wilsoncenter.Org/topics/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p 28 WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p 101 (30) Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam wars University of North Carolina Press, (USA), 2000; p 56-57 (Qiang Zhai, Trung Qude vd nhiing cudc chien tranh a Viet Nam, Nxb Dai hpc Bic Carolina, 2000, tr 56- 57) (31) U.S Department of State, Foreign relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol XVlThe Geneva conference, ibid, p 1174 (32) Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Qude vd viec gidi quyei cugc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii nhd't, sdd, tr 253 (33) U.S Department of State, Foreign relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid, p 1171,1173 (34) Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Qude vd vi^c gidi quyet cudc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii nhdt, sdd, tr 268 (35) U.S Department of State, Foreign relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid, p 1239-40 (36).http://www.Wilsoncenter.Org/topics/pubs/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid, p.53 (37) U.S Department of State, Foreign relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid; p 1255 Quan he Trung-Ph6p viec (38) U.S Department of relations of the United States, 59 State, Foreign 1952-1954, vol XVI- The Geneva conference, ibid, p 1279 (39) U.S Department of relations of the United States, (43) Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Qude vd viec giai quyet cudc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn State, Foreign 1952-1954, vol XVI- The Geneva conference, ibid; p 1349 thii nhdt, sdd, tr 284 (44) M.France trd lai Hdi nghi n g i y 10, Chu An Lai cd m i t n g i y 12 t h i n g (40) Trong cudc hdi dam n g i y 10 t h i n g 7, tai Moscow, trUde viec Lien Xd cho r i n g , thdi diem n i y "khdng nen lam phiic t a p chi Chu An Lai, sd n g i y 10 t h i n g n i m 1954 rUdm r i kdo d i i (45) Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec gidi quyei cudc chien tranh Ddng Duong ldn thii nhdt, sdd; tr 291 d i m phan, l i m Ipi cho My p h i hoai" v i , chu trUdng "dUa dieu kipn cdng b i n g hpp ly m i Chinh phii P h a p cd t h i n h i n dupe d l mau chdng (46).http://www,Wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/C WIHP Bunetinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p 97 di den dinh chien" h a n m i phia P h i p da d i t (47) Ve vi'n d l khdi phdng thii Ddng Nam A, ra- n g i y 20 t h i n g 7, Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh: theo Trung Qud'c, giiia My v i Anh cd mau thuan "Quan diem v i sU p h a n tfch tinh h i n h eiia T r u n g ve y dinh t h i n h l i p Do dd, Trung Qude g i p Udng Lien cdng vdi q u a n diem v i sU p h a n tich tinh d o i n Anh n h i m Ipi dung mau t h u a n dd giiJa Anh hinh cua chiing tdi d Lieu C h i u v i B i c kinh l i vdi My nhi't trf Vi nhi't tri nen (vi'n de) chia khu vUc, vi'n d l L i o , Mien, Uy ban quoc te k i l m soat ciing deu c i n suy xdt theo phUdng c h i m tren de t r a n h thii mau ehdng di de'n hipp nghi" (Bp Ngoai Giao, Td' Td'ng k i t , Ho sd so' 182, Tdp ghi chep d Vdn phbng Trung uong (til n g i y I d i n n g i y t h i n g 10 n i m 1973), dipn cua dong chf Chu An Lai, sd n g i y 10 t h i n g ? n i m 1954 WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p 72,73 (49) Gianeva- 50 U.S (42) Bp Ngoai Giao, To' Td'ng k i t , Hd sd sd 182, Trung UOng (tvf n g i y I d i n n g i y t h i n g 10 n i m 1973), dien cua ddng of State, Foreign The Geneva conference, ibid; p 1429 (50).http://www.Wil3oncenter.org/topic3/pub8/C Bunetinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; Department of State, Foreign United States, ndm nhin lgi, sdd, tr.60, 256 Department relations of the United States 1952-1954, vol XVI- WIHP (41) Bd Ngoai Giao, Hiep dinh Tap ghi chep d Vdn phbng (48).http://www.Wils0ncenter.0rg/t0pics/pubs/C 1952-1954, p.76-77.U.S relations of the vol XVI- The Geneva conference, ibid; p 1466 (51).http://www.W1lsoncenter.0rg/topics/pub8/C WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid ... States, 1952 -1954, vol XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid; p 1255 Quan he Trung-Ph6p viec (38) U.S Department of relations of the United States, 59 State, Foreign 1952 -1954, vol XVI- The Geneva conference,... Xd vi cu^c chien tranh Ddng DUdng, 1954 - 1963, Nxb Dai hpc Stanford, Stanford, California, 2003, tr 17) qude Hoa Ky, 1952- 1954, t i p 16- Hpi nghj Geneva, Cd quan in i'n Chinh phu My xua't ban,... cua Lien Xd (tQ 25-1 den 18 - - 1954) , Phap nha't tri trieu t i p mdt hdi nghi qud'c te (trong dd cd sii tham gia cua Trung Qud'c) d Geneva vio 26 t h i n g n i m 1954 de giai quydt hoa binh cac