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Bài viết tập trung miêu tả một số hiện tượng đặc biệt của trung tâm danh ngữ tiếng Việt thế kỉ XVII-XVIII dựa trên các văn bản viết bằng chữ Quốc ngữ. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết của tài liệu.
48 NG6N NGC & Dcn S6NG S62(244)-2016 MOT SO HIEN TirgNG D^C BIET CUA TRUNG TAM DANH N G C TIENG VIET THfi Ki XVn- XVIII (Qua cac van bSn viet bSng chu- Qu6c ngir) SOME SPECIAL PHENOMENA OF THE HEAD OF VIETNAMESE NOUN PHRASE DURING THE XVH- XVHl CENTURIES (via National language texts) VO THJ MINH H A (ThS-NCS; Bai hgc KHXH & NV, DHQG Ha N?!) Abstract: From diachronic view, the paper will describe and analyze phenomenon of head noun in Vietaamese noun phrase structure during the XVII- XVUI centuries via Nationd language texts of CathoUc community The linguistic data does not only reveal the role of being the head noun of unit nouns and countable mass nouns but also shows the way in which some mass nouns were being grammaticalized in Vietaamese more than three hundred years ago Key words: head noim; Vietaamese noim phrase; National language, Dinnhip Hgo (1999), Hodng Diing-NguyinThiLyKhi Tiong dia hgt cft ph^, danh ngtt dugc hilu Id (2008) sfl dyng Nguyen Dhih Hda (1997) mOt dodn ngtt cd thdnh t l tiung tdm Id danh tft khdng chi ggi tft loai ndy Id "danh tft logi Ihi" Vdn de xdc dinh ihdnh to tiung tdm cho danh md dng cdn ddng th&i sft dyng Ihi^t ngtt "toi ;i \7;ft* — -.2 I j _ t dugc A >s t*j» ic \ ngay, tiong cling ^', a* cuon J sddt jt.i' ngtt.•* ,tilng ViOt ,tuy vin chua dgt sy ddng tif*/_i(classifier) mdt thudn triOt dl cua cdc nhd nghiOn cftu nhung vl TOn ggi "logi tii" phd biin den mftc cd lat lA CO ban, cd thi c h ^ nhgn quan diem: trung tam tdc gid dflng thudt ngtt ndy Cd thi kl din cac danh ngtt tilng Vigt diln htoh Danh tft dcm vi nhd nghiOn cftu nhtr M B Em^eau, 1951; LC (DDV) vd Danh tft khii (DK) [+ dim dugc] Thompson, 1965; Nguyin Tai Cdn, 1975; U ddm nhiOm Do khudn kho cd han, bdi vilt se tgp Vdn Lt 1972; Dmh Vdn Eiftc, 1985, 2000, tiung miOu td mOt s l hiOn tugng fflic biOt cfta 2001; Tidn Dgi Nghia, 1996; Le BiOn, 1999; tiung tam danh ngtt tieng ViOt thi ki XVII- Luu Vdn Ldng, 1998, 2000; Ly Todn Thdng, XVm dya tren cdc til liOu vilt bdng chtt Quic 2000; Nguyen Phu Phong, 2002; Bfti Dftc Tinh, ngtt' Ngtt HOu bao gim 42 bflc thu tiao doi 2003'; Phan Nggc, 2008, 2011; V S Panfilov, tiong cOng dong dao TlliOn Chua vl cdc van dl 2008; Nguyen Vdn Chmh, 2010, UOn quan din viOc dgo E>dy Id nhttng vdn bdn Nhiing ten ggi khdc ndy cd thi xuat thu tin dau tien dugc ghi bdng chtt Quic ngtt vd phdt tft vi tri cua tft logi n ^ danh ngtt ho$c Id nhiing cgt moc ddng tidn tigng dio mgt nin quan niOm v l chftc ndng, ngtt ngh& khdng van xudi mdi cfta Vigt Nam thyc sy ding nhdt gitta cdc nha nghiOn cftu vd 2.Van d l thdnh t l tnmg tam cua danh dd, "logi tft" cd thi dugc coi Id mOt tft logi phfc ngir tgp nhdt tiong cdutiflcdanh ngtt tieng Vift Dil ZI vin dedanh Udon vj vdy, vdi vai trd Id tiung tdm cfta danh ngtt, vi ti Ve lOn ggi, vi tii ndy cua danh ngtt cd rat ndy cd thi dugc goi Id: loai tft (Phan Ng?c, nhieu ieii tOn t«n ggi oni khdc Vhs^ nham „h»,v logi\^\ ty „r (Tidn f r ™ Tnpng T Nguyen Tai Cdn), classifier '(Thompson), danh Kim, 1940), tiln danh tfl (Phan Khdi, 1955), tft tft don vi (Cao Xudn Hgo), (Hodng Diingchl loai (Luu Van Ldng, 1957), phd danh tii Nguyin TM Ly Kha), Cdc ten ggi 'loai Hf (Nguyen Kun Thdn, 1963), danh tii logi thi hay "classifiei" hay "danh tft dOn v]" cung (categorical nouns) (Nguyin Dtah Hda, i997), khdng ldm thay ddi tinh chdt danh tft diln Hnh danhtiichl don vj(LO Bien, 1999;f, danh tft chi cua don vj niy, khiln dio nd cd thi ddm duong don vi ddi ftigng (Ho LO, 2000) TOn ggi: danh dugc vai trd Id trung tdm cft phdp cfta danh ngQ til don vi (DDV) dugc cdc tdc gid nhu Cao Xudn tilng Vigt Cdch ggi danh tft don vi ddm Ho S62(244)-2016 NG6N NGC* & Bin S6NG duoc sir nhat quan \dec ph§n chia danh tfi lieng V i ^ d eSp dp mot tiieo thfi luong phan gdm E©V va danh tfi khdi cfing nhir gat duge nhfing khfic mSe su phan lo?d cfia "logi tfi" ddi vdi cae tfi: con, cdy, cue, miing tdm gipt ThSm vao 66, vdi dSc film cua mot ngdn ngfi biSn hhih khdng cd s\r phfi fing eh§t che vh gioi^, so, each gifia danh tfi trung tam vdi eae phSn phu trg nen vai trd trung tam cfi p h ^ diin hmh cfia danh ngfi tieng Viet khdng chi danh tfi don vi dam nhi$mmfi cdn cd su gdp mat d ^ g k i cfia danh tfi ldi6i, nhu sS trinh bay dudi day 2.2 Van didanh tdrkhSi Khai niem danh tie khSi (DK) vdi Ihuat ngfi tieng Anh tuong duong la mass nouns duge ggi bang c ^ ^ khac t i ^ Viet: danh tCr chat lieu (xem: Nguyin Dhih Hda, 1997; L.C Thompson, 1965; Nguyin Tai Cin, 1975, ) Ti^ nhien, Cao Xuan Hgo 1^ dua vao thuat ngfi mass nouns mgt khai m$m Vi$t ngfi mdi: "danh tie khdi la nhung danh tie md s& biiu la mpt tap hpp nhieng thupc tinh khiin su vgt duac bieu thi phdn biit v&i cdc su vgt duac bieu thi bang nhimg danh tie khdi khdc Dd Id nhihig danh tie chi chiing logi hogc chdt li$u ciia s\r vgt, chic khdng true tiip chi su vdt v&i tinh cdch Id nhihig thvc thi cd hinh thuc tdn tgiphdn lap" [Cao Xu§n H?o, 1998: 334] Tfi each quan niem nay, cd the thdy, nhfing thyc thd DK hihi thi la nhung chinh Ihi, dd tuySt dai bO phgn DK khdng phan lugng hda dugc Tuy nhi&i, each phSn loai danh tfi tieng Vi^t d tdn ti bac hai, cd ihh dua ket qu^ ve su phan loai: DK [+ dem dugc] v^ DK [- d i m dugc] Tlieo dd, "DK [+ dim duge] la loai DK ed kh^ nang ck the hda hoae lugng hda bSng tfi chi lugng ham nghia so v^ ed kha nang chi ph6i mgi loai dinh ngfi" [Nguyin Thi Ly Kha, 2001; 75] Do vdy, DK [+ dim duge] cd ddy dfi tu c ^ h ddm nhi$m vi tri trung tam danh ngu tiing Vi?t 2.3 Quan ni4nt vi trung tdm dtmh ngit ngdn ngit hpc d?i cuang 49 Trong eac tM U?u ngdn ngfi hgc dai cuong, ^ tinh efia danh tfi trung tam cd thi dugc xac )^nh bang ciu hue sSu cua danh ngfi hoge b&ig ph6niemt&siQ' C3u hfic ^ cua danh ngfi (underlying shucture of NP) ludn bao g6m ba phu ngfi: phu ngfi v i chat lugng (Quality), phii ngfi ve s6 lugng (Quantity) vk phu ngfi v i vi ttf (Locative) (xem J Rijkhof^ 2002) nen don vi danh tfi nao thda man dugc yeu eau ve cau trfic sau eua danh ngfi se la tnmg tam efia danh ngfi Ben cgnh do, giao hinh ve eu phap, Ivfeggie Tallerman da ehi bay dac tinh cua mdt tnmg t^ra, ma dae tinh dau tien la: "Trung tam phdi chfia nhung thdng tin efi phap quan trpng nhit ngu" Uallennan, 2005: 98]'* Vdi ph6 n i ^ tk suy (impUcational universal) cua logi hinh hge, dac tmh cfia danh tfi trui^ tSm dugc xkc dinh cung vdi cac phu i ^ cfia nd, William Croft da dua sau md hinh ve trat t^r phy i ^ cua danh tfi trung tam cua cac ngdn ngfi tren the gidi Theo do, tieng Viet tiiupc vao md Idnh 4b: pMn phu trudc cua danh tfi tiui^ tam la: lugng ngfi O^um N); ph&i phu sau cCia danh tfi trung t&n let: tfi chi dinh (NDem) & tfnh tu (NA) & sd hfiu (NG) & manhde(NRelJ^ TrSn thye te, eau true danh ngft tieng Viet hi?n dai cdn cd su xuat hi^n cua tfi chi xuat cdi phSn phy trudc vk cde d ^ ngft d phdn phy sau cd thi duge ehia nhd hon nfia (xem Hoang Dung - N g u y ^ Thi Ly Kha, 2008) nhung ve co ban, cdc DDV va ede DK [+ dim dugc] tiing Viet cd tiii Ihda mSn cdc tiSu chi ve loai hinh hge va ni$m tat suy cua ngdn ngfi hpc dgi cuong Tfi nhung dieu da trinh bdy d tren, ed thi nhgn thSy vai trd trung tdm danh ngfi dien Wnh cfia tiing Viet cde DDV va DK [+ d&n dugc] dam nhi&n Qua hinh khao sat 42VB cfing cho thiy DDY va DK [+ dim dugc] hodn todn dap fing dugc cde yeu cdu ve cfi phdp 6k ddm nhi&n vai trd tnmg tam eau true danh ngfi tieng Vi?t Tuy nhien, ddy la cdc vdn banti*aoddi v i vi?c dgo ndi bO cdng dong ThiSn Chua ^ao, ngudi viit (dac bift la ngudi ViSt) chua 50 NG6N NGtr & B(n S6NG S6 (244)-2016 quen vdi loi hanh van tiieo phong each van joidi, danh sdch cac DDV nhir Cao Xuan Hgo, Luu cde vSn ban mang ^ m tinh khdu ngft va mgt Van Ldng, Truong Vinh K;^ hay M.B Emeneau yeu ^ khdr^ k€ra phiin quan trpng khdc, la: Tuy nhidn, qua khdo Ididt, dd eho thiy c6 sj^ khoang cddi ttitt gian eua cac vdn ban so vdi tuong fing vdi cac DDV nhu; thu (ed danh Id Idioang 300 nSm nen cac danh n ^ sdch cac E ^ V tiiuan hinh tiific cCia Cao edc vdn ban tiidi ki cimg cd 'van de' Xuan Hgo vd danh sadi cdc danh tfi si ciia Truong Vmh K^ [xem Cao Xudn Hgo, 1999: Din5d day la eac hien higng cu tiii: 343-345]) hogc cm chiec (cd danh sdch Cdc danh tir don v\ dSc bift t r o i ^ 42 VB cac DDV thuan t i ^ hinh thfic efia Cao Xuan 3.L Dank tit khoi 'id^&42VB Day Id mpt hien tugng dge biet bdi danh tfi Hgo [xem Cao Xuan Hgo, 1999:343-345]) xuat hien 26 lln vdi tu cddi "kep"- vfia Id ngfi canh xuit hifn cfia 42VB; nhiiu < cdcdddgon^ DDV [- nOi dung] vfia nhu mOt DK Cac K gidi thd (VB2), cdc dgo (VB6), ttong Tie diin Vi$t- Bd- La (T& vdn h^ch: Logi^ nai (VB^, hit cdc S ldm li (VB7), dd dim nhd (VBl 1), dimg cho tdt (VBl i), m biia cha md nffi&i ta dun^ gidy viit diiu die di nguyin rua ke Ididc, vd ddt no tru&c ban th& quy dn (VB40) flii lufn ro sy tuong dong vi ngfl thdn, cdu xin quy thdn cho diiu die ay xdy ra) nghia vd ngfi dyng efia dd moi tuong quan hay Tie vj Annam- Latinh (T&: t& gfdy, gfdy td vdi cdi, chiic, thie Ve mdt cau tgo, ed thi ^ft cdng cdng) vk Dgi Nam Qudc amtievj (T&: mdt vai trd lam t n n ^ tam eua mft danh ngfi vdi ffiiy tdm g^dy nguyen, vd bdng thdng, ffdy bien viet dfi cac phan ^hy trudc va phy sau, vi dy: nhiiu sy: gi) khdng eho ta biit chinh xdc vao thdi ki thd, cdc d!5 dgo mpi nai, hit cdc dd ldm li, £»o cd tiie di vdi edc lugng tfi, ehfia dyng cfic ndy, td da tiiyc sy dugc biet hda mOt DDV hay ehua Ndi m0t edeh Ididc, sy xuat hi?n efia logi (^nh ngfi: hgn dinh trong: dd dgo, m dn; td ttong 42VB la mpt dau hi$u eho thiy qud mieu td trong: dd dung cho tdt, ehi tr6 vj tri trinh hu hda fliye tfi- mOt hien tugng biin trong: cdc dd dgo mpi nai, dd dimg rM, tiing Vi^t- dang dien d tiidi Id nay, qy Dgc bift Id, danh ngft: cdc dd dy khien cho cd sy t^n tgi song song gifia t& vdi tu ngft ednh: Qudn linh thdy si^ ldm v^ tM cdo m cdch Id mOt DDV tiiudn tfiy hhih thfic va m^t quan trdn thii, ngu&i nghe tin ^ liin sai bdn ong chinh dpi tru&ng vd ndm muai qudn cho du(fc DK tim Phatiri dy tron^ xd nhiiu nai: md bdi^ (?% Khi la mgt E ^ V , t& (xuat hi?n Ian, chiem chdng thdy thi bdt bdn dgo md khdo cimg bdtm 30.8% ting so Ian xuat hien) lam trung tdm cho Ipn bdt trau bdmddn biit la ngdn ndo, /(rf/^ danh ngft, vdi day du cdc phdn phy trudc va phy nlneng nhd thdnh, citng bdt cdc dd dgo md r4p sau Vf dy: mdt t& li dodn phgt Due Cy (VB 18), bdn dgo cimg cdc dd dy cho quan trdn tM mpt td ly dodn thay cd Bdo Lpc (VB21); hodc (VB6) da cho Ally hr cdch ra)V eua danh tfi d^ ehi ed phin phu sau: t& thdn (VB7), ta thm dy Trong i ^ canh tren, danh ngfi; cdc dd dy IMi (VB7), t d ^ Ididng (VB17) Ben canh dd, b i ngu eho dOng tii «pp vd vi Id m^t DDV nen tinh chat d§e trung cfia DDN, ta cdn ed tiii d§t dinh ngft han djnh dgo cua danh ngfi dSdgo^ sau dpng tfi lam tieu diim thdng bao cua p h ^ bi lupc bd Danh ngft ndy cd flte dugc phyc thiQ-eL Vi dy; qv is t& Due vit vd cdu nme&i dyng mgt edch diy dfi la: cdc ^o d ^ ^ (VB20) Tuy nhien, van cdn 69.2%, tdng sd ldn t& xuit hi?n vdi Ur cdeh la mdt DK, vd day Id ^ Trong clu tgo cfia phan phy trudc danh n^, diim khdc bift so vdi vj tri cfia E©V tdhxmg cu dd duge cae lugng tfi chi todn the vd lugng tit p h ^ tiing Viet hi?n dai dli so lugng phy tn? can d i c|p din s6 lupng 3.x Danh tie khdi'^dd" nhiiu efia danh ngfi cd chfia S Tiong 42VB Day la mOt danh tfi khdng ndm danh khdo sdt, lugng tfi dli s6 lugng l i hgp vdi d;^ 14 sdch I ® V cfia edc nha nghien cfiu cd di c ^ din cae lugng tfi; «ft/iu va cdc; lugng tfi chi todn thS S62(244)-2016 NG6N NGtJ" & B(n S6NG cW ed^duy nhat lugng tfi: hit Lugng tfi ehi todn till het kit hgp vdi lugng tii chi s6 lugng cdc ttong danh ngfi: hit cdc dd ldm li (VBT) di ehi higng torn tiii vdi y mhia tdt cd W vgy, tfi tiiyc ^ndy, ^ nendugcxq) vdo danh sdch cdc DDW [- n0i dung] ttong flidi ki cfia 42VB- flii ki 51 ngft p h ^ chfi khd cd thi ndi ring vao flie ki XVn- XVni ngudi ta sfi dung to hgp DDV Cac danh tur k h i i dac bift 42 VB 4.1 Hipi tugfng danh tie khoi lam thdi Idm demhtitdarnvi Danh tii khii (DK) chiim s6 lugng a^ ddo xvn-xvin bdng tiiong kS ve danh tfi tieng Vift* va H i ^ tirgng "danh tir don vj gh^p" edc ddc d i ^ ehinh nhir khdng tham gja vao BChi khdo sdt edc danh ngfi cd cde vdn ban, cd mOt hifn tugng khd flifi vj, dd Id cdc phgm trfi so, khdng bao ham,thih xac dinh, tnidng hgp xudt hifn cfia cdc ' T © V gh^p" Cdc Ididng phan lugng hda dupc, nM kha nang 'VBV ghep" cd flil Id cdc E©V fliuin ldm trung tam danh ngft cfia danh khdi thudng Wnhfliuchodc edc L©V ed ed hai mat Wnh thfic khdng dien hinh bdng YXSV Txsy nhien, tren vd nOi dung Cy flii Id hai "DDV ^idp"; s^ + thyc te van cd mdt s6 DK Idm thdi chuyen loai vi$c vk ddng + b^, cdc danh i ^ : su vi4c flidnh DDV M dam nhifm chfic nang lam trung tam danh ngft vdi ddy dfi eae dac tinh efia mdt dgo (VB6) va ddng bi ldm vua (VB42) Xet flieo ed hf fliong edc DDV ttong 42VB DDV till ttudi^ hgp ndi tren chiim 2,5% - mgt eon Qud trinh khdo sdt cdc van bdn chft quie ngft s6 qud nhd so vdi toan bg hf fliing vd dfi di ndi the ki XVn- XVffi eiing eho thiy hifn tugt^ eae I€n sy khdc la cua hai t n ^ g hgp ndy Ben canh DK lam thdi chuyen logi cac DDV de dd, r^odi vifc xuat hifn ding fli6i cd sw- va vi^c thyc hifn chfic nang lam tnmg tam danh ngfi danh ngfi 5V vi'^c dgo thi bdn thdn DDV sy: Cdc DK chi^en loai ndy khdng chi bao gdm cdc xuit hifn 323 lln, DDV vi^c xuat hifn 66 !an vd danh tfi chi dd dyng, cdc tfi chi quan hf than vdi danh ngft ddng bi ldm vua thi I ^ V bi xuit thuOe md cdn cd edc danh tfi dupc cpng ddng hifn lln, DDV ddng xuit hifn 46 lln X ^ tit IhiSn Chfia gjdo sfi dyng nhu cde danh tfi cd edc tiirdng hgp xuat hifn khde efia s^r vk vi$c, ehuygn bift ddng vk bi thi chfing diu xuit hifn thi b i 4.LL Qua tiinh khdo sat 42 VB fliu duge tiic, tfic Id cd sy loai trfi tixmg mOt d ngft DK lam tiidi dam nhan chfic ndng EE)V, la phap Thi b i tfic ndy khiin cho niu A xuit hifn edc danh tfi: ban cdy, chen, cu, man, dng Trong tiii B khdng xuit hifn nfia (tiic Id d vi tri ldm so eac DK lam thdi lam DDN ndy, ^ n g chfi y tiung tam danh ngfi thi chi ed sy xuit hifn cua nhat la man Danh tfi mdn xuit h i ^ cac mgt hai DDV su hoac vi$c vk ddng hoSc danh ngfi: mdn dnh (VB2), s^e sdm mdn dnh bi) Cdn neu cho ring ddy cd thi la nhfing DDV (VB41) cdc ngfi ednh: md cdc quan trdn gh6p thi sg cd mft so d i nhu sau: thucdcxucd quan nhgt ldm, cdm bdt ngfeai ta ddt hit nhiiu dd thd dm^ mdn dnh niea (VB2), Oi O2 v/|c taphdi Io bdng su sdm mdn dnh cimg nhiiu sy vifc gidng khde vi viec tha phugng mdc long thi ( ^ bi Theo 66, chfing ta sa ed m0t tiung tam danh chdng cdn Id bao nhiiu (VB41) Qua cac ngu ngft la mgt td hgp g h ^ cfia edc DDV vd nhu canh, cd thi thay mdn ddm rihiem hai vi tri: v$y till O2 la mgt sy Idng phi, khdng tudn tiieo trung tam danh i ^ (mm dnh) vk dfinh ngfi chi nguy&i tie tiet kifm cfia ngdn ngft Chhih tin xuit (sv sdm mdn dnh) Dieu ndy khien eho jndn so xuit hifn rat fli^, khdng mang tmh hf thong ed v6 nhu cd tu cadi cua mdt DDV Tiy nhirai, nen cd flii nh$n djnh ring: niu nhu ddy khdng kilm ehung r^hia cua mdn cdc tfi ^en phdi Id fiudng hgp tdc gid viit nham thi theo cua A de Rhodes, PJ* de Behaine hay H i ^ ^ cdch nWn dong C^, eung Id hifn tugng viet sai Tinh Paulus Cua tM thiy dudng nhu mdn cd NGON NGtr & Ddi S N G nghia cda mgt thuc tir Cu the Id; man: bijrc mdn [TCI 6ikn Viet- BO- La, 1991: 145]; man: man Man chdng: Cn [Tu vi Annam- Latinh, 1999: 283]: mdn n Hang, vdi IcOt lai tit bufC md che md gidng cho dgp hodc cho khuit tich (Dai Nam Quic dm tg vi, 1895:12- tdp 2] Tinh each thgc tir cda mdn dugc xdc nhdn Ti dien liing Viet mdn d D^ diing lam l)§ng vdi dgt thua d^u dk n ^ ru6i muoi Mdc mdn Ob ddng bdng vdi de che chdn Mdn cia, [Tir dien tieng ViOt, 2002: 608] Cum tir mdn dnh, theo ngtt cdnh c6 ihO ddn den suy dodn rdng no c6 su tuong dng vol cum tu tdm dnh hay buc dnh vhung theo cdch gidi thich ve tir mdn cdc tir dien thi lai co the dan den suy ludn idng mdn dnh Id nOi v^ mOt tdm vdi ddng de che hue dnh thd BOn canh do, Irong cu6n Phip gidng Idm ngdy ciia A de Rhodes cung c6 sir xuat hiOn ciia mdn trong: cdi mdn che din Ihdnh dnh ngG cdnh:feiicdn/i ^ Nhu vdy, vdo the Id XVn (thong qua tdc phdm Phip gidng tdm ngdy, 1651), mart vd dnh Id cdc DK, vdy dieu gi khien ciing d thO ki XVH (1687, VB2) vd the ki XDC (1818, VB41), hai DK mart vd dnh lai kit hgp v6i dO tao thdnh danh ngii mdn dnhl LiOu mdn mdn dnh c6 su tucmg dOng ndo vin mdn hong mdn Mch hay khong? Qud thuc, can c6 them tu UOu dO co thi khdng dinh vO tu cdch danh ng& cua mdn dnh Tuy lihiOn, can cii vdo ngO cdnh xuat hign ciia t6 hgp mart dnft; dii tin nghi nhimg CO tho tam thdi coi man dn/i Id mgt danh ngO vd xep mdn vdo nh6m cdc DK ldm th6i ddm nhigm chiic ndng DDV, cimg voi cdc DK khdc co tong 42VB: bdn, cdy, chen, cu, ong S62(244)-2016 ] (VB9), Unh sdm truyin (VB6), Unh tdi (VB22), Unh ciu Ihiin than (VB22), ISMissa (VBT), li trpng (VBll), li Id (VB40), li phuc siii (VB40), liblo (VB40), IIB.C phisitdsantdhifn xudng (VB40), thiy cd (VB37), Ihdy (VB23), thdy gidng (VB20) Ttong sfl cdc DK chuyOn diing cho Thien Chiia gido nfli tren, cde danh nga cfl DK Ih^ lam tnmg tdm xudt hi^ 173 lan, dfl, bien nhit Id cdc danh ngii diing de noi v l cdc chiic vy cgng dodntOi^ gido Vi dy: thiy cd, Ihiy ddng Ihiy gidng Nhu vdy, ciing v6i cdc DDV thuan hinh thiic nhu: be, ding due, D., ke, cdc DK nhu: cha, ddu, Unh, phep, Ihiy dd tao thdnh mgt nhom cac danh tir cfl khd ndng tam trung tdm cdc danh ngii chuyen biOt, rieng cfl Thi&i 4.2 Cic danh Ur khoi tnfc dep ket hgp wK lugng ti chi sibrgng DN diln hinh tieng ViOt luon co du ba phdn, phy trudc (lugng tir chi toan thi, lugng tir chi s6 lugng), phdn tning tdm, phdn phy sau (cdc dinh n ^ : han dinh, mieu Id, chi v; ti) De dam bdo cdu tnic diln hinh nay, tmng tdm DN phdi Id cdc DDV hodc cdc DK [+ dim dugc] bfli cdc DK [- dim dugc] v6n khflng the phdn lugng hfla dugc nen khflng thi tilp nhan phdn phy trudc Id cdc lugng tir chl sfl lugng Tuy nhien, qud t i n h khdo sdt 42 VB cho thdy, thfli ki ndy, ngucri vilt chiu anh huflng iB rOt cua ngO phdp chdu Au dien ta mOt danh tir sfl nhilu nOn cfl hiOn tugng DK t y c a l p kit hgp voi so tit, t?o mgt danh ngO mang hdm nghia so Cy thi Id: hai phic die iy (VB38) Ben c?nh dfl, cung tdc gii Id ngufli nuflc ngodi nOn t o n g vdn bdn 40 vi 41, cfln cfl hien tugng chuyin loai tir lo^i tir tfah tur thdnh danh tir vd kit hgp tiuc tilp vdi s l Kr vd tit chi lugng d l tao danh ngii s6 nhilu Cy thi la: ba nhdn die riing (VB 40), cdc nhdn due (VB41) Cdc cdch ket hgp ndy khiln cho cdc danh ngii k l tOn trirnOn thilu ty nhiOn, khong thuan Vigt 4.L2 Do cdc vdn bdn khdo sdt Id cdc Ihu tir trao doi v l vice dsio cua cgng dong Tiiien Chda gido Or Viet Nam vdo thO ki XVlI-XVffl nOn dd c6 mgt so DK lam thoi dam nhiOm chirc ndng DDV nhung mang ddm bdn sdc cua Thien Chiia gido Do Id cdc danh tir: cha, ddu, kink phip, thiy Cdc danh tir ndy tt* thdnh tung tdm cdc danh ngO vd mang ngQ ngMa vl cdc chiic vy, cdc Io?i kinh sdch hay thdnh l l phyc vy dcri sing Trong cdc tai heu ngfln ngii hgc dai cuong, riOng CO tong xa hgi Cflng gido Vi dy: cha cd cdc nhd nghien curu da chi rdng, cdc chi tfl so S62(244)-2016 NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG 53 nhieu m^t sd ngdn i ^ nhu: tiii^ Vift, ddc, ba/ cdc Siu nhdn ^ec, ba/ c&: vi$c nhdn tiii^ Hdn, tiing Triiu Ti&i, tiing Nfing, tieng due Nfien Difn khdng dugc ddnh diu mOt edch bdt 4.3 Cdc danh ngit cd danh tit khoi ldm buOctixmgdanhtils6 nhiiu nhutiingHd Lan vd trung^mcd cdu trdcd^bi^ tiing Anh (xem AusterUtz 1980: 242, din tiieo Phia sau tnn^ tam DN la vi tii cfia edc dinh J Rijkhof^ 2002,153) nen niu ehi hiiu ddn ngfi hgn dinh, djnh ngfi mieu td vd djnh i ^ chi thuin nd theo edchfliemlugng tii chi s6 nhiiu vi tit Quatiinhkhdo sdt cho thiy, vitiitiongndi vdo trudc danh ngu (nhu cac vi dutroi) thi bO &ih ngfi miSu td va dinh i ^ dii vi tri cd the s5 ldm cho danh ngu ndy tid nen xa la vdi ngudi ed su dich chiq^ Trong dd, #ih ngft han ban ngfi Di cho danh ngfi nayti^nhi&i hon dinhfliudngdfing sdt tmng tam, tryc ti^ Idm ro chfing ta chi can tuan thu quy tic clu tgo danh nglna eho danh tfi tiung tam (tiiudng Id cac ngfitiingVift, nghia la them vdo dd phin tiung DDV hay DK [+ dim duge]) Tuy nhi&i, cd hao tam cfia danh ngft, mpt danh tfi dan vi Danh tfi danh ngfi cd e&i tnic khdc la: hcd vgn dong trdn don vi cd thi dugc de xuat Id: vi^c, diiu, vk danh bgc (VB6) vd cd vd hai gfd thu (VB6), i ^ ndy s€ Id: hai viecphdc diec, hai dieu phuc Cau tiuc thfi nhit: hai vgn ddng trdn bgc Phin dSnh ngft cua danh ngfi ndy cho thiy sy hodn ddi giua dinh ngfi mieu ta vd djnh ngfi hgn dinh Ngdy nay, ti^ Vift, vi tri cfia dinh ngft hgn dinh bao gjd cung dung sdt tnmg tam, tiip dd Id dinh ngft midu td Do dd, mft danh ngft cd ngfi nghia tuong tytiiudngdugc diln dgt, vi dy: mffj' ddngtiinle Cdc danh ngft ndy cdfliidugc phan tich nhu sau: DN L g T ^ —DN DDV ^ Hgn dinh Ha vgn \ Mie^ td dong trdn bgc So 1: Danh ngft hai vgn ddng trdn bgc DN Mi8utd May ding So di 2: Danh ngft mdy dong tiin li Cihi chu: DN: danh ngft; LN: lugng ngft; DDV; danh tfi don vi; DN; dinh ngfi NGON NGtr & B(n 54 S6NG s i (244)-2016 hudng tfi eau trfic danh ngft tiing Hdn, cy tfeS i Id vdi danh tfi trdn bgc (viSn ngdn) Dfi vfy, 6h cd the khing dinh vd thih xdc thuc efia m^t danh ngft cd trdt tu md dinh ngft mieu td nam tnrdc dinh ngft han dinh nhu hai vgn 3Q^ trdn bgc cln ed them thdi gian vd cfi Ufu c l u tific thfi hai: cd vd hai gid thie Trong clu trfie tren, dinh ngft han dinh thu da duge tach dfing sau dinh ngft mieu ta gid Diiu ndy cho thay rd idng, danh ngft nM da ed anh hudng ro rft tfi clu tnic danh u p tiing Han, theo dd, tinh tfi diing d i mieu tC dting trudc danh tfi trung tdm Kit qua kiim ehung vdi dnh bdn da cho thiy dp xdc tiiuc cua vdn ban phien chuyin N i u can cfi vao li eho rdi^ cdc van bdn thu tii Cdng giao tiling 42VB mang dam tfnh khiu ngfi vd la cdc van bdn viit tay it tiy xda thi cd tiii gia dinh danh r ^ hai vgn ddng trdn bgc Id tac gid viit nhim Neu cdn cfi vdo niem tit suy v i trat ty danh ngft tieng Vift, cung khd xac djnh ve trgt ty efia danh ngft ndi tren Tuy nhiSn, ngdy xua d Tmng Quoc cd logi bgc trdn (yoian yin- vien ngdn) Niu hiiu trdn danh ngfi ndi tr§n Id hinh trdn chfi khdng phdi Id chdn sd tien thi danh ngft hai vgn ddng trdn bgc dung la bi dnh Cau tnic gidn luge cua danh ngfi tieng Hdn ed thi dugc md ta nhu sau: Danh tfi Trung tam Tinh tii Solugng tfi DSnRtu Dgi tfi sd hftu dirong bi hai tfi cJong m3i dich hong Tha dich nhat song VD: Tha dich nhdt song cuang mai dich hdng duang bi hdi tir Cfia cd ay mpt doi mdi mua mdu hong da de ddi gidy (Doi g^dy da di mdu cd dy mdi mua) Trong tieng Vift, ngdy nay, cau tnic ndy phdi dugc ndi: toan bp hai Id/ biic thu gid Cac danh ngft co the dupc phan tich nhu sau: DN LgT2 Ca va hai DN gia thu So danh ngft: Cd vd hai gid thu Ghi chu: DN: danh ngft; LN: lugng ngft; LgTi: Lugng tfi chi todn the; LgTa: Lugng tur chi si lugng; DN: djnh ngft DN DN2 Tatca hai la thu So di danh ngft: Tdt cd hai Id thu gid I gia S6 (244JJ016 N G N N G P & Ddi S N G 55 Ghi chii: DN: danh ngii; LN: lugng ngii; LgTi: Lugng tir chi todn the; LgTj: Lugng tii chi so lugng; DNi: djnh ngit h?n dinh; DN2; dinh ngO mieu td 5,Nh$n set Trung t&n c6 sir pllSn h6 gidng tote t)$ ngit, trung t&n Cac hifn J™U -, *i- tugng , , - d$c bift , cfia, trung , tam -i danh ngu heng Vi?t to)ng cdc van ban viet bang chft (Juoc ngfi the ki XVII- XVIII xay vdi cd cac E®V vd DK NhGng biiu hifn cy tiie mang tmh Ueh dgi ndy cd thi xuat phdt tfi nhiiu nguyen itiidn: ngudi viit la ngudi nude ngodi ^ndn mang ndng dnh hudng ngft p h ^ chau Au; ngudi viet la nguW ban ngft nhung day la thdi ki manh nha cua chft Quie ngfi va the logi van viit tran thugt nen ngudi viit da cd nhihig^ 'sao c h ^ ' ve mat clu trfic i ^ ph£^ cfia tieng Hdn ho$c *lfing tung* vife su dyng edc danh tfi don vi d thi phdn jdiii bd tue Thdng qua nhfing trudng hgp dugc phan tich d trSn, bing each nltin ding dai, ngudn ngft lifu cung cho thay rd dudng 'hu hda' efia edc DK tiing Vift each day hon ba trdm ndm Hifn tugng ede DK hi bdo mdn ngft nghia raOt phin hodc hodn toan d thdi ki dd vd cdc thdi kl tiip sau da di lgitironghf thong danh tfi tiing Vift cdc DDV tiiuin tiiy hmh thfic vd cdc DDV vfia ed nfi dung vfia cd hinh thux; ^^ 2" c(ia * ^ ,mOt * ^ tP^v^" "^rf^ "!? P^^bfit thuOc i losu cv th6; S'^J**'"'If nhOng ngO ngiy d6i b„^ ^ Tnmg tSm thudng yen du c4c i h ^ phiin phv hpp v6i mOt ho$c m^t vii d$c diim ngO phiip cua tning t ^ ; vii Tnmg tfim thu&ng y6« c ^ cSc ngtt dmh tii phv thu^c xu^ hifin mfit cfich ngtt phfip cy thi * Following the head noun: NDan & NA & NG & NRel; preceding flie head noun: NumN Trong dd, Dcm= demonstrative (ti chi djnh), A= adj (tfnh Mi), G= genitive (phy ngft sinh cfich chl sd hftu), Rel= Relational ( m ^ dl quan hfi) [xemWilliam Croft, 2003:123J ' Xem: Nguyin Thj Ly Kha (2001), Danh tie khoi tieng Vi0t hi4n dgi (so sdnh vdi tiSng Hdn hi^n dgi), Lu^nfintiln sT khoa hpc ngft vSn, TP H6 Chl Minh 'Trao dfii vdi TS Hft TTii Tufi Thftnh TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Cao Xuan Hgo (1998), Tiing Viit- mdy van de ngie dm ngiephdp, ngie nghTa Ha Nfi: Gido dye Dinh Vdn Dfic - Dinh Kiiu Chdu (1998), Gdp them doi diiu vao vi$c nghien cdu danh ngie tiing Viit, Tgp chi Ngon ngfi, s i 1, 1998, tr 46 Emeneau, M.B (1951), Studies in Viemamese (Annamese) grammar Carlifomia: University of Carlifomia Hoang Dun^, Nguyin Thi Lj; Kha (2008), Danh tie vd cdc tieu logi danh tie tiing Viet Ngft phap tieng Vift- Nhftng van de li lugn Hd Nfi: Khoa hgc Xa hfi, tr 213- 296 Ghi chjl: John A Hawkins (1983), Word order 'Tu li§u kh4o s4t dupc thu th§p tit: Doin Thi^n Thu$t universals, New York ( ), Academic Press (2008), Chu quSc ngu ihi ki XVIII, NXB Giio dye ^ IA Bifin c6n chia nhd danh tir chi dan vj thinh nhdm Nguyin Thi Ly Kha (2001), Danh tie khdi danh tit chi dcm vj id chuc, dia li, nhdm danh lit chi dcm tiing Viit hiin dgi, Lugn an TS khoa hgc Vf mang nghta l^ hep danh tit chi dem vf tinh loan ngft quy van, TP Ho Chi Mhih udc (ldp danh tU chi dan v/ qtQr u&c chinh xdc, ldp danh tu chi dan vf quy u&c phong chimg), danh tit dan vf chi7 Rijkhoff, J (2001), The nounphrase New York: Oxford University Press phgm VI, khoang thoi ^an v& khdng gian, danh tit chi Thomas, Linda (1993), Beginning syntax don Vf cd y nghTa s6 l&n ciia hogt dgng, sif vi$c, nhdm danh lit chi dan vj tv nhien [xem Lfi Bifin, 1999:47- 571 •Oxford: Blackwell ' Chiing tdi trich d&i quan dilm ctia, B&i Diic Tjnh Thompson, Laurence (1965), A cu6n: Bii Diic Tjnh (2003), Ngir phdp Vi^t Nam gian dfVietnamese grammar Seatle; University of vd thttc dyng (T^ bftn 1^ c6 siia chOa vk b6 sung), NXB Vfin hda thdng tin, H vft ldi tvra cho l&n xu^t bi^ Washmton Press 10 Vu Due Nghifu (2014), Cdu true danh 1^ thir nh^ 1ft nftm 1992 Chdng tfii hi vfjng dfiy 1ft cu6n sftch d u ^ tfii bftn d\ra trfin tinh th^ ciia cudn sftch Vdn ngie tiing Viit van ban 'Th&t tiiuyet dgi phgm Vi^t Nam cua Bii Die Tjnh (1952) mft cftc nhft bdo phy miu an trgng kmh" Tgp chi Ngdn ngft n^i&j ciu ti^n b6i hay nhftc d^n S6l(tr3-19) * Biy d^ tinh cia mfit tmng tfim, bao gim: i, Tnmg tfim 11 William Croft (2003), Typology and phfti chia nhttng thdngtinci phfip quan trgng nhit (second edition), Cambridge ngtt; ii Ti lo^i cia tnmg tfim quyit djnh ti lo^i cua toin universals b$ ngft; iii- Tmng tfim thudng Ift thftnh t6 bfit bufic; iv University ... gifia danh tfi trung tam vdi eae phSn phu trg nen vai trd trung tam cfi p h ^ diin hmh cfia danh ngfi tieng Viet khdng chi danh tfi don vi dam nhi$mmfi cdn cd su gdp mat d ^ g k i cfia danh tfi... tgo danh nglna eho danh tfi tiung tam (tiiudng Id cac ngfitiingVift, nghia la them vdo dd phin tiung DDV hay DK [+ dim duge]) Tuy nhi&i, cd hao tam cfia danh ngft, mpt danh tfi dan vi Danh tfi danh. .. cua danh tfi trung tam cua cac ngdn ngfi tren the gidi Theo do, tieng Viet tiiupc vao md Idnh 4b: pMn phu trudc cua danh tfi tiui^ tam la: lugng ngfi O^um N); ph&i phu sau cCia danh tfi trung