Mud'n danh duoi quan xam ludc, xay dUng dat nude thi phai doan ket toan dan, bdi vay, doan ket dan toe vita la phUdng tien de xay dung va bao ve To qudc dong thdi ciing la tinh hoa cu[r]
(1)Tir CHU NGHIA YEU NlfdC TRUYEN THONG DEN CHU NGHLA YEU N U C HO CHI MINH
NGUYEN HUNG HAU' Tu trade den chiing ta da noi nhieu ve chu nghia yeu nude, nhang nude la gi? The nao la yeu nUdc, chu nghia yeu nude Viet Nam gom nhOng noi dung gi? Nhiing van de n^y hau nhu ehiing ta it ban den
Khai niem "nUdc" la thuan cua ngUdi Viet va c6 til rat xa xUa, CO le tif thdi ngudi Viet chuyen iii sSn ban hai lurtm sang chan nuoi trot Mot so hoc gia cho rAng Viet Nam la mot nhijrng trung tarn lua nude d^u tien tren the gidi Da lua nUdc thi cung vdi "d^'t", "nUdc" trd thanh yeu to quan hang d^u v^ til "nUdc" du^c chuyen sang nghia bong chi dat nUdc, To quoc, giang sdn non song Dieu c6 ly bdi le eu dan tren sa mac ho khong bao gid dung "nudc" de chi To quoc cua minh Tii c6 le xuat hien sdm hdn nhieu so vdi txi "thuy" dUdc du nhap til Han sang
NgUdi Trung Hoa de chi nUdc ho dung tir "Quoc" v^ din vdi ho theo Ton Trung Sdn chu nghia gia toe tong too cao hdn chu nghia quoc toe quoc gia Con d Viet Nam nUdc dAt
(2)len cao hdn het thay, tren ca dong ho, gia toe, nhat la cd giSc ngoai xam NhU vky, ta va Trung Quoc cd hai cong thiic trai ngUdc
Trung Quoc: Quoc (nUdc) < Gia (nha) Viet Nam: Nudc (Quoc) > Nha (gia)
6 Viet Nam, quoc gia, dan toe deu hinh t nh tUdng do'i sdm, do, tinh t h a n dan toe, y thijfc cong dong dan toe cung xuat hien kha sdm Tinh than dan toe phat trien tinh than yeu nUdc va chu nghia yeu nude
Nghien etiu tit "nUdc" d Viet Nam, ta thay cd ed may noi dung sau:
1 No chi thien nhien dia ly, manh dat, non song, giang sdn g^'m vdc, lanh tho vdi bien gidi, eUdng vUe rach roi, chi dit nUdc
2 No chi nhiing toe ngUdi va quan he giuta ho tren manh dat nay, cac bo toe ngUdi, dan toe va sU doan ket (c6' ket) giiia cac dan toe
3 Nd eon bao gom nhiing eon ngUdi; ngUdi dan, nhan dan, dong bao lam ehu tren lanh tho cua minh
4 Nd eon bao gom ca gia dinh, que hUdng, lang xdm xa hoi vdi nhiing thiet che chfnh tri kinh te ciia nd, rong hdn niia la giai cap, t^ng Idp, quoc gia To quoe vdi nhiing che chinh tri xa hoi n h a t dinh qua moi thdi ky
5 Nd bao gom ca nhiing phong tue, t a p quan, ngon ngii, truyen thong lich sU, rpng chfnh la van hoa
(3)chiing va neu cd ke nao xam pham den nhiing cai thi phai kien quyet chien dau de giii gin, bao ve chiing
Yeu khong chi hang tinh cam ma b^ng ly tri, nhiing la'y tinh cam lam cd sd NTiUng "chu nghia" lai nghieng ve ly tri, ly tinh Yeu khong chi the hien hkng Idi ndi, chut viet, tho van ma the hien bAng hanh dong NhU v&y, chu nghia yeu nude la lay cai dao ly (dao nghia) yeu nUdc d tren l^m ehinh, cot yeu doi vdi moi ngUdi dan Viet Nam, nd the hien d tinh th^n va hanh dong san sang hi sinh, xa than vi nUdc, vi dan toe giong noi de bao ve dat nUdc
Vfty, Ho Chi Minh da khac phue nhOng han che nao ke thiia phat trien nhiing tinh hoa nao cua chii nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong de tren cd sd chu nghia Mae-Lenin, hinh th^nh len ehu nghia yeu nUdc Ho Chi Minh?
Trude het, ta xem nhiing han che cua chu nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong la d dau*^
1 Chu nghia yeu nudc truyen thong gSn lien vdi chu nghia yeu nUdc cua mot gia toe, mot dong ho, mot trieu vua tien bo
2 Trong ehu nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong cd khuynh hudng yeu nUdc chi bang Idi ndi, ngon ngii van thd m^ khong g4n vdi hanh dong, tao cai goi la khuynh hudng yem the, tieu cUc chu nghia yeu nUdc
3 Lai cd xu hudng yeu nude nghieng ve bao luc quan sU de danh duoi giac ngoai xam nhu Hoang Hoa Tham, Nguyen Thai Hoc
(4)chinh nhu Phan Boi Chau Khuynh hudng nay, nhu Bac ndi: "duo'i hiim cvfa trUde, rudc sdi ciia sau"
5 Cd khuynh hudng "y Phap e^u tien" tiic ehdng trieu dinh phong kien bao thu lac h$u, eai each ehi'nh tri, phat trien kinh te, van hoa de tUdng dudng vdi Phap, t\X lam cho Phap phai eong nhan tu ehu, binh dkng cua Viet Nam Do la chu trUdng cua Tay Ho ma thUc chat la mong dich ru long thUdng
T^'t ca nhiing khuynh hudng tren deu la yeu nUdc song moi khuynh hUdng deu cd nhiing han che cua minh Vay, Ho Chi Minh da ke thifa va p h a t trien nhiing tinh hoa nao cua chu nghia yeu nude truyen thong
Trudc het quan niem yeu nUdc ci Ho Chi Minh eiing hoan to^n khac vdi truyen thong
Theo Ho Chi Minh, da la ngudi Viet Nam, da la Lac chau Hong it hay nhieu eiing ed long yeu nUdc Cd the ed ngUdi vi nhat thdi ma quen nghia Idn, ehii nhin chung khong lai khong cd long yeu nude Day la cai nhin mang tinh chat nhan dao cao ca va g^n gui vdi triet hoc phudng Dong cho ring moi ngUdi deu cd ban the eiia vii tru, dong thdi day eiing la quan diem triet hoe uyen t h a m , sau sac Khong phai eiing cd cai nhin nhU vay va khong phai eiing nhin dieu Quan diem "ai eiing cd long yeu nUdc" da vUdt qua quan diem cua nhiing nha tU tUdng phUdng Dong va Viet Nam trUdc
(5)To quoc bi xam lang thi tinh than ay lai sdi ndi, nd ket mot Ian sdng vd cung manh me, to Idn, nd ludt qua moi su nguy hiem, khd khan, nd nhan chim tat ea \u ban nUdc v^ Jii cudp nude"' Nhu vay, d Bac long yeu nUdc eiing chinh la tinh than yeu nudc Ma tinh than triet hoe lai hau nhu triing vdi y thiic gom hai yeu to cd ban ehu yeu la tri thuc va tinh cam NhU vay, vUdt len tren cac nha tU tUdng trUdc long yeu nudc, tinh than yeu nUdc bao gom dd tri thite chii dau ehi ed tinh cam ddn thuan
Truyen thong da dUdc lich sU ehdng ngoai xam cua ta chifng minh Va khong chi lich sU ma cuoe khang chien ehdng Phap eiing chiing minh hon dieu dd Bac viet: "Dong bao ta cung rat xiing dang vdi to tien ta trude Tir cac cu gia tdc bac den cac chau nhi dong tre thd, tiJ nhung kieu bao d nude ngoai den nhiing dong bao d viing tam chiem, tir nhan dan mien ngUde den mien xudi, ciing mpt long nong nan yeu nUdc, giet giAc Tir nhung chien si ngoAi mat tran chiu ddi m4'y de bam sat 1^'y giAc dkng lieu diet giac, den nhiing cong chiic d hau phudng nhin an de ung ho bo doi, tir nhiing phu nii khuyen ehdng tong quan va minh thi xung phong viec van tai, cho den cac ba mc chien si san sdc thUdng yeu bo doi nhU eon cua minh Tir nhiing nam nii cong nhan va nong dan thi dua t^ng gia san xuat khong quan khd nhoe de gdp mot phan vao cupc khang chien, cho den nhiing dong bao dien chu quyen dii't ruong cho Chinh phu nhiing cu chi cao quy dd» khac nhUng deu
(6)giong ndi long nong nan yeu nude"' NhU v$y, yeu nude khong chi la e l m siing duTng d tien tuyen true tiep tieu diet quan thu ma t h e hien d nhiing cong vice cu the v6 ciing phong phu am t h i m dien d moi liic, moi ndi, d moi lira tuoi, nhung deu nham mot muc di'ch giiip cho khang chien mau ehdng den thang Idi Trong thU gUi cac chien sy tre quyet tU quan Thu dd, Bac cho rang tinh th^n tU ton tu lap cua dan toe - mot ph^n cua tinh than yeu nudc - la bat diet Do dd, tinh than yeu nUdc, long yeu nude cua dong bao ta ciing la bat diet Theo Bac, tinh th^n yeu nude - nhOng cua quy ma chiing ta e^n phai nang niu, quy - ed ro rang, de thay, nhUng eiing ed an giau kin dao rat khd nhan Nhiem vu cua chiing ta la lam cho nhiing cua quy kin dao ay dUde dem trUng bay de ciing thay, bang • each siie giai thieh, tuyen truyen, to chite, lanh dao de tinh than yeu nUde cua moi ngUdi deu dUdc thUc hanh vao edng cuoc khang chien Bac viet "Tinh than yeu nUde eiing nhU cae thii cua quy, cd dUdc t r u n g bay tii kinh, binh pha le ro rang de th^'y NhUng eiing cd eat giau kin dao rUdng hdm Bon phan eua chiing ta la lam cho nhiing ciia quy kin dao ay dUde dua trUng bay Nghia la phai siic giai thi'eh, tuyen truyen, to ehtte lanh dao lam cho tinh th^n yeu nUdc cua t a t ca moi ngUdi deu ditdc thuc hanh vao cong viec yeu nUdc, cong viec k h a n g chien""^
Day la mot van de triet hoc ly thii d cho moi ngUdi deu ed mot thii cua quy, la ehu nghia yeu nude, la
(7)long quoc Nd eiing giong nhu Phat tich moi ngUdi NhUng neu Phat tich md hay to phu thupc vao miic dp cua tam doc, nd tUdng ddi triTu tUdng; thi long quoc, theo Bac, eiing ed the' vi Idi nho ma nhat thdi quen lang nhung n6 tUdng ddi cu the Tinh than yeu nUdc d Ho Chi Minh khac han vdi tinh than "vi quoc" cua bon de quoc phan dong
Nhu v4y, quan niem ve chu nghia yeu nudc d Ho Chi Minh da ed bude phat trien mdi ve eh^t so vdi chu nghia yeu nudc lich sU Long quoc la cai von quy gia moi eon ngUdi, suot cuoc ddi, la gia tri ben vOng v^ trUdng ton cung vdi ngUdi, dan toe Viet Nam
V|iy, nhiing tinh hoa nao chu nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong dude Ho Chi Minh ke thiia phat trien len mot budc mdi tren cd sd chu nghia Mae-Lenin?
1 Chu nghia yeu nudc chan ehinh the hien ro nhd't c6 giac ngoai xam thi viec lam ếp bach trUdc het la danh duoi quan xam lUdc Bdi vky, truyen thong danh giSc ngoai xam \k tinh hoa dku tien cua ehu nghia yeu nudc truyen thong m^ tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ke thilạ Chinh vi khat vong giai phdng dan toe ma 21 tudi, NgUdi da phai di tim dUdngctru nudẹ Khi da cd cai "cam nang", NgUdi da xae djnh trd ve nudc, di vao qu^n chiing, thue tinh ho, to chiic ho, doan ket ho dau tranh gianh lai tu doc lap
(8)1^: "Di bat bien iing van bien" Tham thia noi nhuc cua ngUdi dan mat nUdc, miit t u do, "cay dang chi bang ma't tu do", NgUdi da phat huy tinh th^n da'u t r a n h ba't khua't cua dan tdc, 'Tha chet t u hdn song due", "Chet hdn song due'* Ddi vdi dan toe bi vong quoc nd thi eufu giong ndi khoi nude sdi lua bong, giai phdng dan toe la cao hdn het thay, phai dat Idi ieh eua To quoc len tren het Ke tiep truyen thong "Nam quoc Sdn ha", "Hich Tudng si", "Binh Ngd dai cao", NgUdi keu goi toan quoc dutng day dap ach pha xieng: "Hdn hai mUdi trieu chau Lac Hong quyet khong chiu lam vong qudc nd mai", "toan quoc dong bao hay diing day dem siie ta ma giai phdng cho ta", "chiing ta tha hy sinh tat ca chii nhat dinh khong chiu mat nude, n h a t dinh khong chiu l^m nd le"; "Chung ta tha chet khong chiu lam vong quoe dan", "Khong cd gi quy hdn doc lap tU do" NgUdi da nang each mang giai phdng dan toe len tam cao mdi bang each phat huy het moi kha nang tiem lUc cua moi eon ngUdi; hdn niia gan each mang Viet Nam vdi each mang the gidi Hudng ling Idi keu goi cua NgUdi, toan dan toe Viet Nam da nhat te diing len t a p t a n chii nghia thuc dan Phap, giai phdng hoan toan mien Bae 1954 va giai phdng mien Nam thong nhat dat nude 1975, hoan t h a n h nhiem vu giai phdng dan toe, dem lai doc lap tu cho dat nUdc
(9)ludn cd y dd banh trUdng nen dan tdc Viet Nam mudn ton t«u budc phai doan ket vdi Chinh vi doan ket ma chiing ta da tao nen s\lc manh thang Han DUdng, Tdng, Nguyen, Minh, Thanh Nhiing cau chuyen bo Idi ieh rieng ma nghi den Idi ieh chung bo mdi thu rieng ma nghi den dai cupc cua Dudng Van Nga Tran Qudc Tuan that vd cung xiic dong long ngUdi Phat trien truyen thdng doan ket la siie manh Ho Chi Minh eho rang doan ket la thang Idi doan ket la cong
Doan kit, doan ket, dai doan ket
Thanh cong, cong, dai cong
Ho Chi Minh da ke thita phat trien truyen thong doan kft len mot tam cao mdi tren cd sd chu nghia Mac-Lenin d cho NgUdi keu goi doan ket khong chi giOa cac t^ng Idp giai c&'p, dan toe, ma eon doan ket vdi cac lUc lUdng tien bo phong tr&o each mang va giai cA'p vd san the gidi NgUdi cho rang hat nhan doan ket la hai giai cA'p dd la edng nhan va nong dan Tit dd titng thdi ky NgUdi lap Mat tran doan ket nham thong nhat lUc lUdng ea nUdc de dat den muc tieu chung
(10)goc, mud'n giii dUdc nUdc can phai dUde long dan, hay mat nghin vang chd de mat Idng dan cua Nguyen Binh Khiem; long dan cd the xoay chuyen trdi dat cua Ngd Thi Nham; NgUdi lam ehinh tri khong d\X(ic trai y mud'n eiia dan, phai yeu cai dan yeu, ghet eai dan ghet eua Minh Menh
Quan niem ve dan cua Ho Chi Minh da cd thay doi ve chat Dan d NgUdi la nhan dan, quan chung, dong bao ma cong nong la ndng cot
Bac cho rang bau trdi khdng gi quy bang nhan dan Bac ndi:
"Nudc lay ddn lam goc Goc CO vitng cay mdi hen
Xay Idu thdng Ic/i tren nen nhan ddn"^
6 day eiing mot cau ndi "Nudc lay dan lam goc" nhUng noi dung khac han Mot ben coi dan la ngUdi bi tri, thu dong khdng ed sxic sang tao; Bac cho dan la quy nha't, la lUc lUdng vd dich, la ngUdi san xua't moi cua cai vat cha't va tinh than eho xa hoi, la nguon sang tao ba't tan, la dong lUc cua lich sU Bac cho rang nhijtng sang tac cua nhan dan la nhutng vien ngoc quy Theo Bac, d l mUdi Ian khdng dan eiing chiu, khd tram Ian dan lieu cung xong Tit dd Bae ehu trUdng xay dung Nha nude ciia dan, dan, vi dan Bac coi dan nhU nudc, each mang (che do) chinh quyen nhu thuyen, can bo nhu ca Dang la ngUdi cam lai, ehu nghia la tri khdn, la ban Bac eho rang cac ed quan eua Chinh phu tit toan quoc eho
(11)den cac lang deu la day td cua dan, nghia la de phat tri^n viec chung cho dan chii khdng phai la de dau cUdi cd dkn Nhu vay, dan khdng chi la goc nen mdng ma la chu Bac ndi:
"Nitdc ta la nitdc ddn chu Bao nhieu M ieh deu vi ddn Bao nhieu quyen han deu cua ddn
Chinh quyen tit xa den Chinh phu Trung Ucfng ddn ci ra
Noi torn lai quyen hanh vd lUc lUcfng deu d ncfi ddn" Theo Bac, dan chu se dong vien khai thae dudc moi tiem nang cua ngUdi, til tao nen dong lUc siie manh
(12)cac dng mud'n diet nhiing ndi kho cho moi ngUdi Dd la ly cd ban khien cae dng xua't gia
Ke thifa va p h a t trien tU tUdng n h a n van dd, tU tUdng eiiu kho cho dan khdng chi khoi nan ngoai xam, nan vong qud'c, ma cdn mudn ciiu kho cho dan khoi ndi kho thUdng nhat, va phat trien len tinn cao tren ed sd ehu nghia Mac-Lenin, NgUdi da tim dUdng va lanh dao toan dan tien h a n h cupc khang chien t h a n t h a n h dem lai doe lap eho dan tdc Di xa hdn NgUdi cdn eho rang neu doe lap ma dan khdng dude tU do, hanh phue thi doc lap chang ed nghia ly gi, bdi vay, NgUdi da gan giai phdng dan tdc vdi ehu nghia xa hoi Da lam each mang, theo NgUdi, thi nen lam cho den ndi, the mdi khoi phai hy sinh nhieu Ian
Nhung khac vdi thdi Ly - Tr^n, cae dng vua thdi vdi tam huyet nguyen vong nhU tren nhUng ed may thoat kho, con chiing ta sau gianh dxiOc doe lap va tien len ehu nghia xa hoi thi dan ta dang dxiOc hUdng tu do, hanh phiic va dan chu that su Mot ben hau nhU chi la nguyen vong, cdn mot ben da, dang va se trd t h a n h hien thue mot sinh dong vdi nhiing dudng Idi ehinh sach cu the thiet thUc Toan Dang, toan dan ta dang doan ket mot long hudng den muc tieu dan giau, nUdc manh, xa hoi edng bang, dan chu, van minh
(13)