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Sau khi Nguyen Dinh Thi ra di, tren Tap chi Triet hoc (so 4 thang 4 nam 2003), Nguyin Tien Diing da c6 mot bai gidi thieu trang trpng ve tac ph^'m khong bao gid quen ciia Nguyen Dinh [r]
(1)TRIET HOC PHirONG TAY MOT THANH TO CUA NEN VAN HOC HIEN DAI VIET NAM
PGS BUI D A N G D U Y *
Triet hpe phudng Tay da eo mat d nude ta hdn mot the ky Theo Nietzsche moi nen van hoa c6 ba t h a n h to cct ban Do la khoa hpe, triet hpe, niem tin ton giao
Khoi phai noi, khoa hpe til phUdng Tay vao nUde ta da lam cho nen van hoa Viet Nam bien doi to Idn den miic nay; su phat trien khoa hpe da trd t h a n h mot quoe sach hang d^u Ton giao tit phUdng Tay n h u Cong giao, Tin lanh du nhap v^o Viet Nam va phat trien chua titng c6 d nUde ta Ne'u xem x6t mot to chua dUde eac nha triet hpe Du(c cho la cd ban nhu vkn hpe nghe t h u a t thi ngUdi ta ciing thay dUdng nhu khong mot trang nao cua bat cii mot bp lieh su van hpe
nko ma thieu dau an eua van hpe phUdng Tay Ne'u di vao
linh vue nghe thuat, ngUdi ta thay gan nhu khong eo mot trUdng phai nghe t h u a t nao d phUdng Tay nhu chu nghia an tUdng, chu nghia hinh tUdng, chu nghia sieu thue, ehu nghIa Iftp the lai khong c6 m a t cl nUde ta Chiing mpe len khong
(2)nhu cay nam doc sSc s3 mk nhU nhCtng doa hoa vudn van hoa Viet Nam hien dai nhieu hudng nhieu s^c
Trong tinh hinh doi mdi triet hoc phUdng Tay d Vi^ Nam van rdi vao quen lang qua khU, ho^c hi coi nhu vat thita v6 ich, tham chi nhu mot cai gi la xau xa 1^ phan dpng Trong cuon Lude khao triet hpe phUdng Tay hien dai, eac tac gia c6 doi ba trang viet ve triet hpe phUdng Tay hien dai d Viet Nam nhung no van chi xuat hien dudi bp mat "ben len" ehua dang hoang dude coi la mot to cua nen vfin hoa hien dai,
Vi vay, de tra lai cho triet hpe phudng Tay hien dai bp mM dich thUe eiia n6 nen vSn hoa Viet Nam thi khong the diJng lai d viec thu thap eac di san eon vUdng van khip ndi ma phai thuc hien mot sU tien quyet la doi mdi tu duy, \k "mot tiep can" mdi doi vdi su hien dien eua triet hpe phUdng Tay d Viet Nam
Bai phat bieu nho ciia toi hoi thao n^y 1^ men theo eon dUdng da lua chpn ngo h^u tim lai nhQng gia tri chan thUc eua mot ddng triet hpe iix phUdng Tay xa xoi da dam choi Ipc d manh dat Viet Nam n^y ma c6 ngUdi vi nhu mot bao Idn nhin Thai Binh Dud»g de don nhkn lis bon phudng trdi mpi ngpn gio nhOng gia tri cua nen v^n minh
Toi xin dua ba luan de sau day:
T r i e t h o c m a n g t i n h p h o q u a t ( u n i v e r s e l )
(3)n^o chi dUde mot trao luu triet hpe, mot nha triet hpe lam
dky td cho chinh tri Khi noi ve van de nay, ngUdi ta chi c6
the k§ trUdng hdp eua Gentile (1875-1944) nha triet hpe cua chu nghia phat xft Hitler va Mussolini da tang hoc rang la "siic manh than thanh" Kh6 tim dUde mot nha triet hoc thtl hai
Teilhard de Chardin, nha triet hpe Phap dUa ly lu^n ve tien hoa eua via tru tiit sinh quyen ehuyen sang tri quyen (noosphere) phai chang da ehdm nd su quat cua vSn hoa cua triet hpe
Y tUdng ve tinh quat eua triet hpe khong phai de xUdng ma chinh la K.Marx ong noi r^ng, eac nha triet hoc khong mpe tit dat nhU nhijtng cay nam, "hp la san ph^m cua thdi dai cua hp, cua n h a n dan hp" Triet hpe Mac la mot chiing minh ve tinh quat eua triet hpe, vi c6 thdi no 1^ chan ly eua hang ty ngUdi
Se 1^ v6 ly neu ngUdi ta thtCa n h a n van hpe c6 tinh quat ma lai khong thay dieu d triet hpe, triet hpe dudc ke la n h a n to'ed ban mot nen van hoa
Td Nam phong eiia Pham Quynh lau thudng hi coi la tieng noi eiia tay sai de quo'c vi dUdng lo'i cai lUdng chii nghia cua no ve chinh tri Kho bien bach cho mot so' sai lam eiia td bao trUdc dudng lo'i each mang cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam NhUng ve sU p h a t trien cua khoa hpe, triet hpe, ngUdi ta kho be bo qua n h u n g dong gop quan trpng cua no U n d^u tien d nude ta, td Nam Phong da gidi thieu nhieu trao luu triet hoc nhieu t h a n h tuu khoa hpe d phUdng Tay
(4)xit noi len tren the gidi keo theo cupc dau tranh cho dan chu Phap, Mat tran nhan dan ddi, d nudc ta cung xuat hi^n phong trao Dai hoi Dong Dudng dan tdi viec lap M$t tran dan chu Trong khung canh md cUa do, l^n d^u tien d nUdc ta mot loat tac pham nghien ciiu ve triet hpe phudng Tay khong chi dirng d nhQng bai viet ngin, ma 1^ nhQng tac ph^m hoan chinh ve tQng nha triet hpe phUdng Tay til Aristoteles, Descartes, Bacon, Kant den Freud, Bergson Nietzsche Cong lao ciia nha xu£kt ban Tan Viet cin dudc ghi lai lieh sU tU tUdng triet hpe cua nUdc ta
DUng ve mat ngon ngii hpe thi td Nam Phong vk eac tac ph^m triet hpe noi tren l^n d^u tien lieh sU ciia nUdc ta da dua vlio ngon ngii Viet Nam mot v^n phong khoa hpe, mpt van phong triet hpe mdi De mot th^p ky sau, each mang th^nh cong chiing ta dang hoang giang day khoa hpe v^ triet hoc b^ng tieng me de ke ca d c^'p dai hpe (trong nhieu nUdc von la thu(}c dia cua Phap van phai dung F*hap ngQ) NhOng dong gop lieh su tren van c6 the cAn b^n cai NhUng nhOng nh^ triet hpe dUdc coi 1^ tien bp thi tinh phd' quat ciia no dUde de dang tiep nhan, toi muon noi den cdc
nha Khai sang Phap
Trong tac pham Di/cfng each menh tir nhiing nkm 20 eiia the ky trUdc, Ho Chi Minh da noi den eac nha triet hoc Phap nhu Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu da "tuyen truyen chu nghia tU do, binh dang" cua cupc each mang 1789 cua Phap Co the noi tu day khong c6 mot cupc van dong chinh tri hay van hoa d nudc nao ma khong ton vinh eac nha triet hpe Khai sang Phap
(5)triet hpe dxlOc chia deu tren hanh tinh d ndi triet hpe ra ddi va d ndi no diXng lai tren eon dUdng van dam ma no giao luu Tinh quat cua triet hpe khong t r a n h khoi tao nen mot dp venh nao Cung nhu d chau luc khae, d Viet Nam, chiing ta cung khong "diing" dUde triet hpe phudng Tay, khong it ngUdi cho la kho hieu, rac roi, khong thieh hdp, tham chi la "duy tam t h a n bi" Xin dUa mot vi du, Ti/ lite
van dodn neu ton chi la "tU ca nhan" Nguyen Van Trung
cho rkng la dau hieu eiia mot nen van hpe "y thiie ve minh" (conscience en soi), coi moi eon ngUdi nhu mot nhan vi (personne) Day 1^ mot chu nghia ca nhan ma nhieu trao luu triet hpe deu khdi nguon tit Chii nghia ca nhan khong phai mot nha triet hpe nao cuong dai bia tac No la san ph^'m ciia lieh sit de trd t h a n h mot gia tri tinh than eao nhat xa hoi phUdng Tay No cho rang chi can dUa vao chinh minh la c6 the dat tdi mue tieu da dinh NgUdi ta cho la mot "credo" (tin dieu) eua ngUdi d xa hoi phUdng Tay Chinh Mac da ehi nguon goe cua chu nghia ca nhan Trong cupc dau t r a n h chong phong kien, giai cap tU san ddi c^n giai phong ca n h a n de tu h a n h dpng viec xac lap sd hijtu t u nhan Chi thdi dai, do, nhOng quan he xa hoi mdi ddi, thi mdi c6 chu nghia ea nhan Con eac xa hoi trUdc do, ngUdi ta song mot epng dong ve ciia cai g^n vdi bp lac, bp toe thi khong eo cho cho ca nhan ton tai
Chu nghia ea n h a n cua nen van minh phUdng Tay dUdc
Tu lUc van dodn lam loe len, no tiep tuc dUde dUa vao van
(6)d i dang Den Nhat Ban la mot nUdc phat trien g^n gui vdi phUdng Tay ciing chi noi rang, can phai coi trpng chu nghia ca nhan nhUng dat nUdc Mat trdi mpe chi nen c6 "chu nghia ca nhan mem" (c6 nghia la khong the "r^n", triet dk nhu phUdng Tay) nudc ta so phan cua Chu nghia ca nhan phUdng Tay kho khan hdn nhieu Cho den khong hiem trUdng hdp chiing ta bat gap tren bao chi nhiing Idi phe phan rang la mot chu nghia ea nhan, mot thu tu cue doan v6 chinh phu, tham chi no xuong hang la mot th6i ich ky hen
Nhiing dieu noi tren ciing tam du cho chung ta thfty rftng tinh quat ciia,triet hpe tU no khong lam cho eac dan tpc de dang chap nhan nhU mot chan ly bien Su khac bi^t van ro rang Day khong chi la su khac biet nhiJtng nen v^n hoa khu vUe tao nen, ma la su khac bi^t v^ trinh dp ciia nen \kn minh Cae nude phUdng Tay hien di trUdc chiing ta den mot the ky: mot dAng Viet Nam nSm 2020 mdi ve cd ban trd mot nudc cong nghiep hien dai, mot d^ng eac nude phUdng Tay da bude v^o xa hoi h^u cong nghiep, xa hoi thong tin tix thap ky 50 eua the ky trUdc Bdi v^y de lam chu dUde su hieu biet cua minh ve mot nen vAn minh each kha xa nen van minh hien tai cua chiing ta, do CO su hieu biet ve triet hpe, thi khong phai b^t eac nhk khoa hpe noi nhu ta ma phai tU nang eao minh len ngang tam thude vdi hp de cung doi thoai
Nha xa hoi hpe Phan Thi Dac cuon Situation de la
personne au Vietnam (Hoan canh cua ngUdi d Viet Nam)
(7)nha't dinh Do la mot tUdng lai xa xoi, "hp se phai c6 nhiJtng dieu kien song n h u nhau, nhutng thiet ehe nhU
vk se phai chia se mot logic n h u vdi ngUdi anh em
phUdng Tay", tinh quat eiia triet hoc liie se c6 dieu kien dUde thuc hien trpn ven
2 Triet h o c m a n g t i n h da d a n g , lam giau v a n hoa Niia d^u the ky XX, khoa hpe phUdng Tay tham nhap nude ta lam thay doi to Idn nen van hoa ciia Viet Nam va tao nen mot nen triet hpe mdi chUa tifng eo lieh sii
Chii nghia cong nghiep (khai niem ciia Saint Simon) doi hoi phai e6 mot khoa hpe ciia nen van minh, coi la t h an h tuu can thiet, ed ban dam bao cho sU phat trien Uu tien eua tri thiic khoa hpe dUa lai nhiing kha nang to Idn eiia sU xuat hien nhiing cupe each mang kl thuat, nhiing cd hoi de khoa hoc trd lUc lUdng san xuat true tiep va mot lUc lUdng xa hoi ehi phoi nhieu qua trinh xa hoi Tinh nang dpng lieh sii ciia eac chtie nang noi tren ciia khoa hpe d phUdng Tay da qua ro rang, bdi v> no chi eo the phat buy day dii mot xa hoi CO nen khoa hpe p h a t trien Con eac xa hoi truyen thong, ehiie n a n g it dUdc hoan thien, bdi vi van hoa d day chUa tao dudc day dii nhiing tien de khoa hpe dat tdi mot quy ehe khai niem tUdng doi doe lap de den lUdt minh khoa hpe lai keo theo chiie nang khai niem ciia triet hpe
Khoa hpe vao nUde ta niia dau the ky XX da lam cho Viet Nam bat dau thoat khoi xa hoi truyen thong va gia nhap vao cong dong eac nUdc tien tien hien dai
(8)su gap gd giiia khoa hpe va v^n hoa triet hoc l^ yeu to cd ban
Khoa hpe xuift hien l^n d^u tien d nUde ta khong phai chi la mot hien tUdng khach quan vdi tU each la nhan thiic nhiing quy luat vat chat bien ma tim thA'y sU ton tai ciia n6 d ncti ngUcfi vdi tu each la mot sinh vat c6 tU thupe mot cong dong nhat dinh Chu the tU da nhan thiic va phat hien, da llnh hoi va xii ly khoa hpe mot each dpc dao Day chinh la tam diem lap lanh phat anh sang van hoa
Tri thiic CO tinh khach quan vSn hoa c6 tinh chii quan Nhin theo chieu canh do, van hoa trd m^t chii quan ciia tri thiic hay la nhiing phudng tien, nhiing each thiic hoat dpng ciia ngUdi de chinh phue tU nhien Mat chii quan d6 lam cho vkn hoa trd nen giau c6, da dang nhieu m^u sic nhU mot kinh van hoa nhU't \k n6 ton tai dudi bp ao he tU tUdng c6 nhiing phUdng tien Idi hai nhu triet hoc dao diie ke ca ton giao Lieh sii nudc ta tir trUdc tdi (tdi niia dau the ky XX) chUa bao gid phat trien phong phu nhU thdi ky nay: nhQng he tU tUdng ciia cupc van dpng vSn hoa mdi thap len nhiing anh sang triet hpe mdi d tinh trang nhen nhiim, nhUng ngoan mue biet bao
(9)Phan tam hpe khong ehi diTng lai d tU each mot khoa hpe nhu y nghia ban d§u cua chinh ngUdi sang lap no ma ciing
nkm thang no trd t h a n h mot trao luu triet hpe mang ten chu nghia Freud Triet hpe lam nen t a n g cho nhieu trao luu
triet hpe khac dUde van dung vao nhieu llnh vue khac dUde goi la phan tam hpe ting dung (nhu van hpe, nghe thuat, nhan hpe, xa hoi h p e )
Trong niia dau the ky XX, ngUdi dUa phan tam hpe vao nUde ta la nha nghien ciiu van hpe TrUdng Tiiu Ong ling dung phan tam hpe vao viec nghien ciiu van hpe NgUdi tiep noi ong c6 le eo the ke la Thanh Tam Tuyen
Ke tif p h a n tam hpe, mon khoa hpe Idn eiia thdi dai vao nude ta, no khong nhiing chi bi viit vao bong toi ma eon ganh chiu bao don phe phan gay git de den nay, sau Doi mdi no mdi gianh lai dUde dia vi xiing dang ciia no Toi chi ke tdi nhiing tac pham nghien ciiu ve Freud da dang hoang mat ban dpc d nude ta n h u Freud vd phan tam hpe cua Pham Minh Lang; Phan tam hpe vd van hpe nghe thuat cua Do Lai Thuy DiXCng nhien nhieu dieu e^n ban cai nhiing cong trinh nghien eiiu noi tren ciing nhu su xuat hien day phan tam hpe tren nhieu sach bao nhieu nganh
0 nudc ta n h u y hpe, tam ly hpe Nhung dii day
cQng la dau hieu tot noi len sU t r a nd song phang ve gia tri cupc each mang Freud da lam rung ehuyen khoa hpe triet hpe ciia the ky va ciing lam cho van hoa Viet Nam d dau the ky XX CO mot mau s^c chUa tirng c6 lieh sU nude nha
(10)la nha triet hpe phi ly Idn nh^'t dudng thdi Triet hoc ciia ong CO mat d nude ta tit nua d^u the ky XX Ngay mot the ky da troi qua nhung d phUdng Tay, ke ea d Phap, triet hpe cua Nietzsche van tiep tuc sUc song cua no Co the ke nha triet hpe Phap nhU Gilles Deleuze (1925-) \k mpt nhiing nha triet hpe hien dai Phap nhiet tinh vdi trift hpe Nietzsche NhU vay, sU xuat hien cua Nietzsche d Vi^t Nam vdi tac phslm Triet hpe cua Nietzsche eiia Nguyen Dinh Thi dau the ky XX cho den van la cuon sach viet v^ Nietzsche hay nhat va diing nhat Sau Nguyen Dinh Thi ra di, tren Tap chi Triet hoc (so thang nam 2003), Nguyin Tien Diing da c6 mot bai gidi thieu trang trpng ve tac ph^'m khong bao gid quen ciia Nguyen Dinh Thi Dang luu y 1^ tac gia tre tuoi va tai hoa da c6 mot du doan ve triet hoc Nietzsche gan lien vdi vi§n canh nen vSn hpe nude ta Ong viet: "G^n day van chUdng Viet Nam ta cung th^'y bong mot vai tu tUdng eiia Nietzsche, da eo ngUdi muon tim d Nietzsche mot phUdng phap tU nang eao minh, mpt ly tUdng lam ngUdi, tU tUdng ciia Nietzsche da kn sau v^o vfin chUdng Viet Nam den dau ta chUa biet trUdc dudc, nhung ta c6 thi chae la Nietzsche se lam n^y nUde ta nhieu tac ph^m niia, vi dpc Nietzsche ta thay lac vao mot the gidi tran d^y anh sang, tran d^y md mpng nhung thd mpng vila Cling coi Vila em dem"
(11)cudc song tam linh cua ngudi Tir Doi mdi, it nhat dS CO lu£ln an eao hpe nghien ciiu ve Nietzsche Ro rang tU trao ve chii nghia Freud, ve triet hpe Nietzsche da lam cho biic tranh van hoa d nUdc ta eo mpt bp mat vdi nhiing mau sSc mdi ehUa titng c6 Ben canh sU dam da von c6 eiia tinh dan toe, no eon chan ehiia tinh hien dai cua van hoa, van hpe the gidi
3 Ciing c h u n g s o n g , c i i n g p h a t t r i e n
Trong lieh sii Viet Nam nhieu trao lUu triet hpe nude ngoai da du n h a p vao nude ta Trong thdi ky Trung dai, dang chu y la Phat giao, Nho hpe, Lao hpe Thdi nha Ly, Phat giao da trd t h a n h g^n nhU quo'c giao De phat trien dSi't nUde, Nho giao, Lao giao cung trd t h a n h gan nhu triet hpe nha nude -noi chung eac trao lUu ciing ton tai the hdp tac va dfl'u tranh De khai thae nhiitng trao luu triet hpe nh^m phue vu cho viec xay dung dat nudc va cho ca cong cupc chong xam lUdc, cha ong chiing ta da dUa mpt Idi giai cho mpt bai toan kho ve su thong n h a t tinh than, tit rut dUdc nhiing Idi the phue vu cho sU cUdng thinh ciia quoe gia Toi muon noi tdi ly thuyet "Tam giao dong nguyen, tam giao dong ton" Co the ndi r^ng no da lam t h a n h mot siic manh de xay dUng nen van minh Dai Viet Day la mpt kinh nghiem ve mot di san quy gia ciia nen van hoa chiing ta
(12)hien Day la mpt cupc tranh luan ve triet hoc ve nghe thudt hiem hoi d nUde ta cho nen rsit dang luu y Ket qua 1^ cupc tranh luan da lam giau cho chii khong he don vao cho thAt bai la danh mot don chet tUdi bdi vi sau cupc tranh luan do, chu nghia vat, ly luan ve nghe thuat vi nhan sinh cang tiep tuc phat trien manh me va ket tinh d D^ CUdng van hoa, nhat la no trd nen tang cho mpt h^ tu tUdng ciia mpt chinh dang Idn
Con chii nghia tam, ly lu£in ve nghe thui)t vi ngh^ thu^t ciing phat trien khong kem ram rp sang tac vfln hpe nghe thuat, phe binh va nghien eifu Dang chii y su xuat hien ciia Xudn thu nha tap Nhom van hoc nghe thuAt muon "chung ket vdi nhau" muon "tu" lai nhiing "n^t dep rieng" cua v^n hoa phUdng Dong va nhiing "tan ky" ciia nhiitng "he tu tUdng" ciia phUdng Tay, ciia "nam chau bon bien" H? tu tUdng d day muon ehi vkn hpe he tu tudng (littelature ideologique) "van hpe triet hpe" (litelature philosophique) cua eac trUdng phai nhU chii nghia tUdng trung, chii nghia An tUdng ehii nghia sieu thUe va ca y tUdng sd khai v^ hermeneutique (chii giai hpe) Co the noi r^ng, Xuan thu nha tap da ciing eo kha manh mpt chile n^ng ed ban ma chiing ta gpi la ehUc nang th^m ml cixafivkn hpe No ciing bao trUdc su nd rp ciia eac trUdng phai nghe thu^t phUdng Tay nen nghe thuat hien ciia chiing ta
Noi ve sU tich hdp, sU dong ton van hoa "Dong" v^ vdn hoa "Tay" CO phai da sa vao bay ciia chu nghia chiet trung, cua cai gpi la Au h6a, Mi hoa chang?
(13)thimh "mpt hinh thiic to chiic tri tue chung" nh^m vay mUdn ciia n h a n g he thong nhOng luan de de tao mpt he thong nhat Cach di tim chan ly theo kieu "bat nhao" xa la vdi t u hien dai eua chiing ta
"Au hoa", "Ml hoa" 1^ kinh nghiem ciia mot thdi da di khong trd lai nfla roi Ng^y cae dan toe da trUdng va chdi vdi tren mpt san chdi chung ciia xu hudng hoi nhap quo'c te, toan cau hoa da bo lai vinh viln thoi lay van hoa, lo'i so'ng eiia mpt nudc, mpt chau luc manh de de nen, ap biic hong thay the nhiing nen van minh khae ciing rue rd khong kem bat cii nen van minh nao
Toi xin n h a n h chong ket thiie bai viet nho ciia toi ve xu hudng cung chung song de cung phat trien giiia cae tr^o lUu tu tUdng d nude ta c6 triet hpe phUdng Tay bang cau noi ciia Ho Chi Minh ma chiing ta ciing deu biet NgUdi viet: "Hpe thuyet ciia Khong tii eo uu diem la sU tu dudng dao diic ca nhan Ton giao ciia Giesu c6 uu diem la long bac Chii nghia eiia Ton Dat Tien c6 Uu diem la chinh sach ciia n6 thich hdp vdi dieu kien ciia nude chiing toi Khong tii, Giesu, C.Mac, Ton Dat Tien e h i n g eo nhiing uu diem chung sao? Hp deu muon mUu eau hanh phiie cho loai ngUdi, mUu phiic Idi cho xa hoi Neu hp eon song tren ddi la hpp lai mpt eh6, toi tin r^ng n h a t dinh hp se chung song vdi r a t hoan my n h u nhiing ngUdi ban than thiet Toi eo'ging lam hpe trd nho ciia cae vi ay"
(14)"mUu c^u hanh phiie cho loai ngUdi, mUu phiie Ipi cho xa hoi"
Trong chinh sach doi noi chiing ta doan ket toan dan lam dpng luc ciia phat tri§n Trong chinh sach doi ngoai trudc het doi vdi ASEAN chiing ta chu trUdng thong nhat da dang Trong chinh sach van hoa chiing ta coi cae triet hpe c6 mat d nude ta, noi nhU ong cha ta, la "dong nguyen" cho nen la "dong ton", ndi nhU Ho Chi Minh la "chung song vdi rat hoan my"