Bài viết đánh giá về mối quan hệ giữa Liên Xô và các nước xã hội chủ nghĩa Đông Âu qua những biến cố năm 1956 ở Ba Lan và Hunggari. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu.
GOP PHAN DANH GIA VE MOI QUAN HE GIUA LIEN XO VA CAC NOtirC XA HOI CHU N G H I A DONG AU QUA N H O N G BIEN CO NAM 1956 BA LAN VA HUNGGARI DAO TUAN THANH* D a t v a n de Nam 1956 la mpt nam xay nhieu bie'n cd' quan trpng ddi vdi phe Xa hpi chu nghia (XHCN) the gidi, lam sinh sil bat ddng, gia tang mau thuan gifla cac nUdc npi bp phe XHCN Sau nhflng chin dpng tac dpng cua sil xung dot ve quan (hem va ldi ich gifla Lien Xd va Nam TU nam 1948, l i n nay, sil cang thang md'i quan he gifla Lien Xd va cac nildc XHCN Ddng Au, ma trUdc tien la Ba Lan va Hunggari da dUa lai nhflng tac dpng da chieu npi khd'i Lieu nhflng bie'n cd' xay nam 1956 cd phai la khue dao d i u hang loat b i t ddng gifla Lien Xd va cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au thap nien 60 cua the ky XX, ma (hnh cao la sil kien Tiep Khac, dien vao mua Xuan nam 1968 va nhieu nam tie'p theo Hien nay, cd nhieu cau hdi cdn dang bd ngd can dUdc cac nha nghien cflu lam sang td Dd la, c i n danh gii nhU the nao ve hien tUdng "Nga hda" ddi sd'ng kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, tU tudng b cac nUdc Ddng Au tfl sau nam 1945? Sil "can thiep" cua Lien Xd cd vai trd nhU the nao dd'i vdi cong cupc xay dilng chu nghia xa hpi d cac nUdc Ddng Au nhflng nam 1947, 1948-1956? Dau la cdi ngudn nhflng mau thuan sinh gifla mpt bp phan nhan dan Ddng Au, mpt bd phdn dang •vien Dang Cpng s i n vdi cac chinh sach ma Lien Xo thUc thi b Ddng Au? Lien Xd cd vai trd gi va cdng nhU the nao viec trd giup cac lanh tu Cpng san Ddng Au dU(3c dao tao d Lien Xd - nhflng ngUdi chip thudn vai trd lam "con rdi chinh tri" cua Lien Xd Vi sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thd Hai "tinh thdn ddn tgc" lai sinh va phat trien cang manh me d mpt so' nUdc Dong Au (Nam Tu, Tiep Khic, Ba Lan, Hunggari, Rumani) va dUdc bpt phat cang manh me thap nien 50, 60 cua the ky XX? Cd nen danh gia r i n g sU p h i hoai cua chu nghia de quo'c, sU tie'p tay cua cac the lilc phan dpng cho cac lUc lUdng ddi cai cach/ddi mdi md hinh phat trien cua chu nghia xa hpi la nguyen nhan chinh tao nen nhflng bie'n dpng chinh tri b Dong Au nhflng nam 1956, 1968 hay chinh nhflng khiem khuyet cua ban than md hinh xay diing chu nghia xa hpi, nhflng tdn tai cua chinh ban than cac Dang Cpng sin, "PGS.TS Khoa Lich sd - TrUdng Dai hpc Sfl pham Ha Npi Sop phan danh gia ve md'i quan he cung nhu sU can thiep thd bao cua Lien Xd da lam sinh nhflng b i t man npi bp dang •vien cac Dang Cpng san va nhan dan cac nUdc Ddng Au, dUa den sU bflng nd cac cupc dau tranh dam tinh bao lUc? Nen danh gia nhu the nao ve lilc lUdng cai each, ddi doi mdi md hinh/ lilc lUdng "dan tpc chii nghia" cac bie'n cd' nam 1956 va nam 1968? Cd nen coi hp la "lilc lUdng phan dpng"? hay dd la lUc lUcfng di trUdc thdi dgi, cd tdm nhin xa rgng, ddm ndi, ddm ddu tranh, ddm chi nhang khiem khuyet cua chu, nghia xd hgi, ddm dUa mgt mo htnh phdt trien khdc vdi cdch ldm cua Lien Xo - que hUcfng eda chu nghla xd hgi? Cd tra ldi dUdc nhflng cau hdi diia tren nhflng tu lieu lich sd thi mdi giup chung ta cd the danh gia dUdc thilc chit cua md'i quan he gifla Lien Xd va cac nUdc xa hpi chu nghia Ddng Au, gdp p h i n giai dap cau hdi: Cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au la nhflng nUdc ddng minh hay chU hiu/nUdc le thupc Lien Xd? Trong khudn khd cua bai •viet nay, chung tdi mud'n gdp p h i n nhin nhan lai md'i quan he gifla Lien Xo va cac nfldc XHCN Ddng Au qua nhflng bien cd' xay nam 1956 d Ba Lan va Hunggari Noi dung Sau Chie'n tranh lanh dUdc My phat dpng (1947), b i u khdng chinh tri the gidi cang cang thang Ca Lien Xd va My ben canh viec trien khai nhflng ke hoach quan sii, chinh tri, ngoai giao nham the hien sflc manh va tham vpng cua minh cdn rat quan tam de'n -viec thie't chat ky luat hang ngu cac ddng minh cua minh Cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au vd'n la khu vile anh hudng dpc quyen cua Lien Xo, la ddng minh than can n h i t cua nUdc b chau Au nen ludn ludn chiu sil giam sat chat che cua Lien Xd Sau Chien tranh 33 the gidi thfl Hai ke't thuc, de dam bao an ninh cua minh Lien Xd van tiep tuc tri mpt Ilic lUdng quan sU ldn b cac nUdc Dong Au Ddng thdi, sU hien (hen cua cac chuyen gia Lien Xd tren nhieu hnh •vUc (quan sil, chinh tri, kinh te, van hda - giao due ,) cung chinh la n h i m thie't lap mpt sil kiem soat chat che hdn dd'i vdi Dang Cpng s i n va ban lanh dao cua cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au Sil kien Stalin mat nam 1953 da dUa lai nhflng thay ddi quan trpng khdng chi tren san k h i u chinh tri Lien Xd ma cdn tac dpng sau sac tdi md'i quan he gifla Lien Xo va cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au Ban lanh dao mdi cua Lien Xd, dflng d i u la Tdng Bi thfl Khdrutxd'p (Khrushchev) da cd sii (heu chinh chinh sach dd'i ngoai cua minh so vdi thdi Stalin n h i m giam sU cang thang quan he qud'c te, song van khong lam anh hudng de'n •viec hien thilc hoa muc tieu cuo'i cung: thie't lap chu nghia cpng s i n tren the gidi Nhflng nhan to' chu ye'u da khie'n cho Lien Xo cd sil dieu chinh chinh sach dd'i ngoai la: sil suy ye'u cua Lien Xd sau cai chet cua Stalin; niem tin cua ban lanh dao mdi d (hen Kremlin r i n g viec Stalin da md rpng cac ldi ich cua Lien Xd sau chie'n tranh da bupc phUdng Tay phai phan khang lai bing -viec tao nhflng td chflc kinh te, quan sU nhim t i n cong lai cac nUdc XHCN (vi du •vdec lap NATO); sil can thiet phai giam nguy cd cua mpt cupc chie'n tranh tdng liic mo'i nguy hiem td •viec sd dung vu hat nhan; sU leo thang gia ca cua cac loai vu hien dai; niem tin r i n g •vdec giam bdt cac cang thang qud'c te se bupc phUdng Tay phai giam nd lUc ve quan sil (song Lien Xd se khdng lam nhU vay (1) Viec Khdrutxd'p dUa trUdc Dai hpi XX cua Dang Cpng s i n Lien Xd dien tif 14 de'n 25 thang nam 1956 nhieu 34 van de cd ban (2) nhU: cdng khai nhflng lam dung quyen lUc va sai pham cua Stalin da tflng gay c h i n dpng cho dU luan; dinh hudng lai nguyen tac cung tdn tai hda binh; thfla nhan sU da dang cac dUdng phat trien cua chu nghia xa hpi; phe phan tU tudng sung bai ca nhan (3); de p h i t trien, Lien Xd san sang gdp p h i n vao viec loai bd nhflng diem ndng chie'n tranh dang tdn tai, ngan chan sU x u i t hien nhflng diem ndng mdi b chau Au va chau A; cai thien md'i quan he vdi Tay Dflc va vdi Nam Tu (tie'p tuc qua trinh da b i t d i u tfl nam 1953) Nhflng dieu chinh chinh sach dd'i ngoai cua Lien Xd da cd anh hudng manh me tdi quye't dinh cua cac nha lanh dao dang va chinh quyen d Ddng Au nam 1956 (4) Trong dd, ban lanh dao dang cua cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au cung dang phai dd'i mat vdi nhflng v i n de phflc tap sinh nhU: sU phan hda npi bd va chia re tac dpng cua •viec gia tang quang ba ldi ich dan tpc; sU xua't hien tU tudng xem xet lai vai trd cua sil hien dien cua Hdng quan tren lanh thd cac nUdc Dong Au (cd nha nghien cflu phUdng Tay da cho ring, neu khdng cd sU cd mat cua quan dpi Xd vie't d Ddng Au thi r i t cd the he thd'ng XHCN khdng the hoat dpng dUdc (5) TrUdc tinh trang dd Lien Xo khdng he cd y dinh de cho cac sU kien ddi song chinh tri d cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au dien theo hUdng til do, m i t quyen kiem soat, lam tdn hai den cac tinh toan chien lUdc cua Lien Xd hay tao nhflng vat can cho qua trinh hien thilc hda muc tieu hang d i u cua nUdc la md rdng anh hudng cua phe XHCN tren the gidi Dd'i vdi Lien Xd, nUdc van cin de'n cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au dudi cac gdc dp quan sU, kinh te va chinh tri Trong trUdng hdp xay mpt Rghien euru Licdi sit s61.2Q11 cudc t i n cdng ciia cac nUdc phUdng Tay n h i m vao Lien Xd, vai trd ve quan sil va vi tri lanh thd cua Ba Lan, Ddng Dflc, Tiep Khac cd mpt y nghia dac biet quan trpng dd'i vdi Lien Xd TUdng tu, Hunggari, Rumani va Bungari se cd vai trd la chan che chd cho Lien Xd tfl phia nam Ddng thdi, nhflng ldi ich ve kinh te cung cd anh hudng rat ldn de'n cac chinh sach cua Lien Xd dd'i vdi cac nUdc Ddng Au (Tong sin pham qud'c npi (GNP) cua cac nUdc Ddng Au chie'm 2/5 so vdi cua Lien Xd, nen cdng nghiep chie'n tranh ciia Lien Xd can nhieu nguyen lieu quan trpng tfl Ddng Au, dd dac biet la urani (6) Nhflng (hin bie'n ddi sd'ng chinh tri Lien Xd nhflng nam 1955-1956 da cd tac dpng trilc tiep tdi quan he gifla Lien Xd va cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au nam 1956, gay cupc khung hoang t r i m trpng npi bp phe XHCN, de dpa trilc tie'p de'n sU tdn tai ciia ca mpt he thd'ng Cud'i thang nam 1956, tai Poznan (Ba Lan) da bflng nd cupc dinh cdng cua cdng nhan LUc lUdng an ninh da thang tay dan ap cupc da'u tranh cua cdng nhan, khie'n 53 ngUdi thiet mang (7) Ben canh mpt so' yeu ciu ve kinh te la sU xuat hien cua nhflng yeu sach mang mau sic chinh tri nhU, rut cac liic lU(?ng quan dpi Xd •vie't, thdm chi tfl bd ca •viec xay dung Chu nghia xa hpi (8) Ngay lap tflc, cudc da'u tranh lan rpng khap d i t nUdc Ba Lan, bao gdm ca thu dd Vacsava, thu h u t dUcfc sU quan tam chu y cua du luan xa hdi Dieu dang ndi la, npi bp Dang Cpng san Ba Lan x u i t hien mpt khuynh hudng cdi cdch ("xet lai" - theo quan niem cua Lien Xd), chinh lUc lU(?ng da cdng viec dUa trd lai ban lanh dao dang mot sd nha lanh dao chu chd't tflng bi loai khdi bp may vao d i u thap nien 50 cua the ky XX bi bupc tpi Qdp phan danh gia ve mdi quan he theo chu nghia Tito (Wladislaw Gomulka, Spychalski, Kliszko) Cac cupc tranh luan cua vien nhdm cai each khong chi gidi han d nhflng van de nhU sil cin thie't cai thien tinh trang kinh te cua da't nU6c hay lam the nae de giam bdt cang thang xa hpi ma hp de cap ca de'n vai trd va •vi tri cua Dang Cpng s i n xa hpi Hau qua la, da x u i t hien nhieu tie'ng noi ung hp •viec tfl bd vai trd 'lanh dao" cua dang (9) Tfl 19 de'n 21 thang 10 nam 1956, tai Dai hpi VIII cua Uy ban Trung Udng Dang Cpng san Ba Lan, Wladysla^w Gomulka da dUdc b i u lam Bi thU thfl N h i t Ban chip hanh Trung Udng Dai hpi diin b i u khong cang thang Doan dai bieu Lien Xd Khdrutxo'p d i n d i u da sang Ba Lan nham kiem soat tinh hinh, dd cac ddn vi quan dpi Lien Xd chuyen quan theo hudng tien ve thu Vacsava (10) TrUdc dien bie'n cua ddi sd'ng chinh tri Ba Lan, Khdrupxd'p khong he cd y dinh de cho mpi •viec thoat khdi t i m kiem soat Vdi sil hp td'ng cua Molotov, Mikoian va Kagano^vic, Khdrutxd'p da den Vacsava 19 thang 10 nam 1956, quyet dinh sfl dung cac bien phap manh Tuy nhien, dung nhu "nhflng toan tinh d nha thUdng khong dung vdi d ch(3", de'n Ba Lan, ngUdi dflng d i u Lien Xd tam thdi phai chip nhan viec da rdi, cdng nhan V^ladisla^w Gomulka lam Bi thU thfl N h i t cua Dang Cpng sin Ba Lan (11) Cdn ve phia lilc lUdng cai each Ba Lan, nhflng muc tieu cd ban ma hp de cung khdng dat dfldc, sU til tranh luan ve tU tudng tren cac td bao cung cham dflt mpt thdi gian ngan sau Sfl cdng it di cua Ba Lan cd the ke den chinh la sfl dpc lap ldn hdn ve kinh te Cd y kien cho rang, khdng cd ben nao gianh dflpc thang Icii qua nhflng gi chen b Ba Lan vao 35 thang MUdi nam 1956 (12) Viec Wladisiaw Gomulka tri sU kiem soat tinh hinh bing mpi gia da giup cho Wla(hslaw Gomulka va nhflng ngUdi ddng chi cua dng cdng •viec ngan chan mpt cupc can thiep quan sU cua Lien Xd, diiu da xay d Hunggari mpt thdi gian ngan sau Sil bie'n b Hunggari nam 1956 trUdc tien bat d i u tfl cupc bieu tinh td tinh doan ket vdi cupc d i u tranh cua nhan dan Ba Lan dien d trUdng Dai hpc Bach khoa 22 thang 11 nam 1956 Dieu dang chu y la sU tham gia tich cUc cua rat nhieu tri thflc va sinh •vien Hunggari vao cupc diu tranh (ma hat nhan la Cau lac bp Petdfi (13) da khie'n cho cupc bieu tinh cd tie'ng vang ldn ve chinh tri Nhflng yeu sach ve chinh tri ke't hdp vdi kmh te, d i u tranh doi dfla Imre Nagy tham gia vao bp may lanh dao Hunggari, coi day la nhan to' quyet dinh bao dam hien thilc hoa nhflng yeu sach cua lilc lUdng each mang (14) Ngay 24 thang 10 nam 1956, tai Hpi nghi Ban chap hanh Trung Udng cua Dang Cdng nhan Hunggari da quyet dinh td chflc lai Bp Chinh tri va Ban Bi thU GerdErnd (ngUdi gianh dupc sil tin cay va ung hp ciia Lien Xd) dupc tai khang dinh chflc Bi thfl thfl Nha't cua Dang Cdng nhan Hunggari va Imre Nagy dUpc cu lam Thu tUdng Chinh phu Hunggari Tuy nhien, mpt sau (25 thang 10), Bp Chinh tri cua Dang Cdng nhan Hunggari nhom hpp tai Thu Budapesta da quyet dinh Kadar Janos la ngUdi thay the GerdErnd gifl chflc Bi thU thfl Nhat Dang Cdng nhan Hunggari (15) Ngay tfl diu, cupc da'u tranh d Hunggari da the hien tinh chit quyet liet, cip tien (tfl viec be va pha huy tupng Stalin, mot so' nha lanh dao Hunggari chay ty nan vao Dai sfl quan Nam Tu) Nhung ngUdi tdp hdp xung quanh Imre Nagy doi Hunggari 36 dupe hudng mpt nen tU tri ldn hdn, sU dpc lap ve kinh te, rut cac lUc lUpng quan dpi Xo •viet Tham chi cdn co ca nhflng yeu ciu ciic doan hdn nhU ddi Hunggari rut khdi td chflc Hiep Udc Vacsava, tfl bd cac nguyen tac s i n xua't va sd hflu XHCN, trd lai che dp chinh tri nhU trUdc Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Hai (16) Thu tUdng Imre Nagy (17) - la ngUdi lanh dao Dang Cpng san Hunggari tfl giai doan gifla hai cupc chien tranh the gidi, tflng lam viec to chflc Qud'c te Cpng san da tin ring Lien Xd cd the chap thuan nhflng yeu ciu cua Hunggari ne'u •viec khdng lam anh hudng de'n he tho'ng phong thu cua hp (18) Dieu dang suy ngam la tai Lien Xo lai quye't dinh can thiep quan sU, sd dung bien phap bao lilc nham dap tat phong trao da'u tranh d Hunggari? Dau la li khien Lien Xd co each do'i xd vdi Hunggari khac vdi Ba Lan? Mpt sd^ nha nghien cflu da dUa hai ly chii yeu de li giai nhflng cau hdi tren: Tha nhdt, ban lanh dao Dang Cpng san Ba Lan da kiem soat cong khuynh hu6ng cai each (19); Thd hai, an ninh cua Lien Xo khong bi tdn hai Chinh -vi (heu dd da khie'n cho each do'i xii cua Lien Xd vdi Ba Lan td on hoa hdn (20) Ben canh do, nhflng dien bie'n d Hunggari da co anh hudng rat ldn tdi quye't dinh cua ban lanh dae Lien Xd Ngay 28 thang 10 nam 1956, bai phat bieu qua dai phat thanh, Thu tu6ng Imre Nagy tuyen bd': "Chinh phu td chdi viec coi cdc nhom ddu tranh cua nhdn ddn la cdc to chdc phdn cdch mgng" (21) Do'i mat vdi cac cupc dau tranh cang manh me cua nhan dan Hunggari so vdi Ba Lan, cpng them tinh hinh cang thang, leo thang d khu •vUc kenh dao Suez, 28 thang 10 nam 1956 Lien Xd chip nhan •viec thao luan ve rut cac lUc Rghi(2n eiru Lieh sit 56I.2QII lUdng Xd vie't khdi Hunggari Tuy nhien, chi hai sau dd Lien Xd da thay ddi y dinh Lien Xo khdng chi ngflng hoan toan •viec thao luan rut quan, ma cdn tang cUdng them lUc lupng cho cac ddn vi Lien Xo dang ddng quan tren lanh thd Hunggari, theo ngudn tai lieu cua Hunggari, 1300 xe tang Xd •vie't da tham nhap vao Hunggari (22) Su cang thang quan he Lien Xo Hunggari leo thang sau cupc gap gifla Imre Nagy vdi Dai sfl Lien Xd tai Hunggari Andropov thang 11 nam 1956 Tai cupc tie'p xuc, phia Hunggari da ddi td chflc cupc thUdng lupng cap cao n h i m dpn dfldng cho •viec Hunggari rut khdi khoi Hiep fldc Vacsava va rut cac ddn •vi quan dpi Xd •viet Kadar da tuyen bd' giai tan dang va lap mpt dang mdi - Dang Cdng nhan XHCN Hunggari (23), Viec Thu tUdng Imre Nagy tuyen bd' chim dflt che dp cai tri dpc dang va rut hoan toan cac lUc lUdng quan dpi Lien Xd khdi Hunggari dUdc coi la mpt hanh dpng tie'n xa hdn nhieu so vdi nha lanh dao Ba Lan Wladisla^w Gomulka va "cd le, dii khong chdc chdn, ong da vUgt qua nhang gidi hgn md ngUdi Nga cd the dung thi^'{2A) Su kien Imre Nagy tuyen bd Hunggari rut khdi td chflc Hiep Udc Vacsava, tuyen bd' trung lap da't nUdc va yeu ciu cac cUdng qud'c cong nhan Hunggari thilc sU la "gipt nUdc lam tran ly" Vao thdi diem dd, ban lanh dao Lien Xd phai lifa chpn gifla cac kha nang: hoac khdng can thiep va de tinh hinh dien bie'n theo hUdng lam tdn hai de'n ldi ich chien lUdc cua Lien Xd; hoac phai can thiep de chflng minh mpt sU that la nen dpc lap cua Hunggari (hoac bat cfl nUdc XHCN nao) thupc vao each hanh xd cua Lien Xd De tran ap dUdc sU chdng doi (hen cang manh me d Hunggari, Lien Xo tim kie'm sU ung hp ciia Qop phan danh gia ve moi quan he cac nudc XHCN Dong Au khac N h i m c6 dupc sU ddng thuan cua cac lanh tu Cpng san khac, thuyet phuc hp ung hp quan diem can thiep, cflu Chu nghia xa hpi, Khdrutxd^p da thilc hien hang loat cac chuye'n ngoai giao thoi bi mat cac 1-3 thang 10 nam 1956: gap gd cac nha lanh dao Ba Lan tai Brest, vieng tham thu dd Bucaret (Rumani), gap gd ngUdi dflng d i u Rumani, Gheorghe Gheorghiu - Dej va Bi thU thfl N h i t Dang Cpng s i n Tiep Khic dang co mat d Rumani; sau dd bay sang Thu dd Sofia, gap gd cac nha lanh dao Bungari Ben canh dd, ban lanh dao Lien Xd cdn tham khao y kie'n cua Trung Qud'c T i t ca cac nha lanh dao cac nUdc XHCN deu cd chung quan diem rang cac sU kien dien d Hunggari da thupc pham tru "phdn cdch mgn^' (25) Tren cd sd dd Lien Xd quye't dinh can thiep quan sU n h i m chim dflt cupc "bao loan" d Hunggari (26), Dieu dang ndi la, gifla Lien Xd va Nam Tu tiing sinh mau thuan, cang t h i n g nhflng nam 1948-1953 (27), song de tao them dU luan cho •viec sd dung vu liic, Khdrutxd'p quye't dinh cin phai cd them sU ung hd cua losip Broz Tito (28), lanh tu Nam TU - ngifdi ma Imre Nagy tin tudng va dat nhieu hy vpng Ngay sau chuye'n vieng tham Sofia, Khdrutxo'p cung vdi Malenkov da gap mat Tito d Brioni, tie'n hanh cupc gap gd bi mat 10 gid khdng nghl Npi dung cupc thao luan cua cac nha lanh dao Lien Xd va Nam TU chu ye'u xoay quanh v i n de se la ngUdi lanh dad mdi ciia Hunggari (29) Dieu quan trpng n h i t lam Khdrutxd'p hai long la Tito da khdng phan dd'i •viec can thiep (30) Khdng chi co vay, theo nha nghien cflu Csaba Bekes, qua khao cflu tai lieu lUu trfl cua Nga da chi ring: "nhd ldnh dgo Nam TU khong chi 37 ddng y vdi sU cdn thiet cua viec can thiep md hda giup logi bo Imre Nagy vd cdc dong chi thdn can ong ta khdi ddi song chinh tri" (31) Sau cd dUdc sU ung hp va ddng thuan cua cac nUdc XHCN, Lien Xd quye't dinh hanh dpng, nguyen soai Jukov da phe chuan ke hoach can thiep, tUdng Malinin dupc cii lam Tdng chi huy lilc lUcJng can thiep Ngay thang 11 nam 1956, cac sU dean Xd vie't ddng loat md hang loat cupc t i n cdng vao nhflng •vi tri lUc lUdng noi day Hunggari kiem soat Thilc te cac 3-4 thang 11, nhieu ngUdi dan Budapesta (chu ye'u la sinh vien, tri thflc va cong nhan) da cim •vu chdrig lai cupc t i n cdng cua Hdng quan Lien Xd Xung dot vu trang da khie'n mau dd nhieu Theo mpt nha nghien cflu, cd it nha't 3000 ngUdi chet, g i n 15.000 ngUdi bi thUdng, 25-26.000 ngUdi bi quang vao nha tfl, nhieu nghin ngUdi bi day sang Lien Xd (32) Ngay dem 3, rang sang thang 11, p h i n ldn nha lanh dao cupc each mang Hunggari, cung vdi gia (finh chay vao Dai sfl quan Nam Tu xin ty nan chinh tri Hp da d day cho de'n 22 thang 11 Day la giai doan den toi doi vdi hp cung giorig nhU ban than cupc each mang Sau nay, Imre Nagy da bi hanh hinh vao 16 thang nam 1958 (33) Mac du Imre Nagy ldi keu gpi My va cac nUdc phUdng Tay ung hp cupc each mang Hunggari va ban than Imre Nagy cung cac ddng chi than can cua dng tin rang My va ddng minh se cd nhflng dpng thai ngan chan sU can thiep c-ua Lien Xo bing vu lilc, ddng thdi se phan flng gio'ng nhu cupc chien tranh nd tren ban dao Trieu Tien nhflng nam 1950-1953, song mpi -viec lai (hen khac vdi tinh toan cua ho Cd the nam 1956 la mot nam 3S Rghien euu Lieh sit so 1.2Q11 nhay cam vdi ngUdi My - nam b i u cd Tdng thd'ng nen khdng mpt flng cd vien nao dam mao hiem Cdn ban than Anh va My thi lai bat d i u can thiep vao cupc khung hoang d kenh dao Suez tfl 30 t h i n g 11 Trong bd'i canh do, sU iing hp ma phUdng Tay danh cho nhflng ngUdi ndi day d Hunggari ehl dflng d mflc dp tuyen truyen qua lan sdng dien cua dai phat "Chau Au Tu do" Sau Lien Xd tran ap cong sil choang dd'i cua lUc lUdng ndi day/each mang Hunggari Imre Nagy dflng d i u (34), cac 1-4 thang nam 1957 da (hen cupc hpp gifla dai dien dang va chinh phu cac nUdc Bungari, Tiep Khac, Rumani, Hunggari va Lien Xd Mpt ban tuyen bd' da dUdc thdng qua, dd len an sii "phan bpi" cua Imre Nagy (35) Ke't l u a n Vay sU kien Hunggari nam 1956 cd tac dpng nhu the nao tdi he thd'ng XHCN? Theo chung tdi, cupc ndi day/each mang (bao dpng "phan each mang" nhU each gpi cua Lien Xo) bi t r i n ap Lien Xd da kiem soat dupc tinh hinh d cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au, tri dUdc khu -vUc anh hudng cua minh, seng tieng vang cua no khdng phai la nhd Dd'i vdi he tho'ng XHCN, day la vet ran nflt thfl hai sau sil cang thang quan he Lien Xd - Nam Tu nhflng nam 1948 - 1953 (36) Khdng chi co vay, bie'n cd d Ba Lan va Hunggari vao mua he va mua thu nam 1956 da cd tac dpng manh me tdi cac nudc XHCN Ddng Au Lo sd ve kha nang xay nhflng cupc bao loan phan each mang noi theo tam gUdng Hunggari da la noi am anh nhieu nha lanh dao Dong Au XHCN Rieng Bungari, chinh quyen da b i t giam 10.000 ngUdi va md lai trai tap trung noi tie'ng tren dao Belene (37) Co the thay, viec Lien Xd phai sd dung mpt lilc lupng quan dpi ldn (200.000 quan va 2.000 xe tang (38) de tran ap cupc ndi day cua ngUdi dan Hunggari (dUdc Lien Xd gpi la 'lUc l-j:dng phan dpng") da cho t h i y tinh bao lilc ciia sii bie'n De lap lai trat tu va tri dUdc ky luat hang ngu cac nude XHCN Ddng Au vao thdi (hem cang thang ciia cudc Chien tranh lanh cung nhu bao ve dUdc khu vUc anh hudng ciia minh Lien Xd da quye't dinh sif dung bao lilc Viec Imre Nagy va chinh phu cua dng da cd nhflng hanh dpng •vUdt qua gidi han cho phep cua Lien Xd da lam tan bie'n mpi cd hpi giai quyet mau thuan bang dudng hda binh nhU each ma Lien Xd da lam vdi Ba Lan Dang chu y la sau sU kien Hunggari nam 1956, npi bp he thd'ng da dien qua t n n h tim kie'm mpt md hinh phat trien mdi, cai td lai he thd'ng, cd' gang tim kiem mpt Chu nghia xa hpi vdi bp mat nhan van Ngay c i Lien Xd cung da cd nhflng thay doi quan he vdi mdt so nUdc XHCN Ddng Au (•Vl du, thang nam 1958, Lien Xo da ki vdi Rumani thda thuan rut cac lUc lUdng quan dpi Xd viet khdi lanh thd cua nUdc (39) Cd the tha'y, chlnh mau thuan gifla Lien Xo va cac nUdc phUdng Tay, dac biet vdi Anh va My sau Chien tranh the gidi thfl Hai, sfl hinh trat tfl the gidi hai cflc, sfl sinh cupc Chie'n tranh lanh tfl nam 1947 da tac dpng manh me tdi thai dp ciia Lien Xd dd'i vdi cac nUdc Ddng Au vd'n dUdc coi la khu •vUc anh hudng cua nUdc Vi ldi ich quan sil, an ninh trUdng hdp xay cac cupc xung dot gifla hai phe, Lien Xo da tang cUdng sU kiem seat ve kinh te', chinh tri, quan sU d Ddng Au, khong chi n h i m ddi phd vdi phUdng Tay ma cdn n h i m phuc •vu cho mUu dd chie'n lUdc cua minh He qua la, cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au 39 Q6p phan danh gia ve mo'i quan he khong the la nhflng ddng minh cua Lien Xd theo dung nghia cua nd, ma thilc chat chi la "nhflng cai dudi" ciia Lien Xd, la khu •viic anh hudng ddc quyen cua Lien Xo, la nhflng td't tren ban cd chinh tri ma Lien Xd dang d i u vdi My va phUdng Tay CHU THICH Record (11) Dang chfl y la den tan 13 thang 12 263, nfim 1954, Wladyslaw Gomulka mdi dUdc giai CIA/NIE, Box 3, Folder 83 [Din theo, Comeliu phong khoi nha tu Sau mot nfim, viec bfit giam Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan, Explozia ong dU(3c tuyen bo la "phi ly vfi ba't h(3p phap" asupra (Nguon: Cdrneliu Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan, (1) National Administration, Perceptii Archives romdne, evenimentelor and Washington iugoslave din Polonia D.C, 1956 si sovietice (1956 si Ungaria biing no Cdc quan niem cua Rumani, Lien Xo vi cdc sii kien Hunggari), RG dien Su Nam Tu vd d Ba Lan vd Nxb Univers Enciclopedic, Bucaret, 1996, tr 17, ti^ng Rumani], sdd, tr 45) (13) Cau lac bo Petofi la t r u n g tam cua cuoc t r a n h luan va ba't man cua gidi tri thflc Hunggari nfim 1956 (14) Sau day chflng toi xin gidi thieu noi dung (2), (3), (6), (7), (9), (10), (12), (15), (16), (18), cua ban Tuyin ngdn "hy vgng" gom 14 diem, dfldc (21), (22), (23), (25), (29), (31), (35), (39) D i n theo, soan thao b3i nhflng ngfldi Hunggari, nhu mot Comeliu Mihai bieu hien cua h a n h dong ilng ho va dong cam vdi Explozia Perceptii Lungu, Mihai Retegan, 1956 sovietice nhflng ngUdi cong n h a n va sinh vien Vacsava (Ba din Polonia si Ungaria, sdd, Lan) dang da'u t r a n h -vi "nen doc lap cua Ba Lan" tr, 19, 46, 18, 46, 20, 46, 20, 47, 21, 21, 22, 22, 48, Noi dung ban Tuyen ngon da the hien nhflng yeu romdne, asupra evenimentelor iugoslave si cau va doi hoi ciia gidi tre d cac trUdng dai hcc va 22, 23, 23, 48, 26, (4) Mot sU kien quan do'i vdi phong trao Cong san va Cong n h a n quoc te da xay 17 nhflng ngfldi cdng n h a n Budapesta "1 Trieu tap lap tic dgi hgi cua thang nfim 1956 la sfl xua't hien ban thong Cong nhdn Hunggari bao ve viec cha'm dflt hoat dong cua Cue Thong tin ldnh dgo mdi cua ddng, thdnh lap uy ban cac dang Cong san va Cong n h a n (Nguon: Comeliu Ucfng mdi Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr 46) (5) J o h n W Young, Cold War Europe 1989 A political History, London, (iich sfl 19451991, rdzboiului thdnh phdn chinh phi cua dong chi Imre Su hop tdc giia Hunggari chien tranh din Coreean lanh), rdzboiului tap rece III: De la criza aliantelor la 1950- Rut tdt cd cdc dem vi qudn doi Xo viit theo hoa binh vdi London, 1991, pp 206-207 A political History, - Lien Xo vd nliau k h u n g hoang cac lien minh 1950-1967), Bucaret, 1993, tr, 287-288 (tieng Rumani); John W, Young, Hunggari gia Nagy ddng, khong can thiep vdo cong viec noi bg cua tinh thdn cua nhing 1945-1989 Trung - Nam Tu cdn phdi diia tren ca sd binh 1967 (Tfl cuoc Chien t r a n h Trieu Tien de'n cugc Cold War Europe nhd Cdi td chinh phu, co sit tham pp.204 (8) Andr6 Fontaine, Istoria Ddng (MDP); liia chgn nhing dieu khodn hiep dinh Hunggari To chic cugc tdng tuyen ci mdi tren cd sd bdu ci bi mat vdi sit tham gia nhiiu ddng phdi nhing ing ci vien tranh ci vdo Qudc hgi vd cua Rghien euru Lich sit s6' 1.2011 40 To chic lgi nin kinh te Hunggari vdi sU ung (17) Trong phien hop d i i n r a nhflng hg cua chuyen gia thugc cdc linh vUc vd cdc qudng 3-4 thang 7, Quoc hoi Hunggari da b i u Imre Nagy urani cua ddt nUdc se chi dUcic si dung gifl chflc -vu T h u tUdng chinh phii thay the cho chia sii cdn thiet cua ddn tgc cho Rakosi Matyas (Nguon: Corneliu Mihai Lungu, Hunggari Xem xet lgi todn bg nin cong nghiep, hinh thic cdc lao dgng dp dgt cho cdng Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr 44) nhdn; (19) Trong Hoi ky cila minh, Khdrutxo'p chi xdc dinh mic lUcfng dam bdo cugc sdng tdi thieu ; danh may dong de ghi ve nhflng sfl kien xay thiet lap che tii tri lien quan den viec to Ba L a n t h a n g 10 nfim 1956 Khdrutxop da cho chic cong nhdn cdc xi nghiep, cong xUdng r^ng: "Mgt chinh phu co the chdp nhgn dUdc, dUdc Xem xet lgi che hgn nggch I chi tieu nong nghiep; trc) giup cho ngUdi ngUdi sd hiu ndng nho Xem xet lgi he thdng cua tdt cd cdc vu xet xi chinh tri vd kinh te; dn xd cho tdt cd cdc tii chinh tri vo tgi, thiet lap lgi tU cdch phdp ly cho hg vd cho nhing ton hgi md hg phdi gdnh vd Cyrankiewicz, tap hap ta co the tin tudng dugc ndy bdy gid dd dn dinh" ( D i n theo, Jean-Fransfois Soulet, Istoria Europei de Est de la al doilea rdzboi mondial pindin prezent (Lich si Ddng Au ti Chien tranh the gidi thi hai den nay), Nxb Polirom, lasi, 2008, trang 101 (tieng Rumani) chiu 10 To chic mgt phien toa xet xi cong khai ddi vdi trudng hdp Mihdly Farkas; md cugc diiu tra vi vai lap bdi Gomulka mgt sd ngudi md chung Chung ta CO ca sd de tin rdng tinh hinh d ddt nUdc nghiep; boi thudng thdnh trb cua Hunggari tiNga 11 Thay truyin Rdkosi; dUa nhing th chinh tri vi nUdc (20) Theo quan diem cila nha nghien cflu Peter Calvocoressi, sci di Lien Xo co each doi xii va hanh dgng trudc nhflng gi xay fl Ba L a n nfim 1956 khac vdi H u n g g a r i bfit nguon tfl nhieu ly vfi sfl toan tinh P e t e r Calvocoressi cho rfing: "Ket cue the' qudc huy hien thdi - xa lg vdi thddng cua nhdn ddn - bdng qudc huy thdi cua nhing sii kien ndy (tflc nhflng bien dong xay r a Ba L a n mfla h6 nfim 1956 - Dfio Tua:n T h a n h Kossuth; khoi phuc lgi cdc ngdy le hgi quo'c gia vdo chu thich) la ngUdi Nga dd den Vacsava cdc ngdy 15 thdng vd thdng 11 (dUdc coi nhU dinh nhing ngdy nghi tii do) Thay doi trang phuc qudn dgi ngdn chgn Gomulka sau xem xet nhanh vdi y vd ddng cua ong ta, dd chdp nhgn hg Bien phdp si dung triic tiip qudn dgi Nga tgi Ba Lan 12 Tli hodn todn vi quan diem vd tU bdo Id qud mgo hiem bdi cdc liic lUdng cua Nga co the chi Phdt hdnh mgt sdlUOng ldn ciia cdc td bdo trite vdp phdi sU cho'ng cU quyei Hit cua qudn dgi Ba thugc td chic MEFESZ Lan vd mgt cugc ngi chii'n tgi Ba Lan co the ddn Ti bo cdc ho sa theo doi bi mat cd nhdn sau cong bd ngi dung cua chiing tdi rdc rdi nghiem cho nhing Gomulka quan tdm 13 Tuang cua Stalin, bieu tUdng cua dgc tdi vd si dupd 44 de ani" ("Budapet 1956 khdc Id mgt ngUdi cgng sdn vd khong co bd't ky mgt tudng ndo vi viec Ba Lan tri quan khoi Hiip Udc Vacsava Hunggari" (Nguon: Tibor M6ray, "Budapeste qudc gia he to't vdi Lien Xo Ong khong di xud't viic Ba Lan sii dp bic cdn phdi logi bo khong chgm tre 14 Dodn ke't tdt cd mgi ngUdi trgng nhing tgi Ba Lan vdi nhing Atunci 1956 Khi vd sau hoac chia se quyin lUc ngUdi phi cgng sdn Co thi chung sdng dUdc vdi Gomulka Ne'u ngUdi Ba Lan luc ddu e nggi Id mgt chinh phu Ba Lan mdi se di 44 ndm"), Nxb Compania, 2000, Bucuresti, tr 43- qud xa viec ldm phUOng hgi tdi nhiing ldi ich 44 (tieng Rumani) cdn bdn vd thie't ye'u cua Nga, hg kit ludn sau Qop phan danh gia ve mo'i quan he suy nghl lgi Id Gomulka se khong vUdt qud ranh gidi cua nhiing diiu co thi dung thi Thdng 12, chinh phu mdi dd ddnh cho Nga tri liic lUOng qudn dgi tgi Ba Lan" Calvocoressi, Chinh tri The gidi sau ndm Nxb Lao Dong, Ha Ngi, 2007, tr, 280), 41 nhing dUdc quyin (Peter 1945, muon thay the bfing mgt nhflng ngfldi ong ling hg (Andriye Hebrang hofic Sreten Zujovic) Ong muon bao dam fl Nam Tu mgt che biet phuc tung nhu ba't cfl quoc gia nao thugc Dong Au Neu Tito to cflng diu cflng co thi vin nhieu ngUcii Nam Tu khac sfin sang phuc tflng menh lenh va di theo dUdng loi cua Stalin Stalin (24) Peter Calvocoressi, Chinh tri The gidi sau khong CO y dinh gat bo Nam Tu ma co y dinh loai ndm 1945, sdd, tr, 281 bo Tito, va sfl trflng phat khfic cua Tito dgi (26) Trong Hoi ky cua minh, nha lanh dao xuo'ng dau nhflng ngUdi thee dUdng ldi Stalin Lien Xo, Khdrutxop da danh hfin mgt chfldng de de (dfic biet tai Serbia) sau hai ben cfit dflt quan cap den nhflng sU kien dien cl Hunggari nfim he noi len rfing cugc da'u tranh ben dang 1956 Khdrutxo'p cho rfing "Do Id mgt thdi diem Nam Tfl da trfl nen het sflc gay gfit vfi chien lich si Chung ta ding trUdc sii liia chgn co tinh thfing cua Tito chi la mgt chien thfing mong budc ngoat: chung ta gii qudn dgi di'n thd manh Cugc tranh cai xoay quanh nhieu chu (Hunggari - Dao Tua'n Thfinh chu thich) yd trd'n dp de nhfl each td chflc hdp ly mgt nha nUdc cgng cugc noi day, hay to't hcfn la chung ta dai lUc lUOng san, vai tro cua Dang Cgng san, nhflng chinh cdch mgng tU gidi phong vd ddn dp bgn phdn sach rugng dat, sU Id la cua Nam Tu viec dpng" (Dan theo, Jean-Frans9ois Soulet, Istoria thii tieu chii nghia tu ban va ngUdi cua Ngoai Europei de Est de la al doilea rdzboi mondial pind truflng Nam Tu, Vladimir Velebit, ngUdi bi Nga in prezent, sdd, tr 103) bugc tgi Ifim gian diep cho Anh Mo'i bat hoa (27) De CO the hi§u sau sfic hdn mo'i quan he cang tfing sfl co mfit cua cac cd van quan sU va gifla Lien Xo vfi Nam Tu giai doan nay, theo dan sfl Nga fl Nam Tu, ma ngUdi Nam TU cho chiing toi, nhflng nhan dinh sau cua nha nghien rfing nhflng vien cd van thflc eha't la dai dien cflu Peter Calvocoressi cong trinh nghien cho tinh sieu viet ciia Nga va dfldc tra lUdng fl cflu: "Chinh tri Thi'gidi sau ndm 1945" la mot ggi mflc qua cao; nhflng no Iflc cua Nga nhlm gay mfl rat dang de chung ta suy ngam Peter sflc 6p len Nam Tu bao gdm ca viec de dga rut het Calvocoressi da viet rfing: "Cugc tranh cai gifla chuyen gia ve nU6c Thong qua trao ddi thfl tin, cac nha lanh dao Nga va Nam Tu dugc tien hanh ngUdi Nam Tu ro rang rat mudn tranh mgt sfl cfit dflt, v5, mot thai co the dan tdi viec cung cd thong qua thU tin cac thang 3,4 va nfim 1948 Tam diem cua va'n de la viec Tito tfl choi quyet tam cua Nga vach ro sU thfla nhan sai llm cha'p nhan sfl chi dao cfla Matxcdva va viec ong ve nhflng diem dang tranh cai NhUng ket qua la kien quye't doi co quyen giai quyet cac va'n de cfla Nam Tu khong chap nhan vi the cua mgt hgc tro Nam Tu boi canh cua chinh hg va ap dung vfi thang nfim 1949, sU tuyet giao dUdc tuyen nhflng giai phap cua chinh hg hdn la nhflng bd cong khai bfing quyet dinh khai trfl Nam Tu nguyen tfic va chUdng trinh cila Nga Tito khfing khoi Cominform, hiep hgi qudc te cua cac dinh Nam TU khong chi tdch biet md hodn Dang Cgng san, trfldc dc dfldc hinh thfinh vao todn khdc biit vdi Liin Xo, \a hcc thuyet cgng thang nhlm dam bao sU thdng nha't va tuan thu ly tuflng Tito la mgt nha cgng san tu tin san cung nhfl thflc tiin cua no khSng qua khd nhUng khong phai la mgt nha cgng san di vang cflng den dg khcng the tinh tdi nhflng khac biet ldi Ong da tflng tinh tdan trudc viec gfin bo cua Nhung ve phin minh, Stalin da tfl be quan niem ve nhflng dUcJng khac dan tdi chil nudc cgng hoa cgng san Nam Tu vdi Lien Xo nghia xa hgi va trfl nen nghi ngd Tito, ngUdi ong nhUng nhflng diu, ong lai tuhg lo Ifing 42 bdi nhflng •vu triing cua Nga nhflng nfim 30, bi bang hofing bfli hiep Udc Nga-Dflc nfim 1939 vfi tflng chiing kien thai cua Stalin ddi vdi nhflng nha cgng san nho hdn Nfim 1948, ong tfl bo mo hinh Stalin ve chil nghia cgng san qudc te •vi niem tfl hfio dan tgc va niem tfl hao ca nhan; nguon gdc dan tgc thflc sfl cila ong da khien ong khac hfin vdi nhflng nha lanh dao cgng san sdng fl Lien Xo lau hdn ca d nhflng qudc gia ban dia ciia hg, va vi the cua eng vdi tu each la nha chi huy cgng san cong sU nghiep chdng lai Dflc qudc xa da giup ong co dUdc sfl tfl tin va sU ung he cua dan chung Ong da ra't may mfin bfli mgt thflc te la Nam Tu khong co chun^ dUcfng bien gidi vdi Lien Xo va -vien trcS kinh te ciia phUdng Tay da giup ong vugt qua sU phong toa kinh te cila phe cgng san Nam Tu trfl mgt hien tUdng khac thudng tren the gidi, met nha nudc cgng san phu thugc vao vien trd cua Hoa Kp wk cac nhan vat chlnh phfldng Tay, mgt ddng minh cua Hy Lap va The Nhi K;^ hiep Udc Balkans nfim 1953 vfi la quc'c gia ung hg chil nghia trung lap va chinh sach khong lien ket cung vdi Nehru va Nasser" (Ngudn: Peter Calvocoressi, Chinh tri The gidi sau ndm 1945, sdd, tr 275-276) (28) Trong nhiing 26 thang - thang nfim 1955, Khdrutxop da dan dau doan dai bieu ca'p cao tien hanh chuyen vieng thfim tai Belgrad nhlm binh thucing hoa quan he gifla hai nhfi nUdc XHCN sau nfim mau thuin vfi bat ddng sau nhflng quyet dinh cua lanh tu I Stalin nfim 1948 Sau mgt nfim, losip Broz Tito ciing da din dau doan dai bieu cap cao Nam Tu tien hanh chuyen thfim Lien Xo cac ngfiy 1- 23 thang nfim 1956 (Ngudn: Comeliu Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr 45-46) Rghien cuu Lich sJr s6'1.2011 (30) Co tai lieu cho thay ro thai cOia nha lanh dao Nam Tu Do losif Broz Tito da lo sd trUdc sil ca'p tien cua Imre Nagy Cai each cua Nam Tu thap nien 40 va 50 cua the ky XX mdi chi dflng fl viec dfla mgt each thflc mdi/con dfldng mdi xay dflng CNXH, song van nfim he thdng XHCN; Imre Nagy lai quyet dinh tfl bo he thdng XHCN (Ngudn: Corneliu Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr 23) (32), (33) Jean-Fransfois Soulet, Istoria Europei die Est de la al doilea rdzboi mondial pind in prezent, sdd, tr 102, 102 (34) Theo nghien cflu cua Peter Calvocoressi, "hdng nghin ngUdi Hunggari bi dUa de'n Lien Xo hoac bixiti' (Peter Calvocoressi, sdd, tr 281) (36) Chi ba thang sau Stalin chet (5 thang nfim 1953), den 15 thang nfim 1953, Nam Tfl va Lien Xo da thong cao chung binh thfldng hoa quan he ngoai giao song phfldng Den 31 thang nfim 1953, Hunggari vfi Nam Tfl ciing tuyen bd binh thUdng hoa quan he, cii Dai sfl fl thu dd moi nudc Ngay 11 thang nfim 1953, Bungari vfi Nam Tu thiet lap lai quan he ngoai giao Ngay 19 thang nfim 1954, Rumani va Nam Tu thiet lap lai quan he ngoai giao fl d p Dai sfl (Ngudn: Corneliu Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr 44 -45) (37) Jean-Frans(;ois Soulet, Istoria Europei de Est de la al doilea rdzboi mondial pind in prezent, sdd, t r 103 (38) Jean-Frans90is Soulet, Istoria comparatd a statelor comuniste din 1945 pindin zilele noastre (Lich si so sdnh cua cdc nUdc cpng sdn ti ndm 1945 den nay), Nxb Polirom, lasi, 1998, tr, 117 (tieng Rumani) ... bai •viet nay, chung tdi mud''n gdp p h i n nhin nhan lai md''i quan he gifla Lien Xo va cac nfldc XHCN Ddng Au qua nhflng bien cd'' xay nam 1956 d Ba Lan va Hunggari Noi dung Sau Chie''n tranh lanh... Tay n h i m vao Lien Xd, vai trd ve quan sil va vi tri lanh thd cua Ba Lan, Ddng Dflc, Tiep Khac cd mpt y nghia dac biet quan trpng dd''i vdi Lien Xd TUdng tu, Hunggari, Rumani va Bungari se cd... lU(?ng quan dpi Xd •vie''t, thdm chi tfl bd ca •viec xay dung Chu nghia xa hpi (8) Ngay lap tflc, cudc da''u tranh lan rpng khap d i t nUdc Ba Lan, bao gdm ca thu dd Vacsava, thu h u t dUcfc sU quan