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H O A T D O N G BUON B A N NGUA V A CHINH S A C H • • • KINH DINH C U A NHA LY K H U Vl/C T A Y B A C « PHAM LE HUY* T r o n g khoang mudi nam trd lai day, nhieu nha nghien ciiu va ngoai midc, dac biet la cac hoc gia midc ngoai nhu GS Momoki Shiro, GS John Whitmore, GS L i Tana, da cong b6' mot so' cong trinh nghien ciiu lien quan den hoat dong kinh te tai Giao Chi - Dai Viet, chu yeu giai doan the ky X-XV (1) Nhiing cong trinh nghien ciiu co y nghia rat quan trong, giiip chiing ta danh gia lai vai tro va vi t r i cua Viet Nam mang ludi thiidng mai khu viic thdi ky tien can dai het sdc han che Chinh vi vay, khudn khd bai viet nay, chiing tdi mudn tap hdp, phan tich cac ngudn sd lieu lien quan den hoat ddng budn ban ngiia tai khu viic Tay Bac td the ky V I I I den giiia the ky XII Thdng qua dd, chung tdi mud'n phac hoa nen mot biic tranh rd net hdn ve hoat ddng chinh tri - kinh te d khu viic td thdi thudc Dudng den thdi Ly, ddng thdi lam rd hdn cac chinh sach cua viidng trieu Ly cdng cudc kinh dinh khu viic Tay Bac Ben canh nhiing tiiu da dat diidc, cac nghien ctiu ciing dat cho chiing ta mot so'van de can tiep tuc lam ro: Triidc day, nhieu hoc gia da de cap den sit kien An Nam Dd ho Ly Trac mua ep trau ngiia cua ngiidi Man de chiing minh sii tdn tai cua hoat ddng budn ban trau ngiia tai An Nam vao giiia the ky IX Tuy nhien, tren thiic te, chiia cd bat cii mot cdng trinh khao ciiu chuyen sau nao ve hoat ddng giao thiidng Van cdn nhieu cau hdi ma chiing ta can giai dap nhii hoat ddng budn ban thdi Dudng da cd td nao, dien tai dau, cd nhiing dd'i tiidng nao tham gia, cd quan he nhii the nao vdi nhiing chinh sach sau cua nha Ly d khu viic Tay Bac - Thd nhdt, hoat ddng thiidng mai thdi ky Dai Viet diidc xay diing va phat trien tren cd sd cac quan he thiidng mai giai doan triidc dd nhii the nao? - Thd hai, can tiep tuc nghien ciiu sau hdn mia md'i quan he giiia hoat ddng kinh te' vdi chinh sach kinh dinh cua trieu dinh Dai Viet d cac vung ngoai bien Lien quan den hiidng nghien ciiu thii hai, vung bien gidi phia Bac va khu viic duyen hai da diidc nghien ciiu mot each kha ky liidng thdng qua cdng trinh nghien ciiu cua cac hoc gia Hoang Xuan Han (2), Momoki Shiro, nhiing hieu biet cua chiing ta ve khu viic Tay Bac (3) cdn Hoat dong budn ban ngiia d k h u viic Tay Bac t h d i thuoc Difdng Doan ghi chep diidi day cua Man thu se cung cap cho chung ta mot sd' thdng tin quan de giai quye't nhiing van de neu tren: ' ThS Khoa Ddng Phudng hoc - Triidng Dai hoc KHXH&NV-DHQG HN fjoar ddng buon ban ngua 31 Su lieu 1: Man thii, Q.4 (4) lap mdt ddi quan ddn trii goi la "Phdng ddng binh" vdi quan sd' khoang nghin m m m, £ % in is fa # ® ^ + ~ a e, m ffli&f t ^ JS, i t ^ H m n a , ngiidi Quan ddi nha Diidng tai day nhan S ± * A g « S f f i ^ " * , - A J » J f l a diidc sit hd trd quan sii cua That Oan dong - lien minh cac bd lac mien mii d vung Lam Tay Nguyen t i i triidng Ly Do Ddc chi H jtfc PM tt,^ ft * H * huy Den nien hieu Dai Trung (847-859), Dich nghia: Sung Ma Man, each Lam Tay Nguyen theo ldi khuyen cua met vien quan dia thuoc An Nam 12 diidng Sdng phifdng, Dd hd Ly Trac da tau len trieu dinh nha Diidng xin bai bd quan phdng khe dong, tuc nuoi trau ngiia Nhieu nam ddng Sau sii kien nay, Ly Do Ddc mot ciing Han giao dich T i i nam Dai Trung minh phai dam diidng nhiem vu phdng thu (854), Kinh liidc sii khac tan bao, sai bien gidi Trong dd, chinh quyen Nam ngiidi mang mudi den Lam Tay Nguyen Chieu diing nhieu thu doan de ldi keo vien mua trau ngiia, mdi chi cho mot dau tu triidng ve phe minh, nhii ga chau mudi Tii dd each tuyet, khdng mang trau gai ciia Thac Ddng Tiet sii cho trai ngiia den nSa cua Ly Do Doc hay phong vien tu triidng Theo Phan Xiidc, mot vien quan nha lam ap nha chinh quyen Nam Dtfdng lam viec tai An Nam vao cudi the ky Chieu Ben canh sii ldi keo cua Nam Chieu, IX, hoat ddng mua ban trau ngiia giQa ngiidi nhiing sai lam chinh sach dd'i vdi cac Han va mot bd lac mien mii la Siing Ma Man bo lac mien mii cua Ly Trac nhu da trinh (5) diln tai Lam Tay Nguyen Theo TV tri bay d tren la nguyen nhan quye't dinh dan thong gidm (Q 249), Lam Tay Nguyen la tdi viec Ly Do Dpc nga theo the liic cua Nam viing phia Tay cua Phong chau (6) Chieu Den nien hieu Ham Thdng, tham chi liic liidng That Oan ddng cdn tham gia vao Phong Chau, dac biet la Lam Tay Nguyen, cd vi t r i rat quan trong cupc tan cdng cua Nam Chieu vao phu chinh sach kinh dinh ciia nha Diidng d An dd hp (9) Nam Nd nam tren diidng giad thdng Van de dat la Lam Tay Nguyen - ndi huyet mach ndi lien vung ddng bang sdng diln hoat ddng budn ban ngiia vao thdi Hdng vdi Van Nam Ngay sau ciidp Dudng nam d dau Hien nay, chiing ta chi cd diidc Giao chau tit tay nha Tuy, nam Vu the can cii vao vi t r i cua Phong chau va hai Due thii (621), nha Diidng da coi Phong chau Chan, Dang de tiidng dinh vi t r i cua chau la tien ddn nham kiem soat 28 chau Lam Tay Nguyen Thii nhat, chau t r i Phong ki mi d khu viic phia Tay (7) Cung vdi sii chau nam d huyen Gia Ninh, each phu banh triidng the liic ciia Nam Chieu tii cuoi An Nam 145 ly diidng thiiy (Thai the ky VIII, vai trd cua Phong Chau Binh hoan vu ky, Q.170) (khoang 73 km (10) cang diidc coi Ngay 20 thang nam ve phia Tay Bac Quang diidng thuy dd theo Trinh Nguyen thii (791), Phong Chau Man thii (Q.l) di mat khoang Cung diicic thang lam Dd ddc phu, kiem quan 18 theo ghi chep cua Man thii, t i i Phong chau chau ki mi (8) Cach chau t r i Phong Chau di tiep nQa thi den Dang Chau (11) diidng la Chan Chau va Dang Chau, Nhii vay, neu can cii vao tdc dp di t i i phii bien gidi Tay Bac cua An Nam Dd ho phu An Nam den Phong Chau, Dang Tai hai chau bien gidi nay, nha Diidng thiet Chau phai d khoang phia Bac tinh Phii Tho - flghien ciru Lich sd sd 2.2011 32 Den thdi Ly xuat hien chau Chan Dang, chac la ke thda hai chau Chan, Dang thdi Dudng Khdm dinh Viet sd thong gidm cUoYig muc (Ciidng muc) cho chau Chan Dang thdi Ly la phu Lam Thao thdi Nguyen Dai Nam nhdt thdng chi lai xac dinh mdt so' huyen nhu" Yen Lap thudc tran Hiing Hda (Lao Cai nay) la chau Dang ddi Ly That Oan ddng cua Lam Tay Nguyen canh phdng chau Chan va Dang, vay ciing phai d lan can khu viic dd Ned can cii vao vi t r i chau Chan Dang va chau Vi Long - dia ban budn ban ngiia thdi Ly (se trinh bay d ph&n sau), cd the suy doan Lam Tay Nguyen thdi Diidng la mot khu viic kha rdng ldn, nam cl phia Bac tinh Phii Tho, gan tinh Yen Bai va cd the bao gom mot phan cua tinh Tuyen Quang trao ddi trau ngiia, sau dd se quay ve theo diidng bo dai khoang 130 ly nd'i lien Phong chau vdi phu An Nam (13) Ben canh hai sac dan dd, chiing tdi cdn tim thay mot so' t i i lieu chiing minh sii tham gia cua ngiidi Chan Lap hoat ddng budn ban Can cii vao cac nguon sd lieu da dan b tren, cd the thay Lam Tay Nguyen - ndi dien hoat ddng budn ban trau ngiia thdi thudc Diidng cd tinh chat nhu" la khu viic bien gidi - vung dem (buffer zone) giQa the liic ldn la nha Dudng va Nam Chieu Day vdn la dia ban sinh sdng cua mot sd' bd lac mien nui, cd quyen tii tri va cd liic liidng quan sii rieng Den giQa the'ky IX, cac bd lac da hinh nen mdt lien minh bo lac (That Oan ddng), dat diidi quyen chi huy thdng nhat cua t i i trudng Ly Do Ddc Ca nha Diidng va Nam Chieu deu dung nhieu thu doan de du dd, ldi keo cac bd lac theo the liic cda minh, song den nda cudi the ky IX, nhiing nguyen nhan da trinh bay d phan tren, cac bd lac mien nui d khu viic da nga ve phia Nam Chieu, chd'ng lai nha Diidng Sd lieu 3: Van uyen anh hoa 0C $a $ ) , Q 530, Thiidng ce mdn thap bat dao Theo Man thu, tham gia vao hoat ddng budn ban ngiia d Lam Tay Nguyen cd ngiidi Han va ngiidi Sung Ma Man (12) Ngiidi Han cd le chd yeu la ngiidi cua phu hd Ho mang mud'i t i i ddng bang den Sd lieu 2: An Nam chi lUctc, Q.16, Tap ky m M a , m TT z m, $ m U m H m # ffl is m mm, % $• n « m A *, t m m $ a & Dich nghia: Xet Diidng thiic, chiic vu cua cac quan: Dd hd An Nam va Phong chau xet bat diidng bd, khdng de cho ngiidi midc Chan Lap den mua vu va ngiia m m A rtr m n a M m A * * w m JSJ ,tp st # s m n 25 x m m m ^ , \% ffl *u u m m mi, it XT ft m m X, m m ^ m, it m ffi z m, is m fa LS, m $ *x n z m is] c - & m) \t # & M ¥ is m a , g n n n, * * n s m m m z t j & # $J C m \tk * ft sa ffl, Hi ffi 35, tb IS, * m ffi * Z, r f f c W i l ffl S * >R M Z i t , m St UK ft, ft & m m, I I M & a » a « i s ft * i ffi ffl, ?t % m * , S & - H £ m, tt H M Z P ft, # a ft $ a , H ffi >P ft ¥ , 4- E5E rtr , i a * , m s st # w n , » st n @, TT at » & m, $ a t * st # a , a & $ BJT, ifi cf a i t M Tam dich: Phan ve viec ngiidi Chan Lap mua ngiia Ngudi midc Chan Lap den ndi rang: "Mua ngiia d Phong Chau" Quan Ngii sd ket tdi An rjoaf dong buon ban ngira Nam Do ho: "Biet viec phai xet bat diidng bo [ma khong tuan theo]" Khong phuc Ddi, Thudng nghi, diic co the dong den trdi cao, khdng ndi xa nao khdng vxfdn den diidc Nitdc Thuc Long d ciic Bac cung qui goi xiing than, vung Hda Thd d trdi Nam ciing nghieng minh theo giao hda Chan Lap sdm cd phong tuc thuan phac, [diic cua Trung Qudc] td xiia da nhii tieng sam ddng khien [xii ay] phai phu hoa theo, t i i gid trd di se khien theo ve nhii may tu hdi, phai miidn siic due ddng, ma'c cdng khac da Cho nen viec [Chan Lap] di lai d bien chau, mua ngiia d dat'Phong, xet can nguyen cua nd, vdn cung chiia cd chuyen gi sai trai, cii cho phep ma lam, xet thay cd chuyen mdi ngan lai, chang phai lam nhii the' se diicic an nhan, khdng phai lo lang hay [Tuy nhien] Chiic trach cua Ngii sd vd'n d chd ngan triidc chuyen xau ma khuyen khich dieu tdt, nghi ngd ngiidi Chan Lap cd chuyen gian phi nen mdi mudn giang liidi xet bat Ve chuyen phai tra xet dudng bo, Dd ho triidc da thiia lenh trieu dinh nhiing lai khdng tuan theo (?) Neu d bien ciidng, ngiidi Man sinh chuyen, luan ve tinh khdng the mien toi diidc [Tuy nhien] viec [ngiidi Chan Lap] di lai mua ngiia la chuyen da rdi [ma cung chiia xay van de gi], neu theo ly khd long ma ket toi Ngii sd hach tdi cung cd cai ly, Dd hd bien minh cung khdng cd gi dang hd then Vay theo ldi to' tdi nhe, hda hdp ca hai diidng Tu lieu thii nhat la mot doan dat van cua Diidng thdc dUdc Le Tic trich An Nam chi luqc, lenh cho An Nam Dd hd, quan lai d Phong Chau va cac chau khac khdng diidc cho ngiidi Chan Lap vao dia hat mua ngiia va vu Tu lieu thii hai la phan quyet cua nha Diidng xung quanh viec Ngii sd dai hach 33 tdi An Nam Dd hd de ngudi Chan Lap den Phong Chau mua ngiia, chep Van uyen anh hoa, mot Td dai thii diidc bien soan vao thdi Tdng (14) Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi mudn liiu y den nien dai thiic van d tit lieu thii nhat Nhii chiing ta da biet, "thiic" la he thdng qui tic cu the diidc ban hanh nham bd sung ndi dung cho Luat Lenh (Luat Lenh Cach Thiic) Trong sudt chieu dai lich sd cua minh, nha Diidng da tien hanh bien soan, chinh sda thiic van mdt each cd he thd'ng vao cac nien hieu Vu Dufc, Trinh Quan, Vinh Huy, Thiiy Cung, Than Long va Khai Nguyen (15) Can cd'vao viec sd dung ten gpi An Nam Dd hp vd'n chi cd tii nam 679, cd the suy luan Diidng thiic ma Le Tac trich dan thudc bp thiic bien soan vao cac nien hieu Thiiy Cung, Than Long, Khai Nguyen Mat khac, bp thiic cudi ciing cua nha Diidng diidc hoan nam Khai Nguyen 25 (734), nen nien dai mudn nhat cua thdc van ma Le Tac tham khao la nam 734 Nhu" vay, viec ngudi Chan Lap den Phong Chau mua ngiia it nhat cung da cd td triidc nam 734 De den Phong Chau mua ngiia, ngiidi Chan Lap da sd dung diidng giao thdng cd ndi lien Luc Chan Lap vdi An Nam qua Hoan Chau, diidc Gia Dam - Te tiidng nha Diidng nien hieu Trinh Nguyen ghi lai (16) Theo tai lieu nay, sau xuat phat, ngiidi Luc Chan Lap di khoang 12 thi den sdng La Luan (SI 'fit £L, sdng Ngan Phd'hien nay?) Sau viidt sdng, hp di tiep rdi viidt mii Vu On (M 1m #1, theo Nghe An chi - dan theo CUcfng muc, Vu On la mdt ten khac cda mii Vu Thap nui Vu Quang, huyen Hiidng Sdn, Ha Tinh nay), di them den chau t r i Hoan chau (17) Con diidng theo Thdi Binh hodn vu ky dai khoang 750 ly 34 nghien euu Lich sd sd 2.2011 (375km) (18) Td Hoan Chau, ho ngiidc len Cdu Chan, Ai chau (Thanh Hoa) Lien quan den doan dudng td Thanh Hda ngiidc len phia Bac, trudc day, chung ta da biet den su ton tai cda dudng thuy xuat phat td Ai chau qua Tac khau (Yen Md, Ninh Binh, luc dd van giap ranh vdi bien) rdi theo he thdng sdng Day, sdng Hdng ngiidc len phu dd hd (19) Con diidng thuy theo Nguyen hoa quan huyen chi (Q.38, Ai chau) dai khoang 700 ly (350km) Trong Man thu ciing cd mot ghi chep nhac den viec quan ddi Nam Chieu da tiing thd sd dung diidng thuy de diia k i binh tien vao Chan Lap, nhien den bd bien, ho thay sdng to gid ldn nen da rut quan ve (sd lieu 4-C) Chi tiet phu hdp vdi tinh chat nguy hiem ndi tieng cua Tac Khau, Than Phu lich sd Tuy nhien, bai viet nay, chung tdi mudn liiu y den sii tdn tai cua mdt dudng khac vao thdi Diidng ma den chiia thay nha nghien ciiu nao de cap den Theo Nguyen hoa qudn huyen chi (sd lieu 4-A) va Thdi Binh hodn vu ky (sd lieu 4-B), ngoai diidng thuy neu tren cdn tdn tai mdt diidng bd ndi A i chau vdi phu dd ho dai 500 ly (khoang 250 km) Chi tiet nha Diidng bat An Nam Dd ho va Phong chau "tra bat dudng bd" (ffi ffl S S§), khdng cho ngiidi Chan Lap vao mua ngiia, vu chep An Nam chi luqc va Vdn uyen anh hoa (da dan d tren) ciing gian tiep chiing minh sii tdn tai cua diidng bd dd Day cd the la tien than cua dudng "thiidng dao" ndi tieng vao thdi ky sau Chiing tdi cho rang td Ai chau (Thanh Hda), ngudi Chan Lap da khdng sd dung dudng thuy qua Tac Khau (Yen Md, Ninh Binh) ma theo diidng thiidng dao cd qua tinh Hda Binh hien triic tiep vao Phong chau mua ngiia Sd lieu - A: Nguyen Hda qudn huyen dd chi, Q.38, Ai chau (S m i i t s $ s f « i s m, 7X Dich nghia: (Ai chau) ve phia Tay Bac each An Nam Dd ho phu 500 ly, diidng thuy 700 ly Sd lieu - B : Thdi binh hodn vu ky, Q.171, Aichau M it m 22 H £ @ " S * ? g d ; S - S Dich nghia: (Ai chau) ve phia Ddng Bac each Giao chau 500 ly, dudng thuy 700 ly Sd lieu - C: Man thu, Q.10 7K M m m, m n m m s « m, m & t m £ w m m WL s ts M, * $ m Dich nghia: m m * Niidc Thuy Chan Lap, Luc Chan Lap cimg vdi phia Nam cua Man tran tiep giap Giac Man triidc tiing thdng linh ki binh den bd bien, tha'y sdng xanh hiem danh thu quan ve Nhu! vay, muon nha't la td diu the ky VIII, tai mien Tay cua Phong Chau da cd hoat ddng budn ban trau ngiia het siic sdi ddng giiia nhieu toe ngiidi: ngiidi Han, ngiidi Chan Lap, ngiidi Siing Ma Man va cd the cdn nhieu sac dan khac niia Tuy nhien, dudi phap lenh (thiic) ca'm budn ban cua nha Diidng dd'i vdi Chan Lap (ma cd le bat ngudn tif sii tham gia cda Chan Lap cudc ndi day cua Mai Thuc Loan vao dau nien hieu Khai Nguyen) (20), hoat dong giao thiidng da suy yeu mot phan Sang the ky IX, hoat ddng budn ban ngiia cang gap khd khan chinh sach vd vet cua Dd hd Ly Trac cung nhu' anh hiidng td cuoc chien tranh giiia nha Diidng va Nam Chieu Theo sd lieu 1, sau bi Kinh liidc sii nha Diidng (Ly Trac) ep ddi trau ngiia rjoar dong budn ban ngua vdi gia mdi chi ddi diidc dau mud'i, t i i nam Dai Trung thd (854), ngudi Sung Ma Man khong cdn mang trau ngiia den Lam Tay Nguyen budn ban nda Khi Cao Bien phan cong nham chiem lai phu An Nam, Phong Chau trd bai chien trudng, cac toe ngudi theo Nam Chieu bi quan doi nha Diidng tan sat 35 M S f I I it) (22) Ten hieu "Ngd Man viidng" va chdc "Giam sat sd d chau Chan Dang" gian tiep phan anh viec nha Tien Le van ke thda vdng bien gidi cua nha Diidng d khu viic Tay Bac Vai trd cua Phong chau tai thdi diem van la kiem soat, che ap cac bd lac d khu viic thddng du va mien nui Nhin td gdc cac toe ngiidi sinh sd'ng tai khu viic Tay Bac, cd the coi the ky X la giai doan tiidng dd'i dn dinh va thuan ldi de Tren day, chung tdi da thd tim hieu tdng biidc khdi phuc hoat ddng giao hoat ddng budn ban ngiia tai khu viic Tay thiidng, dac biet la vdi khu viic Van Nam, Bac td dau the ky V I I I deh cudi the ky IX Trung Quo'c Hien nay, chung ta khdng cd.nhieu t i i lieu Biidc sang dau the ky XI, vung phia Tay lien quan den hoat ddng giao thiidng the ky X Day la giai doan tang Idp Phong chau van nam ngoai quyen thd'ng t r i hao triidng ban dia tan dung cd hdi the' liic true tiep cua cac chinh quyen ngiidi Viet phong kien phUdng B&c suy yeu de tdng Mac dd da cd mdt vai bieu hien mang y biidc khdi phuc lai nen t i i chu Trong giai nghia than phuc, vi du vao nam 1006, chau doan nay, cac thu linh ngiidi Viet phai dd'i Vi Long da dang mot ngiia trang cd mat vdi nhdng khd khan viec xay ciia cho Le Long Dinh (23), song sii phuc diing chinh quyen non tre, dd'i phd vdi tdng la het sdc long leo Chi nam sau nhdng yeu sach va sii ddm ngd td cac the' sii kien ndi tren, thang Gieng nam Mau liic phiidng Bac, ddng thdi lai phai giai Than - Canh Thuy nguyen nien (1008), quye't nhdng tranh chap ndi bd gida cac the dich than Le Long Dinh cam quan danh liic cat cd dia phiidng, ma tieu bieu la chau Vi Long va Dd Lang, bat ngiidi Man "Loan 12 sd quan" Do vay, khdng khd de va ngiia vai tram (24) Nam Thuan suy doan rang: the ky X, dd'i vdi cac Thien nguyen nien (1010) ddi Ly Thai To, thu linh ngiidi Viet, viec md rdng tam anh "ngiidi Man sang qua cdt ddng, den ben hiidng ve phia Tay Bac cung nhii can thiep Kim Hoa va chau V i Long de budn ban sau vao hoat ddng giao thiidng d khu viic Vua [Ly Cdng Uan] sai ngddi bat dddc khdng phai la md'i quan tam hang dau ngiidi Man va hdn van ngiia" (25) Hoat dong buon ban ngiia d k h u viic Tay Bac thdi Tien Le - L y Dieu cd the thay rd deh cudi the ky X, bien gidi cua nha Tien Le van chi den Phong Chau Theo Dgi Viet sit luge (DVSL), nam Hiing Thd'ng (991), Le Hoan da phong em trai lam Ngii Man viidng d Phong chau (21) Bai minh tren md chi cua Phung Thanh phu nhan nha Ly, ddng doi cua Ngii Man viidng cho biet vi hoang de cua Le Dai Hanh cdn kiem them chdc Chan Dang chau bao sd quan sat sd (M § day, chung tdi mud'n liiu y den chi tiet "ngiidi Man sang qua cot ddng" (MAM fPH tt) sii kien nam 1010 Day la chi tiet rat quan trong, giup chung ta hieu ro hdn cac dd'i tiidng tham gia hoat ddng budn ban ngiia thdi ky dau nha Ly Cdt ddng ma Dgi Viet sii ky todn thii (DVSKTT) de cap den d day han la cot ddng phan dinh ranh gidi An Nam Dd ho phu vdi Nam Chieu Theo Man thii (Q.7), thang 10 nam Thien 36 Rghien cuoi Lich sd so 2.2011 Bao thu (749), Dddng Huyen Tong sai Ha L i Quang thong linh binh ma thap dao tan cong Nam Chieu Nam Thien Bao 10 (751), sau An Ninh, quan doi nha Diidng khdi phuc cot dong Ma Vien Thanh An Ninh theo Man thu each Thac Ddng Tiet sd (Con Minh, Van Nam) diidng (sd lieu 5-B) Ciing theo Man thu, cot ddng each Giao Chi 48 diidng (sd lieu 5-A) Nhii vay, ngiidi "Man" sang An Nam budn ngiia la ngiidi Nam Chieu Dai Ly, xuat phat tit khu viic phu can Cdn Minh Sd lieu 5-A: Man thu, Q.l & * ttut m % fn ¥ , i m ± m tt m « # fik * m m + A B ig ffi *$ M $ ffi - 0, * f til Sd lieu 5-B: Mare thu, Q.7 ¥ z 15 i ix m, * Ơ m \% * Ê đ s f « thinh vao dau the ky XI Con sd "hdn mdt van ngiia" (If 7J & fE) cho thay d l u the ky XI, da hinh nhiing thiidng doan cd qui md ldn budn ngiia t d Cdn Minh, Trung Qudc sang vdng Tay Bac Viet Nam Cac thiidng doan nay, nhu phan tich ben diidi, nhan diidc sii hau thuan t d chinh quyen Nam Chieu - Dai Ly Sau cac cuoc tan cong nam 1008 va 1010 cua Le Long Dinh va Ly Cdng Uan, thang 10 nam Thuan Thien (1013), chau Vi Long theo ngddi "Man" lam phan (27) Thang Gieng nam sau (1014), mot ddi quan hdng hau (theo BVSKTT cd quan so' len den "20 van ngiidi") tiidng "Man" la Diidng Triidng Hue ( # -R M) (28) va Doan Kinh Chi chi huy da dan quan d ben Kim Hoa Tuy nhien, doi quan da bi Diic Thanh Viidng nha Ly danh bai Theo BVSL, quan Dai Viet da b i t diidc ngiia nhieu vd sd' ke, mot sd' diidc Ly Cdng Uan gdi sang bieu nha Td'ng ft $1 + it £ S, ffi 3c m it ¥ ft M m, t « E t t j s $ ? ô , # - i t i iĐ tt, * J I S V , ft -£ ¥ * X p± m + Sd lieu 6: An Nam chi lUc/c, Q.12 A g £ ¥ SP til ¥ t i l t 0, & H ± W ffi IB Ve dia diem chau Vi Long, Cucfng muc chua ring: "Nha Dinh, nha Le goi la Vi Long; nha Ly, nha Tran van theo ten nhii it, E % A If ^ m n % tt, « * A the Khi thudc Minh ddi la Dai Man Ve sau, nha Le van de ten ay Bay gid la dat at ffi m H, m ,1 A +• m, m m Dich nghia: chau Chiem Hda, tinh Tuyen Quang" Chiing tdi hoan toan tan quan diem Ngay 10 thang nam [Thuan Thien] 4, cua soan gia Cucfng muc Nhiing nam 60 Cdng Uan thiidng tau: "Man Hac Gia van cda the ky triidc, tai xa Yen Nguyen, huyen ngiidi td bien gidi ban chau den ddng trai Chiem Hda, tinh Tuyen Quang, ngiidi ta da ddm ngd ban dao Than [Ly Cdng Uan] phat hien diidc tam bia cua chiia Bao Ninh phat ngddi ngiia danh giac tai Mao Lam Sung Phuc ( # ^ i? ffi # W), diidc lap Bon giac dai bai B i t diidc chu tiidng nam 1107 de ca ngdi ddng ho Ha lam Tri Vi Diidng Binh Hdi va ngiidi ngiia cua Man Long chau (ftl M ffl M) (26) Lao Sai sd den cda khuyet, dang 60 Nhii vay, sau mot giai doan suy thoai, ngiia bao tin thang tran hoat ddng mua ban ngiia tai khu viic Tay Bac da dan dan phuc hdi va trd lai hiing Sd lieu 7: Tuc tU tri thong gidm trUdng bien, Q.83 37 Ijoat dong buon ban ngira $ a 3c ffl $ & tt ft ft ^ ^ # ffl, i f t ft 7T, » s ± * » JK-, i t fit * a 75" * a * Dich nghia: ^ * Tan Suu, Giao Chau Ly Cong Uan danh bai Hac Gia Man tai Phtfcing (29) Lam chau, chem dau may van ngiidi, bat chu tiidng la DUdng Triidng Hue, sai sii den cong phiidng vat va bao tin thang tran Ve lan trieu cong nay, An Nam chi luge va Tuc tU tri thdng gidm trUdng bien ghi ro doi quan "Man" la "Hac Gia Man" (® 15 1) Nhii chiing ta da biet, "Hac Gia Man" la mot ten goi khac cua Nam Chieu (30) Chau Vi Long - ndi tu trUdng Ha An Tuan lam phan nam 1013 va ben Kim Hoa - dia diem dong quan ciia Diidng Triidng Hue nam 1014 lai chinh la dia ban ngiidi Man buon ban ngiia nam 1010 Ket noi chudi sii kien nay, chiing ta thay ban chat cua cuoc "phan loan" nam 1013 va chien dich quan sii nam 1014 la sii bat man cua tang Idp thu linh dia phiidng d chau V i Long cung nhu phan Ung quan sU cua Nam Chieu ddi vdi cac cuoc tan cong trudc ciia nha Tien Le va nha Ly vao hoat dong mua ban ngiia NhU vay, den dau the ky XI, khu viic mien Tay Phong Chau chu yeu van la dia ban sinh song cua cac toe ngUdi mien nui, ddng thdi la khu viic tranh gianh quyen anh hudng giQa nha Tien Le - nha Ly vdi chinh quyen Nam Chieu Sii kien Le Long Dinh va Ly Cong Uan tan cong va danh cUdp cac doan buon ngUa d chau Vi Long cho chiing ta thay: khac vdi cac "trUdng" cac chd cong dUdc thiet lap d bien gidi Viet Tdng, Viet - Chiem, den dau thdi Ly, hoat dong buon ban ngiia viing Tay Bac van chUa dUdc dat dudi sU quan ly cua nha nUdc Vao ddu the ky XI, cac bo lac mien nui sinh song d khu viic nay, bi kep giQa hai the liic nha Ly va Nam Chieu, ban dau da nga theo Nam Chieu, tieu bieu la sU kien chau V i Long "lam phan" nam 1013 Khi Ly Cdng Uan than chinh danh dep, tu trUdng Ha An Tuan cung ngUdi ciia minh da chay vao nui, chd vao sii ho trd ve quan sii tU phia Nam Chieu Tuy nhien, chien t h i n g nam 1014 cua nha Ly trUdc Nam Chieu da dap tat hi vong Ha An Tuan bi bat cuoc tan cong Diic Thanh vUdng va Vu DUc vUdng chi huy nam sau, bi giai ve kinh xU chem va beu dau tai chd D6ng Thang Long (31) Cd the danh gia hai nam 1014-1015 la cot mdc quan trong lich sd kinh dinh khu viic Tay Bac cua Dai Viet Sau chien thang cua nha Ly, tam anh hudng cua Nam Chieu - Dai Ly tai khu viic trd nen het sUc md nhat cho den cuoc phan loan cua Than Ldi nam 1040 Tai chau Vi Long, mot nhUng dia ban d i l n hoat dong budn ban ngiia sdi dong vao dau the ky XI, sau bat giet tu trUdng "phan loan" Ha An Tuan, nha Ly da thu phuc dUdc tang Idp thii linh dia phUdng tai day Sau nam 1015, tai chau Dd Kim van tiep tuc xay mdt sd' vu phan loan vao cac nam 1024 va 1036, khdng cdn thay ten chau Vi Long cac muc tieu danh dep cua quan ddi nha Ly Dac biet, tam bia chua Bao Ninh Sung Phuc la ngudn t u lieu kim thach van qui gia cho chung ta biet nhiing gi xay tai chau Vi Long sau hai nam 1014-1015 Bao Ninh Sung Phuc tU bi la tam bia viet ve Tri Vi Long chau Ha Di Khanh, van bia dUdc lap nam Long Phu Nguyen Hda Dinh Hdi (1107) Theo van bia, ddng ho Ha cua Ha Di Khanh vd'n phat nguyen d Ung chau, den ddi cao td la Ha Dac Trong thi thien di sang chau V i Long Tai chau Vi Long, ho Ha da dan trd mdt ddng ho cd the hie, quan ly "49 ddng, 15 huyen" 33 Rghien OJU Lich sir, so 2.2011 Nhieu kha nang Ha An Tuan - thu linh DVSKTT, nda cudi the ky XI, nha Ly da ga chau V i Long bi giet nam 1015 cung xuat cdng chua, vdh la gai ldn cua Phung than t i i dong ho Tat nhien, vdi noi Can viidng diidc Ly Thanh Tdng nuoi dung chinh la ca ngdi sii phuc vu cua ddng cung, cho chau muc chau Chan Dang ho Le ho vdi nha Ly, tam bia khdng nhac den (35) nhan vat Den ddi dng noi cua Ha Di Dac biet, cac hoang nd cua nha Ly diidc Khanh, nha Ly ga gai gida cua cdng ga khdng chi cho cac thu lfnh da triidng chua thd ba cua Ly Thai To ( i f f- A ffl ma cho ca em cua ho - nhdng thu Jfe ^ % H & ± i t ic.) cho dng nay, linh dia phiidng tiidng lai Theo van bia dong thdi phong cho chdc Dai lieu ban chua Bao Ninh Sdng Phuc, nha Ly da ga Nam Anh Vu Chieu Thang thd (Dinh Ty, cdng chua Kham Thanh Ha Di Khanh 1077), mdi tudi, Ha Di Khanh da diidc mdi cd 10 tudi dda vao Kinh Thang Long, theo van bia Chinh nhd chinh sach ngoai giao khdn thi "dep ddi vdi em gai nha vua" ( i f iS iff kheo nay, nha Ly da nhan diidc sii hd trd W), nhiing cdn nhd, Ha Di Khanh lai die ldc cua cac t u triidng mien nui diidc dda ve V i Long Mua xuan nam sau cudc tan cdng vao Ung chau cung nhii cudc (Mau Ngo, 1078), Ha Di Khanh quay lai khang chien chd'ng Td'ng sau Chinh Thang Long, lam le than vdi cdng cha cua Ha Di Khanh, thu linh cua chau Vi chua Kham Thanh va den mua xuan nam Long da triic tiep elm quan, tham gia tich Nham Tuat (1082) diia dau ve V i Long ciic vao chien dich bao vay Ung chau (32) cua Ly Thiidng Kiet, lap diidc nhieu chien Nhu" vay, cd the thay ben canh sdc manh cdng va diidc nha Ly phong thiidng lam quan sii, nha Ly da sd dung mdt chinh Hdu Dai Lieu ban, Doan luyen sd (A '¥ ZJ sach ngoai giao rat kheo leo: ga gai 5P, a » E m, tt ft m u, m i w m # t&, gia tdc cho cac tu triidng dia phiidng m s u f M f t # , * JS m £ * « a , m tm Chinh sach khdng chi diidc ap dung d m khu viic Tay Bac ma ca d vung bien gidi Mot diem dang chu y nda ndi phia Bac giap nha Tdng Can cd vao ghi dung van bia chua Bao Ninh Sung Phuc la chep cua Tdng sd, chung ta biet diidc chinh Ha Di Khanh mdi tudi da diidc diia ve sach da diidc bat dau td thdi Ly Thang Long Viec diidc thiic hien Thai To, vdi viec ga cdng chua cho thu linh khdng phai theo y nguyen cua ddng ho Ha Than Thda Quy (33) Ngay thang nam ma la theo chieu du cua Ly Nhan Tdng (P# Thien Thanh thd (1029), Ly Thai Tdng ga m % ft, m m Mm, & i t u M) Day cdng chua Binh Diidng cho thd linh Lang cd the la mot hinh thdc rang budc cda nha chau la Than Thieu Thai Thang nam Ly vdi cac chau k i mi, theo dd cac td triidng Thdng Thuy thd (1036), nha Ly ga cdng dia phiidng qui phuc phai diia em ve chua Khanh Thanh cho chau muc Phong chau d Thang Long chau la Le Thuan Tdng (34) Thang mua thu cdng nam, tiep tuc ga cdng chua Triidng Ninh cho chau muc chau Thiidng Oai la Ha Thien Lam Theo ghi chep nam Hoi Tiidng Dai Khanh thd (1113) cua Ngoai ra, bai minh tren bia chua Bao Ninh Sdng Phuc cung giup chung ta danh gia lai mot sii kien lich sd cua khu viic diidc ghi chep Viet sd luge va Todn thu Theo hai bd sd nay, nam 999 (Ky Hdi), Le fjaat ddng budn ban ngua Hoan da than chinh chi huy quan ddi tan cdng "Ha Dong", bao gdm 19 ddng (Viet sit luqc) hoae 49 ddng (Toan thu), pha dUdc cac chau Nhat Tac, Dinh Bien (36) Xung quanh ghi chep ndi tren, trUdc day, soan gia CUctng muc cho rang "Ha Dong" la ddng Ha Man, thudc dat Thach Thanh, Thanh Hda Quan diem sau dd dUdc ke thuja ban dich Toan thU cua Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc Xa hdi Mat khac, Cuang muc can cU vao Du dia chi cua Nguyen Trai lai khang dinh chau Dinh Bien la dat thudc Cao Blng thdi Le (tinh Cao Bang, Thai Nguyen hien nay) Nhu: vay, neu theo chu thich cua soan gia Cuang muc, chiing ta phai giai thich r i n g vao nam 999, Le Hoan da td chiic chien dich quan sii rieng re, mdt danh xudng Thanh Hda, mot danh len khu viic xung quanh Cao Bang; sau dd, bien soan Viet sii luqc va Todn thu, soan gia ciia bd sii da tdng hdp sii kien neu tren vao cung mot ghi chep Tuy nhien, chiing tdi khdng ddng y vdi each giai thich neu tren Trudc tien, chU "Ha" chU "Ha Ddng", cung tUdng tu nhu "Dd Dong", nhieu kha nang chi pham vi anh hudng ciia mdt ddng ho cd the luc, cu the d day la ho Ha ThU hai, sd'"49 ddng" ghi chep sii kien nam 999 lai trung khdp mot each dang ngac nhien vdi so' "49 ddng" quan hat cua ho Ha chep van bia chua Bao Ninh Sung Phuc (37) Hdn nUa, nhu da trinh bay d phan tren, chau Dinh Bien mot nhiing muc tieu quan sU nam 999 cd vi t r i dia ly tUdng dUdng vdi khu viic Cao Bang ddi Le; xa Dinh Bien, huyen Dinh Hda, Thai Nguyen dUdc coi la mot phan cua chau Dinh Bien xUa Ghep ndi tat ca nhQng thdng tin neu tren, chiing tdi cho r i n g dat "Ha Ddng" bi Le Hoan tan cdng nam 999 khdng phai la dat Thach Thanh (Thanh Hda) nhu soan gia Cuang 39 muc da chii thich, ma phai la dat dai cua ddng ho Ha d khu viic Tay Blc, ma trung tam quyen hie n l m d chau Vi Long (Chiem Hda, Tuyen Quang) Ndi each khac, cuoc tan cdng nam 999 cua Le Hoan la nhlm chinh phuc cac khe dong mien nui phia Blc, pham vi cac tinh Tuyen Quang, Cao Bing, Thai Nguyen hien NhU vay, cd the ndi td nam 999, nha Tien Le da b i t dau cd nhdng hanh dong quan sU nham kiem soat dan khu viic Tay Blc Chinh cudc tan cdng nam 999 cua Le Hoan da dan den sii kien chau Vi Long dang ngUa trang cho Le Long Dinh vao nam 1006 Quay trd lai vdi hoat ddng budn ban ngUa, chung ta khdng cd nhieu tu lieu ghi chdp triic tiep ve hoat ddng giao thUdng td nda cud'i the ky XI Mac dd Nam Chieu - ngudn cung hang chu yeu, da that bai chien dich quan sii nam 1014, song khdng cd nghia la hoat ddng budn ban ngiia bi cham ddt Can cd vao viec cac vua nha Ly van tiep tuc gdi ngUa sang bieu nha Td'ng, chung ta cd the phdng doan hoat ddng budn ban ngiia van dUdc tiep tuc d khu viic Tay Bac, dudi sU thda nhan va bao ho cua nha Ly (38) Chang han, theo Llnh ngoai dqi dap (Q.2), nam Thieu Hung thd 26 (1146), sd'cd'ng vat cua nha Ly cd ngUa kem yen eddng dang dich than cho vua Td'ng va ngUa cd'ng theo le "thUdng tien" (39) "ThUdng tien" cd nghia la ngUa da dUdc xep vao danh muc trieu cd'ng thudng xuyen cda nha Ly Trong hoat ddng budn ban ngUa, ben canh ngUdi Nam Chieu va cac tdc ngUdi mien nui, chung ta cdn thay sU tham gia cua mdt so' sic dan khac, dien hinh la ngUdi Chiem Thanh Katakura Minoru va L i Tana da tdng de cap den van de nghien cdu cua minh (40) Chlng han, Td'ng sd, phan viet ve Chiem Thanh cd 40 chep: "NgUdi Chiem Thanh hay cudi voi, hoae di kieu bang vai mem, hoae mua ngiia cua Giao chau" (41) Trong sach Dong Tay dudng khao thdi Minh, soan gia Triidng Tiep viet ve cac san vat cua Giao Chi cd viet: "Thdi Td'ng, Chiem Thanh hay mua ngiia t i i Giao Chi, nen biet xii ay cd san vat la ngiia" (42) Sii k i e n Than L o i va chinh sach k i n h d i n h cua nha L y d viing Tay Bac Tren day, chung tdi da trinh bay ve hoat ddng budn ban ngiia giai doan sau the ky IX md'i tiidng quan vdi cac chinh sach chinh t r i - quan sii cua nha Tien Le - Ly d vung bien gidi Tay Bac Sau nam 1014, ve cd ban, nha Ly da loai bd diidc anh hiidng chinh t r i cua Nam Chieu tai khu viic Tuy nhien, deh nam 1040, Nam Chieu lai tim each can thiep vao khu viic Tay Bac thdng qua cuoc phan loan cua Than Ldi Rahien curu Lich sd so' 2.2011 Sd lieu 9: Kien viem dl lai he nien yeu luc, Q.129 ft m T i $ K d ?? £ # Dich nghia: Nam Binh viidng Ly Can Diic chet Ngiidi thd la T r i Chi chay sang Dai Ly, ddi ho Trieu, xiing hieu la Binh viidng Nghe t i n anh la Diidng Hoan chet, tranh ngdi vdi Thien To Dai Ly lay 3000 quan giup [Tri Chi] Diep bao Tri Chi mud'n vao nhap cd'ng Quang Tay siiy tau viec len trieu dinh Chieu, cii kheo leo hiia rdi cho ve, khdng diidc chieu nap de sinh chuyen Theo Tong sd, Than Ldi vd'n la mot ngiidi thiep cda vua Ly Nhan Tdng da chay sang Dai Ly Tai Dai Ly, Than Ldi lay ten Theo DVSKTT, nam Thieu Minh thii la Trieu Tri Chi, t i i xiing la Binh viidng (1140), mot thay phu thuy la Than Ldi t i i (43) Khi Ly Than Tdng mat, Dai Ly da "sai xiing la cua Ly Nhan Tdng da cam dau Tri Chi trd ve" ( i t M) tranh ngdi vdi Ly mot cudc phan loan qui md ldn d khu viic Thien To (Ly Anh Tdng) Nhu GS Momoki Tay Bac Dieu dang liiu y la md'i quan he da dan (44), theo sach Kien viem dl lai he gdla Than Ldi va Nam Chieu - Dai Ly diidc nien yeu luc (sd lieu 9), Dai Ly cdn cd them ghi chep chinh sd Trung Qudc 3000 quan giup cho Than Ldi Sd lieu 8: Tdng sd, Q.488, Liet truyen Nham thu hut sii tham gia cua cac tu 247, Giao Chi - Dai Ly triidng mien ndi, Than Ldi da sai ngiidi ndi ti m w m i ? m A m, m *t & phao la gidi binh thuat de khien ngiidi cac % m >g t S I T I , n PS- m n , A khe ddng khiep sd va khdng dam chd'ng lai m mm, % A # #>• ±, * A S , a Cung theo DVSKTT, dia ban hoat ddng cua US ft & t.; * * tft Th an Ldi la cac chau thiidng du thudc dia Dich nghia: ban tinh Bac Kan va Thai Nguyen hien Can Ddc cd mot ngiidi thiep, cua Dd la cac chau Thai Nguyen, Tay ngiidi thiep dd chay sang Dai Ly, lay ten Ndng, Luc Lenh, Thiidng Nguyen (khoang Man la Trieu Tri Chi, xiing la Binh viidng gida huyen Phu Binh, Thai Nguyen va Nghe tin Diidng Hoan chet, Dai Ly sai ve huyen Bach Thdng, Bac Kan) va Ha Ndng ciing Thien To tranh ngdi Tri Chi xin vao (huyen Bach Thdng) cd'ng nha Td'ng, mudn miidn binh de thu lay Sau chien dich tran ap cua tiidng thien Vua [Td'ng] khdng cho nha Ly la Liiu Vu Xdng that bai, Than Ldi t}ont ddng buon ban ngira 41 sai ngiidi dat Tuyen Hoa (huyen Dinh Hoa, (47) Deh nam 1142, de thu phuc nhan Thai Nguyen), Cam Hoa (huyen Ngan Sdn, tam, nha Ly tiep tuc mien tdi luu day cho Na Ri - Blc Kan va mot phan Bach Thong - dang cua Than Ldi (48) Thai Nguyen), Vinh Thong danh lay phu Ket luan Phu Luting (huyen Phu Ludng - Thai Tren day, chdng tdi da cd' gang tap hdp Nguyen), uy hiep Thang Long Tuy nhien, va phan tich cac t i i lieu lien quan den den thang 5, quan Ldi bi Thai iiy Do Anh hoat dong budn ban ngUa tU the ky V I I I Vu danh bai De tran ap, ran de dii dang den giUa the ky X I I cung nhu nhQng chinh cua Than Ldi, Do Anh Vu da sai chem dau sach kinh dinh cua nha Ly b khu viic Tay nhiing ngiidi phan loan beu canh diidng Bac sudt t i i cda quan Binh Lo den song Nam Nhu chung tdi da phan tich, hoat ddng Han Cuoc phan loan ket thuc vao khoang thang 10 nam 1141, Than Ldi bi bat tai budn ban ngiia tai khu vUc it nha't da Lang chau, bi dong cui giai ve kinh sii va bi cd tU dau the ky V I I I Dac trUng thU nha't cua hoat ddng giao thUdng la tinh lien chem dau cung 20 ngiidi dong miiu (45) vung, cd sU tham gia cua nhieu sac dan, Cuoc phan loan ciia Than Ldi the hien tham vong ciia Nam Chieu - Dai Ly nhieu tdc ngUdi, khdng chi cua nhQng vung viec khoi phuc anh hiidng ciia minh b khu giap ranh dia ban mua ban ngiia ma ca viic Tay Bac Dai Viet Tuy nhien, cuoc nhQng khu viic ra't xa xdi nhu Chan Lap, phan loan cua Than Ldi chi thu hut diidc Chiem Thanh Mot dac trUng nQa cua hoat sii tham gia ciia cac thu linh mien mii tren ddng budn ban la nd dUdc thiic hien dia ban khu viic tiidng diidng vdi hai tinh tren dia ban sinh sd'ng cua nhieu bo lac Bac Kan - Thai Nguyen hien ma khong mien nui Mac du ton tai dudi dang cac nhan diidc sii hiidng ung ciia ngiidi cac chau ki mi, song ve cd ban cac bd lac cd chau Chan Dang, Vi Long, Do Kim Tham quyeh tii t r i cung nhu liic lUdng quan sii chi, vao thang Gieng nam 1140, trudc rieng Sudt tU the ky V I I I den the ky XII, cuoc phan loan ciia Than Ldi, mot tu day ludn la khu viic mang tinh cha't ngoai triidng b chau Chan Dang la Le Phap Vien bien - vung dem giQa the' liic ldn (vao thdi da dang hUdu trdng len trieu dinh nhu la thuoc Dudng la nha Dudng vdi Nam Chieu, bieu hien ciia sU tdng phuc (46) Dieu tQ the' ky X la cac vUdng trieu Dai Viet vdi la minh chUng cho thdy sU cdng the luc cua Nam Chieu - Dai Ly) Chinh vi chinh sach kinh dinh cua nha Ly b vay, cac hoat ddng giao thUdng d khu vUc khu viic Tay Bdc Chinh sach quan sU ran cung chiu tac ddng bdi cac chinh sach de ket hdp vdi ngoai giao mem ddo ciia nha cua cac the liic dd'i lap tren, dien hinh la Ly tiep tuc dUdc the hien viec xii ly cudc chien tranh giQa Dudng va Nam cac thii Hnh dia phUdng di theo Than Ldi Chieu vao nda cud'i the' ky IX va cuoc xung Sau bat dUdc thu linh chau Van Nhai dot giQa nha Ly va Nam Chieu - Dai Ly vao (huyen Vo Nhai, Thai Nguyen) la DUdng dau the' ky XI Muc va thu linh ddng Kim Ke la Chu Ai, Nhin tQ gdc Dai Viet, sau giai doan nha Ly sai giai hai ngUdi ve giam b Bac thudc, cd the ndi Le Hoan la dng vua chinh huyen phu cua minh, lai sai Dd Anh dau tien da de mat den khu viic Tay Bac Vu trieu tap tan dang cua Ldi b Binh Lo vdi cuoc tan cdng vao nam 999 Sau mot so quan, md kho cdng phat mud'i cho bon Muc, cudc danh dep dudi trieu Tien Le, vUdng 42 Rghien eun Lich stf so 2.2011 trieu Ly da dong vai tro rat ldn viec khdng che, tdng budc kiem soat cac chau mien nui Su cong cua nha Ly qua trinh kinh dinh khu vUc la su ket hdp gida sdc manh quan sU mang tinh ran de, tran ap dd'i vdi cac the lUc cd mUu ly khai, vdi cac chinh sach ngoai giao kheo leo, dien hinh la viec ga hoang nd cho cac CHU tu trddng mien nui hay khoan hdng cho nhdng ngudi khong phai la chu mUu cac cuoc ndi day Viec sdm dn dinh khu vUc Tay Bac, kiem soat cac hoat dong giao thUdng d day la tien de te ldn de nha Ly tap trung luc lUdng md mang bd cdi ve phia Nam cung nhu dd'i phd vdi nha Td'ng d bien gidi phia Bac THICH (1) Momoki Shiro, Dgi Viet and South China Sea Z *f); Tan DUdng thu: (*) & l i IS # M Jff trade from the 10 to the IS" century, Crossroads, 12 ffj (+ I t I r A t I ¥); Thai binh hodn vu ? f 8, •• C O O (1), 1998 Li Tana, A View from the Sea: Perspectivesky: [ * + A f T Idi ^-); Thdi binh qudng ky: (Sic) ^ lift ^ S f X f IL on the Northern and Central Vietnamese Coast; John K Whitmore, The Rise of the Coast: Trade, State andtil (4 ¥ * i i , - A 7^ -"*?); rdng su': (j£)ffiK * J (4 ¥ * A L L ¥); Tuc itf trt Culture in Early Dgi Viet, Journal of Southeast AsianSI £ndng gidm trUdng bien: (5f5) ^ M f t ffeeK ?n i i Studies, 37 (1), 2006 M - A, -fc A ¥); TV iri fnong (2) Hoang Xuan Han, Ly Thudng Kiet - Lich sii ^ -S £81 (+ ¥ gidm: (*) sj # S § , (TC) 4H - # f $ F8f ft ngoai giao vd tdng gido trieu Ly, La Sdn Yen Ho A, IT TS ¥); Van uyen ann Hoang Xuan Han, tap 2, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, iffi tSJ (4 ¥ ftoa: (*) * ^ r*?S34iU (4 1998 (3) Trong bai viet nay, chiing toi su! dung khai TA 7\ ¥) (5) Sach TAdi 6£nn qudng ky chep la "Ditdng niem "vung (khu vyc) Tay Bac" de chi khu vyc dia ¥ )£ ffiJ S t A ly nam phia Tay Bac Dai La (thdi thuoc Ma Man" ('M M M) ( A, PS Ss Sii + ) Duong) - Kinh Thang Long (thdi ky til chu) (6) ffl ffi £• m e Jt, # a' s ^ x (4) Ve cac ban cM Han ma chung toi sii dung, xin • A , t tham khao them: An Nam chi lUdc: ^ ffl M \ :4c Fft & ** ffl B J ( r«f * i i mi s a S t n f A fl J ) i l S K t l S im- i l I I f-; Dai Viet sii ky (7) r s t i ^ x § * ffl a t s K ffl toan tha: £ ± i i m iS, I * iff %n * $ \ % te £ SB •- + A J ( be fn m m sfej # - A , iu* w) £ 3FJ (X SC ± ¥ * ft X it ffl % m I K I ft ¥ X m -fe y - fij f f m * £ , - K A A ¥); (8) rtr TT t ft, ffl m ffl i , it TC Song Tdy dUdng khao: (HJ?) ^ | f l B $ t * A r t R ^J < f e ^ *J Đ t % J (+ Ơ f - K A - ¥); Dudng hdi yeu: (*) :, : i ffl m 3? w) T » S f f g SfJ ¥ £ H - A 5 ¥);Zi