Bài viết tiến hành khảo sát nội dung kiến thức liên quan đến câu ghép trong bốn cuối sách ngữ pháp tiếng Hán hiện đại dưới các góc độ phân loại, thứ tự xuất hiện, giải thích và thiết kế bài tập. Trên cơ sở kết quả khảo sát kết hợp thành quả nghiên cứu trong cùng lĩnh vực và đặc điểm lý luận dạy học ngoại ngữ đưa ra các kiến nghị liên quan.
Trang 1BANVE CAU GHEP
DISCUSSION ON COMPOUND SENTENCE
IN MORDEN CHINESE GRAMMAR BOOKS
NGUYfiN THJ 14 QUYEN
(TS; B^i h9C Ngo^i ngfr, B H Q G Uk N$i)
Abstract: Compound sentence is tiie major subject of the research The research is conducted on classification, oniering, explanation and the design exercises of compound sentence based lesson m four mordem Chinese grammar books Based on the research findings combined with Ihosed in other reserch and grammar teaching rules, the relevant recommendations will be [nxxluced
Key words: multiple sentence; grammar teaching
1 M&diu 60 cOa the Id 20 den nhOng nSm d ^ Ih^ Id 21, d|ia
1.1 Cau ^ 1 ^ la lo^ cau c61^ hai k ^ cau dm v} theo d6itifl;mg ngucri dpc c6 the d u ^ diia thdhai tr6 len vS I^ ntOt {dian quan tn^g trong h$ th6ng npi lo^ chfnh: n h ^ 1 Id cdc s ^ dMi die d6i tupi^ dung n ^ ph^ t i ^ g Han h i ^ d^i Trcxig qud tiMi ngudi nude ngoai hgc tioig Hdn (ngo^i ngii) vS
hpc, theo tjm h i ^ cua diking toi, hpc sinh khi dung nh6m 2 Id cdc sddi d ^ dio dio ^ i tupng ngu^ cdu ^ 1 ^ tiiuong n i ^ [ ^ n h i ^ l 5 i sai, vi$c nay gay Tmng Quoc ( bdn ng&) B a i v i ^ n^ldidos&n^ dnh hudng d ^ khd ndng gjao d ^ va nang cao trinh dung n g ^ ^ o ^ cdu d i ^ thupe sddi ctia hai nh6m
dp tieng Hdn cua hpc sinh Ngoai nguyoi nhan do tim, m5inh6m(X2 cuon:
I^iuong p h ^ d^y hpc thl v i ^ Ihi^ ke npi dung cau N h i ^ 1: "Gido trinh ngitph^ tieng Hdri'f^
^ t ^ trong cdc gjdo trinh ngft 1^1^ cung la mpt yoj T6n£)iJcKim (vi^tdtldNPl)[l]; "Nfftf^iqptim t6 kAi hudng Idinig nhd 6en h i ^ qud hpc t ^ N$i Hdn hiin d^ ihfc ifyn^' cCm Luu Nguy^ Hca ( Wi dung cua [dian cau ^y^ t n n ^ cdc sddi ngi^ p h ^ tdt IdNP 2) [2]
tieng Han h i ^ ^ h i ^ nay (^ng diua cd s^r thcM^ Nh(kn2: " 7 t e ^ Hdn A i ^ d ^ ' , t ^ 2 oia Holing
nhat, d^bi?t Id trong cddi jrfidnto?! hay sir dyng tai Bdc Vmh (vilt tSt Id NP3) [3]; "Thdng ludn tieng
gpi dio cau ^iq) Ngoai ra, h i ^ nay nhQng nghiai / i ^ A ^ d ^ ' c u a ' I 1 i i ^ K u i h M a n ( v i ^ t a t l d N P 4 )
curu ve cau ^ 1 ^ van did yoi la nhOng n ^ ^ c(ni [4]
b ^ the, tu goc d$ tri nh^nho^ qud trinh tfi\i ddc cua X Nhung khao sat cytiiS
r^jidi hpc, cdn nhung n ^ o i cuu ve npi dung nay 2.1 j^iSnlo^c&ugh^
dudi gde dp g ^ g d^y thl coi rat han die Bai via Khdo sdt dio thSy, cdc sdch ng^ p h ^ dki ti&i
t i ^ hdnh Idido sdt npi dung kioi thi)c li€n quan ( ^ dki diia cdu g ^ ^ ftianh hai b^i ldn Id cdu g}i^ dSng
cdu ^iq? trong b6n c u ^ sddi ngQ ^a^ tiei^ Han I ^ vd cau g b ^ diuih di\i: Cdu g h ^ ddng 1|^ g ^
h i ^ d^ dudi cac ^ dp i^ian l o ^ tiiu ^ xuit hi^n, quan h$ li^ kg, not tiep, ^ g t i ^ lya di(;xi vd giii gjdi tiifdi va tiii^ ke bdi t ^ Tron co sd I ^ qud khdo
sdt Iffit hpp tiidnh qud ngjiioi cuu trcxig cCing Kih vvrc
vd ^ ^em U hidn day hpc i^ogi ng^ dua ra cdc
kien ng^lioi quan
12 l£$n nay t^ Tmng Quoc, sddi ng& p h ^
t i ^ Han h i ^ ^ did yai xu^ bdn tir nhflng ndm
Ihidi; C:du ^ 1 ^ difnh ph\i g6m quan h$ nhdn qu^
6^ k i ^ tuong {didn, myc dida^ ^ t h i ^ n h u ^
bp Cau ^ 1 ^ liot^ b ^ cu«i sddi i ^ p h ^ din^ I^idnlo^t^sau:
STT
1
3
Logical ^ 1 ^
CSu fijidp o5 quan h^ li$ ke
Ciu ^ 1 ^ 06 quan h$ n& t i ^
Ciu f ^ c6 quan h$ @ne tiin
Clu ^ 1 ^ cd quan h^ H B dicn
NPI
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NP2
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NP3
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M ' 4
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Trang 251
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8
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cau Rh^ c6 quan h$ gii tlii^
CSu f!}i^ c6 quan h§ nfa&i qua
CSu riNt} oi quan ha dial kign
CSu ($1^ c6 quan ha tuong phan
C3u ^ 1 ^ c6 quan ha nhupng b$
CSu ^ 1 ^ o6 quan ha muc <fich
CSu pfa^ o6 quan ha b6 vd dign
CSu g h ^ c6 quan ha iihiSni ( ^
CSu g h ^ c6 quan ha thfii gian
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Nhgnxet
TTai-n^ v l mdt phdn k)9i va quy lo^i, sddi NP 3
vd sdch NP4 tdch cdu g h ^ diing lign tCr " S P ^ -fe
" (cAo i3£r i/u ) thdnh m$t loai khdc Id cdu g h ^
cd quan h | nhupr^ b^ Trong khi dd sddi NP 1 vd
sddi NP 2 van xqs lo^i cdu g h ^ ndy vdo {^iSn cau
^ 1 ^ cd quan h$ ^ tl^^ vd dupc phdn lo^i nhd hon
I d c ^ ^ ) ^ gjd tiii^ ngugc Mpt <£lm khic bift nOa
dd Id, sddi NP 4 l^i x ^ cau ^hi^ cd quan h$ gjd tiii^
S)^dyng lien ti> " $ t ] ^ st " ( n ^ •••l^^ ••) vdo k)9i
cSu ^ ^ cd quan h$<£^ k i ^ \ d dupc [didn lo^l nhd
hon Id ( ^ gji^ (£ai k i ^ gjd tiii^ S^ khdc nhau cdn
tbS hi$i trong sddi NP2, tdc gjd tdch cau g h ^ cd
quan hf bd hay dipn vd cdu gji^ c6 quan h$ tiidi
gian tiidnh hai lo9iri€ngbi^ trong khi ba sdch NP 1,
NP 2 vd NP 4 deu x $ lo^i cdu g h ^ tfiijr nh& vdo
myc cdu ^ 1 ^ cd quan h$ lya di^vi \ ^ lo^i cdu ^ ^
tfiur hai vdo lo^i cdu g h ^ cd quan h$ n6i tiqi
TTai- hm, vk cddi sO: dyng t&i gpi dio ciing m^t
lo^i cdu gji^ Cling c6 sy khdc nhau giua cdc sddi
ngft phdp Tit ^ ^ (I'&i q u ^ ) till sdch NP2 Vf dy,
cCing mft lo^i cau ^ i ^ cd quan hf n6t tilp nhung,
frCMigkhi sddi NPldCmgvdNPS lgi 1 ^ lupt dilngtijr
^ S (ffaiia t i ^ ) vd M i p (tiiugn tiiCia) "nrong ty, vdi logi cdu ^ ^ cd quan hf ^di tiifdi, sddi NP 1 vd sdch NP3 dimg tir iJi (gidi tiiuy^) cdn sdch NP 4 lgi dCing tif ^ h ^ ( b 6 sung)
Ket qud khdo sdt dd chl ra idng, hifn nay, gjQa cdc sddi ngfl p h ^ t i ^ g Hdn h i ^ dgi v§n diua cd m$t t i ^ dii tii^ nh^ dio vifc phdn logi vd sCr dyng
^ gpi cho cau ^ i ^ EMeu ndy dd ididn dnh thyc
trgng nrfii&i aiu bdn Ih^ d6i vin nhOng vin de lioi
quan den cdu ^ i ^ cung dang t ^ tgi nhflng y k i ^ khdc nhaa Ngodi ra dung tir @3c dO If Iu§n n ^ g n ohi n g f l i ^ , diki ndy cdn phdn dnh mpt thyc trang nfla dd la vifc dgy hpc ngft p h ^ tioig Hdn dio i^udi nude ngodi \ l n diua dupc tdch bift ra vdi vifc dgy hpc ngfl j d i ^ ti^g Hdn dv) ngufri bdn dja
22 Thitt^F^i^cdugh^
Ve phan s ^ x ^ tiui tyr xuit h i ^ cdc cdu gji^, mSi sdch ngfl | 4 i ^ lgi c6 mOt t i ^ dif ri^g, vl v§y, tiiir tv s ^ x ^ cdu g h ^ trong cdc sddi ngfl' p h ^ idt Ididc nhaL Cd tie hlnh dung nhu sau:
Bdng 2: Thu t^exuea luin cua edu ghip
—>86%^cfacn-*Mvic<Bch—»Thiri gan—>Hiilni(^
Li§tkfl-»N(^ ti^-+Giii thfch-»Lya d i i ; i n - » B n g t i & - » E H a i k i ^ ^ G i i t H l t - > N ^
li^k6-*N6iti^-»T?ngti&i-»Lyadii3n *Giaih(di »Nhanqu4-»'H^fd?n-» Throng phfln-»Nhui^b5
I^u hpp vdi ti€u dif "tir don gjdn d ^ l ^ u t e t ^ * trong
d ^ hpc ngogi ngfl VI logi cdu ^ i ^ ndy chii yeu siSr dyng cdc tir n6i nhir :S% ^ (vCia vua ^ j ^ .—5iL (vCQ vira ); ^ S f l D J S Odidng
Nhgnxet
MQt Id, bdng tren cho ttidy, cd^ b6n sdch ngfl
phdp deu chpn gjdi tiiifu cdu g ^ < ^ g l$p ttudc cdu
ghdp chfnh phy Trong dd, phin cdu g h ^ dfing ]|ip,
cdc sddi deu d^vi gjdi tiii^ n^i dung cOa cdu g j ^
Trang 3tieng ^ y cung Id mpt tnxig nhflng logi cdu ^6p diu
tien ngudi hpc dupc gjdi tfiifu, nhflng tii noi tiiudng
dflng dw logi cau ^lep nay cung den gjdn de sit
di/t% ngufri hpc ft mdc [iidl loi sai khi dimg Tr^
sđi NP I, cdc sđi ngfl j d i ^ c(^ lgi deu di(^ p&i
tiiifu cdu ^ 1 ^ cd quan hf noi tiep sau cdu g h ^ cd
quan bf lift k& E)6i vdi tiiu t^ xuat hifn cua cdu gji^
c6 quan hf tya c h ^ vd quan hf tdt^ tiai cd sy Ididc
nhaụ Sđi NP 1 vd NP 3 f^ cau ^ i ^ cd cman hf
lya c h ^ trudc cdu 0iep cd quan hf tdi^ tien, cc^
sdch NP 2 vd NP 4 till ngupc IgL
Hai Id, doi vdi cau ^ i ^ difnh phy till moi sdch
lgi cd mpt cdch s ^ xep rieng Ididng giraig nhaụ Chl
cd m^t (Son gioig nhau duy nhat đ la, cdc sdch dm
chqxi d^ cdu g ^ cd quan hf myc dfeh sau cdc logi
cau gji^ chfnh p^y khdc
Ket qud khdo sdt doi vdi i^ian n$i dung ndy cung
đ chi ra hifn nay moi sđi ngfl p h ^ lgi dung mpt
tioi chuan khdc nhau cho cđi s ^ x ^ tii\r t^ npi
dung cdu ^ 1 ^ Vl v^y cdch s ^ xhp gjua cdc sdch
ngfl [di^ khnig cd sy tiling nh4
2S Npi dung gidi thkhvtt thiit ki bdi ^
Do doi tupng ngudi dpc khdc nhau, nen phin gjdi
tiiich cđi sfl dyng cau ^ 1 ^ cflng nhu tiiiet ke bdi t ^
li€n quan g^fla cac sach i ^ j ^ i ^ ndy ding cd sy
khdc nhaụ ^ la sach đnh dw d6i tupng ngudi
nude ngodi hpc tieng Han noi nfi dung §ia tiifch
cdch sijr dyng cua timg logi c ^ ^ i ^ cung nhu thiet
k^ bdi t ^ chilm mpt tupng ldn npi dung tnmg sdch
N P l v d N P l
Trinh ty gjdi tfiidi cđi siJr dyng oua cdu ^ ^
trong cdc sdch ngfl pt^ tuong doi giong nhaa
Tmdc bit cdc sđi ngfl f^idp deu dya tren quan bf
ngfl n^iia ^fla hai {Mi cdu tiln hdnh chia cdc cdu
^ 1 ^ tiianh nhieu tiai logi khdc nhau, t i ^ theo Id gjdi
tfiifu nhflng tfl noi h ^ dimg cho ttOig tioi k)gi, sau
đ lay vf dy minh hpa Vf dy, khi odi tiifdi cdch sit
dyng oia ( ^ ^ i ^ cd quan hf dihi k i ^ cdc sdch
ngfl p h ^ deu diia tiidnh bakigi nhd Id: 1/Cdugh^
cd (Beu kifn di, tiiudng diing " R S g t ' (chi
cdn Id ); 2/ Cau ^ i ^ ^eu kifn can, tiiudng
diing''RW/^#^ :t "(cfc'cd WOT ); 3/Cdu
ghep khong d i ^ kifn, thudng dimg " ^ t f e / ^ ®
SP " (AA/u(w d ^ ) Vdi mSi tieu logi cdc sđi
Trong b&i cu&i ngfl [ d i ^ md bdi vilt dipn itai doi tupng khdo sdt till chl c6 cuon NP 1, NP 3, ngoJi
phkn gidi thfdi cđi sur dyng oia timg kigi cau gh^
ccn dua tiiem m$t [4iin nOi dung nhflng diii ^ khi si) dyng cdu gji^ thfng qua tiy vf dy v^ nhflng iSi sal
tiiudng g ^ Idii diing c^ ^v&p Tdc ^ chia cdc iSi
sai tiiudng g ^ thdnh ba logi: quan bf ngfl'n^mgNh hai i^iin cau khdng r6 rdng, ket ciu cdu gji^ bj diing sai vd diing tirn6i k h ^ c h ^ xdẹ
Phin tiiiet ke bdi t|^, cdc sdch dki tiiilt ke dugc
cdc dgt^ bai t$p phan bift cdu don vd cdu ^ip, vi
n h ^ bi^ logi cau gh^- Tiir sđi NP 4, cdc sđi ngS
p h ^ obn Igi dai cd thi^ kS tidi t ^ lien quan rai
cđi sCr dyng cdc tfl^ noi dudi dgng bdi diQa cSu sa
h o ^ diln ti^ n6i vdo ch5 t r ^ g S6 l u ^ g dw mSi dgng bdi t ^ Id ni$t tidi, mSi tidi cd khodng tfl 8-10 caụ
3 M$ts6 k i l n i i g ^ d l x u ^
Theo Didu Tiai Binh dgy hpc ngfl jUi&p cho
ngudi nude ngodi cd nhibig d$c d i ^ sau: (1) Itnh ling dyne ^ ) Ket hpp gjfla hlnh tiiiic vd y n^iia; (3) Chii y d i l cdc nhdn to ngfl dyng (4) Chi tiet bod quy
tdc vd b6 sung cdc diai kifn six dyng; (S) Kit ligp
gifla gidi tiifdi vd miai td; (6) Caiiiỉ so sdnh vdi ftjtc
te sii dyng ngdn ngft (7) Chii 1? d&i tinh diit vd (i;
£ a n chung (8) Sii d|^g i^uong i ^ tiiye n ^ i i ^
vd tfi6ng kẹ Cd tiie nhgn tiiiy cdc d$c a i m (1), C?)
vd (8) ti€n quan din nguyen tdc tiiilt k^ klunig
diuong trinh ngfl i^idp^ cdc ^ ^m cdn lgi dii) tiicmg din nguyen tdc khi gidng QH kiln tfnic ngD
pti^ Dya tr€n nhflng d$c dilm If lugn d ^ hpc ngu ticn kit hpp vdi ket qud khdo sdt vd tiiam ktiio nhflng kit qud nghiSn curu ding M i vyc bdi vilt si dia ra mpt so nhflng kien n ^ lioi quan d ^ tiiiet li n$i dung cau ^ 1 ^ timg cdc sđi ngfl'[di^ tii^ nỆ
Ihdrnhdt, vij^idn logi vd sud{ô tin g^ i^ gh^
Dya tien nhflng (%: d i ^ tf lugn dgy hpc nhir tron till cdch fiidn kigi cdu g h ^ tiong sdch NP 2 cin nhieu bit cgp N ^ diing tir gde dp cd tfnh iing 4 i | cao vd jdiu hpp vdi tiiyc t^ sfl dyng n ^ ngfl till cdi
^ ^ cd cpian hf tfifri gan khdng nen cho vdo danb myc cdc cau g h ^ U do td \ ^ ttieo tii&ig kg tin sii sii dyng cau ^ 1 ^ cda tdc gid Plgnh Giang Ddo tin tiiay, khoigcdsotifuchoUigicau^i^n^.D^vj^ logi cau g h ^ cd quan hf p h i ^ djnh, n0i dung rả
Trang 4NG6N NGCA Bin S6NG
van vd da Aipe gjdi tiiifu trcmg plian n$i dung oia
dgi tiị VI v^, nai cho tii^ logi cau ^ i ^ n ^ vdo
danh myc cdc cdu ^lip s6 Idm dw nOi dung ngfl
[di^ bi d i ^ dido vd kb&ig cd trqmg tdm N^idi ra
vifc tdc gid tđi cdu ^ i ^ cd quan hf lya dipn sfl
dyng"-%^ ^Jn "(/:Aạ con Aow )tiianh mpt
togi cdu gji^ ri^g cd quan hf bd vd c h ^ cung
Idinig i ^ hop Cdch Idm nd/ (G ngugc Igi vdi d$c
dikm diii ^ doi tfnh diit diung trcHig dgy hpc ngogi
n ^ Bdi, nlu x ^ v^ m^t ^ i ^ u a 1M hai ve oia cdu
^ 1 ^ n ^ vin cd quan hf lya chpn, vi v ^ , sS phil hpp
hon n ^ xhp togi cdu ndy tiidnh mpt tieu logi trong
cau g ^ cd quan hf lya chqm
Nhu đ n€u d tr€n, vifc phdn logi cdu g h ^ can
d ^ bdo nguyen tic cd tuih img dyng cao vd cd so
sdnh vdi tiiyc te sfl dyng ng&i ngfl Nhflng cdu ^ip
cd tin suit sii dyng tii^ Idi^g n€n dua vdo g j ^
tiii^ dk đm bdo dupc n^i dung tipng tdm Trong
cdc sđi diu d i ^ gjdi tiii^ cau ^ ^ c d quanhf gjdi
tfifc^ nhung tiieo tti6ng kg tan suit sfl dyi^ cdu g h ^
ciia tdc gjd Hgnh Giang Ddo khdng cd so t i ^ dw
logi cdu ^6p ndy vl vgy tiieo chiit^ tdi Idwng nen
cJio logi cdu g h ^ ndy vdo pttdn logi vl t ^ iing dyng
khnig caọ E)6i vdi togi cdu gji^ cd quan hf nhupng
b0dCingtiin6i"fiP^ lfẹ "(cfe)rfw vAị ),
xA vl m$t ^ n ^ a , cd quan hf gjd tiiilt ngupc tgi vdi
cdu g h ^ gid tiiilt dimg "Jn^ St "(««< ift* -X
do đ cd till de logi cdu ndy Id m$t t i ^ togi tnmg cdu
0 1 ^ cd quanhf gidtiii^
Vdi nhltng ^ k i ^ n ^ tr€n, diiing tdi nh|in tii^
c&i ^ 1 ^ n&n bao gom nhflng logi sau: Cdu g h ^
Sag ]^ g6m cdc cdu g h ^ cd quan hf tift kg, noi
ti^ tSng ti^ lya chpn; Cdu ghdp chfnh phy gom
cdc cdu ^idp cd quan hf nhan qud, tiiong pt^ gd
tiiilt, dilu k i ^ myc dfdL
Cflng flieo Chdu Tilu Binh, dung lir gde df d ^
hpctilt^ Hdn nhu mpt ngogi ngfl, nhifm vy chii yeu
Id g i ^ ngudi hpc thy đc m$t cdch nhanh nhit ngfl
phdp ti4^ Hdn md khdng bi gd t)d vdo hf tii6ng If
lugn ngfl phdp VI v§y, chiing tdi nh|n fliiy ring, khi
( ^ tgn cho cdc hifn tupng ngft phdp cin tidnh ditng
cdc tiiu|t ngfl ngft jAdp cd tinh chat ciiuy&i ngdnh,
nSn c6 gdng dya trfin SV kit hpp gifla d$c diem v^ y
n ^ vd hlnh tiiiic oia cdụ Tii cdch nh§n # i h ndy,
cau ^ ^ n h u h i ^ nay chua tii|t sv phfl hpp Vf dy, cau gji^ cd quan hf nhan qud dki dipe cdc sdch ngft p h ^ diia ra tiidnh hai togi nhd: I) i j t ^ S ^ " ^
(cau ^€p thuyet minh quan hf nlian qud), Ihudng
d u n g I d " @ ^ 3 f ^ " ( W / v z H ^ ) ; ( 2 ) m i 6
H ^ * ^ (cdu ^ ^ suy lu$n quan hf nhdn qud), tiiudng dung "SỆ .gft " (d& /W ) v i n d^ ( ^
ra d đy Id, tdm sao de ten gpi oia cdc logi cdu ^ i ^ phdi cd tdc dyng n h ^ bi^ md k h ^ g g ^ khd Ididn
d w i^udi hpc trong vifc gjii nhd VI v§y, sS thu$n tifn hon neu trcmg tiudng hpp ndy chiing ta dimg
l u ^ cdc tu n6i lđ$c diem ntign dgng de ^ i t ^ cho tiing tillu logi cdu ^ ^ Theo nhu vf dy tign cd till chuyin tiidnh: S M £ ' ^ f f l " H ^ B f M " (cdu
^ 1 ^ nhan qud dflng "fiCTvị nen ") ; S ^ f i " ^
^"^f^ ^ " (cdu ^ d p nhan qud dflng "đ dụ .'Ọ Cdch d|it tai ndy till h i ^ dupc ^ \xm% vh
vk ciu cflng nhu quan tif ngfl n ^ ^ oia cdc logi cdu
^idp, do đ sg de đng hon dot vdi ngu£n hpc trong vifc gjii nhd Hon nOa theo nhu tii6ng kg oia tdc gid Hgnh Giang Ddo vS l5i sai Idii sti dyng cdu ^ i ^ thl loi sai tign quan dai dung tfl noi tfiudng chilm ti If cao khodng S3% VI v ^ cdch tdm trai day cung sS
g ^ |:hin gjiq? ngudi hpc ndm dupc cdch ptidn logi dipc cdu 0 1 ^ tiidng cpia cdc diu h i ^ n h ^ bilt Id tii n6i, tii đ sg budc c ^ hgn d l l dipc cdch sft dyng sai tflndl
Jhithai, vidtd^t^s^xi^cdug/^
Theo Ld Vfin Hoa, cđi sdp x^} tilii tv xuit h i ^ cho mpt hifn tupng ngfl p h ^ {hy tiiu$c b ^ nhilu
y ^ nhu tf Iu|n dgy hpc, cjuy lu$t tii nh|in, quy Iu$t
ngOTi ngfl, quy tu^ tiiy dSc v.v Theo ^ kiln dia
chiing tdi, vifc s ^ x ^ tfui tv xuit hifn cira cdu ^ ^ tiudc het ngn d ^ bdo diing nguygn ^ "tfl dS dai khd" Ngodi ra, cdc sdch cflng n ^ kit hpp vdi ^ t qud ed dipc tfl nhflng nghign oiu vl v l l5i sai vd qud trinh tiiy đc eua hpc anh khi sfl dyng cdu ^ i ^ Theo s6 l i ^ n ^ & i oiu cfla tdc gjd Hgnh Giang Dao, cdu g t i ^ ed quan hf tuong ihdn ed tin suit eao
nhat, hpc siih Idii sfl dyng logi cdu ^6p ndy mdc
phdi ft loi sai nhit vd diai ndy hodn todn ngupe Igi vdi tmdng h ^ oia cau ^ & ) tya chpn
Trang 5dong thdi Iham kh^ s6 li$u dieu ba o ^ H ^ Giang
Q ^ ve tan suat sir dgng cSu g h ^ v^ ty 1$ dung sai
c&J ^ 1 ^ cua luu hpc sinli, chijng toi xin djQC dua la
gpi y cho cdch sdp wp thir t^r ciJa cau g h ^ nhu sau:
cau gsip dfag %>; U ^ ke -> N6i tilp-> Ufs chpn
-> T^g tiai; Cau g h ^ chinh phy: Tuong ph3n —*
NhSn qu4-> Myc dich-• Gi4 thl&-• Dieu ki$a
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T A I L i f u THAM K H A O CHINH
1 »m± (2008) , s ^ ^ a a s , M
SSffilStt
2 nn^ (2001) , scfflstftsiiiia,
3 mm (1991) , giftamma, m
»»tUffitt
4 SP®a (2001) , aift5R®®ife , ±»
5 m'\^^ (2002) , 5xiss=am«¥a
aw^js, 't'lijA^^a, ( 6 ) , 137-14Z
6 aA* (1999 ) , >!}^5RS«#®a#
%m?i , db»®mS:<k:*:¥ai)iStt, 1999
7 BX* ( 2002 , 5S*|.ai5»«iiaffll Sf)?«mMaiR»S , l&SS®** (4),
8 ^Km ( 2002 ) , e^tttfflS^tfl