Syntactic and semantic features of passive sentences in treasure island by robert louis stevenson

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF PASSIVE SENTENCES IN “TREASURE ISLAND” BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON (Đặc điểm cú pháp ngữ nghĩa câu bị động tác phẩm “ Đảo Giấu Vàng” Robert Louis Stevenson) NGUYEN THU THUY Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Van Dong Hanoi, 2020 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF PASSIVE SENTENCES IN “TREASURE ISLAND” BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSTON submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 Nguyen Thu Thuy Approved by SUPERVISOR Nguyen Thi Van Dong Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the process of completing this graduation paper, I have received a great deal of assistance, guidance and encouragement from my supervisor, my teacher, my friends and my family First of all, I would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisor - the leader of the foreign language department, Mrs Nguyen Thi Van Dong, who has given me suggestions on how to shape the study and has continuously encouraged as well as given me valuable advice with constructive comments during the process of writing this graduation paper Next, I would like to express my gratitude to all lecturers in the Faculty of English for their lectures and instructions which help me a lot in completing this study I also would like to express my sincere thanks to my friends who have always shared with me their interests, concerns and supports for this study Last but not least, I would like to thank my family who has facilitated me to complete this study Ha Noi, October, 2020 Student Nguyen Thu Thuy ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Error! Bookmark not defined TABLE OF CONTENTS iii ABSTRACT v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 65 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.1.1 Previous studies oversea 2.1.2 Domestic previous studies on passive structures 2.2 Theoretical background 2.2.1 Overview of voice and passive voice in English 2.2.2 Language style in novels .Error! Bookmark not defined CHAPTER 3: COMPARISON BETWEEN SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF PASSIVE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IN “TREASURE ISLAND” 18 3.1 Features of English and Vietnamese passive sentences in “Treasure Island” in term of syntax and semantics 20 3.1.1 General view of syntactic and semantic features of passive sentences in “Treasure Island” 20 3.1.2 Passive voice in semantic analysis 28 iii 3.1.3 Agents and Patients in passives 28 3.1.4 Passive constructions in syntactic analysis 35 3.1.5 Passive constructions with “bị” and “được” 36 3.2 Similarities of English and Vietnamese passive sentences 45 3.3 Differences between English and Vietnamese in passives 46 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 60 4.1 Recapitulation 60 4.2 Concluding remarks 61 4.3 Limitations of the current research 61 4.4 Implications for English learners and translators in learning and translating passive sentences 62 REFERENCES APPENDIXES iv ABSTRACT Passive sentence has been considered an interesting field from semantic and syntactic perspectives It is one of the issues that has never been studied exhaustively Being interested in passive sentences, this thesis naming “ Syntactic and semantic features of passive sentences in ‘Treasure Island’ by Robert Louis Stevenson” in order to help Vietnamese learners and translators of English have better understanding of English passive sentences Basing on the description and analysis of collected data of passive sentence examples in “Treasure Island” with descriptive and contrastive methods used in combination with the qualitative and quantitative approaches, this study aims at pointing out some various forms of English and Vietnamese passive sentences as well as finding out the similarities and differences between them From those, the athor would like to show difficulties and suggest some solutions for Vietnamese learners and translators of English in translating and learning English passive sentences and to help them master English passive sentences and thus improve their language acquisition v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Adj Adj.P N NP O Pre.P S V VP : Adjective : Adjective phrase : Noun : Noun Phrase : Object : Prepositional Phrase : Subject : Verb : Verb phrase vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2: Passive verbs in different tenses 12 Table 3.1 : Tenses of “be” in passive structures 20 Table 3.2 : Semantic roles of subjects in passive voice 56 Table 3.3: Rate of passive structures in Vietnamese materials 60 Table 3.4 : Quirk’s passive scale 61 Table 3.5 : The form of “be” passive in different tenses in “Treasure Island” vii 71 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study Passive sentence is a topic which is researched by many linguists and concerned nowadays Passive sentence has an important role in English, especially in academic works where the actions take place without mentioning the doer In Vietnamese, vice versa, active form are preferred In English, passive sentences are acknowledged and used as a grammar point for teaching English, but Vietnamese people not often use the passive voice, and they usually change it into the active voice Or even when the passive sentence is used, the word order of passive structure in Vietnamese is different from that in English Today, there is still a controversy of whether passive voices exist in Vietnamese or not but nobody can deny the role of passive meaning in Vietnamese Although there are a lot of pages, books, chapters which have been written about the passive sentence, many readers still have trouble explaining its usage in understandable ways This result has caused some misunderstanding and making mistakes when they learn and translate English passive sentences into Vietnamese and vice versa, especially in properly understanding English literary works The translation process is quite complex as it requires translators to put a lot of thoughts on a variety of aspects beyond the materials to be translated The materials are not only written in different languages, but they also represent different cultures, differ greatly in terms of linguistic, literary and socio-culture conventions For this reason, the author concerns a good deal with the translation of literary works Among those linguistic conventions, passive sentences, in the author’s mind, seem to cause a great deal of trouble when translating them from the source language text into the mother tongue and vice versa This is also the case when the author read the novel “Treasure Island” by Robert Louis Stevenson Then the author’s mind raised a question whether there exist any differences between passive sentences in English and Vietnamese and whether those differences, if there are any, decide on the passive sentences in terms of syntactic and semantic or their meaning and structure are determined by other factors All these account for the author’s decision to have a closer look at passive sentences in English and Vietnamese and assign the paper the title “syntactic and semantic features of passive sentences in ‘Treasure Island’ by Robert Louis Stevenson 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study The aim of the study is to help Vietnamese learners and translators of English passive sentences to learn and them in an effective way from semantic and syntactic perspectives To achieve the above-mentioned aims, the following objectives can be put forward: - To identify the syntactic and semantic features of passive sentences in English and Vietnamese - To make a comparison between the syntactic and semantic features of passive sentences in English and Vietnamese in “ Treasure Island” - To give some suggestions for better learning and translating English passive sentences into Vietnamese for the Vietnamese learners and translators of English 1.3 Research questions To fulfill the objectives mentioned above, the study tries to seek the answers to the following questions: What are the features of English and Vietnamese passive sentences in terms of syntax and semantics? What are the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese passive sentences in “Treasure Island” by Robert Louis Stevenson in term of syntax and semantics? What are the implications for learning and translating English passive sentences into Vietnamese for the Vietnamese learners and translators of English? 1.4 Methods of the study In order to complete this study, some effective and flexible combination of several research methods will be applied for finding out the syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese passive sentences Firstly, the descriptive method is used in the first stage To give a deep and detailed description of functional and structural features of English passive sentences These features are illustrated by a list of English passive sentences taken from the reference grammar books written by contemporary influential linguists in English as Quirk,R.et, Bauer, L (1983), Plag, I (2003) and Mgr Marie Gajzlerová (2007) and in “Treasure Island” 158) Present perfect S + have/has + The watch has still not been found been + P2 + by + (App 1a 58) Agent Near future S + am/is/are + We’re actively considering what’s going to going to be + P2 + be necessary to deal with that threat and by + Agent we’re not going to be restricted by borders (App 1a.434) Simple Future S + will/shall + be Hosted by the Philippine Chamber of + P2 + by + Agent Commerce and Industry, the conference aimed to gear up for regional integration as an ASEAN economic community will have been formed by 2015 (App 1a 325) (Source: Summaried by Author) Note: present perfect progressive and past perfect progressive not exist in the passive form in English The nearest passive equivalent of a sentence such as: “They have been cooking dinner” would normally be “Dinner has been cooked” or “We had been waiting for him for two hours” would be “He had been waited for hours by us”, which is not the same thing In addition to basic structures mentioned above, native English speakers also manipulate some special passive constructions to convey their ideas in daily life: - Passive voice with Modal verbs such as can, may, might, could, ought to, should, had better, used to, etc may precede the verb “be” Modals and Auxiliary in the passive voice: S + Modal verb + be + P + by + Agent For example: Thankfully we have caught it in the early stages and my doctors and I are a very confident it can be managed (App 1a 179) "It's bad that the federal police allowed this to happen and they should be hauled over the coals (App1a 251) 55 - Some verbs such as advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, urge, prefer, decree are followed by “that should be + p2” For example: Cabinet members agreed that special attention should be given to the restructuring of State-owned enterprises, pointing out that the process remained slow (App 323) - It is/was + adjective + that … should “ that … should” can be used after it is/was advisable, better, desirable, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary It is essential that rare animals (should) be protected (App 1a 414) - Double passives in which there are two passive-meaning parts The Government would allocate funds, and a plan to repair and upgrade the reservoirs was expected to be conducted next year (App 1a 155) The vice chairwoman said 50 per cent of the crops were estimated to be lost (App 1a 98) - Passive voice with causative forms: HAVE, GET S + have/ get + O (thing) + P2 (+by +O [person]) We use this structure to present actions we arrange for other people to for us Over 100 homeowners signed up to have their well water tested (App 1a 454) Something notably absent from all of these approaches is any distinction between the two variant passive forms; be and get It has even been explicitly stated by some (e.g Quirk et al 1972, Stein 1979, Chomsky 1981) that these two forms are structurally identical and interchangeable It will, however, become clear that passive get is distinct from the ‘standard’ be both syntactically and semantically, through precisely how is a matter of debate - Passive transforms using the infinitive : to be/to have been + P2 Passive infinitive is used like active infinitives: For example: The video appears to have been composed or edited from different frames, and later what appears to be a different knife is shown lying next to Mr Foley’s corpse.(App 1a.445) 56 Richard Dannatt, the former head of the British Army, made a similar argument on Friday, telling the BBC, “Whether it’s above the counter or below the counter, a conversation has got to be held with him,” referring to Mr Assad, arguing that any allied airstrikes against ISIS in Syria would need that country’s tacit approval so planes were not shot down by its air defenses.(App 1a.444) - Special passive structure with unreal subject for one clause “to be said that/ It is believed that” Constructions with reporting verbs in reported speech such as say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect, understand, acknowledge, estimate, explain, assume, suppose, announce, etc can be used with this structure: “It is/was + P2 + that + clause/ to infinitive” It is expected that this will help redistribute land to more efficient and financially capable investors, especially for pending ‘golden' sites which have been cleared where there has been no further construction activity (App 1a.280) CEO of Piaggio Viet Nam, Costantino Sambuy, in a recent talk with the media, said that the motorcycle market in Viet Nam is growing by per cent annually It is believed that the demand for scooters will increase further in the future, as per capita income increases to $2,600 per annum by 2017 (App 1a 321) According to trade experts, Israel was considered a lucrative market for Vietnamese exporters in the Middle East (App 1a 190) - Infinitive placed after passive verbs are normally full infinitives: Previously, VNPT was allowed to establish member firms such as VNPT – Media, operating in multimedia services, and VNPT – Net, specialising in network infrastructure (App 1a 137) The meeting was held to review the committee's performance in the first six months of this year and identify tasks for the remaining six months (App 1a 123) On all major roads, noise levels were found to exceed permissible levels (App 1a 182) - The continuous infinitive can be used after the passive of believe, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand: Sometimes “was/were supposed to” is used to talk about an arrangement, a plan unlike the fact: The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late - Passive gerund ( Danh động từ bị động) Present: being + P2 57 Past: having been + P2 Passive gerund is used likely active gerund (except compound noun) Since being commissioned, the pipeline has seen nine breakages that have disrupted the daily lives of about 70,000 local residents living in the Hoang Mai, Thanh Xuan and Tu Liem districts (App 1a.314) From 9.00-9:36 a.m, a reconnaissance aircraft was seen flying at the height of 1,000 - 2,000m above the rig, then heading northwest (App 1a 105) Witnesses in the north confirmed seeing troops leaving the area as others were seen pulling out of villages east of Khan Yunis in the south as commentators suggested it was the start of a unilateral withdrawal (App 1a.385) - Need doing = need to be done: (passive meaning) In passive voice, “ need to be done” is used for people, not used “need doing” “It will take many months, and it won’t be easy, but Ebola can be stopped,” Frieden added “We know what needs to be done.” (App 1a 345) - Passive with the verb having two objects (the S -V- Oi- Od (-A) structure) When both Oi-Od are noun phrases, both can be used as the subject of the passive sentence When Oi is a noun phrase and Od is a finite clause, there are two ways of passiveness by the subject of the passive being either Oi (more common) or Od in the corresponding active sentences When Oi is a noun phrase and Od is a non-finite clause (to infinitive), the subject of the passive construction is with the Oi only When Oi is a noun phrase and Od is a prepositional phrase, the passive construction starts with Oi The practice of choosing which object will become the subject of passive sentence depends on the information we want to emphasize This is illustrated with the following examples: Just a bit of fun (Oi) could have been to give her (Od) the police cap and have a photo taken like that, that would have been fun (App 1a.252) In English, passive structure cannot be changed If we change it, the meaning of the sentence is changed completely In conclusion, with the result of analysis of the thesis, the writers and readers of novels in both language can easily understand and use passive voice effectivelly and naturally 58 59 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 4.1 Recapitulation To put it briefly, we can find out that language is so sophisticated Passive voice is an essential grammatical point in both English and Vietnamese Understanding its rules will be the best way to enter the world of languages and it will help us a lot to manage the grammatical point named “passive voice” and overcome the confusion and difficulties when using and studying English and Vietnamese passive sentences Besides similarities, an important way in which Vietnamese passive differs from English one is that Vietnamese verbs don't themselves imply a clear notion of "voice" in the grammatical sense Whereas, in English a transitive verb must be either active or passive No such distinction is necessary in Vietnamese Hence, the object of Vietnamese verbs is not formally marked The issue mentioned in this paper may not be satisfactory Hopefully, it can provide some helpful information for language learners in writing and transforming sentences in specific contexts The active voice is much more widely used than the passive It is easier to understand and clearer The passive voice, however, is used in writing much more often than in speech It can be found in newspapers and magazines or articles, and it is very common in scientific and technical writing In conclusion, the passive voice is one of the most important grammatical categories of English and Vietnamese Thus,it is said that this contrastive analysis of passive voice is really useful and important in communication and it also has many implications in learning a second language To recap, although the way passive constructions in Vietnamese and English are expressed differently, it is a grammatical point that plays a critical role in forming the diversity of each language The most problematic thing that most researchers as well as learners encounter is the translation of passive-meaning sentences into the other language So, after all the theoretical presentation, contrasting and comparing, I hold out much hope that my paper will prove itself to be quite useful in learning, studying and translating passive sentences Furthermore, it is said that language mastery requires not only the structural accuracy but also the appropriateness and naturalness in real-life communication Therefore, through my paper, I wish to raise people’s awareness of combining structural and functional use of passive voice in both English and Vietnamese to enhance their language skills 60 Because of the limited time and within the framework of the thesis, it is expected that this paper will set the stage for further study of passive voice in both English and Vietnamese language and many further researches on passive voice should be carried out in the future 4.2 Concluding remarks As presented above, the concluding remarks of the study are: - Some of the most typical definitions and syntactic and semantic features of of passive sentences in English have been discussed - General features of English passive sentence structures, especially linguistic features have been described in terms of syntax and semantic - After the descrition and detailed contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese passive structures, it is discovered that passive structure is an essential grammatical point in both languages In addition, the analysis has shown that passive structures in the two languages have not only similarities but differences as well Though the similarities may seem greater in number, the differences are much used to both learning and translating English into Vietnamese - The various examples of passive sentences in English and Vietnamese novels will make a great contribution to the analysis of the research - Both Vietnamese learners and translators of English may find this study useful since it can help them to improve their knowledge of passiveness in both the languages as: they will know how to read, translate and use the passive sentence - The study is also a suggestion for learners and translators English to overcome the difficulties in dealing with passive structures, using it naturally and meeting the demand of learning and translating English effectively - Finally, due to the constraint in time and the size of minor thesis as well as the limited knowledge of the author, the study cannot help having shortcomings and it is certainly inadequate and detailed as the author expected Therefore, to make this study better, comments and suggestions from professionals, teachers and those who are concerned are warmly welcome and highly appreciated 4.3 Limitations of the current research In any research papers, limitations are unavoidable The study presented in this minor thesis is of no exception From the data of previous surveys, I collect the statistics of the examples and draw the results Because of the limits of time and the data and from that I analyze 61 the structure of these examples, I mainly focus on some basic syntactic structure and word use to contrast On the whole, from this paper, we can see some differences and similarities in passive voice between English and Vietnamese The number of 461 English and 297 Vietnamese passive examples are not sufficient enough for the researcher to have precise judgments Not all the suggested techniques for analyzing the passive structures are experimented properly, so the researcher cannot draw a conclusion of the effectiveness and completion This study purpose is mainly to find out the similar and different characteristics of passive voice between English and Vietnamese that help improve learning and translating passive voice more effectively This point causes the lack of view to compare and contrast which is better, which is worse, when and how to use these techniques to get the highest efficiency The study, thus, may lead to irrelevant results Despite such limitations, the writer strongly believes that this research is successful to some extent Though this is just a small-scale study on the issue, it really provides some helpful suggestions for learners and translators to have deeper knowledge about passive voice between two languages However, any further research that employs supplementary instruments or carry out in a longer period of time or be on a larger scale can help to prove the above results more strongly and persuasively Therefore, if I had much more time, my thesis would be more interesting and persuasive 4.4 Implications for English learners and translators in learning and translating passive sentences Learning language is a form of activity that involves many grammatical categories When learners practice in a new language, the habits in culture become the second characteristics that can become advantages or disadvantages in their learning and practicing communication Vietnamese learners of English have difficulty not only in the differences in language and non-language factors but also in language style, approach strategies…This research refers to “passive voice”, one of the functions of English, therefore, besides the language competence and the knowledge about culture of country, the teachers of language need the knowledge about the communicative style or the culture of the learners This research gives 62 further relevance to the importance of the understanding of passive voice across cultures and exchanges between cultures So far we have just discussed some contrastive points of the passive voice in English and Vietnamese It helps us be aware of the differences between passive voice in English and Vietnamese so that they can use it naturally and correctly and it does not sound strange and difficult to understand It is hoped that my study can help the English learners and the translators have a clear picture when working with the passive sentences with various forms of expressing, it also helps both learners and researchers develop their linguistic skills in both English and Vietnamese Learning theories and having a bigger picture by studying about the contrastive points between the passive voice between two languages can make them have deeper and better knowledge and easily remember From this, the learners and translators understand clearly these problems and find out the appropriate methods, techniques of creating the connection between the learning and translating Furthermore, people whose native language is English, or those who not speak English as their mother tongue but are good at it can also get some good information about the passive voice in English and Vietnamese from this paper, and therefore can communicate with Vietnamese people better In conclusion, passive voice is an important grammatical point in English and Vietnamese, but it is expressed differently in the two languages However, with some descriptions, contrast, analysis and implications for studying and learning languages made above, I hope that this thesis can help language learners and translators have better knowledge of the passives and passivemeaning sentences Moreover, learning a foreign language is not easy at all, especially knowing and mastering all the differences Thus, learners should try their best to practice the languages and overcome the confusion and difficulties of the gaps between English and Vietnamese And hopefully by reading this thesis, the way to achieving that goal will become a bit shorter Due to many differences discussed above, the translators should pay particular attention to the passive-voice translation work They should avoid wordby-word translation, especially with some special passive constructions It’s advisable that researchers have model translation for each case of passive voice to facilitate language users in the long run 63 To Vietnamese learners, they should study not only the structures but also the functional use of passive voice so as to use it more effectively Also, the differences in passive voice in two languages should be considered as a key to avoid word-by-word translation and having natural passive-voice usage in the target language It is hoped that this thesis is useful for the students and the teachers of English Understanding the interrelation between two languages helps the learners acquire a second language effectively and improve their language everyday It is also a reference for all of us – both learners and linguistic translators can have enough skills to communicate with native speakers in a correct manner Both learners and translators can benefit from the findings of the analysis of newspapers in English and Vietnamese It can assist them to be aware of the syntatic and semantic features of the two languages and, as a result, help them get a better understanding of the language Knowledge of the learners’ language and its differences and similarities with the foreign one is practical studying use in many ways, one of which is translation In order to translate English passives which is are relevant to Vietnamese, learners should have features of both languages To translate passive sentences successfully and naturally, the learners have to translate semantically and contextually Contrasting English and Vietnamese passive structures in newspapers can help learners and translators become more conscious of the features of passives and passive meaning in two languages and avoid problems in the use of either, especially when they translate 64 REFERENCES Materials in English Alexander, L.G (1988) Longman English Grammar England: Longman Benjamin Bruening (University of Delaware) and Thuan Tran (Universitat Potsdam) Vietnamese “Passives” and the Nature of the Passive Rough draft, July 13, 2013 Collins, C (2005) A Smuggling Approach to the Passive in English Syntax 8(2).81-120 Crystal (2002) Exploring Grammar in Context Ho Chi Minh City: The Youth Publisher Dominic Thompson Christoph Scheepers Harmonizing the passive: A new proposal for passive construction in generative grammar.University of Glasgow Edward L Keenan and Matthew S Dryer (September 22, 2006), Passive in the world’s languages, P1: RPU/ P2: RPU0521581561c06a.xml CUUK170BShopen V 17:236 European Journal of Research and Reflection in Arts and Humanities Vol No.1 September 2013 Progressive Academic Publishing, UK Page 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interpersonal grammar.English Language and Linguistics 3, 41-58 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 66 26 Thomson, A.J & Martinet, A.V (2000) Practical English Grammar Oxford: Oxford University Press 27 Voice (2005) In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (p 1708, 7th ed.) New York: Oxford University Press Materials in Vietnamese 28 Nguyễn Thị Ảnh (2000) Tiếng Việt có thái bị động khơng? (Is there a passive voice in Vietnamese?), Tạp chí Ngơn ngữ (Language Review), No 5: 36-47 Hanoi : Institute of Linguistics 29 Diệp Quang Ban (2005), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt Hà Nội, NXBGD 30 Diệp Quang Ban & Thuận, Nguyễn Thị (2000) Lại bàn câu bị động tiếng Việt (Passive in Vietnamese: Revisited) Ngôn ngữ, 7, 14-21 31 Đỗ Hữu Châu, et al.(1990) Tiếng Việt 10 Hà Nội: Diên Hồng 32 Nguyễn Hồng Cổn (2009) Vietnamese Passive Sentences from a Typological Perspective Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society2:107-12 33 Nguyễn Văn Đen (2003) The negative effect of the Vietnamese words “bị” and “được” on the acquisiton of English passives M.A Thesis 34.Cao Xuân Hạo (1999) Tiếng Việt – Mấy vấn đề ngữ âm, ngữ pháp, ngữ nghĩa Hanoi: Publisher of Education 35 Cao Xuân Hạo (2001) Hai phép cộng trừ ngôn ngữ (Addition and substraction in linguistics), Tạp chí Ngơn ngữ (Language Review), No 10: 112 Hanoi : Institue of Linguistics 36 Vũ Thị Minh Hiền (2000) Passive voice in English through contrasstive analysis with Vietnamese M.A Thesis 37 Lê Xuân Thại (1989) Câu bị động tiếng Việt Ngôn ngữ, 3, 13-15 38 Nguyễn Kim Thản (1977) Động từ tiếng Việt Hà Nội: NXBKHXH 39 Nguyễn Tất Thắng (2009) The passive in English: A perspective from cognitive semantics(with reference to Vietnames) Ph.D Thesis 40 Lê Quang Thiêm (2004) Nghien Cuu Doi Chieu Cac Ngon Ngu Ha Noi: Vietnam National University Press 41 Bùi Thị Thuận (2012) Common errors in the use of the English passive made by the grade 10 non –English majors at Tran Phu specialised high school, Hai Phong M.A Thesis 42 N M Thuyết, (1986) The roles of "được", "bị" in Vietnamese passive sentences Issues on the Oriental languages Hanoi: Institue of Linguistics 67 43 Nguyễn Minh Thuyết (2004) E-tieng viet: vai tro cua cac tu “duoc”, “bi” cau bi dong tieng viet 44 Nguyễn Thị Thúy (2006) “A contrastive analysis of passive voice between English and Vietnamese” M.A Thesis 45 Đinh Hồng Vân (2007) Sosánh cách biểu đạt ý nghĩa bị động hai ngôn ngữ Ha Noi National University science magazine, University of Social Science and Human 46 Hoàng Văn Vân (2000) Ngữ pháp kinh nghiệm cú tiếng Việt mô tả theo quan điểm chức hệ thống Hà Nội: NXBĐHQG Materials from website 47 English passive voice Wikipedia Foundation, Inc Retrieved November 27, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_passive_voice 48 English passive voice Dec 24, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki 49 Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt Aug 20, 2010, from http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki 50 Câu chủ động câu bị động (2009, November 26) In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, December 1st, 2009, from http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 51.Grammar passive voice July 19, 2010, from http://www.englishclub.com 52 Câu bị động tiếng Việt Nov 22, 2010, from http://kilobooks.com 53 Đối chiếu câu bị động tiếng Anh tiếng Việt May 11, 2010, from http://forum.duytan.edu.vn 54.Why use the passive voice Mar 15, 2010, from http://international.ouc.bc.ca 55 Tiếng Việt-vai trò từ “bị, được” câu bị động tiếng Việt Mar 29, 2007, from http://www.e-tiengviet.com 68 APPENDIX MAIN PATTERNS OF PASSIVE SENTENCES IN THE NOVEL He was tall and strong, and his face was brown The door opened and a man came in His eyes were closed When we came back the captain was dead on the floor Our friend the doctor was away I must get my money from the captain’s box,’ my mother said ‘It’s our money.’ Mr Trelawney gave me a letter for Long John Silver at the Spy Glass Inn I lost my leg and Old Pew lost his eyes 10 That hill in the centre of the island is called the Spy Glass.’ 11 At half-past one in the afternoon two small boats went from the ship to the island 12 Most of our food and our guns went down into the sea with the small boat 13 One of our men is dead,’ said Silver ‘You killed him in the night.’ 14 There was some fighting, and one man died 15 ‘He didn’t want to help them, so they killed him,’ I thought, 16 then everything was quiet and a flag went up above the trees 17 we found that Joyce was dead 18 we found that Joyce was dead 19 ‘Five pirates are dead,’ said the doctor 20 Later that day Hunter died 21 Israel Hand’s leg was badly hurt, but he was not dead 22 All the cupboards were open 23 I went back to him and gave him the bottle 24 The gun was wet with sea water 25 It went into my arm 26 They caught me here last night But doctor, I’ve got the ship 27 Near a tree was a dead man 28 The singing stopped and we moved on 29 guns started to shoot 69 ... BETWEEN SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF PASSIVE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IN ? ?TREASURE ISLAND? ?? 18 3.1 Features of English and Vietnamese passive sentences in ? ?Treasure Island? ??... SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IN ? ?TREASURE ISLAND? ?? 3.1 Features of English and Vietnamese passive sentences in ? ?Treasure Island? ?? in term of syntax and semantics 3.1.1 General view of syntactic and. .. passive sentences in English and Vietnamese and assign the paper the title ? ?syntactic and semantic features of passive sentences in ? ?Treasure Island? ?? by Robert Louis Stevenson 1.2 Aims and objectives