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Lưu ý 1 : Động từ ở mệnh đề sau wish bắt buộc phải ở dạng điều kiện không thể thực hiện được nhưng điều kiện ấy ở thời nào lại phụ thuộc vào chính thời gian của bản thân mệnh đề chứ khô[r]
(1)Conditional sentences 1.Type I (The real present or future conditional senntence)
Form
If Clause Simple present
Main clause Simple future
(Will/ shall/ can + bare- inf) If + S +V (simple present)+ S + Will/ shall/ can + bare- inf
Eg :If you don’t study, you won’t pass your exam / If my headache disappears,we can play tennis Usage: Điều kiện dùng để diễn tả việc có khả xảy tơng lai
Notes :Mệnh đề : Thay cho Simple future ta dùng : may/ might/can /must /should/ had better +bare inf, hay Imperative form khi muốn thể yêu cầu, đề nghị , cho phép
Present simple chØ mét ®iỊu kiƯn cã thùc
Mệnh đề phụ :Thay cho Present tense ta sử dụng Present continuous , present perfect Eg :If you are right, I’m wrong
If you see him tomorrow, tell him that I want to see him 2.Type II (Present unreal condition sentences)
Form:
If clause Simple past
Main clause
Present Conditional (would/should +bare inf) If +S +V (simple past) +S + Would /Could /Might + bare inf Usage: Chỉ việc trái với thực tơng lai
Ex: -If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend -If she didn t speak ’ so quickly , I could understand her -If could go out to night If didn t have’ to study
-If I were rich, I would travel around the would -She would tell, you about it if she were here -If today were Sarturday , I could goto the beach
* “Would be doing” thay cho “Would do” mệnh đề Eg: If I were on holiday in Doson, I would be lying in the sun now *”Past continuous ” thay cho “past simple” mệnh đề điều kiện Eg: If my car were working, I could drive you to the station
-Chó ý : §éng tõ Be ta dïng Were với tất ,trong văn nói dïng was víi ( I, He , She , It) 3.Type III : Past unreal conditional sentence
Form:
If clause Past perfect
Main clause Perfect conditional (would, should, )+ have + PII If +S + V (past perfect)+ S +Would /Could /Might + Have + Past Participle
Use : Điều kiện khơng có thực khứ để diễn tả tình trái với thực tế khứ Ex : -If I hadn’t lost my way , I would have arrived sooner
-Ann would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer -If I had known that you were there , I would have writen you letter Câu điều kiện loại (Zero conditional sentences)
+Câu điều kiện loại diễn đạt giả thiết khứ
+Trong mệnh đề động từ dùng đơn (hiện tại) khứ đơn( khứ) Eg -If you cook water, it boils at 100 C
-If you heat ice ,it turns to water -If anyone interrupts him, he gets angry
(2)-If you knew the mushrooms were poisonous, Why did you still eat it? 5.Câu điều kiện phức hỵp
a.If +had done, would do/would be doing
Eg : -If I had worked harder school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office ,I wouldn’t be sweeping the streets -The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed If I had caught that plane, I would be dead now b.IF +quá khứ đơn giản ,Would have done
Eg: -If I were as intelligent as you ,I would have passed the entrance examination last year -If my son were as well-qualified as yours ,he would have applied for the job
6 Notes : 1> Có thể dùng phép đảo ngữ có should, were had +If bị lợc bỏ
+Should, were, had thờng đợc dùng đầu câu điều kiện đảo ngữ Ex: -If they were stronger, they could lift the table
-> Were they stronger, they could lift the table -If the had studied hard ,he would have passed his exam -> Had studied hard ,he would have passed his exam
-If Ann had found the right buyer, she would have sold the house ->Had Ann found the right buyer, she would have sold the house -If there is a delay, there will be an announcement
-> Is there a delay, there will be an announcement ->Should there be a delay, there will be an announcement
2> Mệnh đề điều kiện đứng trớc sau mệnh đề chính. I ’ ll go out if it doesn’t rain tonight
3> Would have been doing dùng thay cho would have done mệnh đề chính” “ ”
Eg : At the time of the accident I was sitting in the back of the car because Tom’s little boy was sitting beside him in front.If Tom’s boy hadn’t been there I would have been sitting in front
> Had been doing dùng thay cho had done mệnh đề điều kiện” “ “ Eg: -I was wearing a seatbelt If I hadn’t been wearing one, I’d been seriously injured
>Trong mệnh đề điều kiện, ta thay liên từ If Unless (nếu không,trừ phi) “ ” “ ” Unless t
“ ” ơng đơng với If not“ ”
Ex: -If you don’t study hard, you’ll fail in the exam ->Unless you study hard, you’ll fail in the exam -If she doesn’t water these trees, they will die ->Unless she water these trees, they will die
6 > Khi ta đổi câu điều kiện với từ nối IF sang UNLESS , nhớ l“ ” “ ” u ý trờng hợp mệnh đề IF ở“ ” thể khẳng định không đợc đổi sang thể phủ định dùng Unless mà phải đổi mệnh đề sang thể ngợc lại Ex: -If I have time, I’ll help you
-> Unless I have time, I won’t help you -If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster
->Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster
-If I won a big prize in a lottery, I wouldn’t build a school for the poor
->Unless I won a big prize in a lottery, I wouldn’t build a school for the poor Ta cã thĨ rót gän c«ng thøc sau:
IF - clause >unless Thể phủ định -> khẳng định (mệnh đề không đổi)
(3)7 >Provided / providing (that), On condition (that), as long as , so long as ( miễn ,với điều kiện là), Suppose, supposing (gi¶ sư nh) ,In case (ë trêng hợp), Even if / though (ngay khi, dù cho), assuming , imagine , cã thÓ dïng thay cho if câu điêu kiện,
Ex: In case I forget, please remind me of my promise - > AS if vµ as though
Chỉ hành động xảy tại
Subject +Verb (present) +As if /As though +Subject +verb (present) Ex: -Do you hear that music next door ? It sounds As if they are having a party
Chỉ hành động hay kiện khơng có thật tại
Subject +Verb (present) +As if /As though +Subject +verb (past) Ex: -Ann walks as if she studied modeling
-He acts as though he were rich
* Chỉ hành động hay kiện khơng có thật qúa khứ Ex
-Barbara looked as if she had seen a ghost -Jonh looked as though he had run ten miles
9> Mệnh đề điều kiện đợc thay BUT FOR, without/thank to +cụm danh từ
But for + (n) =If weren t +for’ +(n)
V-ing hadn t been’ V-ing
the fact that the fact that
Eg: -If the salary were not high ,the job wouldn’t be worth doing =-But for the high salary, the job wouldn’t be worth doing
=-If it weren’t for the high salary , the job wouldn’t be worth doing -If the weather hadn’t been so bad , we would have enjoyed the journey =-But for the bad weather ,we would have enjoyed the journey
=-If hadn’t been for the bad weather ,we would have enjoyed the journey -If I hadn’t lent us the money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house =- Without his money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house =- Thank to his money, we were able to buy the house
10 > Câu điều kiện có Otherwise/ Or/ Or else (Nếu không thì) Eg: -Give me the money or/ or else I’ll kill you
=- If you don’t give me the money,I’ll kill you
-You should come back before 10.00 pm Otherwise, you’ll be locked outside =If you don’t come back before 10.00 pm You’ll be locked outside
-I used my father’s car I would have been late, otherwise =-If I hadn’t used my father’s car I would have been late 11 > Câu điều kiện có Should/ will mệnh đề điều kiện Eg: -If you should see Ann ,could you ask her to ring me
-If you will wait here, I’ll see if Mr Smith is free
-If you will stay out (=insist on staying out) late, you will get tired 12 Các truờng hợp kh¸c :
- S + V ( HT, MLT, QK, AUX, TL ) in case/ lest/ for fear that , S + V ( HT, Should, Aux + V )
-what if = what will/ would happen if S + V : What if you go to school late? / haven’t done your home work ? - even if/ even though S + V , S + V ( unreal situation )
-in case of + N = If there Ý / are N…
+ Supposition contrary to a future fact: ( giả thuyết tráI với thực tuơng lai) WERE + infinitive
If he were to start tomorrow, he would reach home in the evening. 13 Notes : Cách sử dụng Hope Wish.
(4)Hai động từ nghĩa khác cách sử dụng ngữ pháp Hope dùng để diễn đạt hành động tình xảy xảy ra, wish dùng để diễn đạt điều chắn không xảy chắn không xảy Thời mệnh đề sau hope (hi vọng rằng) bất kỳ thời Thời mệnh đề sau wish bắt buộc không thời
We hope that they will come (We don’t know if they are coming or not) We wish that they could come (We know they can’t come)
We hope that he came there yesterday (We don’t know if he came there or not.) We wish that he had come there yesterday (He didn’t come)
1 Wish tương lai:
That tuỳ chọn (có khơng có) Hai chủ ngữ (S) giống khác nhau. We wish that you could come to the party tonight (We known you can't come)
2 Wish tại
S + wish + (that) + S + simple past tense
Động từ mệnh đề sau wish chia Simple past, to be phải chia were tất ngôi. I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.
3 Wish khứ
Động từ mệnh đề wish chia Past perfect could have + P2. I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday.
She wishes that she could have been there.
Lưu ý 1: Động từ mệnh đề sau wish bắt buộc phải dạng điều kiện thực điều kiện thời lại phụ thuộc vào thời gian thân mệnh đề không phụ thuộc vào thời của wish.
She wishes that she could have gone earlier yesterday.(Past) He wished that he would come to visit me next week.(Future)
The photographer wished we stood clother than we are standing now (Present).
Lưu ý 2: Cần phân biệt wish (ước gì/ mong gì) với wish mang nghĩa "chúc" mẫu câu: to wish sb smt I wish you a happy birthday.
Lưu ý 3: phân biệt với wish mang nghĩa "muốn": wish to smt (Muốn làm gì)
Why you wish to see the manager I wish to make a complaint.
To wish smb to smt (Muốn làm gì)
(5)4 Cách sử dụng as if, as though (cứ là, thể là)
Mệnh đề đằng sau hai thành ngữ dạng điều kiện khơng thể thực Có hai trường hợp:
4.1 Ở thời tại:
Nếu động từ mệnh đề trước chia thời đơn giản động từ mệnh đề sau chia khứ đơn giản Tobe phải chia were tất
The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer (Bà cụ ăn mặc là mùa đông)
(It is not winter now)
He acts as though he were rich (Anh ta làm thể giàu có lắm) (He is not rich infact)
He talks as if he knew everything in the world
4.2 Thời khứ:
Nếu động từ mệnh đề trước chia khứ đơn giản động từ mệnh đề sau chia khứ hoàn thành
Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost (Trông Jeff thể vừa gặp ma) (He didn't see a ghost)
She talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize
Lưu ý: Mệnh đề sau as if, as though lúc tuân theo qui luật Trong số trường hợp, điều kiện câu có thật theo quan niệm người nói, người viết có thật hai cơng thức không sử dụng Động từ mệnh đề sau chúng diễn biến bình thường theo mối quan hệ với động từ mệnh đề chính.
He looks as if he has finished the test 5 Future subjunctive
A future subjunctive can be constructed using the conjugated form of the verb "to be" plus the infinitive or with the usage of the modal auxiliary verb "should" Note that the "were" clauses result in the present conditional, while the "should" clauses result in the future indicative.
Eg: If I were to die tomorrow, then you would inherit my house. If you were to give money to me, I would tell you the truth. If I should go, then you clean the house.
(6)ExerciseS
I Choose the best answer in each sentence below by circling it If he machine stops/ will stop, you press /will press this button
2 I can’t understand what he sees in her ! If anyone treats/will treat me like that, I am/will be/would be extremely angry !
3 If you help me/helped me with this exercise, I will do/would the same for you one day According to the timetable, if the train leaves/left on time, we will/would arrive at 5.30 If it is/will be fine tomorrow, we go/will go to the coast
6 If we find/found a taxi, we will get/would get there before the play starts
7.It’s quite simple really If you take/will take/took these tablets every day, then you lose/will lose/would lose weight I don’t like this flat I think I am/ I will/I d be’ happier if live/will live/would live/lived in a house in the country I don’t know how to play baseball, but I’m sure that if I will/do/did, I play/will play/would play/played a lot better
than anyone in this awful team !
10 If I phone/will phone/phoned you tonight, are you/will you be/would you be in ? 11 Why didn’t you tell me ? If you told/had told me, I had/would have helped you
12 If Bill didn t steal/hadn t stolen’ ’ the car, he wasn t/wouldn t be/hadn t been’ ’ ’ in prison now
13 If Ann wasn t driving/didn t drive/hadn t driven’ ’ ’ so fast, her car didn t crash/wouldn t have crashed ’ ’ into a tree 14 Let me give you some advice If you smoke/would smoke/had smoked less, you didn t feel, wouldn t have felt’ ’ so
tired
15 What a bad luck ! If Alan didn t fall/hadn t fallen/wouldn t fall’ ’ ’ over, he won/would win/would have won the race 16 If you invited/had invited me last week, I was able/had been able/would have been able to come
17 I’m sure your letter hasn’t come yet If it came/had come I’m sure I noticed/had noticed/ would have noticed it 18 We have a suggestion to make How you feel/would you feel if we offered/would offer/had offered you the job of
assistant manager ?
19 If you lent/had lent us the money, we paid/would pay/ had paid you back next week
20 Terry never catches any thing when he goes fishing And if he catches/caught/had caught a fish, he throws, would throw/would have thrown it back !
II Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense.
1 I’ve out the clothes It’s lovely and sunny, If it (stay) ……… like this, they (be)……… dry in two hours
2 He looked so small and weak that nobody asked him to anything If he (look) ……… Strong, he (be) expected to dig all day like everyone else
………
3 When he left school, he became a fisherman His family didn’t like it at all They (be) ……… Much happier if he (become) ……… greengrocer like his father
4 They still say that if he (go) ………… in to the greengrocery business when he left school , he (be) ……… comfortably off now instead of being poor
5 But he says that if he (have) ………… his life again, he (make) ……… the same choice
6 Jack rang while you were out ~ Of dear ! If I (know) ……… the was going to ring , I (stay) ……… at home
7 What (happen) ……… if I (press) ……… this button ?
8 If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which (you/choose)……… The flight may be cancelled unless the fog (lift) ……… 10 Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) ……… mad
11 If the story hadn’t been true, the newspaper (not print) ………
(7)15 Most people (attend) ……… the union meeting this morning if they have ……… longer notice of it 16 He says he refused the job, but that this was nothing to with the salary He (refuse) … Even if they (offer)
him twice as much …………
17 Now we’re lost ! If you ……… (write down) Mary’s directions, this ……… (not happen) 18 Why don’t we emigrate ? If we ………… (live) in Australia, at least the weather ……… (be) better ! 19 I’m afraid that Smith is hardened criminal If we … (not punish) him this time, he … ( only commit) more crimes 20 Thanks to Dr Jones, I’m still alive ! If it ……… ( not be) for her, I ……… (be) dead for certain ! 21 I’m sorry I can’t lend you any money You know that if I ……… (have) it, I ……… (lend) it to you 22 Don’t be afraid If you ………… (touch) the dog, it ……… (not bite)
23 In those days, if you ……… (have) a job, you ………… (be) lucky
24 It’s always the same ! If I … (decide) to leave the office early, my boss ……… (call) me after I’ve left 25 What a terrible thing to happen ! Just think, if we …… (not miss) the plane, we …… (kill) in the crash 27 Did you enjoy your meal ? If you ……… (finish) eating, I ………… (clear a way) the plates 28 Tell him to bring his bicycle in If he ……… (leave) it outside, someone ……… (steal) it
29 Why didn’t you phone ? If I ……… (know) you were coming, I ……… (meet) you at the airport 30 It a pity you missed the party If you ………… (come), you ……… (meet) my friends from Hungary 31 If we ……… (have) some tools, we ………… (be) able to repair the car, but we haven’t got any with us 32 Thank you for your help If you ……… (not help) me, I ……… (not pass) the examination
33 It’s a beautiful house, and I ……… (buy) it if I ……… (have) the money, but I can’t afford it
34 I can’t imagine what I ……… (do) with the money if I ……… (win) the football pools or a lottery 35 Mark isn’t a serious athlete If he ……… (train) harder, he ……… (be) quite a food runner 36 If Claire ……… ( listen) to her mother, she ……… (not marry) David in the first place
37 It rained every day on our holiday If we ( not take) the television with us, we ………… ( not have) anything to 38 Jim is so untidy ! If he ……… (buy) some new clothes , he ………… ( not look) so bad !
39 - How did you in the car rally ?
- We came in last actually, just because we got lost If we ……… (not get) lost, we ……… (come) in somewhere in the middle, we ……… (not come) in last
40 I wasn’t surprised that we got lost because I knew the navigator couldn’t map-read
- If you ……… (know) he couldn’t map-read , why ……… (you/take) him as a navigator ? III Rewrite the sentences with the meaning unchanged:
1 I’m sure she won’t understand unless you explain the situation to her
If
2 He won’t complain unless I’m late
If
3 I won’t telephone you unless I find your passport If
4 Listen to your parents or you will fail your exams If
5 Go away or I’ll send for a police
If
6 Ring me up, or I’ll be late for the meeting
If
7 We must leave now, or we’ll miss the plane
If
8 You must read it carefully, or you won’t understand anything
If
9 You should put all the money in the bank
If
10 She doesn’t have a degree so she doesn’t get a job easily
If
11 You don’t paint the wall white It doesn’t look brighter
If
12 He is so late so we go without him
(8)13 That book is too expensive, so I’m not going to buy it
If
14 I have to work tomorrow evening, so I can’t meet you
If
15 It’s raining, so we can’t have lunch in the garden If
16 She ate ice cream She felt ill
If……… …
18.She knew English so she was able to find a job If……… …
19 He didn’t learn hard so he failed the exam
If……… …
20 He got up late, so he missed the train
If……… …
21 The lesson was difficult for me to understand
If……… …
22 It wasn’t nice yesterday We couldn’t go camping If………
…
23 She didn’t take any exercises She was fat
If……… …
24.He didn’t have driving licence He wasn’t allowed to drive
If……… ………
infinitive modal auxiliary verb present conditional, w