ndi ngoai nhdt iudt trang nghiam" (Td hdu hdnh lang, tam quan, cdc (gac) chudng vdy quanh, trong ngodi ddu rd't muc trang nghidm) [Chuydn d i n Pham v a n Tudn. The Handbook ol Ti[r]
(1)Tap chl NghiSn cliu vi Phat tri^n, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
VAN HOA - LICH SIT
^ Tt/THE GICllQUAN PHAT GIAO
KHAO VE KIEN TRUC MANDALA CHtiA DIEN H U U THCil LY
T r ^ n Trpng Difcftig'"Chua M6t Cot" quang hcfn nSm mi/cfi nSm trd lai diiy da trd th^nh bilu tUcfng cua Thing Long-Dong D6-Hk Noi, manh da't ng^n nSm vSn vkt Ng'u nhiT Khu^ Van Cdc - bieu t\igng cho truyen thong vk tinh th4n hi§'u hoc cua ngU^i Viet la mSt don nguyen ki§'n true mdi chi di/tfc xay dimg vko nam 1805, neu nha Thap Rua von Ik m6t ngfii mo thap t\S nhan cua BA h6 Kim (c6n goi thap Ba Ho) dimg nam 1886 nhiJng vi dia Im ma da h6a nhap v6i truyen thuyet "Hoan kiem" roi trd th^nh bieu trUng cho khdt vong hoa binh va doc lap dan t6c, thi "chua M6t C6t" lai c6 be day ca ngin nSm lich SLf, kien true d6c dao n^y da trd mot hinh anh lap lanh, huyen dieu nhieu the he ngUdi Viet Bai vi§'t xuat phat tijf nhiJng su" li§u hflXi quan, se tien hanh thao luan vl cac tSn goi va lich su: cua kien true doc dao Trong tam cua bai vi§'t se hudng Mn thao luan va phuc ditog kien true th&i Ly cua kien true "mot cot" cung nhif y nghia bieu tUtfng ma n6 hkm chda tir th§' gidi quan Phat giao
1 Ve k h a i ni$m "Chua M^t COt"
1.1 Lii^c svC tinh hinh nghien ctiu ve kien true va bieu ti/^g "Chua Mot C^t"
"Nhat Try Tu" (hay chua M6t Cot) la khai nigm difoc dat d the ky XVII danh cho kien true mot egt tai chua Di§n Hifu th&i Ly (the ky XI-XII), khai niem hien eon diTgre dich ti§'ng Anh la "One Pillar Pagoda" Viee dung d ^ g giiJa cac giai thuyet khien cho eac nha nghifen ciiU trU6c cung da c6 nhOfng each ly giai khac nhau, tham ehi trai chi4u Chu Quang Tnjf coi la hai chua, the hien qua hinh "Tong the va mat bang - mat eat doc chua Dien Huu va chua Mot Cot"."' Nguyin Ba Lang coi "chua Mot Cot" c6 ten ehu: la Nhait Tru Tu hay Lien Hoa Dai.''" GS Ha Van Tan mue "CHUA M O T C O T " dinh nghia nhu sau: "Chua Mot Cot d cung ten thuoc quan Ba Dinh, Ha Noi Day la bo phan thap (Phat dai, Lien hoa dai), doe dao cua ng6i chua c6, ten la Dien HiJu."'^' Nhif vay, xet ve mat ngon ngCi: tiep nhan, c6 the bieu dien nhCfng phifcfng trinh sau [Chiia Mot Cot ^ Chua Dien HUu] (thuyg't cua Chu Quang Truf) [Chua Mot Cot - Nhdt Tru Tu = Li&n hoa dai] (thuy^'t cua Nguyin Ba Lang) [(C/tiio Mot Cot = Phat dai = Lien Hoa Bai = thap) e chua Dien HUu] yk theo each lay ten bo phan goi chung cho toan t h I ki&'n tnic, theo logic hinh thdc, chung ta se c6 sU d6ng nha't tdn goi [Chiia Mot Cot = Chiia Diin HiCu] Tuy nhi§n, se ly giai cung mot cau dinh nghia ve chua, chOng ta thay sir chong laii, md nhbe vi&c sLf dung cac khai ni&m khac ve kien true eo: chua (tiT), dai, thap (stupa)? Ngoai eong h6 eua eac nha chuyen m6n k^ tren, cae nghien eufu khac vl "chua M6t Cot" hau het ehi tap trung nghien ciiu v4 kien true "m6t c6t", va
(2)Tap cW NghiSn ciju vS Ph4t tri&, s6 8-9 (97-98) 2012
khong m4'y dl cftp d6'n tSng thI kiS'n triic ngbi chUa NhOtig gi^i mS khdc nhau vl f nghia bilu Wong cua ki6'n true nky cling tiT d(5 mk n4y nd theo nhitag chieu hiliSng kh4c Cd tie gH theo hUcJng folklore, cho chua MOt COt Ik bieu tuong linga (sinh thitc khO cua tin ngUSng phfin thiJo thW cd."' NSm 1978, Ngo van Doanh vk NguySn Duy Hinh phUn dB'i thuyôft trĐn vk coi d6 14 m6t dang stupa (thdp) cua Ph|lt gido, t h t o h qui nghiln ciJu nky c6 thi ndi Ik hOU lj>' nh4't vko thM dilm d6, cAc tdc gik da dftt ki6'n triic m$t c6t vko btfi c4nh van h6a Phat giAo thirt ky L^-Trln Hli Van Tfo sau d6 (1993-2010) da tig'p thu nghiSn cilu tren 5ng cha'p nhftn dung khdi ni§m "thip" cho kiS'n trilc niy Tuy nhi6n, tif nam 1992 dS'n nay, giao trinh Ca sd vdn hda ViU Nam cua Trin Ngoc Th6m sau tAm l^n tAi b^n vSn bdo luu each hilu da bi phil dinh trUcJc d6 hai, ba miioi nam, giao trinh nky vi§'t nhJ sau; "Chua MOt COt nhU mOt II vSt dang len Phat Bk vdi hinh b6ng sen thoat d trSn vk try da (rdn ho vudiig i dudi bilu hi?n Mdc vong ph3n thirc (no du va d6ng due)".''' O mOt doan khac ph4n "Tin nguSng ph6n thuc" sau trinh bay cac kieu th& CO quan sinh due nam nO" va cac tuc th6 hanh vi giao ph6'i, tac gid sAch da m5 ta nhu sau: "Ngay ca nhilng hi6n tiTOng tudng chCmg nhil ra't xa xoi nhix chua Mot Cot vuong (am) dat tren mat cot trbn (dJOng), cpt trOn lai dat cai ho vuong (am), ho vuong xua nkm tr§n dao h6 Linh Chidu hinh tr6n (dilong)" Nam 2000, Tran Lam Bien da dUa each ly giai ket hop giOa van h6a Phat giao vdi van hoa dan gian nhU sau: "Tufong minh vang la bieu tUOng sir eao quy eua dtlfe Phat da viigt qua cuOc ddi trpe, nhap ve coi giai thoat thi/dng hang Toa nha sam nhU tirgng cho ngu6n sinh lire vu tru v6 bi6n Bong sen nghin canh la hinh tirgng cua tri tuO vi§n man Cpt da diYOc eoi nhU vat chuyen tai sinh lue eua cac dang thieng lieng xud'ng cho dat va ni^dc, suy eho cung d6 la Udc vong c^u sinh soi no dii".®' "Tat ca cde hon da, cot da ay deu e6 mot y nghia linh thieng, gan voi thu" linh hon 'bang bae', 'troi noi' dau d6, la vat chuyen chd sinh lUe vu tru theo quan niem ciia eac dan nong nghiep"."' NSm 2012, T r ^ Thi Kim Anh cho rang kien true mot eOt la mOt dang kinh trang cua Mat Tdng Day cung la mot gia thuyet dang luu y bdi tac gia da dat n6 b6'i canh van hoa Mat Tong eua th^i dai nha Ly Theo chung toi tat ca cac gia thuyet can duoe dat tren CO sd tU vl khai niem Doi v&i n g h i d n cvtu vftn h o a co, t h i c h u n g ta c^n p h a i xac dinh diiofc k h a i niem c h i n h c h u t h ^ vAn hoa giy d a t ten, d i e u se t r a n h di nhu!ng p h i e n d i ^ n nhfing each n h i n ciia ngi^di b e n ngoai (tuf m$t k h d n g gian v&n h o a VhAc h o a c tv( mpt thc^i d a i v a n hoa k h a c t h e o h a i t r u e k h o n g gian v a th6i gian) NhU truftng hop "ehiia Mot Cot" d day, chung toi se khao ve lich suT cua khai nifim d^ tif eo the tien hanh nhiJng nghien eufu tiep theo
1.2 Lich su: vd ban chat khai ni$m "Chua Mgt C^t"
(3)Tap chl Nghien cthi vA PhSt triin, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
ciiru Han N6m), c6 nien dai Cdnh Tri nftm thiif (1665, caeh 616 nam k^ tiT nSm khdi dimg chua Di§n HiiU), Ty khiAi LS Ta't Dat soan Bia c6 doan nhir sau: "Khi vua Ly Thanh T6ng chifa e6 hoAng tijf, thifdng hiTofng kh6i clu tif d day Mat h6m ngai m6ng tha'y Phat Quan Am d^t Idn trgn l^u, bg' m$t dijfa tr^ dat vao Ibng ngai Thang d6 Hoang thai hfiu liln c6 mang hoiing tijf Vua b6n lam them ngoi chua Di&n Hifu bfin hOu chCia M6t Cot, de md mang vi^c th£r phung, de to ro sif ton sCing."'*' Tit tfen van bia, cho dg'n doan gaeh chfin d trSn, chung ta thay nguM soan kh6ng n^m ro lieh sijf, chuTc nang va y nghia cua kien true nay n g goi d6 la "Nhfi't Tru To" (so sanh v6i chua cung tSn d Hoa Lif),'^* coi chua Di&n HiJu la eong trinh xfiy diftig sau, di kfem vdi "ehua Mpt C6t"
Ve nguon goe ten goi n^y, Pham Dinh H6 (1768-1839) Vu trung tity but (th&i di^m bi§n soan each khoAng bdy tram nam ke tiJf nam khdi dimg chua Dien Hifu) cho big't; "C'hCia Di§n HiTu d thiJi Ly tuc goi la chua M6t Cpt".'!"' Thifc ra, d day, Pham Dinh Ho cung da nhdm ong da tin vao "tuc danh" cua dan gian ma goi la "Chua M6t C6t", hem nQ"a lai coi cai t§n tuc da c6 tif thcfi Ly Nhimg, cau van cua ong cho chung ta biet ba thong tin kha thii: 1) Kien true v6n c6 ten chC la "Dien HJU TO"; 2) Chua Dien HiTu dimg tCr dcri Ly; 3) Cai t§n "Mot Cot" ehi la eai ten tue cua dan gian ma thoi Sd di n6i la kha thu bdi ehung ta se thay n6 trung khit vdi mot so sii lieu duong thdi ve ngoi ehua nhi/ trinh bay difdi day
Khao cac suT li6u HAn van, nha nghi§n cCfu Tran Thi Kim Anh'^^' da eong b6' m6t so tii lieu nhil Bai Viet siC ky todn thiC (bi§n soan tiJT the ky XII-XVII) va cac tu lieu bi ky (tieu bieu nhiT van bia Dai Viet qud'c Ly gia de tii de SUng Thien
Di§n Linh Thap bi (soan khac nam 1121) dcfi vua Ly Nhan Tong, bai thcf Di^n Huu Tu eua True Lam de tam to Huy4n Quang Ly Dao Tai vao dcfi Tran Chung toi thay rkng tat ca cac suT li^u thcfi Ly-Tran deu ghi chua CO ten chii! la "Dien Hrfu", khdng hS c6 ten "Nhfi't Tr^ TV" hay "Chua Mpt
cot"
(4)Tap chl Nghien Cltu vk Ph^t tri^n, s<f 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Mpt C$t" chi la m ^ t dOn nguy£n kiS'n t r u e n&m t r o n g t6ag thi kiS'n t r u e cua c h u a Di£n Htfu mk th6i KiS'n true sif Nguyin Ba Chi kh^o sat chua Dien Hiru vao nam 1949, cho rling chua gim ph4n sau: 1) Tam quan; 2) Di?n thd mSu; 3) Tang phbng; 4) Ngoai cung; 6) Hfiu cung thd Ph|[t; 6) Nha hau, bep; 7) Chua MOt COt (sic); 8) Thap."" Nhimg da'u tich thitc tl'hi?n e6n nhir m6 ta cua Nguyen Ba Chi phu hop vdi eac each mifiu t& cua cac suf li^u thai c8', r&ng kiln true mpt cOt la mOt philn cua ehiia Difin Hitu
1.3 Giai ma kiS'n trdc mgt cgt
vay "mat cOt" la kiS'n trdc gi? Theo chung t8i, muB'n gi4i ma duoc chung ta ph4i di tim khai niOm ma nguirt xUa dat t§n cho n6, d6 14 "chia khda" d l di vao canh ciJa cua qua khd" Chung ta sfi thd'y ro tdn cua kiln true qua suf li6u sau day Bai Vi^t sii k^ todn thu ghi; Nam 1049, "miia d6ng t h i n g 10, dang chua DiSn Huu TrUdc day vua (Ly Thai Tdng) nkm mo tha'y Phat Quan Am ngli tr6n dai sen dSn vua I§n dai Din tinh day ndi lai vdi qu^n thin, cd ke eho la dilm ba't tudn'g C6 vi thiln BMlk b^c m i n tuO"*' khuyen vua lam chiia, dung cOt da giOa mat dat, lam Quan Am liSn hoa dai d dinh cqt nhil da tha'y mong, cho eac st/ di v6ng quanh tung kinh cau cho vua duoc tntbng tho Cho n§n dat ten nhu vay" (dBAip , + f l i S J I « ; # a » # E f f f t S i S f f i «
van bia Bai Viit qud'c Ly gia dS tU di SUng TliiSn Diln Linh Thap bi (khac nam 1121) ghi each diTng dai nlia't tru ra't chi tilt T r o n g ghi v} t h a n dilate t h d p h u n g la NSng Nhan, tiic dvtc Thich Ca MSu Ni Nguy6n van "kim tirdng chi Nang Nhan" nen dich la "Phat Thich- Ca Mau Ni tUdng vang" Sach Pham vong kinh thudt ky ghi: "Thieh Ca Mau Ni, Dai Dirdng phiSn la Nang Tich, truOc phien la Nang Man, cung goi la Nang Nhan Thich Ca CO nghia la nang: tai nang, nang lire, b$c anh Mau Ni c6 nghia la nhan, nhan til Cho nen diJc Phat Thieh Ca Mau Ni e6n goi la Nang Nhan"."" (Xem nguySn van ban dich d phin eiia bai nay)
Nhil vay, c6 the nhan dinh ring "ehua Mgt C0t" la e a c h ggi ciia d&n gian d a n h cho k i e n t n i c "lien hoa dai** - mpt d<Ai n^uygn kifi'n t r u e thu$c t o n g t h e m$t bling cua c h u a Dien H i ^ Cho nSn, gpi "dai" la "chua" da la m$t v&'n d l Hdn n S a Ifi d o n g nhft't "ki^'n t n i c mOt c$t thcl Q u a n Am" thc(i Lg vcTi c h u a DiSn H i ^ c6 thd P h $ t Thich Ca Mfiu Ni v4o thcrt vua Ly N h a n Tong lai la m$t vSn dS nfia Nh6m Hiiu Ngoc, muc CHtJA M O T C O T da vilt: "Thitc ra, chua la mpt cum kiln tnic gom Htnh 2: HoSnh phi "Lien hoa dSI",
(5)Tap chi Nghi&n ciJu VEI PMt tri^n, s6 8-9 (97-98) 2012
chua Dign Hifu va Lidn Hoa Dai (lau thu^fng goi l^m la ehiia M6t COt)".'^"" Vi the, chiing t6i dl nghi rkng n§n phfin tach eac t^ng lich suf cua ki^'n true eung nhir tin ngU6ng d6
v a c th^i Ly Thai T5ng, kien true la Quan Am li&n hoa ddi"^' dimg tr§n nen da't,"»» den thM Ly Nhan Tong da doi Thich Ca liSn hoa dai dimg giffa hai v6ng ao, tin ngUQng la thd Phat Thich Ca TiJf ddi Le ve sau lai chuyen thanh Quan Ani li§n hoa ddi, tin ngUSng this Phat Quan Am Tuy nhiSn, can nhfin dinh lai r&ng, dii liin hoa dai A6 dat ton tuong nao di chang niJa thi d6 khong phai la chua, ma kien true m^t e6t d6 chi la mpt phin thu^c khu6n vien ehiia Dien HUu ma thSi
1.4 Ngu6n gd'c vd y nghia bieu fU0ig c^a "lien hoa dhV* Lien hoa dai la mdt dang thuTe kien true Phat giao, chi:i:c nang la d l sung phung, thd Cling diJe Phat hoac chU vi B6 Tat Vl mat tif nguy§n, "dai" ehi loai c6ng trinh duac xfiy eao, de e6 t h i nhin bo'n phia (tiJ vong) "Dai sen" la dang kien true truyin thQ'ng cac tin ngUSng thu6c Phat giao c6 mat nhieu nen van h6a Dong A Phat Thich Ca toa tren t6a sen bau la hinh tUffng bieu tnmg da nghia, v6'n c6 nguon goe sau xa van h6a An D6 c6 dai eu the la van h6a Hindu giao nhu se trinh bay difdi day
Trirdc tien la ve bieu tifcfng hoa sen Hindu giao Hoa sen thUcfng dUcfe ton vinh cung vdi than Vishnu, than Brama va m6t s6' vi than khae No la bilu tifdng cua cai dep thuan khiet, kh6ng chut bui tuc, n6 sieu viet khoi the gidi troc Than Vishnu di/cfe mieu ta vdi "doi mat, hoa sen" la vi the Cae kinh dien An Do thudng khac hoa hinh anh hoa sen sinh tif bun lay tam to'i va biing nd ngoai dnh sdng, no difcfc coi nhif la bilu tifcfng cho sif thang hoa cua tinh thdn Tranh tifcmg Hindu cung thifcfng to dilm hinh anh th^n Vishnu ngu mcf mang tren lifng r^n Naga dang
Hinh T h n Vishnu n i m tren rdn thSn Ananta,
lanh-t6 thap My Sdn E1 (tinh QuSng Nam), the V.y thijf VII, da, dai 240cm Ngu6n: Bko tang Cham, o a NSng
bong binh tren mat dai difcmg sinh-h6a, tCf cu6'ng ron eua thdn moc I6n mot doa sen va tCf d6 nd than Brahma Th^n Brahma difcfc menh danh la than sang tao, \k vi chi huy, quyin nang v6 ciing, chinh vi than da dilu h6a cac nghiep kiep cho chijng sinh, va la ngi/di sinh tao the gidi muon loai
(6)Tap chf Nghiln Cltu v i Phat trifa, s6 8-9 (97-98) 2012
bi bin l4y ciia samsara tac dOng V|it chau bau hoa sen (mani padme) la vii tru chila dung dharma (phap), la &nh hinh thiJc, hay la May4, ma tir dd nh6 16n Nig't ban".''"'
Hinh 4:Dac Thich Ca sinh tir hoa sen Hl^n vat BJo tang Lich sCl, th^ kjr XIV-XV Anh Tr^n Trpng Duong
Hinh S: Chu PhJI hSI hOI, tranh Tay Phuong tjnh dO d6" Ngu6n: Phip gidi an lip OS.'"'
(Xem thdm muc 2.6 d bai nay)
Den day eo the nhan dinh rang hen hoa dai la mot bieu tuong tich hop cac quan niem khac ve the gidi van hda tam linh co A Ddng TO Hindu giao, hoa sen la phuong tien tao tac than Brahma, va sinh the gidi Den Phat giao, hoa sen la loai hoa thieng sinh Ddc Phat va eao hon no la bieu tuong eda Phat tinh Trong d4i song tam hnh Viet Nam qua nhieu the ky, thd Thieh Ca c6 the ndi la tin ngudng timg tSn tai vdi nhitag tam mdfc d&n nhat khac Vdi Thtch Ca liSn hoa dii d chua DiSn Huu qua ghi chSp van bia chua Doi, chung ta biet ring d thdi Ly, tin ngudng da 16n den dia vi to'i eao, trd mgt tin nguSng cua hoang gia, eao hon niia Ph^t Thich Ca da trd mot vi than bao ho qudc gia, noi dai maeh ni/dc Ngoi chiia cd don nguyen kien true Thtch Ca liSn hoa dai diroc dat ten "Dign Huu" chinh la vi vay Liin hoa dai d chCia Dien HiTu theo ehdng t6i khong chi dcm thuan la mot cai dai dClng d^ sung phung dilc Thich Ca Mud'n hieu dS'n t$n eCing f nghia bilu tuong cua nd c6 le chung ta phai dat minh vao bd'i canh vaii hda Phat gido thdi ky nay.™ Dieu se ducfc chung toi trien khai nhu sau day
(7)Tap chi Nghien cdu v^ PhSt triln, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
bia Bai Vi^t qud'c Ly gia d^ tiX di Siing Thi$n Di§n Linh Thdp bi (tif day goi t^t la bia Sung Thien Di6n Linh) cua Nguyin Cong Bat soan khac nam 1121 ddi vua Ly Nhan Tong cho biet: nam 1105 nign higu Long'Phu Nguyen H6a, ehua difcfc trung tu Idn Van bia m5 ta ra't ky kig'n true chua Ian trung tu nay, xin dich lai nhif sau:
"Ton^sung dao Ph^t, ham mp ming lanh.'^^' Noi Tay Ca'm'^^' danh litog thUdng uyen; md Di6n Hifu goi dd danh lam Theo quy che von cd tnfdc kia; mifU tinh y vua to Dao ao thorn mang ten Linh Chieu; giffa ao eot da vot du:ng Dinh eot nd ngan ednh hoa sen; hoa dat vOng m6t t6a di$n tia Trong di§n dat Thich Ca kim tifdng;""' b§n ngoai ao la hanh lang ve boc quanh Ngoai hanh lang c6 Bieh Tri"^^' khcfi vdng; diu bac c^u vong di thdng vao San ncfi
cau tri/dc, td hull diAig thap bau iifu ly " m^A^Br^mm^mmz^^m^'m^
z^^m^mz^Ui^mi^^zmm^.m^z^mMm'pm-^im±in=^mM^iz±m
m^mmm.'p^mzmizmz9y^i&'^''^mmmz^\-xmmmn^^mm\iimztii^z
mÊ:&^ôô'fltt^SiĐ).'30)Difdi day, chung toi muon chu thich them ve nhOng dilm cai chinh ban dich so vdi cac ban dich tnfdc day dong thdi la nhiJng phe phan van ban hoc cung vdi phan tich phuc ditog eua ehung toi vl eong trinh
Ao CO difng lien hoa dai, t§n la Linh ChiSu, chuT k h o n g phai Linh Chieu Todn thU ghi la S?G, van bia Siing Thien Dien Linh va cAc di ban khac deu ghi S£DS."" Dd la ly thd nhSit vl mat van ban hoc va van tif hoc Ly thu" hai, linh chiSu (ao thieng) la mot each goi da bi Nho hda, theo each ndi tif sach Kinh ThiP^^ Linh chiiu cua Nho gia thifdng la ao dao khuon vien cam thanh, hay vifdn thifcfng lam, la ch6 de hoang de vui ehtfi NhiJ vay, ve ehdc nang sd dung thi ehd Link Chiiu khong thuoc noi ham cua Phat giao.'^^' Thd ba, vl caeh goi t^n, nguyen van van bia ghi la Linh Chi&u chi phicang tri (ao thcfm Linh Chieu), neu la chiiu thi se bat In ca vl ca'u true ngu" phap ^ y nghia, Yi chiiu dong nghia vdi tri, deu tro "eai ao" Cuo'i eung, ve mat tiJf nguyen, Linh Chieu nghia la "eai linh thi§ng hiln hien sang rd" hoac "sif nfc rS cua cai linh thieng", rat tron nghia mot quan the kien true dung de sung phung ddc Phat, nd tifcfng dug vdi cac hinh anh rihxiPhdt quang, tue nhdt, hue quangph6chieu vay
2.1 De xuat thfjC nhat: dai sen nghin canh Id cau triic chiu lUc Tnfdc nay, kiS'n true Zi^n Aoa (fdt "" '" = = i • thifdng hi goi bang ten "chua Mot Cot",
han vi mot nguyen nhan nda: ay la hinh anh trifc quan c6n sot lai eua no C6 le, h$ thong k i t ca'u dam dd ki§'n true di§n d trgn khong phai la san pham nguyen b^n eua thdi Ly ma chi la cua ddi sau (nam 1955, cd tham khao ke't cau chiu life cua kiln true phifffng Tay) Khao sat tren thife dia (Hinh 6), chung toi th^y t6a dien thd
(8)Tap cht Nghien ctfu vk Fhit triln, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
ngam) trfin than tru Vdi k6't ca'u nhi/ vSiy, chung ta chi cd th^ thify than tru (ngd sen), ki6'n true di^n (bflng/ bdp sen) va ho4n toan khdng c5n chdt d&i vft nao eua t6a sen nghin canh.'^'"
Di^u khac h4n so vdi mi§u ta van bia chCia Dpi thdi LJr; "Dinh c?t nd ngan canh hoa sen; hoa dat vitag m^t tda di§n tia." Qua md ti tr6n day, ehung tdi thSy, dai hoa sen nghin canh chinh la cSiu trdc chiu lire cua "tda di$n" thd Ph$t Thich Ca Tir tda sen (cd IS la bing dd) dd, cdc cdnh xich ddng mdi duoc tda nSi vdi phin t h i n try (ngd sen), nhitag nhitag dim dd h4n cung diicrc tao tdc mdt each mim mai vk tinh vi ddng theo phong cdeh my thuat thdi k^ Ph^n phia tr6n cua dai sen s6 gia c6ng ode 15 ngam vudng gdc vdi mat dai, de tCr dd cd th^ ehdng cdc chan c$t chiu lire chinh Dii sao, nhin tSng quan tCr phia ngoai, kS't ca'u li§n hoa dai thdi L^ cd IS s§ du c& ba ph^n: ngd, ddi va hoa Ba phSn cd hinh ddng eu th^ sao, chdng tdi xin diTdc thdo ludn dd'n mdt dip khdc
2.2 Be xud't thu! hai: Thich Ca liin hoa dai chi la m^t phdn cua mandala chiia Dien Hifu
2.2.1 Binh dS da tdng, ddng t&m - hay dan trang c6 dd dn mandala Dua tren mieu ta trSn vdn bia ndm 1121, chung tdi ve lai binh dd kien true mot eot'"' nhu sau: vdng trdn thd nhd't la tuong Thieh Ca TUBng ndy dat tren mot tba sen bdu Vdng trdn thd hai bao ngoai tda sen la cdt da (ngd sen), kd't ca'u chiu lire cua kiS'n true Cot da cd t h i c^m sdu dirdi ddy ao, nhitag cung cd t h i dat tren mot ddo da't d trung tam gid'ng nhir Thap Rua.'^^' Nhitag khk ndng Idn nha't la chdn cdt dd ndy dirge
gia cd' bdi chin tang dd cham trd
cihi san bat hai gid'ng nhu cot da "* "*" ™'^'' ™<*'° chua Dam Tren cot da se cd ket
Hinh 7: Binh dd Il6n hoa oai theo phgc dirng ci!ia Ngd Vdn Doanh,
Nguyin Duy Hinh
(9)Tap chi Nghien ci2u vh Ph^t triln, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
cau chiu life la hoa sen cd Idn lam b^ng da Hinh vuong bao quanh la k i t ca'u cua tda di$n tia Trung tam cua kiln trdc la dai hoa sen thd Phat Thich Ca Dai sen mdt c6t difgc dat gida m^t ao sen t&n la Linh Chi&u Theo \X6c doan cua chung tdi, ao sen ed khA nang la tr6n (hoac vudng nhif hi?n nay) Ria ao d6ng tam vdi than tru Hgn hoa, dong tam vdi tda di|n bau hinh vuong, vdi bg hoa sen chiu life, ngoai c6n phiii k l den b§ hoa sen dat kim tifdng Thieh Ca Day chinh la khong gian difgc dung dl cho eac sif tang tiing ni^m nhilu Phat.'"' Ngoai hanh lang khdp kin chung quanh ao Linh Chieu se la Bieh Tri Bieh Tri cd kha ndng se la m^t ao vu6ng nhu Idi tho ma True LSm tam to Huyin Quang da mi§u ta "Xi vdn ddo miin ohumw kinh Idnh" (hinh xi vSn ngu ngifac tren mSt gUcfng vuong lanh leo),'^^' ao se dong tam vdi ta't c^ hinh vifa n^u tren Dung nhif Ng6 Van Doanh va Nguyen Duy Hinh da nhan xdt kien true dang xdt vao thdi Ly la "mot qu^n the kiln tnic cd binh dl hifdng tam, tif ngoai vao trong"."^' Kig'n triic mdt bSng dong tam - da t ^ n g nhtf v$y k h i e n chiing tdi d o a n d i n h rllng, Aky chinh la mpt d a n g d a n t r a n g CO d6 h i n h m a n d a l a vao th6i Ly Dl hilu ro hon vl nhan dinh tren day, chung toi xin gidi thieu qua vl dan trang [mandala) yk dl hinh mandala van hda Dong A va Viet Nam
2.2.2 Gidi thuyet ve mandala ud dS hinh mandala
Mandala la tieng Phan, Han ngd phien am la Man la (M^M), Man da la i^^m, mtmX Man tra la i^^iB), Man noa la (kmB), Man la (v^^iS), Man noa la iM^^) va dich nghia la dan, Phdt ddn, dan trang, dan thanh, dao trang, tu tap, ludn vi&n cu tuc.^*°^ Titdiin Phdt hoc Hu& Quang ghi: "dan trang: noi de td Phat giang phap hoac ncfi hanh gia Mat giao tac phap tu hanh".'*^' "Dan: dai b ^ g da^t hoac go de ton tri tifcfng Phat, Bo Tat, hinh Tam mu5i da va vat cung phep tu cua Mat giao".'^^' Tren thUe t l , mandala la mot dang kien tnic ba ehieu ket hop hinh tron-hinh vuong*^^' dung d l thtfc hi§n cae phep tu tap hay nghi II eua Mat giao Nguyen thuy van hda An Bo, mandala von difcfe dap b ^ g dat, tren dd ton tri tifdng Phat va Bo Tat, tu phap lam 11 xong tM pha bd Mandala thifdng difcfc k i t hop rat da dang gida hai hinh ccf ban la trdn va vuong, bdi theo quan niem "thi§n vien dia phiftmg" (trdi trdn da't vudng) cua Mat giao (xem eac hinh minh hoa 9a, b, e, d) Hilu mdt each don gian nha't, mandala la cai dan te ma thdi Cung can nhan manh lai mdt dilm la dan trang ed tinh tiftfng trOng cho sif hinh tifgng hda, than hda, nd dai bilu eho mdt tieu vu tru; nd la mdt "cdng cu vu thuat".***'
(10)Tap chl Nghien cdu v^ Phit triln, srf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Hinh 9a B^n dan trang
(mo phong theo bieh hgachuaDgiChJeu)
Hinh
Se-dan
Mat bang (binh do) ba tang tai chua Pho Lac,
H/n/igfj.Di Da Mandala ngu luancOu t y d o (Khau Lang, Mat tdng nhap man in thOc do)
"rS^i*i>
Hinh 9d: Ban 66 dan trang
(Tran Kiet, Thien kieu Mat tong nghia ly dQ La
Ma giao kien true dich tUOng trung y nghia)"*' 2.2.3 Do hin/i inancldla ktcu tnic Dong A thai co
Dae diem quan - -,, nha't hinh mandala la sii ket hap vuong iron va tinh doi xdng bon phuang (co la tam hudng) cua no Trung tam ciia mandala thifdng la tifcfng thong vdi bo'n phia, dieu the hien
rat rd cac eong f^/'^
Hinh 10 Kien
true chiia Tang Da'^"' theo hinh mandala cd bon CLfa bon loi thong vao trung !am kien true, the ky VIII-IX (Nguon
(11)Tap chf Nghi&n ciJu v^ Phdt triln, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
trinh kien true thdi co d Ddng A Chung tdi xin trinh bay qua mot s i vi du minh hoa sau day
Nhutig ngdi d i n noi tilng d Nam A va Ddng A c6 the ndi dIu chiu anh hifdng manh me cua tif hinh theo t h i gidi quan Phat giao, thifdng difoc bd' tri theo d l hinh mandala O Magelang, dao Java eua Indonesia, Borobudur*^^' la mdt di tich lich sd cua Phat giao Borobudur gom c6 t^ng hinh vudng [xiiUv^ (ru'df^ elm G roi fLi'i'fi, n^Uai, aLula, nga quy, Lhii vaL, dia nguc), viVi nioi canh day la 123m, t r e n dd co 504 tUcfng PhaL- Ben tron co thorn t a n g hinh tron, lifcrng trirng cho t a m gidi (due gidi, sSc gidi, v6 sac S'di), t r o n g co 73 tirgng P h a t Idn, moi tifcfng difoc d a t t r o n g m o t t h a p h i n h chuong I ^ e n true n^y la mot m a n d a l a ba chiou mo phong m o t h i n h vu tru nhif mot t h e gidi hoan h a o t d truyen t h o n g Kim CUcfng Thifa,''''" gom n h d n g Idp da tSng ciia cac h i n h vudng-tron
Hinh 11 Mat bang Borobudur
Nguon: Chuc Trung Tho.'^°' Hinh 12: Mat bang den Bayon (Campuchia)
r"^
Hinh 13:
(12)Tap chl NghiSn cilu vk Phil trifc, s6 8-9 (97-98) 2012
6 Campuchia, d^n Bayon duffc xfiy dung dudi tri^u Jayavarman VII (tri vi 1181-1219) theo m6 hinh nui vu'tru vl dai Tr6n 49 thAp d Bayon 111 gin 196 khuon mSt cua Qudn Th6'Am B6 Tkt dang nhin b6'n phia vu tni.'"' Thip Idn nhfi't vk d trung tfim tuong trOng cho nui Tu Di (Meru), nd dOfng d trung tfim vu trii vk duoc xfiy trSn m^t cdi b$ hinh mandala, dd Ik sU hi^n thUc hda, vfit ch£^ hda hinh vu tru theo thg^ gidi quan Phfit gido Kifi'n true nfiy duOc m^t hio nude Idn vfiy quanh - bi& thj dai ducmg vu tru
2.2.4 BS hinh mandala lich sO: ki^n triic ViSt Nam
Trong vSn hda Vi$t Nam, cSc nhk nghien cdu dSu thd'ng nhfi't rSng, dfi tifng t6n tai quan ni^m my hoc mandala cfic c6ng trinh Ici^n trdc c^ Champa."" Tuy nhiSn, Icie'n true d4n thdp Champa vfio the' ley VII-XV lai 14 s4n phSm cua mot n i n vfin minh khdc, cua nhiftig chu t h i vfin hda khfic Dai Vi^t Song dilm cd ^ nghia d ch6 dfiy Ifi qud'c gia sdt bign gidi vfi cd dnh hUdng trac tilp din vfin hda Dai Vi^t vko thdi ky nfiy Hon nQ:a, di^m lai b&n dd thdi do, g^n ohvC tfi't c& cdc ni^dc Ddng A d^'u C|^ c h u n g m ^ t p h o ni$m vAn hoa la m a n d a l a vk d6 h i n h m a n d a l a , tiif An D$, Thdi L a n , Indonesia, Thd P h d n , Dai L^, Dai Td'ng, Nh|it B&n, C a m p u c h i a , C h a m p a Dfiy dIu Ifi edc qud'c gia Phfit gifio hofic chiu anh hUdng sfiu sfic Phat gido Khdng le gi mot nha nudc coi dao Phfit Ifim qudc gifio nhU trieu Ly lai khdng cd y ni$m gi hofic khong hay biet gi t h i gidi quan nhfi Phfit cung nhir cfie quan ni^m my hoc kiln true Phfit gifio?
f'hiSng tdi eho ring su m£t mdt, thilu thdn iLf lieu (suT lieu thfinh vdn cung nhu sijr lieu hi$n vfit) chinh Id mdt nguyen nhfin cjuan khien tr-udc chung ta ^^ ^_,^,^i„ hlu nhu khdng chu y M.AHi II MM I (jii'n tij (juy lug'n tnic
Phfit gido d Dai Vi$t t i-ong lich sd cl-trung d;jii Cdc nhd nghien cuTu dIu nhfift tri r ^ g Hinh 14: Binh dd thdp Champa theo 66 hinh mandaia g^Q diem quan
(13)Tap chl NghiSn ctJu v& Phfit tri^n, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
di^n this Ph^t hoac thap bau r6i sau dd mdfi tid'p tuc dimg cdc cung, cdc kham, nha trai, nha chay khae vay bd'n ehung quanh.""^^' Chung ta cd thi thSy rd hcfn nhan dinh qua m§t so' suf li|u bia ky nhu sau Van bia Ngudng San Linh XiZng Tu bi minh (1089) ghi: "(3 giOa la di^n Phat thenh thang; hai bdn la nha trai dai rpng rai Phia sau xay ngdi b^o thdp goi la thap Chidu An, chin t^ng chdt vdt Trong chua, nga d ehinh giO"a tren eao la tuong Ngu Tri NhU Lai ma vang rUc rd, ng6i tr§n tda sen troi l^n tren mat nUdc Quanh t\iisng td ve dung nghi dep de cua Thap lue Bo Tat cCing cAc thCf bac bid'n ttfdng mudn hinh van tucmg, khdng th^ k l xid't."'^"' Chiia BAo Ninh Siing Phiic van bia Bao Ninh Sdng Phuc Tu bi vdn (1107) ghi chua "Nha lien tiep bao quanh" *^" Nhom Nguyen DiJc Nung da dua nh$n dinh r^ng: "Loi bo cue quy tu vl mot diem trung tam cd tac dung , lam nli bat ki&'n true tam, tap trung chu y eua ngUcfi ta vAo dd B6' cue chiia M0t Cdt la mdt vi du Nha kien true da lam ao ngoai, ao trong, xay cdu dUng thap de r6i hUdng ta't ck wko ngdi chDa & giaa la noi cd th& vi Nhu Lai b^ng vang ngoi di$n mau slint,."'^'^' Chiing tdi cho r ^ n g , kS't c&'u m$t bllng t h e o md tk t r d n Aky la k i e u doi xufng t h e o h i n h m a n d a l a d e dp d u n g cho ngh# t h u $ t kid'n triic thcfi ky n h a Ly ddng nhu nhan dinh gdn dky cua PGS Nguyen ThCfa Hy.'^^' B^ng sau mdt dang thUc kien true la mot quan nidm my hoc Khi xay mdt kien true thcf tu thi eac kien true sU Phat giao (cdc eao tang) hkrs mud'n hidn thuc hoa, vat cha't hoa cai t h i gidi tam linh
Duung nhien, ben canh kien true tam linh hAn se co nhiSng hoat dong tam hnh Hoat dong a'y khdng gi khae la nhOng nghi le Phat giao NhU GS Ha v a n Tlin da vie^: "Trong cae nghi le tdn giao, nhUng nha sU Mat tdng chii y den viee difng cac dan hay dao trang (cd goi la man-da-la hoac man-tra-la dich am tiJf tieng Phan mandala".'^^' Nhan xet tren day eua GS Ha Van Tan la mot gcfi y sau sac cho sU hinh dung ve mandala trUde thcfi Ly, bieu hien qua eic kinh trang vao ddi Dinh va Tiln Le Dieu dang tiee nha't la den nay, chung ta khdng giil lai ba't ky mot kien true Phat giao nao eua d&i Dinh-Tien Le -Ly Nhung qua nhi3lig kd't qua eua khao eo hoc tai ehua Lang, ehCia Bach Mdn, chung ta budc d^u ed nhihig hinh dung r^ng, ehiia ddi Ly vl ccf ban c6 mat bkng vudng "Loai ehiia c6 mat bling vuong hay gan vudng cd t h i la mdt hinh thiJc ket hcfp chua vdi thap".'^^' Ma thap W/nh'"y5;"B]nh chQa Bach Mon ddi Lf (Viet Doan, tbUdng la phan trung
(14)Tap chf Nghien ctfu vj Ph«t triSn, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Nguyin Qufin v4 Phan CSm ThU^ng nhfin dinh rdng: "Bdch Mdn mang tinh chfi't kiln true L^".'""' Phfin tich binh dd chCia Bdch Mdn, chdng tdi thify, di^n chua theo hinh chO' thfip""" ndm d trung tfim, eao hon cdc kiln true edn lai vd duoc ngdn qudng vdi cdc kiln true dd bdi cdc chidu dudng - khodng khdng gian lid dl Ifi'y dnh sdng vd lidn thdng cdc Id'i qua lai Bd'n gdc Id bd'n hdi lang hinh vudng dung d l tdn tri tuong ehu Ph$t, chu Bd Tdt vd dugc ddng d l "nhilu Phfit theo truyin thing Mftt tdng".'"" Bin gdc ngodi eua cdc hdi lang 14 bdn don nguy6n kiln true hinh vudng, cd c4u thang di ISn tdng hai, cd t h i trdn dd tree chudng hodc bdi tri tuong Til Thidn Vuong Bao ngodi cung 14 h? thing tudng vfiy Budc dSu ed t h i nhfin djnh rSng, ehCia Bdch Mdn duoe xfiy dung theo ^ tudng mandala thdi cl Chdng ta cd t h i thfi'y rdng ^ ni^m mandala ludn d dang trUu tuong, edn hi^n thuc hda nd thi tiiy thudc vdo khd ndng sdng tao eua eon ngudi Mandala Id mdt loai dd hinh cue ky biln do, dd phong phd cua nd ve kilu thdc, chdc ndng vd loai hinh edn phdi tilp tue nghidn cdxi thdi gian tdi
Din dfiy cd t h i nhfin dinh lai mdt Idn nda ring, ddt bli ednh kiln tnic vd vdn hda Phfit gido tlil ky VIII-XII, d cd Dai Vi^t 15n khu vUc vdo thdi dilm dd, ki€'n t r u e c6 Thich Ca liin hoa ddi lam t r u n g tfim c h i n h 14 mdt d a n trfing t h e o dd h i n h m a n d a l a vdo thdi L^ Nhfin T d n g vdi ^ ti^dng "trdi t r o n dfi't v u d n g " c d a Mfit gido Md hinh eu the eua mandala n4y chung tdi xin tilp tuc phuc dung v4 thdo ludn eu t h i nhu dudi dfiy
2.3 De xuat thti ba: tdm cdu^ hai cdu hay Id m^t cduf
TrUde nay, ehdng ta vdn quen thude vdi hinh dnh mdt cdu cua Liin hoa dai chua Dien Huu Trd lai vdi md td ddn trdng mdt cdt ddi Ly vdn bia Simg Thien Dien Linh ehua Doi, ban dich biln trudc ddy cua Do Vdn Hy dich cdu "mSi gid phi kiiu di thdng chi" Id "bde edu eong d l di lai","" ban dich ndy vi ehu trpng den tinh vdn hoe, nen da bo sdt mfi't mdt td rfi't quan trpng 14 "mSi" (Khao di: Todn thu ghi tinh nghia 14 "deu") "Moi" 14 mdt trang tU dung d l tu sdc cho ddng tu "gid" (bde edu), day Id mot trang til sd' luong trd so nhieu hay trd tdn sudt Nhu vay, "phi edu" dupe dung vdo thdi Ly Nhfin Tdng kiln true dang k l khdng phai chi cd mdt cdi Chung tdi xin ly giai eu the nhu sau
O day, ta thfiy cd den hai vdng ao bao quanh Thich Ca liin hoa ddi Ao thd nhfi't la Linh ChiSu, ao thd hai Id Bieh Tri Hai ao ndy dugc ngdn edch bdi mdt hdnh lang trdn khdp kin (ho4n lang) H4nh lang ve cd mdi dd"" hdn 14 phai dupe dimg tren mdt nIn mdt ddt kd ngdn giOa hai ao, d l "eho ede sU di vdng quanh tung kinh cdu cho vua dugc trudng thp" (Doi Viit sii ky todn thu) Hai ao ndy ddng tfim, vd diem ddng tam ndy chinh Id ddi hoa sen - trung tam cua tdng t h i kiln true Vay cdu d a n tit ngoai vdo dg'n lign h o a d a i dvtife b£c q u a h a i a o (Linh Chieu + Bieh Tri), vl thS' s6' l i ^ ^ g toi t h i e u d dfty p h a i la h a i chiee cdu (chung tdi goi dfiy 14 gid thuyet tdi thieu, xem hinh binh dd 8) Mot chile bde tir bd Bieh Tri vdo din phia ngodi hdnh lang, vd mdt chile td phia hdnh lang bde qua ao Linh Chieu vdo din liin hoa ddi Ban dich gdn day eua nhdm Nguyin Vdn Thinh "bde cdc cdu 1dm dUdng thdng"'']ri
Id cd CO sd ^ Khdng chi cd vfiy, theo chung tdi, mandala 14 mdt edng trinh kiln tnic bao
(15)Tap cM Nghien cu-u v^ Phat triln, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
tCf Thich Ca li&n hoa ddi, ed le ngUdi ta da eho xay dUng cau d ca bd'n hUdng ddng, tay, nam, b^c Ban dich cua Trdn Thi Kim Anh la "moi phia lai b^c cau eong de thdng sang".""' Caeh dich h^n la ed 1^ Them n(Ja, moi hUdng cau vong di vao phai b^c hai cdu qua hai ao, nhU vfiy tdng sd' cdu b^e tii ngoai vao den lien hoa dai se eo tam chie'c ca thay."'''
Tdm lai, chung tdi de xua't ba gia thuyet nhU sau Gia thuyet to'i thieu: hai eau b^c qua hai ao cf mat nam ciia Thich Ca liin hoa ddi Gia thuyet to'i da: tam cau b^c d bo'n mat cua Thich Ca liSn hoa ddi Gi^ thuyet trung binh: bd'n cau b^e d vong ao Bieh Tri, va mot eau bae d mat nam d ao Linh Chieu, tong eong la eau Gia thuylt eud'i Ngd Van Doanh va Nguyen Duy Hinh de xua't.""'
2.4 De xud't thv^ tit: tdm thdp hay hai thdp?
Todn thu eung ghi nhan Ian triing tu thijf hai vao nam 1105 nhu sau "mua thu, thang 9, lam hai ngpn thap dinh gom""' d ehua Dien Huu, lai lam ba ngon thap dinh d^ d chua Lam Scfn Bay gid vua cho sijfa chua Dien HUu dep hon trudc, dao ho dUdi dai sen goi la ho Linh Chieu (sic) Ben ngoai cd hanh lang ve, ngoai hanh lang eo Bieh Tri, dIu bac cau vong di thdng vao, trUdc san"**' xay
bao thap" mxRw&^i^fim^^^=.mi^i^fi^'k\i\^B\i^''^-mm^^^i'ini^)nn
Miz^m^Bmmm-}^zm<f.vxmmmz9^xm.'^^-^'^-mmxi^Z}iim^fim [Ban
ky, Q 3, tr 15a]Cd the nhan thay, doan van tren Tod?i thU cd phan nao dd tiep thu cac ghi chep eo tif trudc dd Cu the, neu so sanh vdi bia thap Sung Thien Dien Linh, chung ta tha'y co mdt sd' diem xuat nhap khac NhUng chung toi mud'n nhan manh den eau eud'i cung ciia doan Dd la cau "dinh tien lap bao thap",^va so sanh vdi cau tren mieu ta sd' luong thap la hai chie'c thap dinh gom O day, can ed mot chu thich re ngang dl phan biet hai loai thap dUoe cap din Todn thu Thap dinh gd'm hay dinh da (d Dien HUu va Lam Son) la loai thap Idn, thap cd the la thudc loai nhan thap kieu nhU thap ehua Dpi, thap Chuong Son, thap Binh Son eung nhU eac nhan thap cung kilu thUc ddi Dudng; quan nha't nhan thap dinh gd'm se nkm tong the khuon vien eiia chiia Dien HUu""' chd khdng n^m pham vi dan trang mot eot Con t h a p difcfc m i e u ta d sau la t h a p lam b a n g \vC\x ly, cd n h o thu$c t o n g t h e c u a m a n d a l a m $ t C9t, va chieu eao ciia no, theo suy l u a n ciia chiing tdi, thi t h a p hcfn lien hoa dai
(16)I ip ch! NghiSn cilu vS ?hH Irifti, sd 8-9 (97-98) l |
thuylt Tdm lai d dfiy, ehung tdi dc xud't hai gid thuyet nhu sau Gia thuyet toi thieu: hai thdp dung (i mdt nam (hUdng duong duong) eua Thich Ca liln hoa dai Gia thuyet tdi da: thdp dung d bd'n mdt cua Thtch Ca liin hoa ddi Cdng them hai nhan thdp dinh gd'm, chiia Dion Huu thdi Ly sS ed 10 thdp theo gia Ihuyot tdi da, vd cd thdp Uieo gid thuylt td'i thilu
2.5 De xud't thii nam: Tvt Thiin ViiCng cdu tnic mandala Tfi't cd cdc suf lidu edn lai din dIu khdng ed mOt chd ndo de cap din vice tao tuong thd Td Thidn Vuong d kiln true ndy Nghinn cdu cua Ngd Ddng
(17)Tap chi Nghien ciJu vh Ph5t triln, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Doanh va Nguyin Duy Hinh cung khdng tai dung Td Thien Vucfng Song, van bia thap Simg Thien Dien Linh ed de cap din mot nghi thdc dien xUdng nhU sau: "ngu ehung*^"' ve hinh dung can than, deu hd vai tien thoai trang nghidm; td phUcfng dat may ddi Thien Vuong, gio phap boi hli dAng mua" (^tlui''^
zm=i'^^, mm.nmmj.u-4; i^-:)<^zm=i'm^,^^^mrmmmu) Nhu vay, mua
Thien VUcfng d day la mdt loai thdn vu, hay mda nghi le Ph^t giao Loai mua chia lam bd'n dpi d bo'n phU{mg, dung theo phuong vi ciia Td Dai Thien Vuong (edn goi Td Tra'n Thidn Vuong, Td Tra'n, Td Vi Thidn Vuong, Td Thien Vuong, Thien Vuong)^ Td Dai Thidn Vuong la bd'n vi than hd phap eiia Phat giao Gom: 1) Tri Qud'c Thien Vuong (Dhritarashtra) tran phuong ddng, ed long td bi gid nhiem vu bao ve qud'c gia Than minh trdng, tay cam dan ty ba, la vi than am nhac, dimg am nhac d l dan dat chung sinh ve vdi ddc Phat; 2) Tang TrUdng Thien VUtfng (Virudhaka) tran phuong nam, ed nhiem vu phat huy thien can eho chung sinh va hd tri Phat phap Than mau xanh, tay cdm bao kiem (tue kiem), chd'ng lai moi sU xam pham Phat phap; 3) Quang Mue Thien VUtfng (Virupaksha) tra'n phuong tay, cd ddi mat rpng nhin khdp the gian, gid nhiem vu bao ve nhan dan Thdn mau do, rong qua'n quanh than, tay edm mdt rong (hoac day thdng do, ran do), chuyen troc na nhdng ke bat tin Phat giao, khien ehung phai Qiiy y; 4) Da v a n Thien Vuong (Vaisravana) tra'n phuong bde (con cd ten Ty Sa Mdn Thien Vuong), dem phuc ddc ban rong khdp bd'n phuong Than mau xanh lue, tay phai cdm tan vang (hoae phudn bau), tay trai nam mot eon chupt than mau trdng, dung dl c h l ngU yeu ma, hd tri qud'c gia va tai san cua nhan dan Bd'n than ed cac chdc nang cu t h i khae nhau, nhung muc dich chung deu la bao hd Phat gidi.'^"
Thd Td Thien Vuong la mot tin ngUdng bien vao thdi Dinh-Tien Le-Ly sach Dai Viet svC ky todn thu ghi nam 1011, dUng chua Td Dai Thien Vuong ngoai Thang Long.'^^' Ngoai Da Van Thien Vuong (vdi ten Ty Sa Mdn Thien Vuong) la mot vi than dUOc thd phung d mdt so' noi vao thdi Vao thdi Tien Ld, Khudng Viet Ngd Chan Luu da dap tuong*^^' va cho dUng den thd thdn tai Binh Lo (Sde Son, thude phia bde Ha Noi ngky nay).'^'" Vao ddi Ly, chua chuyen ve bde Thang Long thude thdn Cao Huong gdn Ho Tay (Xuan Dinh, quan Tay Ho, Ha Noi nay) Theo chiing tdi, vi^c t h d p h u n g Tii Thien Vvfctog noi c h u n g va Da Vfin Thien Viidng noi ridng da t h e hi^n mpt ti^ d u y a p d u n g t h e gidi quan P h a t giao'^^' vao vi^c xay di^ng kinh dd/phong luy c u n g nhvt cac cdng t r i n h kien triic khac Dd la mdt tU nguyen hop the' gidi quan-dia ly hoe Phat giao tdng ton tai lich sd van hoa Vidt Nam ndi rieng va Ddng A noi ehung.'^^'
(18)Tap chl Nghien cilu vil Phil eri^n, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
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Hinh 17 V i l r i Ta Thien
iNinh Hiep, Ha Noi)
Vuontj tai chua Nanh Hinh 18 Da Van Thien Vuong tai chua Nanh
(Ninh Hiep, Ha Npi)
Tui chiia l^au, Td ThiOn Vuong k h o n g dUOc t h d doc lap ma ehi dUOc dat phoi tlid t r o n g t h a p Una P h o n g , noi t a n g chda linh n h a ddc P h a t ' " " Thap na\' dung "a n g a y c h i n h gida san trUdc c h i n h d i e n , lai co hoi l a n g chay boc quanh",''"' Nguyen Ba LAng cho r k n g kot cau n a y lay phu (ban t h a p ) lam vat ton t h d c h i n h de c h u t a n g n h i e u doc xung quanh.'"-' T r o n b i n h do, c h u n g ta cd t h e t h a y t r u n g t a m so la xa li, bon phia cd bo'n cda tlidng vao d ca ba t a n g , va cuoi cung la Td T h i e n ViiOng d bon gdc t h a p
B e n d a y t a m thdi CO t h e di d e n n h a n d i n h r a n g : da tdng tdn tai quan niem vu tru quan-dia ly hoc P h a t giao t r o n g van hda Viot N a m thdi c6-i r u n g dac6-i Cu t h e hoa t r o n g ddi sdng t a m linh la sU t h d p h u n g Td T r a n T h i d n Vuong tai T h a n g Long td t h e ky X d e n t h e ky XIL Ddi vdi rieng trudng hup kid'n true mot cot d chua
Hinh rS'Binhddthap Hda Phong vdi
tiJOng Til Thien Vuong b6n g6c=
Hin/7 20.ThienVaong chLia Dau, t h i k^ XVII
(19)Tap chi Nghi&n cdu va Phat triln, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Hhh 21:T0 Thi&n Vi/ong hS Phat gl6i,
trong tranh "Tay phifdng tinh dd 66", sach Phap gidi an l$ip dS
bd'n san Nhdng ddi a'y ngoai vu dao Phfit giao se c6 the lufin phien chuyin vdng qua ede eda tao mdt vdng nhieu Idn qua bd'n sfin phia ngoai cua mandala mdt c^t, k i t hop vdi dd la chu tang chay dan d hoan lang phia Va d trung tfim dan trang, nhfi vua se thuc hanh cdc nghi le quan trpng nhu tdm Phat, phdng sinh (thd ehim)
Trd lai vdi viee tao tuong Td Thien Vuong Nhu da lap luan d tren, chung tdi cho rdng tuong Td Thi6n Vuong dUOc b l tri d bd'n phuong (ddng, tay, nam, bde) eua dan trang mot cdt theo hinh mandala Tuong Td Thien Vuong se dUOc thd bd'n cdng trinh kiln true cd mai tupng trung cho bd'n cung trdi - noi cae vi tru xd (Td Thien VUcfng Thien) Bd'n eung dong thdi la bd'n cda di vao dan trang Theo chung tdi, bd'n cda cd le se duoc thilt k l theo hai tdng (kilu nhu tam quan gac chudng ehija),'®^' tang dUdi la Id'i vao, tang tren la noi dat tuong Kit nd'i bd'n cda Td Thidn Vuong se cd mot bde tudng hinh trdn bao bpe toan bd dan trang d Sd dl ehung tdi khfing dinh la ed tUdng bao quanh^ bdi le dan trang (mandala) la mot Id'i kien true khep kin NhU mdt doan sdch An Bo-Tdy Tang dich Phdt gido Mat tdng viet: "dan trang co mdt dilm trung tam, dupc bao bdi tudng vay cd bd'n cda, bd'n cda tao hinh td bien ed dinh hUdng Diem ve trung tam cua nd ehinh la trung tam vu tru ".'^**'
2.6 De xuat thti sau: Lien hoa ddi-Tu Di Sffn: bieu tt/0ig song triing cua Hoa Tang The Gi&i
Nhu trdn, chung tdi nhan dinh rdng, kien true mdt cot d chua Dien Huu vao ddi Ly la Thich Ca lien hoa ddi Them nda, Thich Ca lien hoa ddi chi la mdt phan cua dan trang mandala tong t h i kiln true ehua Dien HUu O mue nay, chung tdi se ehdng minh rkng, Thich Ca lien hoa ddi ne'u dat tong the mandala thi dd chinh la mpt bilu tUOng eua nui Tu Di (M^^lLl) the gidi quan eua trid't hoc Phat gifio
(20)Tap chf NghiSn ciiu v4 Phil trife, s* 8-9 (97-98) 2012
(Tuong Ty » » ) , Tri BiSn MfiS (Tri Bia iHm, cdc niii ndy cao hSn van hai ngdn tudn, tlid't bdo hop thdnh Cdc nui vd biln vfty chung quanh nui Tu Di, Id'y Tu Di""" 1dm trung tdm Niii ndy chdn cdm sdu xud'ng nude tdm van tudn, nlio Ipn Ichoi mdt nudc tdm van tudn, dinh nui cung di$n ciia D6'Thich cung rpng tdm van tudn, ngang sudn nui Id cdc cung ciia Tuf Thidn Vuong, chu vi ciia n6 c6 bay Huang Hdi vd bay Kim Son Ngodi niii Kim Son thil bay c6 Hdm Hai (bien mdn) r6ng tdm van bd'n ngdn tudn, niii vdy ngodi biln Id Thid't Son, cho nen goi Id ciiu son bdt hdi Til Dai Chdu ndm d b6'n phuong cua Hdm Hai Tren niii t u Di c6 cung trM Dao Lj Niii Tu Di cCing nhdt nguydt chiiu lihdp bon chdu (Dong Thdng Thdn Chdu, Tdy NgiAi Ha Chdu, Nam Chidm BO Chdu, Bde Cdu L6 Chdu), dy Id mdt Tilu thd'giiJi, hop mdt nghin Tilu t h i gidi se thdnh Tieu thien t h i gidi (gdm nghin mdt trdi, nghin mdt trdng, nghin niii Tu Di, nghin Tii Dai Bp Chdu, nghin Til Dai Thidn Vuong, nghin cung trdi Dao Li ), hop mot nghin Tieu thien thd' gidi se Id Trung thidn t h i gidi (gdm trdm van mdt trdi, trdm van mdt trdng, trdm van niii Tu Di, trdm van Til Dai Bd Chdu, trdm van Til Dai Tiiien Vuong, trdm van cung trdi Dao Li ), hop mpt nghin Trung thien t h i gidi sd thdnh Dai thidn t h i gidi (gom mildi ilc mdt trdi, mudi lie mdt trdng, mudi ilc niii Tu Di, mudi ilc Til Dai Bd Chdu, mudi ilc t i i Dai Thidn Vuong, mudi ilc cung trdi Dao Li, ) Vi (/il Bai thiin thi' gidi dugc goi Id Tam thien Bai thiin the gidi.'^^'
i fy\
Hmh 22
Mot Tieu Ihien the gioi, CO TL/ Thien VJong Iran quanh
Iranh "TLf ^ : l y ^ r ^ b ^ S B T ' H'^^ 23; Thien Vuong ^ {.^O'.^-: ,• Nui Meru Chung thien - ' (van hoa chl do" , An Do)
Nguon ,_ ^^it^ - > ^ - Ngufin
Phapgioi ^ ' _ ^ — ( ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ' ' ^ > ^ ^ - S ' l - i •'- Robert
an iap ^ ^ r- j - = ^ S>^~'^^~.^^ *>»- Beer.'"' Vdi nhUng mo ta nhu tren niii Tu Di Itinh sdch Phdt gido di/oc
(21)Tap chi Nghi&n cdu v^ Phat triln, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Hinh 24: "Thien the gldi dd"
sach Phap gidi an lap d6
Hinh 25 "Thap phu trang Phat saidS"
sach Phap gidi an ISp 66
la edi hay coi nUdc Hoa sen Idn la thi du chan nhU phap gidi Hoa sen Idn cd dai nghin caiih hoa, m5i canh la mdt the gidi ddc Phat Ld Xa Na hda lam 1.000 ddc Thieh Ca d 1.000 the gidi Mdi diep the gidi lai ed tram de nui Tu Di, va 1.000 trieu t h i gidi, tram dc cdi Nam Diem Phu De (xem Pham vong kinh)}^°°* Hoa sen mpc tren biln la nOi chU Phat hoi tu dUOe goi la Lien Tri Hdi Hoi Lien Tri Hai Hdi tieu bieu cho sU tap hop cua Phat A Di Da, chU Bo Tat, eac b^c thdc gia, chung, eung cac thUtfng thidn nhfin deu hdi noi Tfiy Phuong Cue Lac Gpi la Lien Tri Hai Hdi vi so' Phat tham dU la vd so, trai dai nhd dai ddOng phap gidi
Den dfiy co the nhan dinh rfing Thich Ca liin hoa ddi d chua Dien HUu ddi Ly la mdt dang kien true md phong y ni§m Liin Hoa Tang The Gidi khia canh my thuat tao hinh, nhU chd dung cua Chu Quang Trd dd Ifi mpt "bdng sen nghe thufit khing 16"."*"' Trong dd, dai sen mdt eot tuong dng vdi nui Tu Di cac ao thieng tUOng dng vdi biln Huong Thuy Trong hai ao h^n se hoa sen, dd la phdng theo Lien Tri Hai Hdi - mdt bilu tuong eua edi Nilt Ban (mandala ddOc gpi la "tu tfip" h^n Ifi td y nay) Cae vdng ao edn la bilu trung dai y cho bat hai vu tru Dung nhU Nguyin Du Chi da viet trung tfim cua efic chua ddi Ly thudng la cac thfip tdOng trUng eho nui thieng Meru (Tu Di), bao quanh la nhilng edng trinh bd' tri theo an hinh vudng tUOng trutig eho bd'n dai duong."*'^'
(22)Tap chf Nghi§n citu vS Phil tri^n, sO' 8-9 (97-98) l |
thdi ky ndy.'""' V6 phdn tda sen bdu trdn dinh c0t, nhu chiing tdi da thao ludn d tren, ddy Id mdt k i t cA'u ehiu lilc khdc, nhdm dd cho bdo didn d trdn dd Tda sen ndy, theo chung tdi cd Id cd nhilu ednh theo dd dn Hoa t a n g Thiln Didp nhu ta vdn bia Sung Thidn Didn Linh O mdi ednh hoa ngudi ta se cho cham khdc cdc dn hoa sen vi didu d l md ta khdi niem bilu trUng Thiin hoa-Thiin the gidi."""
Ket lu$n
Budc ddu chiing Ifli di ddn nhdn dinh rdng, danh xUng "Chua Mgt Cdt" (Nhd't Tru Till chi id cdch goi ddn gian td t h i ky XVII trd vl sau ddnh eho liin hoa ddi t r d n cd sd khai thdc vdn ban vdn bia Sung Thi|n Didn Linh - mpt vdn bia duong thdi vl kien triie Thich Ca liin hoa ddi ciia chua Didn Huu, chiing tdi dd xdc dinh rdng lidn hoa ddi Id phdn trung tnm cua ddn trdng (mandala), c6n ddn trdng ndy eung chi Id mpt phan ciia chua Didn HUu thdi Ly Nhdn Tdng Vdi kit cdu lien hoa ddi 1dm trung tdm, vdi co cdu da tSng - dong lam cua ddn trdng (hai vdng ao, mpt vong hdnh lang, hd thong ede edu, ede thdp dung tU bd'n phia, hp thdng Til Thidn Vuong, ), vdi nhOfng nghi II Phdt gido d kid'n tnic ndy (nhu tdm Phdt, phdng sinh ,), chiing tdi bude dau nhdn dinh rdng ddn trdng ndy Id mdt kilu kiln triic xay dUng theo dn mandala, dd Id mdt bieu tuong vu tru (eosmological symbols) theo t h i gidi quan cua Phdt gido C6 the ndi mandala ehiia Didn HLAJ thdi Ly, ddt bd'i ednh vdn hda cua Dai Viet ciing nhu vdn hda Ddng A thdi ky dd Id mdt dang kid'n triic cd tinh bilu trung eao, vd Id mdt gid tri doe ddo ciia tinh thdn nhan vdn bat diet Din nay, lich sOf da trai qua quang ngdn ndm, vide phuc dimg lai mandala chua Didn Huu hdn Id mdt cdng vide thii vi va cd y nghia ddi vdi lich suf vdn hda Viet Nam."^'''
Hli Nqi 23/4/2012 T T D CHU THICK
(1) Chu Quang Trd 2003 Kien true dan gian truy4n thong Viet Nam Nxb My Thu$l Ha N$i tr 81 (2) Nguyin Ba LSng 1972 Kien Injc Phat giio Viit Nam Vl^n Bai hoc Van Hanh Sai Qdn, tr 85 (3) Ha v a n T i n , Nguyen v a n Kif, Pham Ngoc Long Tdi bdn 2010 Chija ViSt Nam (in Idn thd 4), Nxb The gidi, H4 Ndi, tr 84, Xem th6m NguySn Khdi, 1991, Kifn IrOc Viit Nam cic
dong tieu bieu Trudng Dai hpc Kien true TP H6 Chi Minh, tr 48, N g u y i n Dinh Todn, 2002 Kien true Viet Nam qua cAc trieu rfg/ Nxb xay di/ng, H i Npi
(4) Nguyin Dang Thuc 1992 Lich sH lU tudng Vl^t Nam IJp 3, Nxb TP H6 Chl Minh, tr 187-202 (5) Trdn Ngpo ThSm 2011 (Tai bdn Idn 8) Ca sd vSn hia Vi^t Nam Nxb Gido due Ha N i l , tr 254 (6) Tran Lam Bi«n 2000 Mot dudng tiSp c4n tich sO Nxb Van hda D4n tdc Ha Npi, tr 414 (7) Tran Lam B i l n 2000, sdd, tr 340-341
(8) Tran Th| Kim Anh 2012, "Chua Di6n Hi;u - Mot CPt - Ijch s d va biSu tirong", lap chl 7"/a
sang, so t h i n g 03/ 2012,
Ngoai van bia 1665, cd cac bia sau: Trimg tu Nhi'l Tri) Tt/cM(,bla ddi N g u y i n , i<hdc nam Giap Ty), i<!; hl§u 00345, Vl^n NghlSn ciifu Han Ndm; bia Nhi't Tri) T l / b / k h d c In nSm Thieu Tri thij bay, i<y hl?u 00350 Vi$n Nghidn cdu Hdn Ndm COng cd mdt so bia ghi ten chO la DiSn Huu T i ; nhu Ky ky WkhSc in nam Tir Ddc 13 I<y hidu 00348, Vien Nghian cdu Han Ndm Qua cac bia trdn cd Vni Ihdy, tdn NhSl Trg T u da xudt hl#n It nhdt t d the k j XVIi, den thd k^ XiX tdn gpi ndy dupc dung phd bldn hdn cd tdn chinh thdc Dien Hi;u To (9) "Chua Nhdt Tru" (Ha Npi) edn dupc dan gian tudng t r u y i n Id dl ddi td Nhat Trg T i ; d Hoa
(23)Tap chi Nghien cdu va PhSt trie'n, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
chSng qua la mat k i l u dSn gian hda tSn goi cho mdt ng6i chCia cd mdt cdi try da (gpi nh^m td kinh trSng) Dung nhu GS Hd V5n TSn da v i l t "(fJ Hoa LU c6 chOa Nhat Trg (M^t Cdt) Ngdi chua hi^n tgi khdng phSi ki6'n true c6 Chua cd t6n Nha't Try vl tri/dc chiia hi$n c6n cdt da cao m , cd tam m^t, khdc bai th^n chO kinh LSng nghidm" [Ha V5n TSin, Nguyin v a n Kg, Phgm Ngipc Long 2010 ChOa Vi6t Nam (in l^n tha 4) Nxb T h ^ gidi Hk N6i, tr 16; Tr^n Qudc VU(3ng Tdi b i n 2004 Ha N<?i nghin xUa Nxb Ha N^i, tr 196]
(10) C h u y i n dSn theo Tr^n Thj Kim Anh, 2012, bdd (11) C h u y e n d S n t h e o T r f i n T h i K i m Anh, 2012, bdd
(12) Louis Bezacier Relev4s de Monuments Anciens du Nord Viet Nam Paris, 1959, EFEO (13) Nguyen B6 Chl, 1949 "ChCia M$t CSt" DSn W^/Warn, s6 03/1949, HS N^i, [Chuyin
dSn theo Ng6 Van Doanh, NguySn Duy Hinh "ChOa M^t COt ban d^u", tgp chf Khio cShgc, 03/1978, tr 82],
(14) M6t s6 bSn djch \k "c6 t h i l n sU tgn \k T h i l n Tu$" [ D BSng Do^n, D Trpng H u l NhOng
d^i li v^ vu khuc cua vua chOa Vi^t Nam Nxb Van hpc, 1992 Ha N0i, tr 148] Hien chua
xac q u y l t cSch dich ndo la dung Tgm ghi d dHy de chd giiii q u y l t
(15) Chinh Hoa nam thii 18 (1697) D^i Vi^t sCfky toin thu.N^\CAc quan bin Bin \ihic\n.Bhn ky-Quyen II, K-J nhd Ly, tr 37a B i n dich, 1998, tSp 1, Ng6 Bde Thp djch cM, Ha Van T i n hidu dinh, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha N6i, tr 268
(16) Kim Ci/dngTajchCi bien) 1998 TCf diin Phat hqc Han Vi$t Nxb KHXH, Ha Npi, tr 497 Ban djch cua Dd Van Hy dich Id "pho tu<?ng sac vdng" [ N g u y i n Hu6 Chi (chu bien) Tha van
Ly Tran Nxb KHXH, Ha Npi, tr 405] D B i n g Doan djch Id "tupng Quan am bdng vang"
[Dd Bang Doan sdd, tr 148-151]
T r i n Thj Kim Anh cijng dich Id Thich Ca Mau Ni [Tran Thj Kim Anh 2010 "Nhgc vu cung dinh" 1000 nam am nhac Thang Long-Ha Noi (Quyen 1: Nhac vu cung dinh, ca trCi), Nxb Am nhgc, Ha Npi, tr 101]
(17) Ong ch? lam d mot d i l m , day khdng phiii la "cgm k i l n tnic" ma la mdt "tong the kien trOc" [Xem HQu Ngpc (chij bien) TCfdiin van hoa co truyen Viet Nam Nxb T h i gidi, Hd Ndi, 2002, tr 162] Xem them Chu Minh Khoi Lien Hoa Dai - hon via Thang Long xUa, http://giacngo.vn (18) Chiing tdi cd hi/dng nghi ngd r i n g each chep cua Toan thUve Quan Am lien hoa dat nam 1049 cd the Id chju anh hi/dng cCia ddi sau Nhung vdi tinh hinh sis lieu hien chua the xac q u y l t van de T^m neu d day de sau t i l p tgc nghien ciiu Cac tdc gia Ngd Van Doanh vd N g u y i n Duy Hinh cho r i n g k i l n tnic mdt cdt thd Quan Am dgng nam 1049 vap thdi L'j/ Thai Tdng "vd'n chl cd kien triic Mot Cdt" nhung cac tac gia cung dUa them gia thuyet rang k i l n tnic Mot Cot cd the chl la mdt phan cCta chua Di6n Hyu [Ngd Vdn Doanh N g u y i n Duy Hinh, 1978, bdd, tr 84] ChOng tdi nghieng ve gia thuylt sau hdn (19) Toan thu, nguyen van Id ill! dia (dat) K h d o d r c o b d n ghi Id fi!; tri {ao) Ngtfdi dich chua nhu
sau: "Nguyen van: "Idp thgch try vu dja trung" Bdn Chinh Hda vd ban VHv.2330 deu in rd chU "dja" Nhung cac bdn in ci5a Qud'c Tijf Giam (trilu Nguyin) nhu ban A.3 v.v sCta chO d/a thdnh chii (r/(ao, ho) Xet nguyen bdn Chinh H d a d e c h O d i a hop ly hdn: Khi mdi Idm chCia chl dgng cpt dd glQa dat, d i n Ian trCing tu ndm 1105 mdi ddo ho "Li6n hoa ddi" xung quanh c $ t d a (xem: BK3,15a) Cijng cd ngudi gidi thich chiJ "dia" ddy la chQ Ndm, dpc Id dia tile Id ao, h i Chiing tdi theo vdn ban, djch Id dat chd dpi sg xac minh." (20) Jean Chevalier va Alain Gheerbrant.1997 Td di4n biSu tugng vSn hda thS' gidi, Nxb Dd
NSng.tr 1
(24)Tap cW Nghien ctfu vd Phdt triln, sfl' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
(22) N g u y i n Du Chl tiing nh$n x6l "d mOt xa h|l md d©o Ph$t du<?c phdt t r i l n mgnh nhu d thdi
ky d$c l$p d I u tidn cCia ddn t$c ta thi III k i l n triic tUdng trung hoa sen phdt t r i l n n h i l u nhu
v$y cung Id IS t i t nhidn." [ N g u y i n Du Chl 2001 Tr6n di/dng tim v6 c&i d^p cda cha dng Nxb M9 thu$t-VI$n M9 thu$t, Hd N^l, tr 61]
(23) NguySn b6n ghi "thfing nhdn", nghTa Id "thl$n nhdn" (mfim thi$n) S i m Tham ddi Dudng cd cdu rm I' ^+H, ll'l H f*\Ri % tinh If liSu ng0 thing nhAn tdc sd tdng (l§ tTnh tjch da c6 t h i l i l u ngO m i m t h i | n v i n Id ngudn)
(24) PhSn Idn cdc bdn djch d I u djch nghTa NguySn Du Chl col Tdy C i m Id danh \\i ridng [ N g u y i n Du Chl, 2001, bdd, tr 57] ChOng tdi theo t h u y l t ndy, bdi Tdy C i m d6l vdi Didn Hgu cdu dudi d I u id danh tif rldng, nhu v$y Id c h u i n d l l
(25) Kim tudng: tudng vdng, tr6 tupng dupc tUong vdng Khdng phdi Id tU(?ng due bfing vdng nhU c6 ngudi dd tCrng djch
(26) C h a ' S l c h Tri" cd hai cdch djch, (1) djch theo nghTa Id "ao b i l e " , vd (2) dd Id danh tii ridng Vdi kdt cdu ngii phdp d ddy khdng t h i xdc q u y l t gid t h u y l t ndo Id ch&c dung Song chting tdi t^m coi dd nhu m$t danh tii ridng d l cho d l gpi vd phdn bi$t vdi ao Id ao Linh Chidu Duy cd N g u y i n Bd Ldng (sdd, tr 64) dpc Id "ao Khang Bfoh" cd le chO "khang" dpc n h i m tii chii "sd ik" Ho$c gid dng theo mOt bdn Hdn vdn ndo dd md chUng tdi ehua cd tay
(27) Khdo dj: cd bdn ghi Id quing 191 Cd hai chO d I u cd ly Nhung ehung tdi dung chQ xudngv\ chii ndy c l kinh, hgip vdi vSn ddi Ly hdn
(28) Khdo dj: ed bdn ehdp Id ^
(29) Khdo dj: mdt s i bdn ghi % (ph^n/ph^m) nghTa Id "nhd Ph$t" cd bdn ch^p Id h^c ^ (m$t lo^i ngdi) X6t vdn ednh, ddy phdi Id m | t d | n g tCf chiJ khdng phdl id danh t i i , nghTa cua tii ndy la "xdy, dijng" Cho n6n chiing tdi d l x u l t Id n h I m tii c h i i trdu fi(R vd % ed t y hinh g i n giong nhau) Sach Dich Kinh }gi^ q u i Tinh JfJh ghi: T i n h trUu, v d cOu Jf K * t t ( G i l n g xdy b^ng g^ch dd, khdng cd iSi) Nguydn nghTa "trUu" Id danh tU trd "gdch", d i n thdn Idm d | n g tii nghTa Id "dung ggch xdy ndn" VJ dg: trdu thinh K M nghTa Id xdy thdnh {WiL\ Vf^i) Sau ddt gid t h u y l t ndy ehung tdi da k i l m chiing l^i bdn ddp vdn bia t^i Vi$n Nghign ciiu Hdn Ndm, thi t g d^ng nguydn bdn triing khIt vdi k i l n md chting tdi dUa
(30) Thdc bdn hi^n luu trO tgi Vi$n Nghidn ciiu Hdn Ndm, k^ hi$u 32724-32725 Nguydn vdn xin tham khdo them Dgi San Ti/bi {k^ hi§u A 854) Vi$n Nghtdn ciiu Hdn N6m, (sdch Bi vin, ky hi$u VHv.1167, hi?n da mdt)
Epigraphie en Chinois du Viet Nam (Vol 1: De I'occupation chlnoise d a dynastie des LY)[^mi)LmitXmm { ^ •mtHinm^^-IH): Vin khic Hin Ndm Vi^t Nam {Ji.p^: tii Bic
thupc d i n thdi L^)] Eeole Fran^alse d'Extrdme-Orlent et Vi$n Nghidn ciiu Hdn Ndm 1998 P a r i s - Hanoi, pp 131-148 Bdn djch tham khdo cua D v a n H y x i n xem Tifid
van Lf Trin, sdd
(31) Cdc bdn djch vd bdn phiSn trUdc (dCi Id vdi cd hai tg dgng trdn) d I u n h & logt phidn Id C h i i u Bdn D^i Vi$t st? ky toin thU phidn Chieu Id dga trdn tg dgng vSn bdn Cdc ban djch bia thdp Sung Thi0n Dign Linh dd bd qua vdn tg d l phidn Id C h i i u Cd le Id chju dnh hudng ta bdn djch cua Toin thu7 Duy chl cd nghidn ciiu ciia D B i n g Dodn phidn la Chidu (32) Kinh F/i/phln D^i nha ghi: "vUdng t^l Linh C h i i u nh^n ngU duflc" ( i S « f f l , SJtO.feK)
nghTa Id *Vua d Linh C h i i u , ddy ao cd n h l y " , Mao truyen r&ng "Linh C h i i u y ndi cdi dgo thieng lidng du<?c thgc thi d i n cd ao" Ddi sau v( dd td ndi t h i hi$n An trgch cOa vua, ho$e ndi chju dn trgch eiia vua "Linh c h i i u " sau duoc diing nhu mOt m } tii, ch? ao h i ndi ehung (33) N g u y i n Du Chi djch Linh Chiiu nghTa Id "sao thidng" [ N g u y i n Du Chi bdd tr 61] Khdng
ro tdc gid edn c i i vdo ddu?
(25)Tap chl Nghjgn cdu vi PhSt irfn, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
(35) Cdc tac gid Ngd Van Doanh va N g u y i n Duy Hinh la nhOng ngudi d^u tidn ve i^l mat bSng kidn IrOc mdt cdt chCia Didn Hyu Gi4 thuydt cOa hai dng la mdt ddng gdp Idn nha't cho nghien cdu kidn true ndy thd k j XX v a nghien cdu cua chiing tdi id sy lldp ndi cua nhung ngudi dl trudc Song cd nhdng aim s i khdo bidt nhu trinh bdy phdn tidp theo cua bdi
(36) Tuy nhian, chung tdi nghieng vd gid thuyd't thd nhdt hon Bdi, kd't c9iu chju ii/c mdt cdt dUdc dyng trdn mdt md ddt gida h6 hSn Id rSt chSnh vdnh Hodc gid ndu cd md ddt dl chdng nOa, thi chdn cdt cQng phdl cJm xud'ng ldng ao rSt sau Ddt dudi ddy ao mdi Id ndn ch|u li/c chinh, da't cCia md ddt ddp quanh chf Id phu
(37) GS Trdn Qudc Vuong, khdng hidn ngdn, nhung cd y cho rdng "vudng trdn" cd xu hudng dnh hudng cda Nho gido cy thd nhu sau: "6 chua IVIdt Cdt, dao ao vudng, ngodi ddo ao trdn Id dd bidu tUOng D4't (vudng) vd Trdi (trdn) TU thdi Tam dai, kidn true nhd IVIInh Dudng la mdt nhd vudng (chl Ddt) cd lan nUdc trdn bao quanh (cht Trdi): dd cung Id Linh B4I (dai thISng)" [Trdn Qud'c Vu?ng, tdi bdn 2004, Sdd, tr 198, chu 7]
(38) Xem thdm Hd Van Tan 1991 'Xi vdn bdi tho vd chda Mpt Cdt cda nha sU Huydn Quang" NghiSn cOu Ph$t hoc, sd 3/1991 Trdn Trpng DUdng 2012 "Truy tim ngudn gdc loai thd 19 trdn mai chua t^dt Cdt", tap chl Tia sang, s6 thang 4/2012 (Xem bdn online cda tac gid d http://lrantrongduong.blogspot.com)
(39) Ngo v a n Doanh, N g u y i n Duy Hinh, 1978, bdd, tr, 84-85
(40) Ngodi ra, mandala trd su "thanh luu bdn cha't" tdc ednh gidl ma Phat Da tu gldc l u chdng [Xem them ileiXff 1998 « « a i S » r t i « ) i f « ffiiS2*»?E, 2/1998, p 57 (41) Thich tullnh Cdnh (chu bien) 2006 TO dien Phat hoc Hue Quang, tap 2, Nxb Tdng hpp
TP Hd Chl Ivlinh, tr 1.388
(42) Thich Minh Cdnh (chd bidn), sdd, tr 384
(43) Sonit Balna 2000 On the Idea of the Mandala as a Governing Device in Indian Architectural
Tradition Journal ol the Society of Architectural Historians Voi 59, No (Mar., 2000) p 33
(44) ?(a*.8S|(|!(»-)1999 E | i a - a B r t ! ] ( t } i S S K H ( » ) ' B S E * U l * t t , * « , t r 191
(45) smia 2007 a«t*«fli»*(t; a«SAifiai*tt, pp 272-273
(46) Vide ap dung dd hinh mandala cac loai hinh nghe thuat xin tham khao them cac tai lieu sau day:
» J f 0 ' l ' l l l & H t t a i ! ! » i a ( V a i r a s a n a P a g o d a i n C h l n a ) * + a a 12/2008, pp.170-175;
Rixm s«?^it»aa:
K K « i l ? | I i * f t g K y S : l t ( S e « f n S » i B a K S : K i « S * H « * » S E 4/1998, pp - ; • W S a 2007 ) * a E « S f t ? ; « t t } J J « i » f t l * l ? f g K ? S ( B » * K I H 2007 T-lg W g,l6 133 « , pp 016-026
m.aaStl.XKft - « « l S - ( » » S ! « S « ? ' 2 * E « E l i l F S , 01/2004, pp 49-59
(47) S « « » 0 W + ' l ' » S « ? ' r * S < r l i a * ¥ i J J I K t t H
(48) Elizabeth Ten Grotenhuis (Harvard University) 1983 Rebinh of an Icon: the Taima Mandaia in
Medieval Japan Archives of Asian Art, Vol 36 (1983), University of Hawal'i Press, pp 59-87
(49) Chuyen ddn theo Ngd Khanh Chau, Man dd la dQ Phat gi^o l<ien trCic
(50) Chda Tang Da i S ( l l # cd tdn la chda Tdn Tudng ( f f i # ) , chua Vd Bidn ( M j j ! # ) , tpa i?c dudi nui Cdp Bo ("9*111), bd bde sdng Nhd Ld Tang Bd ( l l l ® K * ( T ) Iran Tang Da, huyen Trat Nang, dja khu Sdn Nam, Tay Tgng ChCia ndy khdi dung vdo the kjf thU VIII nude Thd Phdn l i t * , la tu vidn ddu tIdn cOa Tay Tang Didn Phat trung tdm Id su hdi hda cda ba phong cdch Tgng Han va An Dd VI thd chda Tang Da dupc gpi id chua Tam Dgng ( - : # ^ ) Chua Tang Da chidm mat bdng didn tich khodng 11 km^ Didn chinh Da Cdt Ddc ( ^ ^ f i l S ) chidm 4.900m2 Kien true chda dUa theo vu trg quan Phat giao Xem them U^tt ( ( a * ) , H S K ( ± * ) - 0 " K T : ' t ' M » « « S : / | t " ± » S f » S J * a , i : « , 226-228H (51) i S a 1998 B « B S I i » « n B + W S » ? J S * * S « ^ t t ! f , t l i i a * , 03/1998, 1 H ; B W t
(26)Tap chl Nghidn cdu vh Phdt IriSn, sd' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
(52) NgUdI Indonesia gpi ndi ndy la "Candl Borobudur" Candl Id tidng phidn dm cda Caitya (Chaitya, Cetya), nghTa Id "linh thdp, linh didn' (tIdng Thdi Id Chedl)
(53) Meher McArthur 2005 Tim hliu mf lhu$t Ph$t giio Phan Quang Djnh d|ch Nxb M9 thudt, Hd Ndi tr 23, 259
(54) «1B/* a « ' U * "Kl*- 1994 i|03llll,40n
(55) Meher McArthur, 2005, sdd tr 20, 257-258
(56) Trdn Ky Phuong 1 "Khdo lu$n vd kIdn trdc Ddn- Thap Champa/ Chidm Thanh tai midn Trung Vidt Nam", lap chl Nghiin cilu Mf thuit H i Ndi, 2(38), 6/2011, tr 14 Tdc gid cho rdng dja hinh thung IQng M9 Son tUdng trung cho mdt mandala Nhdn dinh trdn cho thdy dd hinh mandaia edn dp dung cho cd mdt khu vuc dja ly, eg thd id cho mdt qudn thd kidn true
(57) Xem thdm Trdn Ky Phuong-Shlgeeda Yutaka (2002) "Phd tich Champa, khdo ludn vd kIdn trdc ddn thdp" Tap chi Nghidn cilu vA Phit tri^n, Sd Khoa hpc, Cdng nghd vd Mdi trudng ThUa Thidn Hud sd
(58) N g u y i n Tidn Ldm, NguySn Du Chi, Trdn Ldm, NguySn Bd v a n 1993 My Ihuil thdi M$c V i d n M J t h u a t , H d N d i t r , 25,
(59) N g u y i n Ddc Nung (chu bidn) 1973, sdd, tr 30
(60) Trdn Thj Kim Anh 1 , Vin bia thdi Ly cho biff nhOng gl v4 ItHn IrOc Phil glio thdi ky
n^y http://xuandienhannom.blogspot.com
(61) T r d n T h j K i m Anh, 1 , bdd
(62) N g u y i n Ddc Nung (chu bidn) 1973, sdd, tr 30-31
(63) "Cd tdc gid cho rdng nhdng chOa ddi Ly thudng cd mdt bdng kidu mandala (md hinh vu tru hudng tam vdi mat thdp Phat d gIda) edn nhdng chda ddi Ld thidt kd theo true xuydn tam ddi xUng" [ N g u y i n Thda Hy 2011 VSn hda VISt Nam truyen thdng - Mdi gdc nhin Nxb Thdng tin vd Truyen thdng, Ha Ndi, tr 400]
(64) Ha v a n Tan 1997 "Td mdt cdt kinh Phdt ndm 973 vUa phdt hidn d Hoa LU" Theo dSu
cac van hda cd Nxb KHXH, Hd Ndi, tr 809
(65) Ha v a n Tan vd cdng su 2010, sdd, tr 20
(66) Phan Cdm Thupng 1997, Oiiu khic cd Vi^t Nam Nxb My thudt Hd Noi tr 59 (67) Nguyen Ddc Nijng (chu bidn), N g u y i n Du Chi, N g u y i n TIdn Cdnh, Chu Quang Trd,
N g u y i n Do Bdo, N g u y i n Bd Vdn 1973 My thuat thdi Ly Nxb Van hda, Hd Ndi (PhU iUC khdng danh so trang hinh sd 6),
(68) Nguyen Quan, Phan Cdm Thupng, 1989 My Thuit cda ngi/dl ViiL Nxb MJ thudt, H i Npi tr 68
(69) "ban thd Phat bay bdn phia hinh c h d thdp" N g u y i n Qudn, Phan Cdm Thudng, 1989, Sdd, tr, 70, c a c tac gid edn ddn md td mdt bdng ndy theo sdch Phil li)c
(70) N g u y i n Quan, Phan Cdm Thupng, 1989, sdd tr 69 (71) Tda van Ly Trdn, sdd, tr 405
(72) Ban ve binh dd cda Ngd Van Doanh vd NguySn Duy Hinh (xem hinh 7) cho thdy hdnh lang hinh vudng, va dd tran khdng Idp Tuy nhidn chdng tdi cho rdng, cd khd ndng ddy Id mdt hdnh lang cd mdi Bdi hai chd "hoa lang" la trd hdnh lang ve Nghd thudt hpa lang thudng chl thuc hidn ddi vdi cdc cdng trinh kidn true cd mdi che, d dd cdc hpa cdng se thuc thi tac phdm tren cac cdt va d i l m mai (hpa ddng), "Hpa lang" la tU hidm gdp, chl thdy ghi nhdn trpng mdt tu dien cd idn Id "hdnh lang ddi cd vd dd trang t r r [ ? t t « ( i a S ) 1994 • i K i S ^ i ) ' * " i n H * ! ] * a i « < t t W, 24 # , tr 9.535]
(73) N g u y i n Van Thjnh (chii tri) 2010 Vin bia thdi Lf Hodng Vdn Lau, Pham Vdn Anh dich chu Nxb H d N d i , tr 169
(27)Tap chi Nghign culu vd Phat tri^n, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
(75) Tuy nhidn, cung se cd ngadl cho rSng, d ddy se chl cd hai eSu VI bl$n ludn rSng hl^n cung chl cd mOt c^u b^c vdo tii mOt hifdng Gid thuyd't trdn cung Id mOt khd nfing cd t h ^ xgy tren thi^c te Nhang vdi tinh hinh sCf li^u hi$n cd, hai gid thuyd't dua ddy d^u ed gia trj tUdng dUdng (50/50), chOng tOi nghidng vg gid thuyet tdm c^u nhu trdn da ndu Rieng gid thuyet ph6 bid'n nhgt (chl cd mOt c^u) thi dd'n ddy cd t h i nh§n dinh rSng Id khdng di/a trdn sis lieu, md ch? thudn tOy cfin cil trdn nhOng gi tdn khuyd't cCia kid'n triic ndy edn t6n t^i den
(76) NgO Vdn Doanh, N g u y i n Duy Hinh, 1978, bdd, tr, 84
(77) Nguygn bdn ghi "bgch manh" vd "theeh manh", chiing tdi ngd chD "bgch d " Id nhSm tif ehCf
ngoa K Bdi, chCf "bgeh" khOng miSu td chdt liOu cy th^ ndu Id gO'm md qudt vOi trSng thi
eung khOng cd gi ddng ndi Cung cd t h i d$t mOt gid thuyet (cua nhd nghidn ciiru Nguyin Hung VT thdo ludn ridng vdi chOng tdi) r^ng, chO "bgch" d ddy v i n Id chO diing, dieu dd ed t h i gidi thich rSng: cd t h i thdp dudc xdy bkng chat lieu ndo dd (nhu sd men trang hay dd trSng) Bdn Tr^n QuO'c VU0ng djch Id "suf t r i n g " [Tran Qu6e Vi/flng Tdi bdn 2004, sdd, tr 197] Cd ie cde tdc gid dd djch theo Hodng Xudn Han [Hodng Xudn Han 1950 /.y Thudng Kiet (Q 2) Hd NOi tr 415] NhUng chQ "ngdi sd" ciia GS Hodng Xudn Han Igi dich ta chiJ "luu ly", d ddy dng hdm y Toin thu da chep tdeh lam cdu, ciing trd ehung thdp
(78) Bdn djch cua Ngd DUc Thp djch "dinh t i l n " la "sdn chCia" [sdd, tr 285], d day, chiing tdi chl dich Id "trudc sdn" vd hi^u Id sdn cCia ddn trdng mandala
(79) Nhd nghien cUu N g u y i n Hiing VTgdp y vdi ehiing tdi r i n g , cd th^ cdch md td cOa Toin thu Id cd van de tUc id md td hai l l n cho ciing mOt dd'i tudng Cdu tren (2 thap bgeh manh) dudcchep 1^1 dudi la-"thdp bdu luu ly" Ddy cijng la mOt gia thuyet md chung tdi thd'y cung cd t h i xdy tren thuc td' nen ghi vao ddy de tham chieu
(80) Ngu chiing: La nhOng ngUdi xuat gia gom Tyf khdu, jy khau ni, ThUc soa ma na, Sa di, Sa di ni (81) Xem them: R E Emmerick, The Sutra of Golden Light {London Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd., 1979), pp 23-43 Valerie Hansen, "God on Walls: A Case of Indian Influence on
Chinese Lay ReligionT'trong Patncia Buckley Ebrey & Peter N Gregory, eds Religion and
Society in T'ang and Sung China (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993) p
t^i&m ^t-:2:.2oo2 + a -wiswiH-Vtm^ff/dit^tt, pp 52-53
Nhu Hgnh Ty Sa Mdn Thien Vuang (VAISRAVANA), Sdc Thien VUOng va Phu Dong Thien
Vuang ton giao Viet Nam thdi Trung Co www.giacngo.vn
Nguyen Thanh Tung 2012 "Gidc md Khudng Vidt tU gidc dp Mch sU-vdn hda" Tgp chf
Nghien cdu va Phat trien H u l , so (90) 2012 tr 22-37
(82) Dai Viet sdky toan thu sdd ban dich Ngd DUc Thp tr 242
(83) Xem them Ha Van Tan 1997 "Cdt kinh Phdt thdi Dinh thU hai d Hoa Lu" Theo dau
cac van hoa co Nxb KHXH, Hd NOi, tr 832
(84) N g u y i n Thanh Tiing, 2012, bdd tr 29-31
(85) Diing nhu N g u y i n Thanh TOng tUng nhdn xdt: "Ap dyng vu trg quan Phdt giao , KhuOng Viet da ngam so s a n h / d l eao vua Oinh/Le nhu Id De Thich (Thien de) Ph$t gido, cd Ty Sa IVIdn Thien VUdng hd vd phia bic "giO gin bien cudng" dong thdi (Khudng Vi$t "gai thdm" y) "khien eho Phdt phdp thjnh hdnh" nh^m mye dich x i l n dUdng Phdt phdp." Nguyin Thanh Tung, 2012, bdd tr 32-33
Hda thupng Thich Minh Tue cijng cho r^ng sU Vgn Hgnh han cung se cd nhOng ddng gdp tham gia vao viee ddi dd tif Hoa LU v l thdnh Thdng Long [Thfch Minh Tue 1993 LU0c sd
Phat giao Viet Nam Thdnh Hdi Phdt giao TP H i Chf Minh, Phat lich 2536, tr 190]
(28)Tap chl Nghidn cd'u vS Phdt tridn, sd' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
khac vd mandala md thdi" [ M t l i ' l , « ' ô ằ , ttU 2001 ã ô : ô ' * ' " mmw».n - S « f t S J t « ^ I ' p I I S i U t K (Comparison between the spatial pattern ol Angkor and Beijing) f<tf-±'^'^i& ( « ftt4?llli) 2001 i r S l l « ffi'dl 111 pp 14-18|
(87) Cif V/df Thdn Didn PhOc Tt) bl minh tinh tl): "Lidn toa chi cdp, vd dT T d Dai Thidn VUdng" ( dudi tda sen cd Td Dal Thidn Vuong) [NguySn Vdn Thjnh (chO tri), 2010, sdd, tr 244] (88) (3 chiJa Ndnh (Ninh Hidp Hd NOI), T d Thidn Vudng dUdc gpi Id TU Trdn
(89) Hd v a n Tdn vd cdng si/, Tdi b i n 2010, sdd, tr 436; 446; 453; 482; 330; 334-335; 343; 357, LUU ^, cdc tupng thudng dupc gpi Id Hd Phdp, thudng ch? cd hai dng, Tuy nhidn, qud trinh didn bidn td Td Thidn Vudng ddn Hd Phdp chdng tdi xin duoc trinh bdy mdt djp khdc
(90) Theo truydn thuyd't, linh nha ndy Na Tra Thdi td - cpn trai cOa Ty Sa Mdn Thidn VUdng (Da v a n Thidn Vuong, Thdc Thdp L»? Thidn VUdng) Idy dupc td tay bpn tidu quy Sau dd, dupc iudt su Dao Tuydn xay thdp thd phyng, [Chuydn ddn N g u y i n Td Nhl 1 "Thdp Hda Phpng d chua Ddu Bde Ninh tdng chUa Linh Nha cOa Ddc Phat", Tap chl Nghiin cOu
Tdn glio, s& 12/2010, tr 31-35|
(91) Nguyin Bd Ldng 1972, Kiih tnic Ph$t giio Viit Nam Vidn Dal hpc Van Hanh, Sdi Gdn, tr 21 (92) N g u y i n Bd Lang 1972, sdd, tr 22-23 Xem thdm N g u y i n Bd Ldng 1971 " S i c thdi kidn trijc Phdt g i a c V l d t Nam thdi Bde thudc" Vl^t Nam khio cd tip san, ( s d V i i ) , Phd Qudc vt; khanh dac trach van hda Sdl Gdn, tr 61-105
(93) Bia Cd Viit Thdn Diin Phuc Ti) bi minh ghi chdp ndm Dai Khdnh (1113) dd md td:
'MZt>im^jE^ihi<fW "Tam quan chi ndi didn, ngdu idp hd phdp thien thdn" (phia trcng
tam quan bdy dat tUdng thidn thdn hd phdp) Bia chua Didn HUu ghi chdp vd idn trimg tu nam Thieu Trj thiJ (1847): S e f j B -.l«t»l8IIB)ar»l?h i U i l l K "Td hOu hdnh lang tam quan Chung cac tU chu ndi ngoai nhdt iudt trang nghiam" (Td hdu hdnh lang, tam quan, cdc (gac) chudng vdy quanh, ngodi ddu rd't muc trang nghidm) [Chuydn d i n Pham v a n Tudn "Tam quan kidn true chda Vidt Nam", Thdng bio Hin Ndm hpc 2005, Nxb KHXH, Hd Npi tr, 616-628)
(94) 9{6tr ifmm Eim-HawitRSS « n (iT)+w«s',**tt, 191 H
(95) Xem them Ha Van Tdn 1997 "Cdt kinh Phdt thdi Dinh thd hai d Hoa Lu" Theo diu
cic vin hda cd Nxb KHXH, Ha Ndi, tr 822,
Robert Beer 2003 The Handbook ol Tibetan Buddhist Symbols Serindia Publication, INC PO Box 10335 Chicago, Illinois, p, 82
(96) ChO ma kinh (ii*ttl9*5) cd doan: "nui Tu Di la nui Kim CUdng ndi De Thich d Tdn gpi id Didu Cao d gida bidn, cap 336 van d$m so vdi mdt bidn." Sdch Tud /dm im nghs "JUtn-IS ghi: "cd ngudi ndi rdng: Tu Dl,., ddi DUdng gpi Id ndi Didu Cao Bdn bau hop thdnh, cho ndn gpi la didu Cao vupt mpi nui ndn gpi id cao Cung cd ngudi gpi Id nt]i Didu Quang, bdi nui tda bdn sSc bdu lung linh rpl khSp thd gidl" Theo Cdu Xi luin td bdu tao ndn nOi Tu Dl gdm vang, bac luu ly vd phd kyr gia bdp
(97) V d t h d g i d i q u a n P h d t g i a o x I n x e m t h d m ± , t i s ( J ; ! l i ) , i i t ( t K X ) 1992 -;T^ilcXHtW-*-f WdCi-ilTifclfilliS ' ^ U t W U i ^ t t I t j l Vd vide cung dudng dan trdng vO trg xin xem
viiitv B«ifli((Ji)Eiiac-i"iiiffjit»ss;, »vr(i!ia(i'ji*«*s.Ey() +H>t<(tai*tt, pp 240-243
(98) Robert Beer 2003 The Handbook o/ Tibetan Buddhist Symbols Serindia Publication,INC PO Box 10335 Chicago, Illinois, p 86
(99) Xem tham Kim CUPng Td, 1998 TUdi^n Phithgc Hin Vi^t Nxb Khoa hpc xd hdi, Hd Ndi, tr 504, 663
(100) Xem them Kim Cupng T d , sdd tr 504
(29)Tap chi Nghidn ciJu vd Phdt tri^n, sd' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
(102) N g u y i n Du Chl 2001 Trin dUdng tim v4 cii d^p cda cha dng Nxb My thu$t-VI$n My thu§t, HaNOi, tr 22
(103) N g u y i n Hung VT 2001 "Quan sdt cOt dd chiia MOt COt d niii Dgm" 45 nSm Khoa VSn
hoc 1956-2001 Nxb Dgi hpc Qu6c gia, Hd NOi, tr 583-593 Xem thdm N g u y i n DUc Nung
(chu bidn), sdd, tr 32
(104) Xem thdm Trdn Trpng Duong " B i l u tupng niii vu trg Meru-Tu Di vdn hda Vidt Nam va DOng A \ Tgp chf Nghiin cdu l\Ay thuit, sd' 02/ 2012, tr 24-36
(105) Tuy c6n mOt vd'n d l md chOng tOI edn d l ng6 vl n i m ngodi khd ndng cOa minh, dd Id k i l n triic mandala mOt cOt t i n g t h i k i l n triic chiia Didn Huu ddi L^, cung nhu hi^n trgng t^i di tich ngdy Van d l ndy xin xem thdm nghidn cifu cua N g u y i n Du Chi cung nhu Ngo Vdn Doanh vd N g u y i n Duy Hinh Vd ndn chdng edn phdi cd mOt cuOc khdo c l quy mo tgi di tich ndy d l tim thdm nhClng sif li$u hiOn vdt vdo thdi ky dd
TOM TAT
Bdi Viet x u l t phdt tU nhQng siJT li^u hOu quan t i l n hdnh nghidn cUu thdo ludn ve cdc ten gpi va mdt so van d l lidn quan d i n Ijch sif k i l n trOc cOa chita Didn Huu thdi Ly, Trpng tdm cOa bdi Vilt hudng d i n thdo lu§n vd dua gid t h u y l t phyc dUng cdng trinh k i l n triic "mOt cOt", tifc liSn
hoa dii, cung nhu nghTa bleu tupng md nd hdm chifa tif t h i gidi quan Phdt gido Budc dau tdc
gia di den nhdn djnh r i n g , danh xUng "Chiia Mdt Cdt" (Nhdt Trg Tu) chf Id cdch gpi dan gian tU t h i ky XVII trd v l sau ddnh eho lien hoa ddi Ddy Id phan trung tdm cOa mdt dan trang {mandala), edn dan trang ndy eOng chf Id mdt phan cua chua Dien Huu thdi Ly Nhdn Tong Vdi k i t cau lien hoa ddi lam trung tdm, vdi cd eau da tang-dong tdm cua ddn trdng (hai vdng ao, mOt vdng hdnh lang, h$ thong cdc c l u , cac thdp dgng tif b i n phfa, he thong thd Tif Thien VUdng ), vdi nhQng nghi le Phdt giao d kien tnic ndy (nhu t i m Phdt, phdng sinh ), tdc gia budc ddu nhdn djnh ddn trdng ndy Id mpt kieu k i l n tnic xay dgng theo an mandala, dd Id mOt bieu tupng vu trg (eosmological symbols) theo t h i gidi quan cOa Phdt gido Cd the ndi mandala chiia Dien Huu thdi L'^, dat boi canh vdn hda ciia Dgi Viet cung nhU vdn hda Ddng A thdi ky dd Id mot dang kien tnic c6 tinh bieu trung cao, va la mOt gid tri dOc ddo cOa tinh than nhdn vdn bat diet Den nay, ijch sU dd trai qua quang ngan ndm, vide phgc dgng I31 mandala chOa Dien Hgu han Id mdt edng viee thd v| vd cd nghTa doi vdi Ijch sijf vdn hda Vi?t Nam
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