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Tin dd dUdc dan dat tu luyen mau thanh tien dng, tien ba "trUdng sinh bat tfl" vdi ci tram phep thuat luyen khi cdng, nhin an lfldng thtic (tinh cd'c), luyen dan (trgn la quy[r]
(1)TON GIAO Nirorc NGOAI
VE "TAM CIAO DONG NGUYEN" TRUNG QUOC
C d nhieu cich hieu sai lac ve "Tam
gido dong nguyen" d Trung Qud'c va
cang sai lech ve "Tam gido ddng nguyen"
b nfldc ta Vi du: tfl dien Cao Dai - xuat
hien "mien p h f tren Internet tfl dam nam nay, giai thich (trich yeu) nhfl sau:
"Tam gido dong nguyen la ba nen ton gido: Nho gido, Phdt gido, Ldu gido ciing mgt goc, gdc Id Diic Chiia Trdi Ngoc Hodng Thiidng De, md ngdy ggi Id Ddng Cao Ddi Tii tiidng Tam gido dong nguyin co tii thdi nhd Tiing ben Tdu, cdch khodng LUX) ndm Lao gido thi cho van vdt deu c6 nguon gdc la Dqo, cuoc ddi Id phii vdn, hdi ddu ma lo nghi Phdt gido thi cho van vdt Chdn nhii md ra, sdc vdi khong Id mot, sii sinh sinh hoa hoa Id vgng niem chd khong CO thiic Nho gido thi cho sii hien hoa trong Vd tru Id nhdt dgng nfidt tinh cua Thdi ciic md Thdnh thii cdi goc cua Tam gido von Id mot, md cdi nggn thi chia khdc Tom lai, d Trung Hoa, Tam gido von dong nguyen, nhiing ve cdch lap gido vd thuyet minh cua moi gido CO khdc, ldm cho ngiidi ta ldm tiirjng
Tam gido khdc hdn nhau"
1 De ro hdn ve giai thich neu tren, chung ta cd the tim lich sfl tfl tfldng - tdn giio Trung Hoa, hoan canh nao va vi gidi hgc gii neu thuyet "Tam
gido ddng nguyen" Ngfldi dau tien neu
hgc t h u y e t hda ddng chinh la Dao
MAI THANH HAI'*' Hoing C i n h (456-536) Ong de xfldng thuyet "Tam gido dong nguyen" vdi li le ddn giin la: ba tdn giad Nhd, Phat, Dao deu cung tfl mdt ngudn gd'c cflng dfla ngfldi den dinh cao cfla nhfl y toai nguyen Thuyet ay dfldc dfla dflng lflc vua chua thich cd nhflng bay tdi trung Nho giio cung cap, lai thich sdng mai lau dai de hUdng thfl vui efla Dao giao, lai cung mudn sau cung dfldc giii thoat de dat dfldc Niet Ban cfla Phat giao Thuyet Tam gido dong nguyen thinh vfldng dfldc may tram nam, nhat la thdi Dfldng - Td'ng (650-1257) cho den lflc ma xa hdi thay chi neu ddng nguyen la chfla that sau sic Vfldng Trflng DUdng lap phdi Todn Chdn nang cad len chu trUdng "Nho, Thich, Dao hdp nhat" xay dUng li thuyet ve Thien dinh b i y cap, va viet cic giing bflt gia ldi t h i n tien dgc cho cic dng ddng ba cd't truyen di k h i p ndi; dng ta hd had cac hgc gii deu cin p h i i tham n h u i n Dao Dfle kmh va Thanh Tinh kmh cfla Dao giio Ban Nhflgc Tam kinh efla Phat giio va Hieu kinh cfla Nho giio, de that sfl l i mdt eon ngfldi cfla "Nhd, Thich, Dao hdp nhat" Xet rieng cii ggi la "Dao giio" xuat hien khoang ba tram nam trflde Cdng nguyen d Trung Qudc, tfl ban sd, nd khdng he ciu xin d mdt Dang Tdi cao linh thieng, huyen bi nao ca; no khong hinh dung
(2)ra mot Thucmg De nao ca; no cung khong dimg mot Thien Chiia diing tren cao, sang tao the gidi Nen tang tfl tfldng cua nd l i di tim han phflc d chinh minh khdng chay theo ngoai vat Cho den d i n d i n mang nhflng yeu td' thd cflng Dad giio xuat phat tfl tinh thd'ng nhat ba mat gifla t h i n linh, ngfldi va vfl tru tfl nhien; quy t h i n cd the chi phdi sd' phan ngfldi, va ngfldc lai, ngUdi cd the tiep xflc vdi quy than qua mdi gidi la dao si, la cic thay p h i p sfl, phfl thfly, ta ggi ndm na la dng ddng ba cd't,
Theo truyen thuyet, ngfldi xfldng xuat Dao giao (cflng cd ndi ggi la Lao giio) l i Lao Tfl (tieng Anh ghi ten dng l i Laotzu) Nhflng that ra, c h i n g cd ten l i Lao Tfl, ching he ed hgc gii nio, dao si nio, mdt ngfldi nao mang hg Lao d day ci Cung cd the cd mdt ngfldi cad tudi sau n i y dfldc tdn len nhfl mgt nha triet hgc Trung Hoa cd dai; Lai ddn r i n g , dng gia ngfldi nfldc Sd khdng biet dng sinh nam nad, mat nam nao (sau niy ed sach ghi ang chflng la dng sinh khoing nam 604 TCN, mat khoang nam 523 TCN); Lai ddn rang, me dng mang thai den may tram nam mdi sinh dng, eho nen chfl be vfla chao ddi r a u da d i i ba thudc Ten that l i gi khdng biet, nhflng chac c h i n khdng p h i i la hg Lao Sau nay, cd ndi cho r i n g dng ten l i Ly Nhi hoac Ly Dam, tfl la Ba Dfldng "Ong" khdng cd mdt cii ten dich xic, mgt tieu sii chinh xac, cung nhfl bat ki mgt tac pham cu the n i o ca Sau niy, ngfldi ta g i n cho "dng" cd mdt t i c pham chinh ggi l i Dao Dfle kinh (Dao De Jing), nhflng t h a t cud'n sich mdt ngfldi ten la Hoan Uyen tfl coi minh nhfl hgc trd ciia "thiy" Lae Tfl tap hdp ldi ddn truyen va bien soan vao thdi Chien Qudc Vi Dao Dfle kinh dfldc bien soan
b i n g ngdn tfl tfl bien nen r a t xa la so vdi each d i l n dat quen thudc sau Chfl cd ghi ldi xfla, nhieu cau ghi fl d, ddi sau tha sflc ddin Cho nen dd va nha't la ve sau nay, cd nhieu each hieu khac nhieu each giai thich khac nhau, mdi each ed mdi trfldng anh hfldng to ldn k h i c nhfl cau; "Dqo ui nhdt, nhdt
sinh nhi, nhi sinh tam, tam sinh van vdt", thi cd the d i l n la "Dqo von la mgt, mgt sinh hai, hai sinh ba, ba sinh ra vqn vdt"; Lai ed cau: "Dqo khd dqo, phi thiirMg dqo, danh khd danh, phi thiidng danh" (cd the hieu la; "Dqo md ta che ggi diidc, khong phdi Id dqo thiidng Danh md co the goi diidc thi khong phdi Id danh thiidng" Nhflng ngfldi bao ve ndi
tieng efla Dao giio la Dfldng Chu (340-266 TCN), Td'ng Hinh, Doan Van va nhat la Trang Tfl (369-286 TCN) Trang Tii de phep bien ehflng cfla it va nhieu, tuyet ddi va tfldng ddi, dn dinh va bien ddi, nhflng Trang Tfl cung cd sflc tuyet ddi hda cii it c i i nhieu, dflng yen van ddng, cd' sflc t i c h biet "dao" vdi sfl vat, nham tao cd sd tfl tfldng cho Thuyet Vd vi cfla dng Thuyet trd t h i n h mgt nhflng ngudn tfl tfldng hinh t h i n h tin ngfldng Dad giao luc gin bfldc sang Cdng nguyen
(3)Cac bieu tfldng ma thuat cung dfldc gin lien vdi thuat yem bfla, chfla benh bing phfl phep, rdi d i n d i n "tien len" cac phip thuat efla t h i y phfl thfly, ke tfl viec deo bfla hg menh, ngam rUdu mdm phun de tao mUa, ggi ma quy len danh ddn xua dudi de giai han, xoa d i u cac hdn da de dUdc chfla de, eho den viec "day" am binh di dep cac nan dich benh hoac cac tai hga ldn cfla ca mdt vflng dat, viec "xflc diu" len ngfldi Cdn benh, dflng "thanh cd't" hoac "ki vat" cfla cic bac t h i n tien de chfla benh, viec t i m ddng sdng thieng lieng hoac lay nfldc sudi thieng, gieng t h i n ve de tim khdi benh (nhfl truyen thuyet Ly Thin Tdng dfldc t i m bing vac diu thin cua phap sfl Khdng Ld, de rung het ldng cgp mgc diy ngfldi)'"
Ke cd quyen the, cflng nhfl ke lim bac nhieu gao, mong Udc dUdc sung sUdng ben lau va mai mai dua ddng be mang, tau thuyen bien khdi de tim den ba nggn nfli Bdng Lai, Phfldng Trfldng va Doanh Chau mong dUdc gap tien dng tien cd, de xin dUdc cic "linh dan", cac thfl thud'c "trfldng sinh bat tfl" Den thdi Ddng Han (25-220), nhflng hinh thflc me tin ay ket hdp vdi hgc thuyet Dao Gia, dan den sfl xuat hien cua Dao giao, Khi nd thu hflt tat c i cac tin ngUdng dan gian, p h i t trien manh te le va phap luat, tfl bien dang Dqo Thdn tien, Dqo
Phil thuy, luyen dan lam thud'c trudng
sinh bat tfl, lam phep la de tan hfldng khoii lac Vi dao tfldng ndi tieng nhat la Vu Cat, sd'ng gifla the ki thfl II, t i c gii sich Thdi Binh Kinh, dflng phep am dfldng, ngfl hanh de phfl phep, len ddng bdng ggi hdn ngfldi chet, sai khien ma quy,v.v (cac "phep" sau ggi tdm chung la Vu thuqt co dqi)
Den thdl Tam qudc (220-280), ngfldi theo cac Dao ay, quan tren d i u mdt m i n h
vii vang, (nen sau ggi la dao Hoang Cin; Hoang can nghia la khan vang, nen cung cdn ggi la Dao Khan vang), d i n d i n mang theo mau sac Thien Nien luan va dao Cflu the'^' Dao Khan vang dflng thd cflng td tien cd't de tap hdp q u i n chung chd'ng lai vua quan h i khac; lay Thdi Binh kinh lim "Kinh dien"; sau dd, bien dao T h i i Binh, di dau cung tuyen truyen phep trfldng sinh bat tfl, dflng tan hfldng nfldc la phfl phep de chfla khdi benh va sd'ng mai khdng chet De gay uy the chd minh, lam cho Dao tang them ve huyen io, ki bi, dao trfldng bia r i n g chinh dng ndi cfla dng ta da tflng dfldc dich than Lao Tfl trao cho sfl menh dflng Thai Binh kinh de xay dflng dao Thai Binh cho toan the loai ngUdi mai mai thoat khdi cinh khd sd ddi khat Tfl mdt he tfl tfldng triet hgc, pha trdn them nhieu hinh thflc ll bai, tin ngUdng, rdi bien d i n mgt hinh thflc tdn giao, bao gdm ci sfl dung nhieu cdng cu trang tri (nhfl tranh, tfldng, b i t bflu, ) hoac phdng ve (nhfl n h i n , bfla, ngii, ) dung ddng thdi vdi nhieu dang thflc ma thuat (xien linh hfl hdn, ciu hdn, len ddng, dudi ma quy, v,v ) khic Tudng trUng cho hinh thflc tin ngfldng - tdn giao la bieu tUdng Am Dudng dUdc bao quanh b i n g Bat Quai Li luan chfl toan cfla nd la nen tang cua Dich hgc, Tfl vi, Phong thfly, Sieu Hinh hgc Trung Hoa,
3 Sau hai "dao" tren bi dan i p , bg phan cdn lai bien mdt loai hinh tdn giio chinh thdng, mang tam trang bat man vdi trieu dinh, trien mien chd'ng ddi, chd thdi Cd ndi len Nhflng ba bdn tram nam cfl lien tiep that bai, nhieu tri thflc chin n i n di tim t h i n tien tren nfli de dfldc an fli; Mdt sd ngfldi di vao hgc thuat, trd hgc gii cd tieng tam nhfl Cdt
(4)phip), VUdng Hien Chi, v.v C i t Hdng (238-363) (dfldc ddi sau ggi la Cat Tien dng) chfl trUdng ket hdp Dao giao vdi Phat giao va NTio giio dao Kim Dan cfla quy tgc, nhflng tap trung vao tinh bat tfl thieng lieng l i dac trflng cfla Dao giio Chinh lflc dd, Dao Hoang C i n h (456-536) dUa chfl trfldng ciia C i t Hdng li luan, t h i n h hgc thuyet Tam gido dong nguyen vdi li le rang, ci ba dao NTio, Phat, Dao cung mdt ngudn gd'c Ong ta xiy dflng hoan chinh li thuyet ve Thien dinh Dqo gido; eho rang, Thien dinh cd bay cap, v i giang bflt mfldn ldi t h i n tien dgc cho cic dng ddng ba cdt truyen di khap ndi'" Vua chfla sau thich cd nhflng bay tdi trung ma Nhe giid cung cap, thich sd'ng mai de hfldng thfl vui cua Dao giio lai cung thich dat Niet Ban cua Phat giio cho nen thuyet
Tam gido dong nguyen may tram nam
thinh vfldng (tU thdi Nam - Bac trieu (420-581) cho den thdi Tuy - DUdng (581-907)) Dudi nggn cd tU tUdng dung hdp ve Tam
gido dong nguyen Dao Hoang Cinh, nha li
luan ndi tieng nhat dau the ki thfl VI, da viet sich Chdn linh vi nghiep de de phd cap hgc thuyet Tam giio ddng nguyen Sich Chdn linh vi nghiep neu chu t h i n dUdc xep cap ngan rd rang; Cap thii nhdt, dflng d i u la Nguyen Thfly Thien Tdn cd danh hieu l i Hfl Hoang Dao Quin; ben t i xep t h i n h h i n g chfl nhat cd Ngu Linh That Minh Thin Sinh Cao Thfldng Dao Quan Ddng Minh Cao Thfldng Hfl Hding Dao Quin; ben hflu la Tfl Hfl Cao Thfldng Nguyen Hoing Dao Quan, Dgng Hu Tam Nguyen Thii Minh Phfldng Hoang Dao Quan; Cap
do thd hai l i Dao Dao Quan cd ten hieu
day du la Thii Thanh Cao Thanh Thii Thfldng Nggc T h u i n Huyen Hoang Dai Dao Quan, vdi hang loat chfl t h i n da giing xudng t r i n the t h i n h nhan vat lich sfl nhfl
Doan Hi, An Ky Sinh, Cat Huyen, Khdng Tfl, Nhan Hdi, Hoang De, Nghieu, Thuan, Vu, Tfl Ma Quy Chfl, Trang Tii, Lao Dam, v.v ; Cap thii tii dflng d i u la Thii Thanh T h i i Thfldng Lao Quan chinh la Lao Tii (thud ban d i u Dao giao xep Lao Tfl l i t h i n cfla mudn t h i n , den "trfldng thanh" Dad giao cd b i y he t h i n nen Lao Quan khdng cdn la chfla te vu tria, sinh trUdc Trdi Dat nfla, cflng khdng cdn li "thin cfla mudn t h i n " nfla, ma la Thai Thanh giio ehu, tfle l i giio chfl ciia Dao giao thdi); Cap thii ndm dflng d i u la TrUdng Phung; Cap thii sdu dUng diu la TrUdng Mao Quan; Cap thd bdy, dflng d i u la Phong Dd Bac Am Dai De
Tren day mdi chi la p h i he than tien ciia dao si phai Mao Sdn Ngdai cdn cd khdng it t h i n p h i cua nhieu p h i i khic nhau, chflng td day khdng cdn l i ao giic cua thdi nguyen thuy nfla ma da l i ket q u i cau tao cd y thflc mang chieu bai ddng nguyen cfla tam giio Xuyen qua may mu bao quanh, " t h i n p h i " cho ta thay quan niem ve sd dd vfl tru cd dai Trung Qud'c va thay rd he quy chieu thfl hai cfla td chflc t h i n p h i l i quan niem ddi lap nhi nguyen "sinh tdn" va "tii vong", k h i n g dinh tam linh ngfldi da xic lap tinh c i m ed ban nha't, dd la hfldng ve sfl sd'ng v i sd hai cii chet, nhat la sfl sd hai eii chet cflng la ngudn gd'c tam li cfla truyen thd'ng quy t h i n
(5)khde cd tai chfla dfldc mgi benh tat hiem ngheo; Ly Thiet Quai ludn ludn mang theo qua b i u va cai nang, x u i t hien nhu mgt ngUdi an xm que cut benh viic ke cd ddn; TrUdng Qua Lao cd k h i nang tang hinh, thUdng cUdi mdt chiee xe td trang, mang mdt cai dan d'ng true va hai cai gay, b i o trd cho cac cu cao nien; H i Tien Cd tien nfl cam cai mudi tre, mdt bdng sen va ddi them mdt t r i i d i o tien ndi tieng ve khd hanh va ldng nhan i i ; H i n Tfldng Tfl - vi tien bid trd cac nhac si ludn cim mdt d'ng tieu, ndi tieng ve an tieu hoang phi, fla cinh sd'ng tich mich; Chfldng Ly Quyen la mdt chien binh bi bai tran, sau trd n h i luyen dan ndi tieng, tay ludn ludn cim mdt cai quat; Lam Thai Hda, mdt chan di giay mdt chan khdng, tay mang gid hoa, bao trd ngUdi trdng hoa va b i n hoa; Tao Qud'c (]flu, la vi bao trd cac dien vien nghe thuiit, i o quan ludn ludn long lay, giiu nang lUc ma thuat
Sang den thdi DUdng - Td'ng, Dad giio dUdc giai cap thd'ng tri nang dd nen the liic lan bflng kha manh, phat trien nhieu n h i n h , ket hdp rat nhieu hinh t h i i cflng bai phfl thfly, pha trgn cac loai me tin di doan, thd dfl mgi thfl t h i n thanh, ke tfl Nggc hoang ThUdng de Thai ThUdng Lao quan - tflc Liio Tfl, rdi den Bac D i u (ggi la Huyen Vu) rdi den Van Xudng sau dd la Quan Thanh, tflc Quan Vu (tflc Quan Van Trfldng ddi Tam Qud'c) v.v Cic dao trflde sau deu tap trung thd cung Lao Tfl cflng cac vi tien Liio Tfl dUdc coi la hda than cfla "dao" da nhieu l i n giang sinh xud'ng lam ngUdi; hg cho r i n g "dao" da sinh cic dang Trdi nhfl "Nggc Thanh, ThUdng Thanh, T h i i Thanh, dUdc ggi chung la "Tam Thanh Thien" Cac vi tien khdng nhung chi d
tren cac t i n g trdi ma cdn d treng 36 hang ddng va phflc dia d tren mat dat Den ddi Thanh (1644-1911) lai thd them Ma td Nfl t h i n phu hg ngUdi di bien va Chan Vu d i n g rua va r i n Cac bien the cua Dao giao dua md that nhieu phfldng t h u a t phfl chfl c i u sdng lau dUa ke quyen quy va giau sang t h i sflc hfldng khoai lac, venh vang dm het phflc lgc thg thien trang c i u an cua ke ngheo khd b i n g cich vun quen tU tudng mong c i u hda binh am i dan gian
(6)5 Dfldc dfla vao Trung Qud'c khoang cudi ddi T i y H i n (diu Cdng nguyen) lflc d i u Phat giao dfldc coi la mgt loai phUdng thuat t h i n tien, chi mgt bg phan nhd thudc t i n g Idp tren cfla giai cap thd'ng tri phung thd; Phat giao lao vio vach dUdng chiu khd ddi niy, luc chet dUdc ban thudng hda kiep sung sUdng cUc lac Thdi Nguy - Tan, Nam Bic trieu (420-589), Phat giao trd tdn giio cfla q u i n chflng, giao li n h i Phat cung dfldc mdt bd phan xa hdi tiep nhan li tUdng binh dang (ai cung cd the tdi Niet Ban cung cd the Phat) Cflng nflp dudi chieu bai "Tam giao ddng nguyen" cic tdn giio dep bd nhflng chuyen t r i i tai gai mat Mat khic, cic t i n g Idp thd'ng tri cung sdm biet ldi diang Phat giao lam cdng cu me hoac q u i n chflng, ru ngfl ngfldi di vio sieu thoit Dien hinh nhu Ludng Vu De (502-550) tuyen bd' lay Phat giio lam Qud'c giao, lien dd, Pham Chan dUa Thdn
diet ludn, dflng tfl tfldng vat thd sd
dap manh Phat giid: "Nhuc the l i ban the cfla tinh t h i n ; tinh t h i n p h i hfly xac thit; rdi khdi xac thit thi tinh t h i n cung bi diet bd"
Hdn mdt nam sau, Phat giio bi ldi dung xau xa nhat nhfl mdt man dien bi h i i kich, cung phi Vd Tac Thien vao chfla tu lflc 27 tudi, nhflng that la de de lam nhan tinh eua t h i i tfl, sau len ngdi la Dfldng Cad Tdng cho tdi sfl nfl cd thai lien dfldc Cad Tdng dfla ve trieu l i m chinh cung hoang hau; sgu nay, quyen binh n i m trgn tay, Vd Tic Thien cho dflng bd kinh Phat Dqi Vdn
kinh, gdm tap, ngi dung ghi rd; "Vd
hoing hau nguyen l i Dfle Phat Di Lac xudng tran de lam Vua cai tri thien ha" Den 70 tudi, ba bat q u i n t h i n tdn len lim Hoing De, ddi qud'c hieu nha Dfldng
thanh nha Chu; mfldi nam lam Hoing De, "Dfle Phat Ba" bio: "Cic nam h o i n g de cd biet bao nhieu cung tan mi nfl, ta la nfl hoang de lai khdng cd nhflng phi t i n trai trang cho minh?
Ndi chung thdi Tfly - Dfldng (581-907), Phat giid trd mdt the lflc kinh te -xa hgi to ldn, lap dfldc hang chuc nghin dien trang nflp danh tu vien de p h i t trien the lflc chinh tri - tfl tfldng, nd hang loat tdng phai mang dac trflng dan tdc Trung Hoa Den thdi Td'ng - Minh
(960-1644), cic phai Phat giao d i n d i n cd xu hudng dung hda, thiic hien "Tam giao ddng nguyen", mud'n nhda d i n "Nho - Thich - Dao hdp nha't" de de tdn tai
6 Den day, nen ban them ddi dieu ve Nho giio Nho giao khdng he ddng nhat vdi hgc thuyet ciia Khdng Khau (551-479 TCN), vi rat lau trUdc lue Khdng Khau ddi, d Trung Hoa da ed mgt t i n g Idp ngUdi, ggi la cic nha nho (Nho gia), tflc la nhflng ngfldi "hgc theo dao t h i n h hien", tfl cho rang minh hieu biet dfldc le Trdi, Dat va le ngfldi, di day bao ngfldi ta an b "cho phai dao" Hdn ba t r a m nam sau Khdng Khau chet (479 TCN), hgc thuyet cfla Khdng da bi ngfldi ddi lang quen, mai den the ki II TCN, di san tfl tfldng ciia Khdng K h i u mdi dfldc Ddng Trgng Thfl (179-104 TCN) tan trang t h i n h thuyet
Thien Nhdn cdm dng, tad t h i n h cd sd li
(7)H a n Vu De la sd h a i n i n t h i t ngay; sudt sau chuc n a m lam v u a thi h a n h h a n g loat chinh s i c h bdc lot t h a m te, vet het vet sach cfla c i i t r o n g d a n Vu De van d u n g triet de hoe t h u y e t Nho gia vao viec cai tri Nho g i i o b i t d i u trd t h a n h he tfl tfldng c h i n h thd'ng cfla xa hdi T r u n g Qud'c Tfl ddi H a n trd ve sau k h u d n thudc c h u a n miic N h o giao bien t h a n h tin dieu thieng lieng sach vd Nho g i i o trd t h a n h "bau v a t cfla T h a n h hien" Den ay tflc la g i n 500 n a m s a u qua ddi, Khdng K h a u lai dUdc bien t h a n h mdt "Dfle T h i n h " de thd cflng de le b i i va c i u xin, va tfl dd, N h e g i i o k h o a c i o choang m a n g m a u sac tdn giao N h i e u ngfldi t h a y hinh thflc le nghi cflng te K h d n g K h a u da tfldng l i m day la mdt tdn g i i o , va k h o i c cho nd cai ten la "dao Khdng", ndi chfl la "Khdng giio" K h d n g it ngfldi neu cdng lao cfla K h d n g Tfl v i cfla Nho g i i o ndi chung la da khdi xfldng va nudi dfldng cai "truyen thd'ng Q u a n T h i n T r u n g Hoa" (chienese i m p e r i a l t r a d i t i o n ) , tfl dd sinh bao nghi thflc, le nghi vai lay thd p h u n g vua chfla cflng Trdi Dat Neu hieu nhfl vay thi "Khdng giao" dflng la mdt tdn giao va nhfl vay d i n g dfldc ggi la Khdng giao hay dao Khdng, va le dfldng nhien se dan tdi t u d n g tUdng de ve t r a n h , treo anh, diing tUdng DUc T h i n h K h d n g P h u Tfl, xay v a n mieu, lap ban thd, nghi ngflt cflng te Dfle T h a n h Khdng, v i i lay xi xup, xin Dfle T h a n h phfl hd cho hgc gidi, thi dd, lam q u a n
Dao Nho dfldc md d a u b a n g cac t h u y e t ve Am Dfldng, ve B i t q u i i ve Ngu h a n h , trflde h e t n h i m g i i i thich ngudn gdc van vat Am dfldng cdn ggi la lfldng nghi t i c ddng vao n h a u ma tao t h a n h t a t ca mgi vat t r o n g trdi d a t T r o n g Bat quai Can va Khdn la q u a n t r g n g n h a t Vdi q u a n niem t a m yeu t d v a t c h a t tao nen vu
tru cd chu j ^ d e n sfl p h i t t r i e n cfla sfl vat t h u y e t B i t Q u i i la mdt tU t u d n g triet hgc m a n g t i n h v a t bien chflng nhUng yeu to' tich cflc cdn h a n che: t h u y e t Bat Q u i i s a u la cd sd cho viec bdi toan Ngfl h a n h la n a m t i c n h a n tao nen sfl vat gdm: Mdc (gd), Hda (Ifla), Thd (dat), Kim (khi) va Thfly (nfldc)
Tfl c i c thuyet tren, cac nha Nho "Am Dudng gia" md trUdng p h i i tU tUdng thdi Chien Qud'c"*', diia vao Am Dudng va Ngu h a n h de giai thich sfl bien hda gidi tfl nhien, sfl chuyen bien bd'n mua, bdn phUdng, ngu sac, ngu vi, ngfl tang, ngu am, t h a p can, cac cdn sd va sU p h a t trien cfla xa hdi N h a n vat tieu bieu cfla p h i i Am Dfldng gia la T r a u Dien Den thdi Tay H i n , thuyet Am DUdng Ngfl Hanh dfldc bd s u n g va cd i n h hudng lau dai tU tudng triet hgc T r u n g Qudc
(8)va tieu diet n h a u quyet liet ddi kem kinh ngUdi Cic n h i tU tUdng dUa vd sd' quan diem de giii thich Trdi Dat va thdl cugc hinh nhieu trUdng phai va hgc thuyet k h i c nhau, chang ban nhu P h i p gia: bat ngudn tfl cac n h i cii each phfldng p h i p cai tri thdi Xuan Thu, ndi tieng n h a t Q u i n Trgng: thdi Chien Qud'c lai cd ThUdng Udng, Than Bat Hai, Than Did, NgUdi ddng gdp nhieu n h a t la Han Phi ( k h d i n g 280-230 TCN), cho r a n g vat chat v i tinh t h a n deu Dao sinh ra, su vat ludn ludn thay ddi, cdn, mat, bdng sd'ng bdng chet, luc thinh lflc suy Ong cho rang, "dan vd'n nhdn vdi long thfldng ma chi vang theo uy liic", cho nen c i n dflng p h i p luat, menh lenh, hinh phat de cai tri Nhflng mud'n phap luat cd the dfldc thi h i n h thi vua p h i i cd the, tflc la p h i i d i y dfl uy quyen Ngoai cai tri p h i i cd thuat, tflc la phudng p h i p bd nhiem, k h i o hach va thudng phat, tflc la cd du ba yeu t o ' p h i p , the, thuat Tdm lai, hgc thuyet chinh tri cua P h i p gia khdng gi k h i c la chu nghia dgc tai chuyen che thflc dflng cd dai Nhflng b i i viet v i bai ndi ciia Han Phi, ve sau dfldc tap hdp t h a n h sach, lai ggi l i s i c h Han Phi Tfl, cung cd ngUdi ta t i c h Han Phi khdi P h i p gia, de hinh t h a n h them mdt phai mdi ggi la Han gia Ong chfl trUdng p h i i quan tam den s i n xuat la ndng nghiep v i chien dau: " dan nudc, mgi ldi ndi hdp vdi p h i p luat, mgi viec dd'c vao viec ciy cay, ke dung cam dd'c het sflc vao viec quan, dd vd sfl thi nfldc giau, hflu sfl thi bmh manh Dd l i cai vdn cua nghiep vfldng, lai biet ldi dung thdi cd ciia nfldc thi vfldt Ngu De, ngang Tam Vfldng ti't la phep ay, " Bao nhiem nam Xuan Thu, Chien Qud'c, chien t r a n h lien
mien, P h i p gia (va Han gia) chfl trfldng dflng p h i p tri la dung, nhd dd ma nha T i n mau thd'ng n h a t dfldc dat nfldc Nhflng mat khac lai q u i n h a n manh bien p h i p trflng p h a t n a n g ne phfl n h a n dao dfle tinh cam, thfl tieu van hda, giio due, Vi the, sau thd'ng nha't dat nfldc, nha Tan tiep tiac " p h i p tri", nen chi dUdc 15 nam thi sup dd VUdng Bat (226-249) va ngUdi bid trd l i Ha An dUdc cdi la nhflng ngfldi xfldng xuat li t h u y e t Huyen hgc b i n g cich nghien cflu Kinh dich, t h a m k h i o Dao Dfle kinh, tfl tfldng T r a n g Tfl va triet li cua P h a t giio Dai thfla Tuy van thfla n h a n minh la Nho gia nhUng cac n h i Huyen hgc p h a n b i c cac d a n h hieu nhU ngUdi theo Khdng giio, ngUdi theo Dao giio va cd' k h a m p h i chan li td) hieu cao tiem an Nho giio, Trang Tfl, cung n h u P h a t giao Dai thfla Hg ca ngdi Vfldng Chung (27-100) trflde dd da dam vfldt bd Sieu hinh hgc ciia Khdng giio de tim den cic he thd'ng phflc tap ve nhflng tfldng flng gifla Trdi, Dat va Con ngfldi, cac ehu ki cua eii ggi la Ngu h a n h , dfla vao dd de cd cic cd' g i n g dfl d o i n tfldng lai K h i t vgng hieu biet cic nguyen t i c cd ban cua vfl tru khdng bi mat di, nhflng k h i i niem cd ban khdng bi h o i n toan bai bd Trong the ki thfl III, Huyen hgc ndi bat len de lam day khoang trd'ng Sieu hinh hgc Huyen hgc cho r i n g , cac hien tfldng vd han cfla vu t r u la n g i u nhien, n g i n ngui va khdng cd bat ki md hinh y nghia nao; tfl dd luan la t a t ca chflng phai dfldc p h i t s m h bdi mdt chan li ddn gian, vinh cflu Dd la hfl khdng nguyen thuy, hay vd the, ngudn gd'c cfla mgi hflu the
(9)Chii thich;
1 v i sau, ma thuat bien mot uong nhung td quan trpng nhat, the hien qua hanh dpng mang dau tich ma thuat nhieu nghi le cac ton giao ke ca cac tdn giao da duoc "canh tan" va "hien dai" nhu Cdng giao sau Cong ddng Vatican II Mat tong cua Phat giao Do dd ma thuat tdn tai bang each gan bd vdi ton giao, nhieu trd mot bp phan cua ton giao Dac biet d nhieu vung mien nui heo lanh, dan tri cdn thap d Yiet.N^jn, cung nhu d nhiSu nudc Nam My va Chau Phi ma thuat cdn dang dien kha phd bien dU(&i ohi^tijjtaih thllc: ma thuat tinh yeu (bib biia tha chai yem ngai ), ma thuat mang benh (ma lai, ma ca rdng ) ma thuat chua benh ,^di nhi^u cap dp khac nhau: thin bi, vat hda, true tiep, gian tiep (nhu cung giai haii chyi'b.enh khong thudc tii xa v.v ) Ma thuat khac ton giao thuSn tiiy
2 Thien Ni^n luan ttiSngPhap; MiUe: tieng Anh; Chiliasm, Milenarianism) la luSn thuyet ve nghin nam tdi day Dflhg Cuu the se "ngay tan the" dot chay het triin gian de' toan the linh hdn duoc rua ray tii dd ma Ipe linh hdn sach duac len Thien dudng linh hdn tpi ldi ddi ddi chiu phat dudi Hda nguc Dao Ciru the (tieng Phap: Mesianisme; tieng Anh: Mesianism) la ten goi ehung nhieu nhdm tin ngirong tdn giao khac thdi tnrdc Cdng nguyen; cac nhdm cung chd dpi va can xin mot Dftng Qiu the xudng triin gian de' giai thoat cho loai ngudi khdi mudn van su khd Cho den dau the ki XXI chua phai het cac toan tinh dua tren cac "thuyet"
3 It lau sau, Kham Khiem Chi (365-448) suu tam cac dao tang bi're kinh die'n Dao giao, liic dd da len den 1.215 quye'n, ehii truong bd cac phii phep lap dao mdi nghieng ve tung niem dd la dao Bac Thien su; cdn Luc Tu Tinh lien ket dao Kim Dan vdi Bac Thien Su dua vao Phat giao de dat nghi thiic mdi cho Dao giao, goi ten la dao Nam Thien Su Nhan thay viec ap dung nhao nhao va Ion alu ca ba giao thuyet ciia Phat giao Nho giao va Dao giao dua den nhieu phuc tap va nhat la gay nhieu trai khoay den the ki XII Vuong Triet tue Vuong Trung Duong, cai td eae phai eu phai Toan Chan, dua mot cham ngon hanh dpng goi la "Nho Thich Dan hgp
nhdt" hoac eon di:ing mot hinh anh khac la "tao nhdng de nhdi qudn ciia Khong- Phdt- Lao"
4 Cung nen thira nhan nhieu anh hudng khac cua Dao giao ddi vdi van hoa Trung Qudc nhu thuyet tu luyen la CO sd ciia y hpc dupe hpc chain cuu vd thuat ciing each nau an len nghe thuilt iim thuc; thai dp tim su hoa minh vao the gidi la eo sd ciia kieii triic thi phap hdi hoa thi ca each lam vudn: each tu than dudng due la nen tang cua quan niem tim hanh phiic d chinh minh khong chay theo ngoai vat; nhd cac phuong sT ciia Dao giao ma Trung Qudc trd thiinh que huong phat minh thudc simg phep duang sinh va cd them nhieu tha, van gdp kho tang van hpe nghe thuat
5 Ma thuat (magic) la gpi ehung eae phuong thire nghi Id kem theo mdt tin ngudng, nham dua anh hudng ciia the gidi sieu nhien tac dpng mdt each tu dong vao eae sir kien; ma thuilt thudng gdn bd vdi niem tin rang eon ngudi cd the dung nhung sue maiih sieu nhien de tac dpng \'ao tu nhien va ngirdi, nhu bang khan nguyen, lam phep, yem biia, aii huyet md phep la, chay dan hdn \'ia niem thiin ehii, lam "bi tich",v.v Ma thuat giir vi tri trpng yeu viec dieu tiet himh vi xa hdi ciia ngudi va ca viec td ehii;c xa hoi Ma thuat vdi tinh each la mdt tac ddng gan lien vdi quan niem ve mot lue luong sieu tu nhien xuat hien ve sau nay, ma "tu ma thuat" da ton tai ben canh tu logic Quan niem thudng ve ma thuat gan lien vdi niem tin vao chd cd the thirc hien nhung mong mudn ma khong ciin ed nhtrng hanh ddng cd muc di'eh (nhu chua khdi benh, mua het han han ) Cac bieu tuong ma thuat cung dupe gan lien vdi thuat yem bua chCra benh bang phii phep rdi dan dan "tieii len" eae phap thuat eiia thay phii thuy, ke tir viec deo biia hd menh, ngam rirau mdm phun de tao mua, goi ma quy len danh ddn xua dudi de giai han, xoa dau cac hdn da de cd eon cho den viec day am binh di dep cac nan dich hoac ciic tai hoa Idn eua ca mdt viing dat, viec
"xdc dau thanh" len ngudi eon benh, md eae euoe hanh huang diing "thanh edi" hoac "xa h" eua cac va